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Jia W, Czabanka M, Broggini T. Cell blebbing novel therapeutic possibilities to counter metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10308-z. [PMID: 39222238 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cells constantly reshape there plasma membrane and cytoskeleton during physiological and pathological processes (Hagmann et al. in J Cell Biochem 73:488-499, 1999). Cell blebbing, the formation of bulges or protrusions on the cell membrane, is related to mechanical stress, changes in intracellular pressure, chemical signals, or genetic anomalies. These membrane bulges interfere with the force balance of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, the basic components of the cytoskeleton (Charras in J Microsc 231:466-478, 2008). In the past, these blebs with circular structures were considered apoptotic markers (Blaser et al. in Dev Cell 11:613-627, 2006). Cell blebbing activates phagocytes and promotes the rapid removal of intrinsic compartments. However, recent studies have revealed that blebbing is associated with dynamic cell reorganization and alters the movement of cells in-vivo and in-vitro (Charras and Paluch in Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:730-736, 2008). During tumor progression, blebbing promotes invasion of cancer cells into blood, and lymphatic vessels, facilitating tumor progression and metastasis (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Blebbing is a dominant feature of tumor cells generally absent in normal cells. Restricting tumor blebbing reduces anoikis resistance (survival in suspension) (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Hence, therapeutic intervention with targeting blebbing could be highly selective for proliferating pro-metastatic tumor cells, providing a novel therapeutic pathway for tumor metastasis with minimal side effects. Here, we review the association between cell blebbing and tumor cells, to uncover new research directions and strategies for metastatic cancer therapy. Finaly, we aim to identify the druggable targets of metastatic cancer in relation to cell blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Broggini
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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2
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Gallardo P, Giakas G, Sakkas GK, Tsaklis PV. Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:106. [PMID: 38921642 PMCID: PMC11205249 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Liu C, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA. Motility Assay to Probe the Calcium Sensitivity of Myosin and Regulated Thin Filaments. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2735:169-189. [PMID: 38038849 PMCID: PMC10773985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3527-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent activation of the thin filament mediated by the troponin-tropomyosin complex is key in the regulation of actin-myosin based muscle contraction. Perturbations to this system, either physiological (e.g., phosphorylation of myosin light chains) or pathological (e.g., mutations that cause familial cardiomyopathies), can alter calcium sensitivity and thus have important implications in human health and disease. The in vitro motility assay provides a quantitative and precise method to study the calcium sensitivity of the reconstituted myosin-thin filament motile system. Here we present a simple and robust protocol to perform calcium-dependent motility of β-cardiac myosin and regulated thin filaments. The experiment is done on a multichannel microfluidic slide requiring minimal amounts of proteins. A complete velocity vs. calcium concentration curve is produced from one experiment in under 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center B405, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center B405, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center B405, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Ross AJ, Krumova I, Tunc B, Wu Q, Wu C, Camelliti P. A novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1244630. [PMID: 37881724 PMCID: PMC10597746 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1244630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Living heart slices have recently emerged as a powerful experimental model for fundamental cardiac research. By retaining the structure and function of the native myocardium while maintaining the simplicity of cell culture models, heart slices can be easily employed in electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural investigations. One single heart yields many slices (>20 slices for rodents, >100 slices for porcine or human hearts), however due to the low throughput of most assays and rapid slice degeneration within 24 h of preparation, many slices remain unused and are discarded at the end of the preparation day. Here we present a novel method to extend viability and functionality of living heart slices, enabling their use in experiments over several consecutive days following preparation. By combining hypothermic conditions with inhibition of myosin II ATPase using 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), slices prepared from the left ventricle of porcine hearts remain viable and exhibit preserved contractile function and morphology for up to 6 days. Electrophysiological function was also confirmed over the 6 days by extracellular field potentials recordings. This simple method not only maximizes the use of slices prepared from one single heart, thus reducing the number of animals required, but also increases data reproducibility by allowing multiple electrophysiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and structural studies to be performed from the same heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Ross
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Iva Krumova
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Berfin Tunc
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Wu
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Changhao Wu
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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5
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Wang J, He Y, Wang B, Yin R, Chen B, Wang H. Muscle-targeted nanoparticles strengthen the effects of small-molecule inhibitors in ameliorating sarcopenia. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1635-1649. [PMID: 37909281 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is an aging-related degeneration of muscle mass and strength. Small-molecule inhibitor SW033291 has been shown to attenuate muscle atrophy. Targeted nanodrug-delivery systems can improve the efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. Methods: The skeletal muscle cell-targeted nanoparticle was called AP@SW033291, which consisted of SW033291, modular peptide ASSLNIAGGRRRRRG and PEG-DSPE. Nanoparticles were featured with particle size, fluorescence emission spectra and targeting ability. We also investigated their effects on muscle mass and function. Results: The size of AP@SW033291 was 125.7 nm and it demonstrated targeting effects on skeletal muscle; thus, it could improve muscle mass and muscle function. Conclusion: Nanoparticle AP@SW033291 could become a potential strategy to strengthen the treatment effects of small-molecule inhibitors in sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yikang He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Baoyue Wang
- Lianshui People's Hospital of Kangda College Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruian Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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6
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Hau HTA, Kelu JJ, Ochala J, Hughes SM. Slow myosin heavy chain 1 is required for slow myofibril and muscle fibre growth but not for myofibril initiation. Dev Biol 2023; 499:47-58. [PMID: 37121308 PMCID: PMC10713478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Slow myosin heavy chain 1 (Smyhc1) is the major sarcomeric myosin driving early contraction by slow skeletal muscle fibres in zebrafish. New mutant alleles lacking a functional smyhc1 gene move poorly, but recover motility as the later-formed fast muscle fibres of the segmental myotomes mature, and are adult viable. By motility analysis and inhibiting fast muscle contraction pharmacologically, we show that a slow muscle motility defect persists in mutants until about 1 month of age. Breeding onto a genetic background marking slow muscle fibres with EGFP revealed that mutant slow fibres undergo terminal differentiation, migration and fibre formation indistinguishable from wild type but fail to generate large myofibrils and maintain cellular orientation and attachments. In mutants, initial myofibrillar structures with 1.67 μm periodic actin bands fail to mature into the 1.96 μm sarcomeres observed in wild type, despite the presence of alternative myosin heavy chain molecules. The poorly-contractile mutant slow muscle cells generate numerous cytoplasmic organelles, but fail to grow and bundle myofibrils or to increase in cytoplasmic volume despite passive movements imposed by fast muscle. The data show that both slow myofibril maturation and cellular volume increase depend on the function of a specific myosin isoform and suggest that appropriate force production regulates muscle fibre growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Ting A Hau
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK; Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jeffrey J Kelu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julien Ochala
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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7
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Sunadome K, Erickson AG, Kah D, Fabry B, Adori C, Kameneva P, Faure L, Kanatani S, Kaucka M, Dehnisch Ellström I, Tesarova M, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Edwards S, Maki K, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Fried K, Adameyko I. Directionality of developing skeletal muscles is set by mechanical forces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3060. [PMID: 37244931 PMCID: PMC10224984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of oriented myofibrils is a key event in musculoskeletal development. However, the mechanisms that drive myocyte orientation and fusion to control muscle directionality in adults remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that the developing skeleton instructs the directional outgrowth of skeletal muscle and other soft tissues during limb and facial morphogenesis in zebrafish and mouse. Time-lapse live imaging reveals that during early craniofacial development, myoblasts condense into round clusters corresponding to future muscle groups. These clusters undergo oriented stretch and alignment during embryonic growth. Genetic perturbation of cartilage patterning or size disrupts the directionality and number of myofibrils in vivo. Laser ablation of musculoskeletal attachment points reveals tension imposed by cartilage expansion on the forming myofibers. Application of continuous tension using artificial attachment points, or stretchable membrane substrates, is sufficient to drive polarization of myocyte populations in vitro. Overall, this work outlines a biomechanical guidance mechanism that is potentially useful for engineering functional skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sunadome
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alek G Erickson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delf Kah
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Polina Kameneva
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shigeaki Kanatani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str.2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | | | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Edwards
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koichiro Maki
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Lee KY, Rhodes JS, Saif MTA. Astrocyte-mediated Transduction of Muscle Fiber Contractions Synchronizes Hippocampal Neuronal Network Development. Neuroscience 2023; 515:25-36. [PMID: 36736611 PMCID: PMC10023357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise supports brain health in part by enhancing hippocampal function. The leading hypothesis is that muscles release factors when they contract (e.g., lactate, myokines, growth factors) that enter circulation and reach the brain where they enhance plasticity (e.g., increase neurogenesis and synaptogenesis). However, it remains unknown how the muscle signals are transduced by the hippocampal cells to modulate network activity and synaptic development. Thus, we established an in vitro model in which the media from contracting primary muscle cells (CM) is applied to developing primary hippocampal cell cultures on a microelectrode array. We found that the hippocampal neuronal network matures more rapidly (as indicated by synapse development and synchronous neuronal activity) when exposed to CM than regular media (RM). This was accompanied by a 4.4- and 1.4-fold increase in the proliferation of astrocytes and neurons, respectively. Further, experiments established that factors released by astrocytes inhibit neuronal hyper-excitability induced by muscle media, and facilitate network development. Results provide new insight into how exercise may support hippocampal function by regulating astrocyte proliferation and subsequent taming of neuronal activity into an integrated network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - M Taher A Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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9
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Gaillard AL, Mohamad T, Quan FB, de Cian A, Mosimann C, Tostivint H, Pézeron G. Urp1 and Urp2 act redundantly to maintain spine shape in zebrafish larvae. Dev Biol 2023; 496:36-51. [PMID: 36736605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urp1 and Urp2 are two neuropeptides, members of the Urotensin 2 family, that have been recently involved in the control of body axis morphogenesis in zebrafish. They are produced by a population of sensory spinal neurons, called cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), under the control of signals relying on the Reissner fiber, an extracellular thread bathing in the CSF. Here, we have investigated further the function of Urp1 and Urp2 (Urp1/2) in body axis formation and maintenance. We showed that urp1;urp2 double mutants develop strong body axis defects during larval growth, revealing the redundancy between the two neuropeptides. These defects were similar to those previously reported in uts2r3 mutants. We observed that this phenotype is not associated with congenital defects in vertebrae formation, but by using specific inhibitors, we found that, at least in the embryo, the action of Urp1/2 signaling depends on myosin II contraction. Finally, we provide evidence that while the Urp1/2 signaling is functioning during larval growth, it is dispensable for embryonic development. Taken together, our results show that Urp1/2 signaling is required in larvae to promote correct vertebral body axis, most likely by regulating muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Teddy Mohamad
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne de Cian
- Structure and Instability of Genomes (String - UMR 7196 - U1154), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mosimann
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
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10
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Raj D, Podraza-Farhanieh A, Gallego P, Kao G, Naredi P. Identification of C. elegans ASNA-1 domains and tissue requirements that differentially influence platinum sensitivity and growth control. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010538. [PMID: 36480541 PMCID: PMC9803280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ASNA1 plays an essential role in cisplatin chemotherapy response, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. It is also an important biomarker in the treatment response of many diseases. Biochemically, ASNA1 has two mutually exclusive redox-modulated roles: a tail-anchored protein (TAP) targeting function in the reduced state and a holdase/chaperone function in the oxidized state. Assigning biochemical roles of mammalian ASNA1 to biomedical functions is crucial for successful therapy development. Our previous work showed the relevance of the C. elegans ASNA-1 homolog in modeling cisplatin response and insulin secretion. Here we analyzed two-point mutants in highly conserved residues in C. elegans ASNA-1 and determined their importance in separating the cisplatin response function from its roles in insulin secretion. asna-1(ΔHis164) and asna-1(A63V) point mutants, which both preferentially exist in the oxidized state, displayed cisplatin sensitivity phenotype as well as TAP insertion defect but not an insulin secretion defect. Further, using targeted depletion we analyzed the tissue requirements of asna-1 for C. elegans growth and development. Somatic depletion of ASNA-1 as well as simultaneous depletion of ASNA-1 in neurons and intestines resulted in an L1 arrest. We concluded that, targeting single residues in ASNA-1 affecting Switch I/Switch II domain function, in comparison to complete knockdown counteracted cisplatin resistance without jeopardizing other important biological functions. Taken together, our study shows that effects on health caused by ASNA1 mutations can have different biochemical bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raj
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Podraza-Farhanieh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pablo Gallego
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gautam Kao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Bolaños P, Calderón JC. Excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian skeletal muscle: Blending old and last-decade research. Front Physiol 2022; 13:989796. [PMID: 36117698 PMCID: PMC9478590 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.989796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) in skeletal muscle refers to the Ca2+-mediated link between the membrane excitation and the mechanical contraction. The initiation and propagation of an action potential through the membranous system of the sarcolemma and the tubular network lead to the activation of the Ca2+-release units (CRU): tightly coupled dihydropyridine and ryanodine (RyR) receptors. The RyR gating allows a rapid, massive, and highly regulated release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The release from triadic places generates a sarcomeric gradient of Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]) depending on the distance of a subcellular region from the CRU. Upon release, the diffusing Ca2+ has multiple fates: binds to troponin C thus activating the contractile machinery, binds to classical sarcoplasmic Ca2+ buffers such as parvalbumin, adenosine triphosphate and, experimentally, fluorescent dyes, enters the mitochondria and the SR, or is recycled through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanisms. To commemorate the 7th decade after being coined, we comprehensively and critically reviewed “old”, historical landmarks and well-established concepts, and blended them with recent advances to have a complete, quantitative-focused landscape of the ECC. We discuss the: 1) elucidation of the CRU structures at near-atomic resolution and its implications for functional coupling; 2) reliable quantification of peak sarcoplasmic [Ca2+] using fast, low affinity Ca2+ dyes and the relative contributions of the Ca2+-binding mechanisms to the whole concert of Ca2+ fluxes inside the fibre; 3) articulation of this novel quantitative information with the unveiled structural details of the molecular machinery involved in mitochondrial Ca2+ handing to understand how and how much Ca2+ enters the mitochondria; 4) presence of the SOCE machinery and its different modes of activation, which awaits understanding of its magnitude and relevance in situ; 5) pharmacology of the ECC, and 6) emerging topics such as the use and potential applications of super-resolution and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in ECC. Blending the old with the new works better!
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Affiliation(s)
- Pura Bolaños
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Centre of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan C. Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Juan C. Calderón,
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12
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Scholp AJ, Jensen J, Chinnathambi S, Atluri K, Mendenhall A, Fowler T, Salem AK, Martin JA, Sander EA. Force-Bioreactor for Assessing Pharmacological Therapies for Mechanobiological Targets. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:907611. [PMID: 35928948 PMCID: PMC9343955 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.907611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is a major health issue that impacts millions of people and is costly to treat. However, few effective anti-fibrotic treatments are available. Due to their central role in fibrotic tissue deposition, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the target of many therapeutic strategies centered primarily on either inducing apoptosis or blocking mechanical or biochemical stimulation that leads to excessive collagen production. Part of the development of these drugs for clinical use involves in vitro prescreening. 2D screens, however, are not ideal for discovering mechanobiologically significant compounds that impact functions like force generation and other cell activities related to tissue remodeling that are highly dependent on the conditions of the microenvironment. Thus, higher fidelity models are needed to better simulate in vivo conditions and relate drug activity to quantifiable functional outcomes. To provide guidance on effective drug dosing strategies for mechanoresponsive drugs, we describe a custom force-bioreactor that uses a fibroblast-seeded fibrin gels as a relatively simple mimic of the provisional matrix of a healing wound. As cells generate traction forces, the volume of the gel reduces, and a calibrated and embedded Nitinol wire deflects in proportion to the generated forces over the course of 6 days while overhead images of the gel are acquired hourly. This system is a useful in vitro tool for quantifying myofibroblast dose-dependent responses to candidate biomolecules, such as blebbistatin. Administration of 50 μM blebbistatin reliably reduced fibroblast force generation approximately 40% and lasted at least 40 h, which in turn resulted in qualitatively less collagen production as determined via fluorescent labeling of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Scholp
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jordan Jensen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sathivel Chinnathambi
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Keerthi Atluri
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alyssa Mendenhall
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Timothy Fowler
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - James A. Martin
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward A. Sander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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13
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Nielsen J, Dubillot P, Stausholm MLH, Ørtenblad N. Specific ATPases drive compartmentalized glycogen utilization in rat skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213339. [PMID: 35796670 PMCID: PMC9270182 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a key energy substrate in excitable tissue, including in skeletal muscle fibers where it also contributes to local energy production. Transmission electron microscopy imaging has revealed the existence of a heterogenic subcellular distribution of three distinct glycogen pools in skeletal muscle, which are thought to reflect the requirements for local energy stores at the subcellular level. Here, we show that the three main energy-consuming ATPases in skeletal muscles (Ca2+, Na+,K+, and myosin ATPases) utilize different local pools of glycogen. These results clearly demonstrate compartmentalized glycogen metabolism and emphasize that spatially distinct pools of glycogen particles act as energy substrate for separated energy requiring processes, suggesting a new model for understanding glycogen metabolism in working muscles, muscle fatigue, and metabolic disorders. These observations suggest that the distinct glycogen pools can regulate the functional state of mammalian muscle cells and have important implications for the understanding of how the balance between ATP utilization and ATP production is regulated at the cellular level in general and in skeletal muscle fibers in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Correspondence to Joachim Nielsen:
| | - Peter Dubillot
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marie-Louise H. Stausholm
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Matozo T, Kogachi L, de Alencar BC. Myosin motors on the pathway of viral infections. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:41-63. [PMID: 35842902 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors are microscopic machines that use energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to generate movement. While kinesins and dynein are molecular motors associated with microtubule tracks, myosins bind to and move on actin filaments. Mammalian cells express several myosin motors. They power cellular processes such as endo- and exocytosis, intracellular trafficking, transcription, migration, and cytokinesis. As viruses navigate through cells, they may take advantage or be hindered by host components and machinery, including the cytoskeleton. This review delves into myosins' cell roles and compares them to their reported functions in viral infections. In most cases, the previously described myosin functions align with their reported role in viral infections, although not in all cases. This opens the possibility that knowledge obtained from studying myosins in viral infections might shed light on new physiological roles for myosins in cells. However, given the high number of myosins expressed and the variety of viruses investigated in the different studies, it is challenging to infer whether the interactions found are specific to a single virus or can be applied to other viruses with the same characteristics. We conclude that the participation of myosins in viral cycles is still a largely unexplored area, especially concerning unconventional myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Matozo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Kogachi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cunha de Alencar
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Rudayni HA, Stephenson G, Posterino GS. Measurements of basal d-glucose transport through GLUT1 across the intact plasma membrane of isolated segments from single fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of rat. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13789. [PMID: 35038771 PMCID: PMC9541404 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim To develop a method for direct measurement of the fluorescent d‐glucose analogue 2‐NBDG transport across the plasma membrane of single skeletal muscle fibres and derive the theoretical framework for determining the kinetic parameters for d‐glucose transport under basal conditions. Methods A novel method is described for measuring free 2‐NBDG transport across plasma membrane of single rat muscle fibres at rest. The 2‐NBDG uptake was >90% suppressed by 100 µM cytochalasin B in both fast‐twitch and slow‐twitch fibres, indicating that the 2‐NBDG transport is GLUT‐mediated. Fibres were identified as fast‐twitch or slow‐twitch based on the differential sensitivity of their contractile apparatus to Sr2+. Results The time course of 2‐NBDG uptake in the presence of 50 µM 2‐NBDG follows a one‐phase exponential plateau curve and is faster in fast‐twitch (rate constant 0.053 ± 0.0024 s‐1) than in slow‐twitch fibres (rate constant 0.031 ± 0.0021 s‐1). The rate constants were markedly reduced in the presence of 20 mM d‐glucose to 0.0082 ± 0.0004 s‐1 and 0.0056 ± 0.0002 s‐1 in fast‐twitch and slow‐twitch fibres respectively. 2‐NBDG transport was asymmetric, consistent with GLUT1 being the major functional GLUT isoform transporting 2‐NBDG in muscle fibres at rest. The parameters describing the transport kinetics for both 2‐NBDG and d‐glucose (dissociation constants, Michaelis–Menten constants, maximal rates of uptake and outflow) were calculated from the measurements made with 2‐NBDG. Conclusion Free 2‐NBDG and d‐glucose transport across the plasma membrane of single rat muscle fibres at rest is fast, conclusively showing that the rate‐limiting step in d‐glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is not necessarily the GLUT‐mediated transport of d‐glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Rudayni
- Department of Biology College of Science Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - George Stephenson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Giuseppe S. Posterino
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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16
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Attwaters M, Hughes SM. Cellular and molecular pathways controlling muscle size in response to exercise. FEBS J 2022; 289:1428-1456. [PMID: 33755332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From the discovery of ATP and motor proteins to synaptic neurotransmitters and growth factor control of cell differentiation, skeletal muscle has provided an extreme model system in which to understand aspects of tissue function. Muscle is one of the few tissues that can undergo both increase and decrease in size during everyday life. Muscle size depends on its contractile activity, but the precise cellular and molecular pathway(s) by which the activity stimulus influences muscle size and strength remain unclear. Four correlates of muscle contraction could, in theory, regulate muscle growth: nerve-derived signals, cytoplasmic calcium dynamics, the rate of ATP consumption and physical force. Here, we summarise the evidence for and against each stimulus and what is known or remains unclear concerning their molecular signal transduction pathways and cellular effects. Skeletal muscle can grow in three ways, by generation of new syncytial fibres, addition of nuclei from muscle stem cells to existing fibres or increase in cytoplasmic volume/nucleus. Evidence suggests the latter two processes contribute to exercise-induced growth. Fibre growth requires increase in sarcolemmal surface area and cytoplasmic volume at different rates. It has long been known that high-force exercise is a particularly effective growth stimulus, but how this stimulus is sensed and drives coordinated growth that is appropriately scaled across organelles remains a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Attwaters
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
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17
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Genetically encoded cell-death indicators (GEDI) to detect an early irreversible commitment to neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5284. [PMID: 34489414 PMCID: PMC8421388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a critical process that occurs normally in health and disease. However, its study is limited due to available technologies that only detect very late stages in the process or specific death mechanisms. Here, we report the development of a family of fluorescent biosensors called genetically encoded death indicators (GEDIs). GEDIs specifically detect an intracellular Ca2+ level that cells achieve early in the cell death process and that marks a stage at which cells are irreversibly committed to die. The time-resolved nature of a GEDI delineates a binary demarcation of cell life and death in real time, reformulating the definition of cell death. We demonstrate that GEDIs acutely and accurately report death of rodent and human neurons in vitro, and show that GEDIs enable an automated imaging platform for single cell detection of neuronal death in vivo in zebrafish larvae. With a quantitative pseudo-ratiometric signal, GEDIs facilitate high-throughput analysis of cell death in time-lapse imaging analysis, providing the necessary resolution and scale to identify early factors leading to cell death in studies of neurodegeneration. Cell death is a critical process in health and disease, yet available markers record later stages of cell death once a cell has already begun to decompose. Here the authors show the use of a genetically encoded calcium indicator that demarcates an irreversible stage of cell death earlier than previously possible.
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18
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Suthar SK, Rauscher AÁ, Winternitz M, Gyimesi M, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Chiral HPLC separation of enantiomeric blebbistatin derivatives and racemization analysis in vertebrate tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114246. [PMID: 34271288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and consistent chiral HPLC methods for the efficient separation of enantiomeric blebbistatin derivatives, namely parent compound blebbistatin and derivatives 4-nitroblebbistatin, 4-aminoblebbistatin, 4-dimethylaminoblebbistatin, and 4-t-butylblebbistatin were developed using cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as a stationary phase (Lux cellulose-1 column). Blebbistatin, 4-aminoblebbistatin, and 4-dimethylaminoblebbistatin racemates were well-separated in normal-phase HPLC conditions while 4-nitroblebbistatin and 4-t-butylblebbistatin were effectively separated in both normal- and reversed-phase HPLC conditions. Furthermore, the order of elution of enantiopure compounds was found to be independent of mobile phase compositions and conditions used, and solely depends on the interaction between the enantiomer and the chiral stationary phase. We found that despite the chiral center being present far from the D-ring in the blebbistatin structure, the D-ring substitutions prominently affect the chiral separation. Ex vivo racemization studies of the most popular blebbistatin derivative (S)-(-)-4-aminoblebbistatin in rat blood and brain tissues revealed that the compound does not convert into the inactive enantiomer. This confirms that (S)-(-)-4-aminoblebbistatin is a useful tool compound in cellular and molecular biology studies without the risks of racemization and degradation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Printnet Limited, Kisgömb utca 25-27, 1135, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Á Rauscher
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Winternitz
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Gyimesi
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi Erzsébet fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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Stătescu C, Enachi Ș, Ureche C, Țăpoi L, Anghel L, Șalaru D, Pleșoianu C, Bostan M, Marcu D, Ovanez Balasanian M, Sascău RA. Pushing the Limits of Medical Management in HCM: A Review of Current Pharmacological Therapy Options. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137218. [PMID: 34281272 PMCID: PMC8268685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common monogenic cardiac disease with a highly variable phenotypic expression, ranging from asymptomatic to drug refractory heart failure (HF) presentation. Pharmacological therapy is the first line of treatment, but options are currently limited to nonspecific medication like betablockers or calcium channel inhibitors, with frequent suboptimal results. While being the gold standard practice for the management of drug refractory HCM patients, septal reduction therapy (SRT) remains an invasive procedure with associated surgical risks and it requires the expertise of the operating centre, thus limiting its accessibility. It is therefore with high interest that researchers look for pharmacological alternatives that could provide higher rates of success. With new data gathering these past years as well as the development of a new drug class showing promising results, this review provides an up-to-date focused synthesis of existing medical treatment options and future directions for HCM pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Stătescu
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ștefana Enachi
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-749-630-641
| | - Carina Ureche
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Țăpoi
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Larisa Anghel
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Delia Șalaru
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Pleșoianu
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mădălina Bostan
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragoș Marcu
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mircea Ovanez Balasanian
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Andy Sascău
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Diseases Institute “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, Carol I Boulevard No. 50, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.S.); (C.U.); (L.Ț.); (L.A.); (D.Ș.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (M.O.B.); (R.A.S.)
- Internal Medicine Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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20
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Adam I, Maxwell A, Rößler H, Hansen EB, Vellema M, Brewer J, Elemans CPH. One-to-one innervation of vocal muscles allows precise control of birdsong. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3115-3124.e5. [PMID: 34089645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The motor control resolution of any animal behavior is limited to the minimal force step available when activating muscles, which is set by the number and size distribution of motor units (MUs) and muscle-specific force. Birdsong is an excellent model system for understanding acquisition and maintenance of complex fine motor skills, but we know surprisingly little about how the motor pool controlling the syrinx is organized and how MU recruitment drives changes in vocal output. Here we developed an experimental paradigm to measure MU size distribution using spatiotemporal imaging of intracellular calcium concentration in cross-sections of living intact syrinx muscles. We combined these measurements with muscle stress and an in vitro syrinx preparation to determine the control resolution of fundamental frequency (fo), a key vocal parameter, in zebra finches. We show that syringeal muscles have extremely small MUs, with 40%-50% innervating ≤3 and 13%-17% innervating a single muscle fiber. Combined with the lowest specific stress (5 mN/mm2) known to skeletal vertebrate muscle, small force steps by the major fo controlling muscle provide control of 50-mHz to 7.3-Hz steps per MU. We show that the song system has the highest motor control resolution possible in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest this evolved due to strong selection on fine gradation of vocal output. Furthermore, we propose that high-resolution motor control was a key feature contributing to the radiation of songbirds that allowed diversification of song and speciation by vocal space expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Adam
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Alyssa Maxwell
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helen Rößler
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Michiel Vellema
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- PhyLife, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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21
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Milán AF, Rincón OA, Arango LB, Reutovich AA, Smith GL, Giraldo MA, Bou-Abdallah F, Calderón JC. Calibration of mammalian skeletal muscle Ca 2+ transients recorded with the fast Ca 2+ dye Mag-Fluo-4. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129939. [PMID: 34082059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mag-Fluo-4 is increasingly employed for studying Ca2+ signaling in skeletal muscle; however, the lack of information on the Ca2+-Mag-Fluo-4 reaction limits its wider usage. METHODS Fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments were performed to determine the binding stoichiometry (n) and thermodynamics (enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) changes), as well as the in vitro and in situ Kd of the Ca2+-Mag-Fluo-4 reaction. Rate constants (kon, koff), fluorescence maximum (Fmax), minimum (Fmin), and the dye compartmentalization were also estimated. Experiments in cells used enzymatically dissociated flexor digitorum brevis fibres of C57BL6, adult mice, loaded at room temperature for 8 min, with 6 μM Mag-Fluo-4, AM, and permeabilized with saponin or ionomycin. All measurements were done at 20 °C. RESULTS The in vitro fluorescence assays showed a binding stoichiometry of 0.5 for the Ca2+/Mag-Fluo-4 (n = 5) reaction. ITC results (n = 3) provided ΔH and ΔS values of 2.3 (0.7) kJ/mol and 97.8 (5.9) J/mol.K, respectively. The in situ Kd was 1.652 × 105μM2(n = 58 fibres, R2 = 0.99). With an Fmax of 150.9 (8.8) A.U. (n = 8), Fmin of 0.14 (0.1) A.U. (n = 10), and ΔF of Ca2+ transients of 8.4 (2.5) A.U. (n = 10), the sarcoplasmic [Ca2+]peak reached 22.5 (7.8) μM. Compartmentalized dye amounted to only 1.1 (0.7)% (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Two Mag-Fluo-4 molecules coalesce around one Ca2+ ion, in an entropy-driven, very low in situ affinity reaction, making it suitable to reliably track the kinetics of rapid muscle Ca2+ transients. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results may be relevant to the quantitative study of Ca2+ kinetics in many other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Milán
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Oscar A Rincón
- Biophysics Group, Institute of Physics, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Leidy B Arango
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Aliaksandra A Reutovich
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam), New York, NY, USA
| | - Gideon L Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam), New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco A Giraldo
- Biophysics Group, Institute of Physics, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam), New York, NY, USA.
| | - Juan C Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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22
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Lou SS, Kennard AS, Koslover EF, Gutierrez E, Groisman A, Theriot JA. Elastic wrinkling of keratocyte lamellipodia driven by myosin-induced contractile stress. Biophys J 2021; 120:1578-1591. [PMID: 33631203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During actin-based cell migration, the actin cytoskeleton in the lamellipodium both generates and responds to force, which has functional consequences for the ability of the cell to extend protrusions. However, the material properties of the lamellipodial actin network and its response to stress on the timescale of motility are incompletely understood. Here, we describe a dynamic wrinkling phenotype in the lamellipodium of fish keratocytes, in which the actin sheet buckles upward away from the ventral membrane of the cell, forming a periodic pattern of wrinkles perpendicular to the cell's leading edge. Cells maintain an approximately constant wrinkle wavelength over time despite new wrinkle formation and the lateral movement of wrinkles in the cell frame of reference, suggesting that cells have a preferred or characteristic wrinkle wavelength. Generation of wrinkles is dependent upon myosin contractility, and their wavelength scales directly with the density of the actin network and inversely with cell adhesion. These results are consistent with a simple physical model for wrinkling in an elastic sheet under compression and suggest that the lamellipodial cytoskeleton behaves as an elastic material on the timescale of cell migration despite rapid actin turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny S Lou
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew S Kennard
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Alexander Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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23
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Sanchez C, Berthier C, Tourneur Y, Monteiro L, Allard B, Csernoch L, Jacquemond V. Detection of Ca2+ transients near ryanodine receptors by targeting fluorescent Ca2+ sensors to the triad. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211757. [PMID: 33538764 PMCID: PMC7868779 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In intact muscle fibers, functional properties of ryanodine receptor (RYR)–mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release triggered by activation of the voltage sensor CaV1.1 have so far essentially been addressed with diffusible Ca2+-sensitive dyes. Here, we used a domain (T306) of the protein triadin to target the Ca2+-sensitive probe GCaMP6f to the junctional SR membrane, in the immediate vicinity of RYR channels, within the triad region. Fluorescence of untargeted GCaMP6f was distributed throughout the muscle fibers and experienced large Ca2+-dependent changes, with obvious kinetic delays, upon application of voltage-clamp depolarizing pulses. Conversely, T306-GCaMP6f localized to the triad and generated Ca2+-dependent fluorescence transients of lower amplitude and faster kinetics for low and intermediate levels of Ca2+ release than those of untargeted GCaMP6f. By contrast, model simulation of the spatial gradients of Ca2+ following Ca2+ release predicted limited kinetic differences under the assumptions that the two probes were present at the same concentration and suffered from identical kinetic limitations. At the spatial level, T306-GCaMP6f transients within distinct regions of a same fiber yielded a uniform time course, even at low levels of Ca2+ release activation. Similar observations were made using GCaMP6f fused to the γ1 auxiliary subunit of CaV1.1. Despite the probe's limitations, our results point out the remarkable synchronicity of voltage-dependent Ca2+ release activation and termination among individual triads and highlight the potential of the approach to visualize activation or closure of single groups of RYR channels. We anticipate targeting of improved Ca2+ sensors to the triad will provide illuminating insights into physiological normal RYR function and its dysfunction under stress or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colline Sanchez
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Berthier
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Tourneur
- Departamento Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Laloé Monteiro
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Allard
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Laszlo Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vincent Jacquemond
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
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Prolonged myosin binding increases muscle stiffness in Drosophila models of Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. Biophys J 2021; 120:844-854. [PMID: 33524372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (FSS) is characterized by congenital contractures resulting from dominant point mutations in the embryonic isoform of muscle myosin. To investigate its disease mechanism, we used Drosophila models expressing FSS myosin mutations Y583S or T178I in their flight and jump muscles. We isolated these muscles from heterozygous mutant Drosophila and performed skinned fiber mechanics. The most striking mechanical alteration was an increase in active muscle stiffness. Y583S/+ and T178I/+ fibers' elastic moduli increased 70 and 77%, respectively. Increased stiffness contributed to decreased power generation, 49 and 66%, as a result of increased work absorbed during the lengthening portion of the contractile cycle. Slower muscle kinetics also contributed to the mutant phenotype, as shown by 17 and 32% decreases in optimal frequency for power generation, and 27 and 41% slower muscle apparent rate constant 2πb. Combined with previous measurements of slower in vitro actin motility, our results suggest a rate reduction of at least one strongly bound cross-bridge cycle transition that increases the time myosin spends strongly bound to actin, ton. Increased ton was further supported by decreased ATP affinity and a 16% slowing of jump muscle relaxation rate in T178I heterozygotes. Impaired muscle function caused diminished flight and jump ability of Y583S/+ and T178I/+ Drosophila. Based on our results, assuming that our model system mimics human skeletal muscle, we propose that one mechanism driving FSS is elevated muscle stiffness arising from prolonged ton in developing muscle fibers.
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25
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Targeting the cytoskeleton against metastatic dissemination. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:89-140. [PMID: 33471283 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a pathology characterized by a loss or a perturbation of a number of typical features of normal cell behaviour. Indeed, the acquisition of an inappropriate migratory and invasive phenotype has been reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. The cytoskeleton is a complex dynamic network of highly ordered interlinking filaments playing a key role in the control of fundamental cellular processes, like cell shape maintenance, motility, division and intracellular transport. Moreover, deregulation of this complex machinery contributes to cancer progression and malignancy, enabling cells to acquire an invasive and metastatic phenotype. Metastasis accounts for 90% of death from patients affected by solid tumours, while an efficient prevention and suppression of metastatic disease still remains elusive. This results in the lack of effective therapeutic options currently available for patients with advanced disease. In this context, the cytoskeleton with its regulatory and structural proteins emerges as a novel and highly effective target to be exploited for a substantial therapeutic effort toward the development of specific anti-metastatic drugs. Here we provide an overview of the role of cytoskeleton components and interacting proteins in cancer metastasis with a special focus on small molecule compounds interfering with the actin cytoskeleton organization and function. The emerging involvement of microtubules and intermediate filaments in cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
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26
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Alsulami K, Marston S. Small Molecules acting on Myofilaments as Treatments for Heart and Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9599. [PMID: 33339418 PMCID: PMC7767104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are the most prevalent forms of the chronic and progressive pathological condition known as cardiomyopathy. These diseases have different aetiologies; however, they share the feature of haemodynamic abnormalities, which is mainly due to dysfunction in the contractile proteins that make up the contractile unit known as the sarcomere. To date, pharmacological treatment options are not disease-specific and rather focus on managing the symptoms, without addressing the disease mechanism. Earliest attempts at improving cardiac contractility by modulating the sarcomere indirectly (inotropes) resulted in unwanted effects. In contrast, targeting the sarcomere directly, aided by high-throughput screening systems, could identify small molecules with a superior therapeutic value in cardiac muscle disorders. Herein, an extensive literature review of 21 small molecules directed to five different targets was conducted. A simple scoring system was created to assess the suitability of small molecules for therapy by evaluating them in eight different criteria. Most of the compounds failed due to lack of target specificity or poor physicochemical properties. Six compounds stood out, showing a potential therapeutic value in HCM, DCM or heart failure (HF). Omecamtiv Mecarbil and Danicamtiv (myosin activators), Mavacamten, CK-274 and MYK-581 (myosin inhibitors) and AMG 594 (Ca2+-sensitiser) are all small molecules that allosterically modulate troponin or myosin. Omecamtiv Mecarbil showed limited efficacy in phase III GALACTIC-HF trial, while, results from phase III EXPLORER-HCM trial were recently published, indicating that Mavacamten reduced left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and diastolic dysfunction and improved the health status of patients with HCM. A novel category of small molecules known as "recouplers" was reported to target a phenomenon termed uncoupling commonly found in familial cardiomyopathies but has not progressed beyond preclinical work. In conclusion, the contractile apparatus is a promising target for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulud Alsulami
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- National Centre for Pharmaceutical Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven Marston
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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Boggu PR, Venkateswararao E, Manickam M, Sharma N, Kang JS, Jung SH. Identification of diphenylalkylisoxazol-5-amine scaffold as novel activator of cardiac myosin. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115742. [PMID: 33007555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel potent cardiac myosin activator, a series of diphenylalkylisoxazol-5-amine compounds 4-7 have been synthesized and evaluated for cardiac myosin ATPase activation. Among the 37 compounds, 4a (CMA at 10 µM = 81.6%), 4w (CMA at 10 µM = 71.2%) and 6b (CMA at 10 µM = 67.4%) showed potent cardiac myosin activation at a single concentration of 10 µM. These results suggested that the introduction of the amino-isoxazole ring as a bioisostere for urea group is acceptable for the cardiac myosin activation. Additional structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were conducted. Para substitution (-Cl, -OCH3, -SO2N(CH3)2) to the phenyl rings or replacement of a phenyl ring with a heterocycle (pyridine, piperidine and tetrahydropyran) appeared to attenuate cardiac myosin activation at 10 µM. Additional hydrogen bonding acceptor next to the amino group of the isoxazoles did not enhance the activity. The potent isoxazole compounds showed selectivity for cardiac myosin activation over skeletal and smooth muscle myosin, and therefore these potent and selective isoxazole compounds could be considered as a new series of cardiac myosin ATPase activators for the treatment of systolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulla Reddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Niti Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Brawley J, Etter E, Heredia D, Intasiri A, Nennecker K, Smith J, Welcome BM, Brizendine RK, Gould TW, Bell TW, Cremo C. Synthesis and Evaluation of 4-Hydroxycoumarin Imines as Inhibitors of Class II Myosins. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11131-11148. [PMID: 32894018 PMCID: PMC8244571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of muscle myosin ATPases are needed to treat conditions that could be improved by promoting muscle relaxation. The lead compound for this study ((3-(N-butylethanimidoyl)ethyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one; BHC) was previously discovered to inhibit skeletal myosin II. BHC and 34 analogues were synthesized to explore structure-activity relationships. The properties of analogues, including solubility, stability, and toxicity, suggest that the BHC scaffold may be useful for developing therapeutics. Inhibition of actin-activated ATPase activity of fast skeletal and cardiac muscle myosin II, inhibition of skeletal muscle contractility ex vivo, and slowing of in vitro actin-sliding velocity were measured. Several analogues with aromatic side arms showed improved potency (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) <1 μM) and selectivity (≥12-fold) for skeletal myosin versus cardiac myosin compared to BHC. Several analogues blocked neurotransmission, suggesting that they are selective for nonmuscle myosin II over skeletal myosin. Competition and molecular docking studies suggest that BHC and blebbistatin bind to the same site on myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonnathan Brawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Emily Etter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Dante Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0352, United States
| | - Amarawan Intasiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kyle Nennecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Joshua Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Brandon M Welcome
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Richard K Brizendine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
| | - Thomas W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0352, United States
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Christine Cremo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0318, United States
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29
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Dupont C, Novak K, Denman K, Myers JH, Sullivan JM, Walker PV, Brown NL, Ladle DR, Bogdanik L, Lutz CM, A Voss A, Sumner CJ, Rich MM. TRPV4 Antagonism Prevents Mechanically Induced Myotonia. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:297-308. [PMID: 32418267 PMCID: PMC7657963 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myotonia is caused by involuntary firing of skeletal muscle action potentials and causes debilitating stiffness. Current treatments are insufficiently efficacious and associated with side effects. Myotonia can be triggered by voluntary movement (electrically induced myotonia) or percussion (mechanically induced myotonia). Whether distinct molecular mechanisms underlie these triggers is unknown. Our goal was to identify ion channels involved in mechanically induced myotonia and to evaluate block of the channels involved as a novel approach to therapy. METHODS We developed a novel system to enable study of mechanically induced myotonia using both genetic and pharmacologic mouse models of myotonia congenita. We extended ex vivo studies of excitability to in vivo studies of muscle stiffness. RESULTS As previous work suggests activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels by mechanical stimuli in muscle, we examined the role of this cation channel. Mechanically induced myotonia was markedly suppressed in TRPV4-null muscles and in muscles treated with TRPV4 small molecule antagonists. The suppression of mechanically induced myotonia occurred without altering intrinsic muscle excitability, such that myotonia triggered by firing of action potentials (electrically induced myotonia) was unaffected. When injected intraperitoneally, TRPV4 antagonists lessened the severity of myotonia in vivo by approximately 80%. INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that there are distinct molecular mechanisms triggering electrically induced and mechanically induced myotonia. Our data indicates that activation of TRPV4 during muscle contraction plays an important role in triggering myotonia in vivo. Elimination of mechanically induced myotonia by TRPV4 inhibition offers a new approach to treating myotonia. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:297-308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dupont
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Novak
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten Denman
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Jessica H Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phillip V Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Nicklaus L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - David R Ladle
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew A Voss
- Department of Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark M Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Non-Muscle Myosin 2A (NM2A): Structure, Regulation and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071590. [PMID: 32630196 PMCID: PMC7408548 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) is a motor cytoskeletal enzyme with crucial importance from the early stages of development until adulthood. Due to its capacity to convert chemical energy into force, NM2A powers the contraction of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, required for proper cell division, adhesion and migration, among other cellular functions. Although NM2A has been extensively studied, new findings revealed that a lot remains to be discovered concerning its spatiotemporal regulation in the intracellular environment. In recent years, new functions were attributed to NM2A and its activity was associated to a plethora of illnesses, including neurological disorders and infectious diseases. Here, we provide a concise overview on the current knowledge regarding the structure, the function and the regulation of NM2A. In addition, we recapitulate NM2A-associated diseases and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target.
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31
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Leermakers PA, Dybdahl KLT, Husted KS, Riisager A, de Paoli FV, Pinós T, Vissing J, Krag TOB, Pedersen TH. Depletion of ATP Limits Membrane Excitability of Skeletal Muscle by Increasing Both ClC1-Open Probability and Membrane Conductance. Front Neurol 2020; 11:541. [PMID: 32655483 PMCID: PMC7325937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of skeletal muscle contractions require that action potentials can be excited and propagated along the muscle fibers. Recent studies have revealed that muscle fiber excitability is regulated during repeated firing of action potentials by cellular signaling systems that control the function of ion channel that determine the resting membrane conductance (Gm). In fast-twitch muscle, prolonged firing of action potentials triggers a marked increase in Gm, reducing muscle fiber excitability and causing action potential failure. Both ClC-1 and KATP ion channels contribute to this Gm rise, but the exact molecular regulation underlying their activation remains unclear. Studies in expression systems have revealed that ClC-1 is able to bind adenosine nucleotides, and that low adenosine nucleotide levels result in ClC-1 activation. In three series of experiments, this study aimed to explore whether ClC-1 is also regulated by adenosine nucleotides in native skeletal muscle fibers, and whether the adenosine nucleotide sensitivity of ClC-1 could explain the rise in Gm muscle fibers during prolonged action potential firing. First, whole cell patch clamping of mouse muscle fibers demonstrated that ClC-1 activation shifted in the hyperpolarized direction when clamping pipette solution contained 0 mM ATP compared with 5 mM ATP. Second, three-electrode Gm measurement during muscle fiber stimulation showed that glycolysis inhibition, with 2-deoxy-glucose or iodoacetate, resulted in an accelerated and rapid >400% Gm rise during short periods of repeated action potential firing in both fast-twitch and slow-twitch rat, and in human muscle fibers. Moreover, ClC-1 inhibition with 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid resulted in either an absence or blunted Gm rise during action potential firing in human muscle fibers. Third, Gm measurement during repeated action potential firing in muscle fibers from a murine McArdle disease model suggest that the rise in Gm was accelerated in a subset of fibers. Together, these results are compatible with ClC-1 function being regulated by the level of adenosine nucleotides in native tissue, and that the channel operates as a sensor of skeletal muscle metabolic state, limiting muscle excitability when energy status is low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anders Riisager
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - John Vissing
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Oliver Brøgger Krag
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zempo B, Yamamoto Y, Williams T, Ono F. Synaptic silencing of fast muscle is compensated by rewired innervation of slow muscle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax8382. [PMID: 32284992 PMCID: PMC7141830 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For decades, numerous studies have proposed that fast muscles contribute to quick movement, while slow muscles underlie locomotion requiring endurance. By generating mutant zebrafish whose fast muscles are synaptically silenced, we examined the contribution of fast muscles in both larval and adult zebrafish. In the larval stage, mutants lacked the characteristic startle response to tactile stimuli: bending of the trunk (C-bend) followed by robust forward propulsion. Unexpectedly, adult mutants with silenced fast muscles showed robust C-bends and forward propulsion upon stimulation. Retrograde labeling revealed that motor neurons genetically programmed to form synapses on fast muscles are instead rerouted and innervate slow muscles, which led to partial conversion of slow and intermediate muscles to fast muscles. Thus, extended silencing of fast muscle synapses changed motor neuron innervation and caused muscle cell type conversion, revealing an unexpected mechanism of locomotory adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buntaro Zempo
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tory Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Vanderboor CMG, Thibeault PE, Nixon KCJ, Gros R, Kramer J, Ramachandran R. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 Activation Triggers Cell Membrane Blebbing through RhoA and β-Arrestin. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:365-376. [PMID: 32234808 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a four-member family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated via proteolysis. PAR4 is a member of this family that is cleaved and activated by serine proteinases such as thrombin, trypsin, and cathepsin-G. PAR4 is expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types, including platelets, vascular smooth muscle cells, and neuronal cells. In studying PAR4 signaling and trafficking, we observed dynamic changes in the cell membrane, with spherical membrane protrusions that resemble plasma membrane blebbing. Since nonapoptotic membrane blebbing is now recognized as an important regulator of cell migration, cancer cell invasion, and vesicular content release, we sought to elucidate the signaling pathway downstream of PAR4 activation that leads to such events. Using a combination of pharmacological inhibition and CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing approaches, we establish that PAR4-dependent membrane blebbing occurs independently of the Gα q/11- and Gα i-signaling pathways and is dependent on signaling via the β-arrestin-1/2 and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) signaling pathways. Together these studies provide further mechanistic insight into PAR4 regulation of cellular function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We find that the thrombin receptor PAR4 triggers cell membrane blebbing in a RhoA-and β-arrestin-dependent manner. In addition to identifying novel cellular responses mediated by PAR4, these data provide further evidence for biased signaling in PAR4 since membrane blebbing was dependent on some, but not all, signaling pathways activated by PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M G Vanderboor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin C J Nixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Kramer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zhou Y, Zhou XE, Gong Y, Zhu Y, Cao X, Brunzelle JS, Xu HE, Zhou M, Melcher K, Zhang F. Structural basis of Fusarium myosin I inhibition by phenamacril. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008323. [PMID: 32163521 PMCID: PMC7100991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes species that cause devastating diseases in major staple crops, such as wheat, maize, rice, and barley, resulting in severe yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of infected grains. Phenamacril is a novel fungicide that is considered environmentally benign due to its exceptional specificity; it inhibits the ATPase activity of the sole class I myosin of only a subset of Fusarium species including the major plant pathogens F. graminearum, F. asiaticum and F. fujikuroi. To understand the underlying mechanisms of inhibition, species specificity, and resistance mutations, we have determined the crystal structure of phenamacril-bound F. graminearum myosin I. Phenamacril binds in the actin-binding cleft in a new allosteric pocket that contains the central residue of the regulatory Switch 2 loop and that is collapsed in the structure of a myosin with closed actin-binding cleft, suggesting that pocket occupancy blocks cleft closure. We have further identified a single, transferable phenamacril-binding residue found exclusively in phenamacril-sensitive myosins to confer phenamacril selectivity. Phenamacril is a recently identified myosin I inhibitor that is a potent and highly species-specific and myosin subtype-selective fungicide. We report the high-resolution structure of the phenamacril-bound myosin I motor domain of the major crop pathogen Fusarium graminearum, providing insight into the molecular mechanism of phenamacril action and resistance. These results are of broad significance for understanding the mode of actions of myosin-based fungicides and for designing novel myosin I inhibitors for crop protection and for treatment of human myosin dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - X. Edward Zhou
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuanping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph S. Brunzelle
- Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KM); (FZ)
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Stenfors BA, Staples RJ, Biros SM, Ngassa FN. Crystal structure of 4-methyl- N-(4-methyl-benz-yl)benzene-sulfonamide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:235-238. [PMID: 32071753 PMCID: PMC7001832 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C15H17NO2S, was synthesized via a substitution reaction between 4-methyl-benzyl-amine and p-toluene-sulfonyl chloride. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, forming ribbons running along the b-axis direction. One of the aromatic rings hosts two inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions that link these hydrogen-bonded ribbons into a three-dimensional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A. Stenfors
- Department of Chemistry, 1 Campus Dr., Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Center for Crystallographic Research, Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shannon M. Biros
- Department of Chemistry, 1 Campus Dr., Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Felix N. Ngassa
- Department of Chemistry, 1 Campus Dr., Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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Small Molecule Effectors of Myosin Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:61-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Manickam M, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Boggu PR, Sharma N, Jalani HB, Venkateswararao E, Lee YJ, Jeon ES, Son MJ, Woo SH, Jung SH. Design and synthesis of sulfonamidophenylethylamides as novel cardiac myosin activator. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4110-4123. [PMID: 31378598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The sulfonamidophenylethylamide analogues were explored for finding novel and potent cardiac myosin activators. Among them, N-(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenethyl-N-methyl-5-phenylpentanamide (13, CMA at 10 µM = 48.5%; FS = 26.21%; EF = 15.28%) and its isomer, 4-(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl-N-methyl-N-(3-phenylpropyl)butanamide (27, CMA at 10 µM = 55.0%; FS = 24.69%; EF = 14.08%) proved to be efficient cardiac myosin activators both in in vitro and in vivo studies. Compounds 13 (88.2 + 3.1% at 5 µM) and 27 (46.5 + 2.8% at 5 µM) showed positive inotropic effect in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. The potent compounds 13 and 27 were highly selective for cardiac myosin over skeletal and smooth muscle myosin, and therefore these potent and selective amide derivatives could be considered a new class of cardiac myosin activators for the treatment of systolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Pulla Reddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Niti Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Son
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Furuichi Y, Manabe Y, Takagi M, Aoki M, Fujii NL. Evidence for acute contraction-induced myokine secretion by C2C12 myotubes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206146. [PMID: 30356272 PMCID: PMC6200277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is considered a secretory organ that produces bioactive proteins known as myokines, which are released in response to various stimuli. However, no experimental evidence exists regarding the mechanism by which acute muscle contraction regulates myokine secretion. Here, we present evidence that acute contractions induced myokine secretion from C2C12 myotubes. Changes in the cell culture medium unexpectedly triggered the release of large amounts of proteins from the myotubes, and these proteins obscured the contraction-induced myokine secretion. Once protein release was abolished, the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), the best-known regulatory myokine, increased in response to a 1-hour contraction evoked by electrical stimulation. Using this experimental condition, intracellular calcium flux, rather than the contraction itself, triggered contraction-induced IL-6 secretion. This is the first report to show an evidence for acute contraction-induced myokine secretion by skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuro Furuichi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Manabe
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (NLF)
| | - Mayumi Takagi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Aoki
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu L. Fujii
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (NLF)
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Manickam M, Boggu PR, Pillaiyar T, Sharma N, Jalani HB, Venkateswararao E, Jung SH. Exploration of diphenylalkyloxadiazoles as novel cardiac myosin activator. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2369-2374. [PMID: 29937058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To explore novel cardiac myosin activator, a series of diphenylalkyl substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles have been prepared and tested for cardiac myosin ATPase activation in vitro. In all cases, three carbon spacer between the oxadiazole core and one of the phenyl ring was considered crucial. In case of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, zero to two carbon spacer between oxadiazole core and other phenyl ring are favorable. Phenyl ring can be replaced by cyclohexyl moiety. In case of 1,2,4-oxadiazole, zero or one carbon spacer between the oxadiazole and other phenyl ring are favorable. Introduction of hydrogen bonding donor (NH) group at the 2nd position of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole enhances the activity. Substitutions on either of the phenyl rings or change of phenyl ring to other heterocycle are not tolerated for both the oxadiazoles. The prepared oxadiazoles showed selective activation for cardiac muscle over smooth and skeleton muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Pulla Reddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Niti Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Othmer HG. Eukaryotic Cell Dynamics from Crawlers to Swimmers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018; 9. [PMID: 30854030 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Movement requires force transmission to the environment, and motile cells are robustly, though not elegantly, designed nanomachines that often can cope with a variety of environmental conditions by altering the mode of force transmission used. As with humans, the available modes range from momentary attachment to a substrate when crawling, to shape deformations when swimming, and at the cellular level this involves sensing the mechanical properties of the environment and altering the mode appropriately. While many types of cells can adapt their mode of movement to their microenvironment (ME), our understanding of how they detect, transduce and process information from the ME to determine the optimal mode is still rudimentary. The shape and integrity of a cell is determined by its cytoskeleton (CSK), and thus the shape changes that may be required to move involve controlled remodeling of the CSK. Motion in vivo is often in response to extracellular signals, which requires the ability to detect such signals and transduce them into the shape changes and force generation needed for movement. Thus the nanomachine is complex, and while much is known about individual components involved in movement, an integrated understanding of motility in even simple cells such as bacteria is not at hand. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of cell motility and some of the problems remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota
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41
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Roman BI, Verhasselt S, Mangodt CW, De Wever O, Stevens CV. Synthesis of C-ring-modified blebbistatin derivatives and evaluation of their myosin II ATPase inhibitory potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2261-2264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
( S)-Blebbistatin, a chiral tetrahydropyrroloquinolinone, is a widely used and well-characterized ATPase inhibitor selective for myosin II. The central role of myosin II in many normal and pathological biological processes has been revealed with the aid of this small molecule. The first part of this manuscript provides a summary of myosin II and ( S)-blebbistatin literature from a medicinal chemist's perspective. The second part of this perspective deals with the physicochemical deficiencies that trouble the use of ( S)-blebbistatin in advanced biological settings: low potency and solubility, fluorescence interference, (photo)toxicity, and stability issues. A large toolbox of analogues has been developed in which particular shortcomings have been addressed. This perspective provides a necessary overview of these developments and presents guidelines for selecting the best available analogue for a given application. As the unmet need for high-potency analogues remains, we also propose starting points for medicinal chemists in search of nanomolar myosin II inhibitors.
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Iwamoto H. Effects of myosin inhibitors on the X-ray diffraction patterns of relaxed and calcium-activated rabbit skeletal muscle fibers. Biophys Physicobiol 2018; 15:111-120. [PMID: 29892517 PMCID: PMC5992860 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.15.0_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of myosin inhibitors, N-benzyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (BTS), blebbistatin, and butanedione monoxime (BDM) on X-ray diffraction patterns from rabbit psoas fibers under relaxing and contracting conditions. The first two inhibitors suppressed the contractile force almost completely at a 100 μM concentration, and a similar effect was obtained at 50 mM for BDM. However, still substantial changes were observed in the diffraction patterns upon calcium-activation of inhibited muscle fibers. (1) The 2nd actin layer-line reflection was enhanced normally, indicating that calcium binding to troponin and the subsequent movement of tropomyosin are not inhibited, (2) the myosin layer-line reflections became much weaker, and (3) the 1,1/1,0 intensity ratio of the equatorial reflections was increased. The observations (2) and (3) indicate that, even in the presence of the inhibitors at a saturating concentration, myosin heads leave the helix on the thick filaments and approach the thin filaments. Interestingly, the d1,0 spacing of the filament lattice remained unchanged upon activation of inhibited fibers, in contrast to the case of normal activation in which the spacing is decreased. This suggests that the normal activated myosin heads exert a pull in both axial and radial directions, but in the presence of the inhibitors, the pull is suppressed, and as a result, the heads simply bind to actin without exerting any force. The results support the idea that the inhibitors do not block the myosin binding to actin, but block the step of force-producing transition of the bound actomyosin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Iwamoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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Verhasselt S, Roman BI, De Wever O, Van Hecke K, Van Deun R, Bracke ME, Stevens CV. Discovery of (S)-3'-hydroxyblebbistatin and (S)-3'-aminoblebbistatin: polar myosin II inhibitors with superior research tool properties. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:2104-2118. [PMID: 28220174 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In search of myosin II inhibitors with superior research tool properties, a chemical optimization campaign of the blebbistatin scaffold was conducted in this paper. (S)-Blebbistatin is the best known small-molecule inhibitor of myosin II ATPase activity. Unfortunately, as a research tool this compound has several deficiencies: it is photolabile and (photo)toxic, has low water solubility, and its (fluorescent) precipitates interfere in (fluorescence) readouts. In view of obtaining tool compounds with improved properties, both enantiomers of a series of D-ring modified polar analogs were prepared. We identified (S)-3'-hydroxyblebbistatin (S)-2 and (S)-3'-aminoblebbistatin (S)-3 as two myosin II inhibitors with a 30-fold higher water solubility than (S)-blebbistatin. These molecules furthermore do not cause interference in (fluorescence) readouts. (S)-2 and (S)-3 thus are superior alternatives to (S)-blebbistatin as research tools to study myosin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Verhasselt
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bart I Roman
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Van Deun
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc E Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Tomalka A, Rode C, Schumacher J, Siebert T. The active force-length relationship is invisible during extensive eccentric contractions in skinned skeletal muscle fibres. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2497. [PMID: 28469023 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to experimentally observed progressive forces in eccentric contractions, cross-bridge and sliding-filament theories of muscle contraction predict that varying myofilament overlap will lead to increases and decreases in active force during eccentric contractions. Non-cross-bridge contributions potentially explain the progressive total forces. However, it is not clear whether underlying abrupt changes in the slope of the nonlinear force-length relationship are visible in long isokinetic stretches, and in which proportion cross-bridges and non-cross-bridges contribute to muscle force. Here, we show that maximally activated single skinned rat muscle fibres behave (almost across the entire working range) like linear springs. The force slope is about three times the maximum isometric force per optimal length. Cross-bridge and non-cross-bridge contributions to the muscle force were investigated using an actomyosin inhibitor. The experiments revealed a nonlinear progressive contribution of non-cross-bridge forces and suggest a nonlinear cross-bridge contribution similar to the active force-length relationship (though with increased optimal length and maximum isometric force). The linear muscle behaviour might significantly reduce the control effort. Moreover, the observed slight increase in slope with initial length is in accordance with current models attributing the non-cross-bridge force to titin.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tomalka
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, 70569 Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rode
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07749 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Jens Schumacher
- Institute of Mathematics/Stochastics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07749 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 28, 70569 Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Manickam M, Jalani HB, Pillaiyar T, Boggu PR, Sharma N, Venkateswararao E, Lee YJ, Jeon ES, Son MJ, Woo SH, Jung SH. Design and synthesis of sulfonamidophenylethylureas as novel cardiac myosin activator. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1869-1887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nelson FE, Hollingworth S, Marx JO, Baylor SM, Rome LC. Small Ca 2+ releases enable hour-long high-frequency contractions in midshipman swimbladder muscle. J Gen Physiol 2017; 150:127-143. [PMID: 29259040 PMCID: PMC5749108 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The swimbladder muscle of the Pacific midshipman fish contracts up to 360,000 times in an hour while generating mating calls. Using experimental measurements and computational modeling, Nelson et al. reveal the Ca2+ handling that permits these superfast muscle fibers to sustain high-frequency calling. Type I males of the Pacific midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) vibrate their swimbladder to generate mating calls, or “hums,” that attract females to their nests. In contrast to the intermittent calls produced by male Atlantic toadfish (Opsanus tau), which occur with a duty cycle (calling time divided by total time) of only 3–8%, midshipman can call continuously for up to an hour. With 100% duty cycles and frequencies of 50–100 Hz (15°C), the superfast muscle fibers that surround the midshipman swimbladder may contract and relax as many as 360,000 times in 1 h. The energy for this activity is supported by a large volume of densely packed mitochondria that are found in the peripheral and central regions of the fiber. The remaining fiber cross section contains contractile filaments and a well-developed network of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and triadic junctions. Here, to understand quantitatively how Ca2+ is managed by midshipman fibers during calling, we measure (a) the Ca2+ pumping-versus-pCa and force-versus-pCa relations in skinned fiber bundles and (b) changes in myoplasmic free [Ca2+] (Δ[Ca2+]) during stimulated activity of individual fibers microinjected with the Ca2+ indicators Mag-fluo-4 and Fluo-4. As in toadfish, the force–pCa relation in midshipman is strongly right-shifted relative to the Ca2+ pumping–pCa relation, and contractile activity is controlled in a synchronous, not asynchronous, fashion during electrical stimulation. SR Ca2+ release per action potential is, however, approximately eightfold smaller in midshipman than in toadfish. Midshipman fibers have a larger time-averaged free [Ca2+] during activity than toadfish fibers, which permits faster Ca2+ pumping because the Ca2+ pumps work closer to their maximum rate. Even with midshipman’s sustained release and pumping of Ca2+, however, the Ca2+ energy cost of calling (per kilogram wet weight) is less than twofold more in midshipman than in toadfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,The Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA.,Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen Hollingworth
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James O Marx
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen M Baylor
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lawrence C Rome
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA .,The Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
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48
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Daoud A, Gopal U, Kaur J, Isaacs JS. Molecular and functional crosstalk between extracellular Hsp90 and ephrin A1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106807-106819. [PMID: 29290990 PMCID: PMC5739775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family member EphA2 plays a pivotal role in modulating cytoskeletal dynamics to control cancer cell motility and invasion. EphA2 is frequently upregulated in diverse solid tumors and has emerged as a viable druggable target. We previously reported that extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90), a known pro-motility and invasive factor, collaborates with EphA2 to regulate tumor invasion in the absence of its cognate ephrin ligand. Here, we aimed to further define the molecular and functional relationship between EphA2 and eHsp90. Ligand dependent ephrin A1 signaling promotes RhoA activation and altered cell morphology to favor transient cell rounding, retraction, and diminished adhesion. Exposure of EphA2-expressing cancer cells to ligand herein revealed a unique role for eHsp90 as an effector of cytoskeletal remodeling. Notably, blockade of eHsp90 via either neutralizing antibodies or administration of cell-impermeable Hsp90-targeted small molecules significantly attenuated ligand dependent cell rounding in diverse tumor types. Although eHsp90 blockade did not appear to influence receptor internalization, downstream signaling events were augmented. In particular, eHsp90 activated a Src-RhoA axis to enhance ligand dependent cell rounding, retraction, and ECM detachment. Moreover, eHsp90 signaling via this axis stimulated activation of the myosin pathway, culminating in formation of an EphA2-myosin complex. Inhibition of either eHsp90 or Src was sufficient to impair ephrin A1 mediated Rho activation, activation of myosin intermediates, and EphA2-myosin complex formation. Collectively, our data support a paradigm whereby eHsp90 and EphA2 exhibit molecular crosstalk and functional cooperation within a ligand dependent context to orchestrate cytoskeletal events controlling cell morphology and attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Daoud
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA.,Current address: Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, NC, 27708, Durham, USA
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29412, Charleston, USA
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49
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Mead AF, Osinalde N, Ørtenblad N, Nielsen J, Brewer J, Vellema M, Adam I, Scharff C, Song Y, Frandsen U, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I, Elemans CP. Fundamental constraints in synchronous muscle limit superfast motor control in vertebrates. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29165242 PMCID: PMC5699865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superfast muscles (SFMs) are extremely fast synchronous muscles capable of contraction rates up to 250 Hz, enabling precise motor execution at the millisecond time scale. SFM phenotypes have been discovered in most major vertebrate lineages, but it remains unknown whether all SFMs share excitation-contraction coupling pathway adaptations for speed, and if SFMs arose once, or from independent evolutionary events. Here, we demonstrate that to achieve rapid actomyosin crossbridge kinetics bat and songbird SFM express myosin heavy chain genes that are evolutionarily and ontologically distinct. Furthermore, we show that all known SFMs share multiple functional adaptations that minimize excitation-contraction coupling transduction times. Our results suggest that SFM evolved independently in sound-producing organs in ray-finned fish, birds, and mammals, and that SFM phenotypes operate at a maximum operational speed set by fundamental constraints in synchronous muscle. Consequentially, these constraints set a fundamental limit to the maximum speed of fine motor control. Across animals, different muscle types have evolved to perform vastly different tasks at different speeds. For example, tortoise leg muscles move slowly over several seconds, while the flight muscles of a hummingbird move quickly dozens of times per second. The speed record holders among vertebrates are the so-called superfast muscles, which can move up to 250 times per second. Superfast muscles power the alarming rattle of rattlesnakes, courtship calls in fish, rapid echolocation calls in bats and the elaborate vocal gymnastics of songbirds. Thus these extreme muscles are all around us and are always involved in sound production. Did superfast muscles evolve from a common ancestor? And how do different superfast muscles achieve their extreme behavior? To answer these questions, Mead et al. studied the systems known to limit contraction speed in all currently known superfast muscles found in rattlesnakes, toadfish, bats and songbirds. This revealed that all the muscles share certain specific adaptations that allow superfast contractions. Furthermore, the three fastest examples – toadfish, songbird and bat – have nearly identical maximum speeds. Although this appears to support the idea that the adaptations all evolved from a shared ancestor, Mead et al. found evidence that suggests otherwise. Each of the three superfast muscles are powered by a different motor protein, which argues strongly in favor of the muscles evolving independently. The existence of such similar mechanisms and performance in independently evolved muscles raises the possibility that the fastest contraction rates measured by Mead et al. represent a maximum speed limit for all vertebrate muscles. Any technical failure in a racecar most likely will slow it down, while the same failure in a robustly engineered family car may not be so noticeable. Similarly in superfast muscle many cellular and molecular systems need to perform maximally. Therefore by understanding how these extreme muscles work, we also gain a better understanding of how normal muscles contract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Mead
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michiel Vellema
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Iris Adam
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yafeng Song
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Irina Kratchmarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Coen Ph Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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50
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Hinojosa LS, Holst M, Baarlink C, Grosse R. MRTF transcription and Ezrin-dependent plasma membrane blebbing are required for entotic invasion. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3087-3095. [PMID: 28774893 PMCID: PMC5626544 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death initiated by actomyosin-dependent homotypic cell-in-cell invasion that can be observed in malignant exudates during tumor progression. We previously demonstrated formin-mediated actin dynamics at the rear of the invading cell as well as nonapoptotic plasma membrane (PM) blebbing in this cellular motile process. Although the contractile actin cortex involved in bleb-driven motility is well characterized, a role for transcriptional regulation in this process has not been studied. Here, we explore the impact of the actin-controlled MRTF-SRF (myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor) pathway for sustained PM blebbing and entotic invasion. We find that cortical blebbing is tightly coupled to MRTF nuclear shuttling to promote the SRF transcriptional activity required for entosis. Furthermore, PM blebbing triggered SRF-mediated up-regulation of the metastasis-associated ERM protein Ezrin. Notably, Ezrin is sufficient and important to sustain bleb dynamics for cell-in-cell invasion when SRF is suppressed. Our results highlight the critical role of the actin-regulated MRTF transcriptional pathway for bleb-associated invasive motility, such as during entosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soto Hinojosa
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Holst
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Baarlink
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany .,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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