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Shen Y, Jin D, Li T, Yang X, Ma X. Magnetically Responsive Gallium-Based Liquid Metal: Preparation, Property and Application. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39073895 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft smart materials have garnered significant academic attention due to their flexibility, remote controllability, and reconfigurability. However, traditional soft materials used in the construction of these magnetically responsive systems typically exhibit low density and poor thermal and electrical conductivities. These limitations result in suboptimal performance in applications such as medical radiography, high-performance electronic devices, and thermal management. To address these challenges, magnetically responsive gallium-based liquid metals have emerged as promising alternatives. In this review, we summarize the methodologies for achieving magnetically responsive liquid metals, including the integration of magnetic agents into the liquid metal matrix and the utilization of induced Lorentz forces. We then provide a comprehensive discussion of the key physicochemical properties of these materials and the factors influencing them. Additionally, we explore the advanced and potential applications of magnetically responsive liquid metals. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and present an outlook on future developments and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Polo-Garzon F, Wu Z, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Toups E, Lopez-Honorato E, Damron JT, Foster JC, Cheng Y, Daemen LL, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Meyer HM. Low-temperature dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for production of H 2 and carbon materials using liquid metal catalysts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9963. [PMID: 39047094 PMCID: PMC11268417 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is ubiquitous in everyday life; however, it is not recycled because it degrades uncontrollably into toxic products above 250°C. Therefore, it is of interest to controllably dechlorinate PVC at mild temperatures to generate narrowly distributed carbon materials. We present a catalytic route to dechlorinate PVC (~90% reduction of Cl content) at mild temperature (200°C) to produce gas H2 (with negligible coproduction of corrosive gas HCl) and carbon materials using Ga as a liquid metal (LM) catalyst. A LM was used to promote intimate contact between PVC and the catalytic sites. During dechlorination of PVC, Cl is sequestrated in the carbonaceous solid product. Later, chlorine is easily removed with an acetone wash at room temperature. The Ga LM catalyst is reusable, outperforms a traditional supported metal catalyst, and successfully converts (untreated) discarded PVC pipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Polo-Garzon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Zili Wu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Xinbin Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Elena Toups
- University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 (USA)
| | - Eddie Lopez-Honorato
- Nuclear Energy and Fuel Cycle Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Joshua T. Damron
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | - Luke L. Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
| | | | - Harry M. Meyer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (USA)
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3
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Li Y, Xu CQ, Chen C, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhuang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li Z, Chen Z, Zheng L, Cheong WC, Wu K, Jiang G, Xiao H, Lian C, Wang D, Peng Q, Li J, Li Y. Carbon-Boosted and Nitrogen-Stabilized Isolated Single-Atom Sites for Direct Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39031766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Lower olefins are widely used in the chemical industry as basic carbon-based feedstocks. Here, we report the catalytic system featuring isolated single-atom sites of iridium (Ir1) that can function within the entire temperature range of 300-600 °C and transform alkanes with conversions close to thermodynamics-dictated levels. The high turnover frequency values of the Ir1 system are comparable to those of homogeneous catalytic reactions. Experimental data and theoretical calculations both indicate that Ir1 is the primary catalytic site, while the coordinating C and N atoms help to enhance the activity and stability, respectively; all three kinds of elements cooperatively contribute to the high performance of this novel active site. We have further immobilized this catalyst on particulate Al2O3, and we found that the resulting composite system under mimicked industrial conditions could still give high catalytic performances; in addition, we have also developed and established a new scheme of periodical in situ regeneration specifically for this composite particulate catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Single-Atom Catalysis Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weng-Chon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Konglin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guiyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Lian
- Beijing Single-Atom Catalysis Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Krishnamurthi V, Vaillant PHA, Mata J, Nguyen CK, Parker CJ, Zuraiqi K, Bryant G, Chiang K, Russo SP, Christofferson AJ, Elbourne A, Daeneke T. Structural Evolution of Liquid Metals and Alloys. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403885. [PMID: 38739417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Low-melting liquid metals are emerging as a new group of highly functional solvents due to their capability to dissolve and alloy various metals in their elemental state to form solutions as well as colloidal systems. Furthermore, these liquid metals can facilitate and catalyze multiple unique chemical reactions. Despite the intriguing science behind liquid metals and alloys, very little is known about their fundamental structures in the nanometric regime. To bridge this gap, this work employs small angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the most commonly used liquid metal solvents, EGaIn and Galinstan, are surprisingly structured with the formation of clusters ranging from 157 to 15.7 Å. Conversely, noneutectic liquid metal alloys of GaSn or GaIn at low solute concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 wt%, as well as pure Ga, do not exhibit these structures. Importantly, the eutectic alloys retain their structure even at elevated temperatures of 60 and 90 °C, highlighting that they are not just simple homogeneous fluids consisting of individual atoms. Understanding the complex soft structure of liquid alloys will assist in comprehending complex phenomena occurring within these fluids and contribute to deriving reaction mechanisms in the realm of synthesis and liquid metal-based catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Krishnamurthi
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Pierre H A Vaillant
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Jitendra Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chung Kim Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Caiden J Parker
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Karma Zuraiqi
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ken Chiang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew J Christofferson
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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Zhang Y, Zhu H, An S, Xing W, Fu B, Tao P, Shang W, Wu J, Dickey MD, Song C, Deng T. Chameleon-inspired tunable multi-layered infrared-modulating system via stretchable liquid metal microdroplets in elastomer film. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5395. [PMID: 38926423 PMCID: PMC11208509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This report presents liquid metal-based infrared-modulating materials and systems with multiple modes to regulate the infrared reflection. Inspired by the brightness adjustment in chameleon skin, shape-morphing liquid metal droplets in silicone elastomer (Ecoflex) matrix are used to resemble the dispersed "melanophores". In the system, Ecoflex acts as hormone to drive the deformation of liquid metal droplets. Both total and specular reflectance-based infrared camouflage are achieved. Typically, the total and specular reflectances show change of ~44.8% and 61.2%, respectively, which are among the highest values reported for infrared camouflage. Programmable infrared encoding/decoding is explored by adjusting the concentration of liquid metal and applying areal strains. By introducing alloys with different melting points, temperature-dependent infrared painting/writing can be achieved. Furthermore, the multi-layered structure of infrared-modulating system is designed, where the liquid metal-based infrared modulating materials are integrated with an evaporated metallic film for enhanced performance of such system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Hanrui Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shun An
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Benwei Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Peng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Wen Shang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Tao Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
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6
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Carl S, Will J, Madubuko N, Götz A, Przybilla T, Wu M, Raman N, Wirth J, Taccardi N, Zubiri BA, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Spiecker E. Structural Evolution of GaO x-Shell and Intermetallic Phases in Ga-Pt Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4711-4720. [PMID: 38657124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive scale-bridging characterization approach for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) which combines lab-based X-ray microscopy, nano X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT), and correlative analytical transmission electron microscopy. SCALMS catalysts consist of low-melting alloy particles and have demonstrated high catalytic activity, selectivity, and long-term stability in propane dehydrogenation (PDH). We established an identical-location nano-CT workflow which allows us to reveal site-specific changes of Ga-Pt SCALMS before and after PDH. These observations are complemented by analytical transmission electron microscopy investigations providing information on the structure, chemical composition, and phase distribution of individual SCALMS particles. Key findings of this combined microscopic approach include (i) structural evolution of the SCALMS particles' GaOx shell, (ii) Pt segregation toward the oxide shell leading to the formation of Ga-Pt intermetallic phases, and (iii) cracking of the oxide shell accompanied by the release of liquid Ga-Pt toward the porous support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Will
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Madubuko
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Götz
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Przybilla
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wirth
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, 2006 Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - P Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Gong Y, Luo D, Choe M, Kim Y, Ram B, Zafari M, Seong WK, Bakharev P, Wang M, Park IK, Lee S, Shin TJ, Lee Z, Lee G, Ruoff RS. Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure. Nature 2024; 629:348-354. [PMID: 38658760 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural diamonds were (and are) formed (thousands of million years ago) in the upper mantle of Earth in metallic melts at temperatures of 900-1,400 °C and at pressures of 5-6 GPa (refs. 1,2). Diamond is thermodynamically stable under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions as per the phase diagram of carbon3. Scientists at General Electric invented and used a high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus in 1955 to synthesize diamonds by using molten iron sulfide at about 7 GPa and 1,600 °C (refs. 4-6). There is an existing model that diamond can be grown using liquid metals only at both high pressure and high temperature7. Here we describe the growth of diamond crystals and polycrystalline diamond films with no seed particles using liquid metal but at 1 atm pressure and at 1,025 °C, breaking this pattern. Diamond grew in the subsurface of liquid metal composed of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon, by catalytic activation of methane and diffusion of carbon atoms into and within the subsurface regions. We found that the supersaturation of carbon in the liquid metal subsurface leads to the nucleation and growth of diamonds, with Si playing an important part in stabilizing tetravalently bonded carbon clusters that play a part in nucleation. Growth of (metastable) diamond in liquid metal at moderate temperature and 1 atm pressure opens many possibilities for further basic science studies and for the scaling of this type of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Luo
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeonggi Choe
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchul Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Babu Ram
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Zafari
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Seong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pavel Bakharev
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Meihui Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - In Kee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulyi Lee
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsik Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Sebastian O, Al-Shaibani A, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Kinetics of dehydrogenation of n-heptane over GaPt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS). REACT CHEM ENG 2024; 9:1154-1163. [PMID: 38694426 PMCID: PMC11060413 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The concept of Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (SCALMS) was explored for the catalytic dehydrogenation of n-heptane. For this purpose, a GaPt on alumina (Ga84Pt/Al2O3) was compared with a Pt on alumina catalyst at different reaction temperatures and feed compositions. While the observed activation energies with both catalysts for the overall n-heptane depletion rate were similar with both catalysts, the SCALMS systems provides a lower activation energy for the desired dehydrogenation path and significantly higher activation energies for the undesired aromatization and cracking reaction. Thus, the SCALMS catalyst under investigation shows technically interesting features, in particular at high temperature operation. The partial pressure variation revealed an effective reaction order of around 0.7 for n-heptane for both catalysts, while the effective order for hydrogen was 0.35 for Pt/Al2O3 and almost zero for SCALMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Sebastian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Asem Al-Shaibani
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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9
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Papp C, Bär M. Impact of Catalysis-Relevant Oxidation and Annealing Treatments on Nanostructured GaRh Alloys. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19858-19865. [PMID: 38591845 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the surface-derived electronic and chemical structures of nanostructured GaRh alloys as a model system for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS), a novel catalyst candidate for dehydrogenation reactions that are important for the petrochemical and hydrogen energy industry. It is reported that under ambient conditions, SCALMS tends to form a gallium oxide shell, which can be removed by an activation treatment at elevated temperatures and hydrogen flow to enhance the catalytic reactivity. We prepared a 7 at. % Rh containing the GaRh sample and interrogated the evolution of the surface chemical and electronic structure by photoelectron spectroscopy (complemented by scanning electron microscopy) upon performing surface oxidation and (activation treatment mimicking) annealing treatments in ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The initially pronounced Rh 4d and Fermi level-derived states in the valence band spectra disappear upon oxidation (due to formation of a GaOx shell) but reemerge upon annealing, especially for temperatures of 600 °C and above, i.e., when the GaOx shell is efficiently being removed and the Ga matrix is expected to be liquid. At the same temperature, new spectroscopic features at both the high and low binding energy sides of the Rh 3d5/2 spectra are observed, which we attribute to new GaRh species with depleted and enriched Rh contents, respectively. A liquefied and GaOx-free surface is also expected for GaRh SCALMS at reaction conditions, and thus the revealed high-temperature properties of the GaRh alloy provide insights about respective catalysts at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Freie Universität Berlin, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy Materials In-situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Wang M, Lin Y. Gallium-based liquid metals as reaction media for nanomaterials synthesis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6915-6933. [PMID: 38501969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) and their alloys have gained prominence in the realm of flexible and stretchable electronics. Recent advances have expanded the interest to explore the electron-rich core and interface of LMs to synthesize various nanomaterials, where Ga-based LMs serve as versatile reaction media. In this paper, we delve into the latest developments within this burgeoning field. Our discussion begins by elucidating the unique attributes of LMs that render them suitable as reaction media, including their high metal solubility, low standard reduction potential, self-limiting oxidation and ultra-smooth and "layer" surface. We then provide a comprehensive categorized summary of utilizing these features to fabricate a variety of nanomaterials, including pure metallic materials (metal alloys, metal crystals, porous metals, high-entropy alloys and metallic single atoms), metal-inorganic compounds (2D metal oxides, 2D metallic inorganic compounds and 2D graphitic materials), as well as metal-organic composites (metal-organic frameworks). This paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this field and exploring potential future directions. The versatility and unique properties of Ga-based LMs are poised to play a pivotal role in the future of nanomaterial science, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and innovative technological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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11
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He C, Gong Y, Li S, Wu J, Lu Z, Li Q, Wang L, Wu S, Zhang J. Single-Atom Alloys Materials for CO 2 and CH 4 Catalytic Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311628. [PMID: 38181452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 constitutes an effective approach for alleviating the greenhouse effect and generating valuable chemical products. However, the intricate molecular characteristics characterized by high symmetry and bond energies, coupled with the complexity of associated reactions, pose challenges for conventional catalysts to attain high activity, product selectivity, and enduring stability. Single-atom alloys (SAAs) materials, distinguished by their tunable composition and unique electronic structures, confer versatile physicochemical properties and modulable functionalities. In recent years, SAAs materials demonstrate pronounced advantages and expansive prospects in catalytic conversion of CH4 and CO2. This review begins by introducing the challenges entailed in catalytic conversion of CH4 and CO2 and the advantages offered by SAAs. Subsequently, the intricacies of synthesis strategies employed for SAAs are presented and characterization techniques and methodologies are introduced. The subsequent section furnishes a meticulous and inclusive overview of research endeavors concerning SAAs in CO2 catalytic conversion, CH4 conversion, and synergy CH4 and CO2 conversion. The particular emphasis is directed toward scrutinizing the intricate mechanisms underlying the influence of SAAs on reaction activity and product selectivity. Finally, insights are presented on the development and future challenges of SAAs in CH4 and CO2 conversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxuan He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yalin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Songting Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhaojun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiqun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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12
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Zhou Y, Santos S, Shamzhy M, Marinova M, Blanchenet AM, Kolyagin YG, Simon P, Trentesaux M, Sharna S, Ersen O, Zholobenko VL, Saeys M, Khodakov AY, Ordomsky VV. Liquid metals for boosting stability of zeolite catalysts in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2228. [PMID: 38472188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process has been considered one of the most practical approaches for producing value-added products from methanol. However, the commonly used zeolite catalysts suffer from rapid deactivation due to coke deposition and require regular regeneration treatments. We demonstrate that low-melting-point metals, such as Ga, can effectively promote more stable methanol conversion in the MTH process by slowing coke deposition and facilitating the desorption of carbonaceous species from the zeolite. The ZSM-5 zeolite physically mixed with liquid gallium exhibited an enhanced lifetime in the MTH reaction, which increased by a factor of up to ~14 as compared to the parent ZSM-5. These results suggest an alternative route to the design and preparation of deactivation-resistant zeolite catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (RISE) and School of Materials Science & Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Sara Santos
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mariya Shamzhy
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maya Marinova
- Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59655, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne-Marie Blanchenet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Yury G Kolyagin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Pardis Simon
- Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59655, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Martine Trentesaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sharmin Sharna
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Mark Saeys
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrei Y Khodakov
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Vitaly V Ordomsky
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France.
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13
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Vorlaufer N, Josten J, Carl S, Göbel E, Søgaard A, Taccardi N, Spiecker E, Felfer P. Preparation of atom probe tips from (nano)particles in dispersion using (di)electrophoresis and electroplating. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:476-483. [PMID: 37921114 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of catalytic particles depends on their chemical structure and morphology. To reveal this information, the characterization with atom probe tomography has huge potential. Despite progresses and papers proposing various approaches towards the incorporation of particles inside atom probe tips, no single approach has been broadly applicable to date. In this paper, we introduce a workflow that allowed us to prepare atom probe specimens from Ga particles in suspension in the size range of 50 nm up to 2 μm. By combining dielectrophoresis and electrodeposition in a suitable way, we achieve a near-tip shape geometry, without a time-consuming FIB lift-out. This workflow is a simple and quick method to prepare atom probe tips and allows for a high preparation throughput. Also, not using a lift-out allowed us to use a cryo-stage, avoiding melting of the Ga particles, while ensuring a mechanical stable atom probe tip. The specimen prepared by this workflow enable a stable measurement and low fracture rates. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Enabling cryo-preparation of (nano)particles for the atom probe. Characterization of surface and bulk elemental distribution of GaPt model SCALMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vorlaufer
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Josten
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erik Göbel
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Søgaard
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- CHEC Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Institute I, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Shahzad A, Yang F, Steffen J, Neiss C, Panchenko A, Goetz K, Vogel C, Weisser M, Embs JP, Petry W, Lohstroh W, Görling A, Goychuk I, Unruh T. Atomic diffusion in liquid gallium and gallium-nickel alloys probed by quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamic simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:175403. [PMID: 38224622 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad1e9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The atomic mobility in liquid pure gallium and a gallium-nickel alloy with 2 at% of nickel is studied experimentally by incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering. The integral diffusion coefficients for all-atom diffusion are derived from the experimental data at different temperatures. DFT-basedab-initiomolecular dynamics (MD) is used to find numerically the diffusion coefficient of liquid gallium at different temperatures, and numerical theory results well agree with the experimental findings at temperatures below 500 K. Machine learning force fields derived fromab-initiomolecular dynamics (AIMD) overestimate within a small 6% error the diffusion coefficient of pure gallium within the genuine AIMD. However, they better agree with experiment for pure gallium and enable the numerical finding of the diffusion coefficient of nickel in the considered melted alloy along with the diffusion coefficient of gallium and integral diffusion coefficient, that agrees with the corresponding experimental values within the error bars. The temperature dependence of the gallium diffusion coefficientDGa(T)follows the Arrhenius law experimentally for all studied temperatures and below 500 K also in the numerical simulations. However,DGa(T)can be well described alternatively by an Einstein-Stokes dependence with the metallic liquid viscosity following the Arrhenius law, especially for the MD simulation results at all studied temperatures. Moreover, a novel variant of the excess entropy scaling theory rationalized our findings for gallium diffusion. Obtained values of the Arrhenius activation energies are profoundly different in the competing theoretical descriptions, which is explained by different temperature-dependent prefactors in the corresponding theories. The diffusion coefficient of gallium is significantly reduced (at the same temperature) in a melted alloy with natural nickel, even at a tiny 2 at% concentration of nickel, as compared with its pure gallium value. This highly surprising behavior contradicts the existing excess entropy scaling theories and opens a venue for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shahzad
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Institute for Material Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Yang
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - J Steffen
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, FAU, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Neiss
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, FAU, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Panchenko
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - K Goetz
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - C Vogel
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - M Weisser
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - J P Embs
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - W Petry
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - W Lohstroh
- Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, FAU, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Goychuk
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - T Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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15
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Maiti S, Senavirathna LN, Minguez Bacho I, Menath J, Gruber W, Vogel N, Bachmann J, Unruh T. Highly Ordered Monolayers of μm-Sized Polystyrene Spheres Studied by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Simulations, and Geometrical Calculations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1185-1194. [PMID: 38166415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the two-dimensional (2D) structural ordering of colloidal particles assembled at a flat surface is essential for understanding and optimizing their physical properties. So far, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) has been widely used to determine crystallographic information on 2D self-assembled structures of nanosize objects. However, solving the structure of 2D lattices consisting of micrometer (μm)-sized objects still remains a challenge using scattering methods. Here, a model 2D SCALMS (supported catalytically active liquid metal solution) template is fabricated from μm-sized polystyrene (PS) spheres that form a monolayer on top of the flat solid support. GISAXS patterns of the sample were collected for rotation angles around its surface normal in steps of 3°. For every rotation angle, different Bragg-type interference maxima along the out-of-plane (qz) direction were observed. On the basis of simulations of GISXAS patterns of single domains of ordered particle arrangements using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and validation against a simple geometrical scattering model, the interference maxima could nicely be interpreted to originate from a monolayer of the μm-sized spherical particles which are arranged in domains of hexagonal 2D paracrystalline order. This novel GISAXS evaluation technique serves as a proof of principle for determining the μm-size periodicity of 2D crystalline domains and demonstrates its potential to spatially resolve the relative orientations of such domains with respect to a reference direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maiti
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L N Senavirathna
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Minguez Bacho
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Menath
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Gruber
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Controlled cluster expansion at a Zintl cluster surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316120. [PMID: 38010628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the tris-hypersilyl nonagermanide Zintl cluster salt, K[Ge9 (Hyp)3 ] (Hyp=Si(SiMe3 )3 ) with [Rh(η2 ,η2 -L)Cl]2 (L=1,5-cyclooctadiene, COD; norbornadiene, NBD) afforded eleven- and twelve-vertex homo-multimetallic clusters by cluster core expansion. Using a stepwise procedure, starting from the Zintl cluster [Rh(COD){Ge9 (Hyp)3 }] and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 , this methodology was expanded for the synthesis of eleven-vertex hetero-multimetallic clusters. A mechanism for the formation of these first examples of closo eleven-vertex Zintl clusters is proposed, informed by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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17
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Xing S, Liu Y. Functional micro-/nanostructured gallium-based liquid metal for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115795. [PMID: 37913588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, liquid metals (LMs) have garnered increasing attention for their expanded applicability, and wide application potential in various research fields. Among them, gallium (Ga)-based LMs exhibit remarkable analytical performance in electrical and optical sensors, thanks to their excellent conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility, small bandgap, and high elasticity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in functional micro-/nanostructured Ga-based LMs for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Firstly, the electrical, optical, and biocompatible features of Ga-based LM micro-/nanoparticles are briefly discussed, along with the manufacturing and functionalization processes. Subsequently, we demonstrate the utilization of Ga-based LMs in biochemical sensing techniques, encompassing electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, optical sensing techniques, and various biomedical imaging. Lastly, we present an insightful perspective on promising research directions and remaining challenges in LM-based biochemical sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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18
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Ruffman C, Steenbergen KG, Garden AL, Gaston N. Dynamic sampling of liquid metal structures for theoretical studies on catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:185-194. [PMID: 38131068 PMCID: PMC10732005 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metals have recently emerged as promising catalysts that can outcompete their solid counterparts for many reactions. Although theoretical modelling is extensively used to improve solid-state catalysts, there is currently no way to capture the interactions of adsorbates with a dynamic liquid metal. We propose a new approach based on ab initio molecular dynamics sampling of an adsorbate on a liquid catalyst. Using this approach, we describe time-resolved structures for formate adsorbed on liquid Ga-In, and for all intermediates in the methanol oxidation pathway on Ga-Pt. This yields a range of accessible adsorption energies that take into account the at-temperature motion of the liquid metal. We find that a previously proposed pathway for methanol oxidation on Ga-Pt results in unstable intermediates on a dynamic liquid surface, and propose that H desorption must occur during the path. The results showcase a more accurate way to treat liquid metal catalysts in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Ruffman
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Anna L Garden
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago P.O. Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
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19
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Okatenko V, Boulanger C, Chen AN, Kumar K, Schouwink P, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Voltage-Driven Chemical Reactions Enable the Synthesis of Tunable Liquid Ga-Metal Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25401-25410. [PMID: 37948677 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized particles of liquid metals are emerging materials that hold promise for applications spanning from microelectronics to catalysis. Yet, knowledge of their chemical reactivity is largely unknown. Here, we study the reactivity of liquid Ga and Cu nanoparticles under the application of a cathodic voltage. We discover that the applied voltage and the spatial proximity of these two particle precursors dictate the reaction outcome. In particular, we find that a gradual voltage ramp is crucial to reduce the native oxide skin of gallium and enable reactive wetting between the Ga and Cu nanoparticles; instead, a voltage step causes dewetting between the two. We determine that the use of liquid Ga/Cu nanodimer precursors, which consist of an oxide-covered Ga domain interfaced with a metallic Cu domain, provides a more uniform mixing and results in more homogeneous reaction products compared to a physical mixture of Ga and Cu NPs. Having learned this, we obtain CuGa2 alloys or solid@liquid CuGa2@Ga core@shell nanoparticles by tuning the stoichiometry of Ga and Cu in the nanodimer precursors. These products reveal an interesting complementarity of thermal and voltage-driven syntheses to expand the compositional range of bimetallic NPs. Finally, we extend the voltage-driven synthesis to the combination of Ga with other elements (Ag, Sn, Co, and W). By rationalizing the impact of the native skin reduction rate, the wetting properties, and the chemical reactivity between Ga and other metals on the results of such voltage-driven chemical manipulation, we define the criteria to predict the outcome of this reaction and set the ground for future studies targeting various applications for multielement nanomaterials based on liquid Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Alexander N Chen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy Research, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
Catalysts serve pivotal roles in facilitating the development of sustainable energy systems on a global scale. Liquid metal usually refers to metal that is liquid below 330 °C, also known as low melting point metal. Liquid metal has emerged as an intriguing catalyst due to its commendable electrical conductivity, favorable fluidity, solubility in metals, phase transition capabilities, and modifiable oxide surface, thereby presenting a plethora of prospects for diverse catalytic reactions. In this Perspective, we elucidate the four primary merits of liquid metal catalysts: resistance to coking, the ability to tune elemental composition, the potential for structural transformation, and the capacity to inhibit coalescence. In light of this, a comprehensive summary is presented on the research advancements pertaining to liquid metal in methane pyrolysis, alkane dehydrogenation, carbon dioxide reduction, alcohol oxidation, and various other catalytic reactions. Finally, the challenges and prospects of liquid metal catalysts are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tingli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Zimmermann T, Madubuko N, Groppe P, Raczka T, Dünninger N, Taccardi N, Carl S, Apeleo Zubiri B, Spiecker E, Wasserscheid P, Mandel K, Haumann M, Wintzheimer S. Supraparticles on beads for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions - the SCALMS suprabead concept. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4960-4967. [PMID: 37610262 PMCID: PMC10615327 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel GaPt-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solution (SCALMS) material is developed by exploiting the suprabead concept: Supraparticles, i.e. micrometer-sized particles composed of nanoparticles assembled by spray-drying, are bonded to millimeter-sized beads. The suprabeads combine macroscale size with catalytic properties of nanoscale GaPt particles entrapped in their silica framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nnamdi Madubuko
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Groppe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Raczka
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nils Dünninger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Simon Carl
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Interface-Controlled Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, "Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies" (IEK 11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Susanne Wintzheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, D97082 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Wolf M, de Oliveira AL, Taccardi N, Maisel S, Heller M, Khan Antara S, Søgaard A, Felfer P, Görling A, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Dry reforming of methane over gallium-based supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:224. [PMID: 37853170 PMCID: PMC10584823 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallium-rich supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) were recently introduced as a new way towards heterogeneous single atom catalysis. SCALMS were demonstrated to exhibit a certain resistance against coking during the dehydrogenation of alkanes using Ga-rich alloys of noble metals. Here, the conceptual catalytic application of SCALMS in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is tested with non-noble metal (Co, Cu, Fe, Ni) atoms in the gallium-rich liquid alloy. This study introduces SCALMS to high-temperature applications and an oxidative reaction environment. Most catalysts were shown to undergo severe oxidation during DRM, while Ga-Ni SCALMS retained a certain level of activity. This observation is explained by a kinetically controlled redox process, namely oxidation to gallium oxide species and re-reduction via H2 activation over Ni. Consequentially, this redox process can be shifted to the metallic side when using increasing concentrations of Ni in Ga, which strongly suppresses coke formation. Density-functional theory (DFT) based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were performed to confirm the increased availability of Ni at the liquid alloy-gas interface. However, leaching of gallium via the formation of volatile oxidic species during the hypothesised redox cycles was identified indicating a critical instability of Ga-Ni SCALMS for prolonged test durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Luiza de Oliveira
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martina Heller
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sharmin Khan Antara
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Søgaard
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Felfer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Allgemeine Werkstoffeigenschaften), Martensstr. 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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23
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Manyuan N, Kawasaki H. Activated platinum in gallium-based room-temperature liquid metals for enhanced reduction reactions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30273-30280. [PMID: 37849703 PMCID: PMC10577643 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) have recently attracted significant attention worldwide for application in catalysis because of their unique combination of fluidic and catalytic properties. Platinum loading in LMs is expected to enhance the catalytic performance of various reaction systems. However, Pt-loaded methods for Ga-based LMs have not yet been sufficiently developed to improve the catalytic performance and Pt utilization efficiency. In this study, a novel method for the fabrication of Pt-incorporated LMs using Pt sputter deposition (Pt(dep)-LMs) was developed. The Pt(dep)-LMs contained well-dispersed Pt flakes with diameters of 0.89 ± 0.6 μm. The catalytic activity of the Pt(dep)-LM with a Pt loading of ∼0.7 wt% was investigated using model reactions such as methylene blue (MB) reduction and hydrogen production in an acidic aqueous solution. The Pt(dep)-LMs showed a higher MB reduction rate (three times) and hydrogen production (three times) than the LM loaded with conventional Pt black (∼0.7 wt%). In contrast to the Pt(dep)-LMs, solid-based Ga with a Pt loading of ∼0.7 wt% did not catalyze the reactions. These results demonstrate that Pt activation occurred in the Pt(dep)-LMs fabricated by Pt sputtering, and that the fluidic properties of the LMs enhanced the catalytic reduction reactions. Thus, these findings highlight the superior performance of the Pt deposition method and the advantages of using Pt-LM-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichayanan Manyuan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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24
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Hsieh TE, Frisch J, Wilks RG, Bär M. Unravelling the Surface Oxidation-Induced Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Gallium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47725-47732. [PMID: 37774118 PMCID: PMC10571040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Gallium is widely used in liquid metal catalyst fabrication, and its oxidized species is a well-known dielectric material. In the past decades, these two species have been well studied separately. However, the surface oxide layer-induced impact on the chemical and electronic structure of (liquid) gallium is still mostly unclear because of the extreme fast formation of thermodynamically stable surface Ga2O3. In this study, we used a combination of direct and inverse photoemission complemented by scanning electron microscopy to examine the surface properties of Ga and Ga oxide (on a SiOx/Si support) and the evolution of the surface structure upon stepwise oxidation and subsequent reduction at an elevated temperature. We find oxidation time-dependent self-limited formation of a substoichiometric Ga2O3-δ surface layer on the Ga nanoparticles. The valence band maximum (conduction band minimum) for this Ga2O3-δ is located at -3.8 (±0.1) eV [1.4 (±0.2) eV] with respect to the Fermi level, resulting in an electronic surface band gap of 5.2 (±0.2) eV. Upon annealing in ultrahigh vacuum conditions, the Ga2O3-δ surface layer can efficiently be removed when using temperatures of 600 °C and higher. This study reveals how the surface properties of Ga nanoparticles are influenced by stepwise oxidation-reduction, providing detailed insights that will benefit the optimization of this material class for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G. Wilks
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department
Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Energy
Materials In situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
X-ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy
(HI ERN), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Chen L, Song Z, Zhang S, Chang CK, Chuang YC, Peng X, Dun C, Urban JJ, Guo J, Chen JL, Prendergast D, Salmeron M, Somorjai GA, Su J. Ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst for efficient hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis. Science 2023; 381:857-861. [PMID: 37616342 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Methane pyrolysis (MP) is a potential technology for CO2-free hydrogen production that generates only solid carbon by-products. However, developing a highly efficient catalyst for stable methane pyrolysis at a moderate temperature has been challenging. We present a new and highly efficient catalyst created by modifying a Ni-Bi liquid alloy with the addition of Mo to produce a ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst (LAC). This catalyst exhibited a considerably low activation energy of 81.2 kilojoules per mole, which enabled MP at temperatures between 450 and 800 Celsius and a hydrogen generation efficiency of 4.05 ml per gram of nickel per minute. At 800 Celsius, the catalyst exhibited 100% H2 selectivity and 120 hours of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Chen
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhigang Song
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chung-Kai Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-Based Industrial Park Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-Based Industrial Park Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Xinxing Peng
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Science-Based Industrial Park Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gabor A Somorjai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ji Su
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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26
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Amon A, Chater PA, Vaughan G, Smith R, Salzmann CG. Local Order in Liquid Gallium-Indium Alloys. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:16687-16694. [PMID: 37646006 PMCID: PMC10461300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals such as eutectic Ga-In alloys have low melting points and low toxicity and are used in catalysis and micro-robotics. This study investigates the local atomic structure of liquid gallium-indium alloys by a combination of density measurements, diffraction data, and Monte-Carlo simulation via the empirical potential structure refinement approach. A high-Q shoulder observed in liquid Ga is related to structural rearrangements in the second coordination shell. Structure analysis found coordination environments close to a random distribution for eutectic Ga-In alloy, while electronic effects appear to dominate the mixing enthalpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Amon
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
- Material
Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore California, 94550, United States
| | - Philip A. Chater
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Gavin Vaughan
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP-220, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38043, France
| | - Rachael Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Christoph G. Salzmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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27
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Karbalaei Akbari M, Verpoort F, Hu J, Zhuiykov S. Acoustic-Activated Se Crystalline Nanodomains at Atomically-Thin Liquid-Metal Piezoelectric Heterointerfaces for Synergistic CO 2 Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39716-39731. [PMID: 37581366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic-activated polarization at two-dimensional (2D) domains provide supplementary mechanisms for adjustment of empty and occupied orbitals at material heterointerfaces, activating a wide range of physicochemical applications. The piezoelectric nanodomains grown at 2D liquid-metal heterointerfaces represent a new class of polarization-dependent hybrid nanostructures with a highly challenging fabrication process. Here, the controlled growth of selenium-rich piezoelectric nanodomains on the nonpolar 2D surface of liquid Ga-based nanoparticles (NPs) enabled highly efficient and sustainable CO2 conversion. The Ga-based NPs were engulfed in carbon nanotube (CNT) frameworks. The initial hindrance effects of CNT frameworks suppressed the undesirable Ga-Se amalgamation to guarantee the suitable functions of piezocatalyst. Simultaneously, the CNT-Se mesoporous network enhances the transport and interaction of ionic species at heterointerfaces, providing unique selectivity features for CO2 conversion. Driven by acoustic energy, the multiple contributions of Ga-Se polarized heterointerfaces facilitated the piezoelectric switching and therefore increased the CO2 conversion efficiency to the value of 95.8%. The inherent compositional and functional tunability of the Ga-Se nanojunction reveal superior control over the catalyst heterointerfaces and thereby show promising potential for nanoscale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Ghent University, Global Campus, 406-840 Incheon, South Korea
| | - Francis Verpoort
- Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Centre of Nano Energy and Devices, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Ghent University, Global Campus, 406-840 Incheon, South Korea
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28
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Sebastian O, Al-Shaibani A, Taccardi N, Sultan U, Inayat A, Vogel N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Ga-Pt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) prepared by ultrasonication - influence of synthesis conditions on n-heptane dehydrogenation performance. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:4435-4450. [PMID: 38014413 PMCID: PMC10388703 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy00356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Supported catalytically active liquid metal solution (SCALMS) materials represent a recently developed class of heterogeneous catalysts, where the catalytic reaction takes place at the highly dynamic interface of supported liquid alloys. Ga nuggets were dispersed into nano-droplets in propan-2-ol using ultrasonication followed by the addition of Pt in a galvanic displacement reaction - either directly into the Ga/propan-2-ol dispersion (in situ) or consecutively onto the supported Ga droplets (ex situ). The in situ galvanic displacement reaction between Ga and Pt was studied in three different reaction media, namely propan-2-ol, water, and 20 vol% water containing propan-2-ol. TEM investigations reveal that the Ga-Pt reaction in propan-2-ol resulted in the formation of Pt aggregates on top of Ga nano-droplets. In the water/propan-2-ol mixture, the desired incorporation of Pt into the Ga matrix was achieved. The ex situ prepared Ga-Pt SCALMS were tested in n-heptane dehydrogenation. Ga-Pt SCALMS synthesized in pure alcoholic solution showed equal dehydrogenation and cracking activity. Ga-Pt SCALMS prepared in pure water, in contrast, showed mainly cracking activity due to oxidation of Ga droplets. The Ga-Pt SCALMS material prepared in water/propan-2-ol resulted in high activity, n-heptene selectivity of 63%, and only low cracking tendency. This can be attributed to the supported liquid Ga-Pt alloy where Pt atoms are present in the liquid Ga matrix at the highly dynamic catalytic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Sebastian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Asem Al-Shaibani
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Umair Sultan
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Alexandra Inayat
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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29
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Yan J, Su C, Lou K, Gu M, Wang X, Pan D, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen C, Chen Y, Chen D, Yang M. Constructing liquid metal/metal-organic framework nanohybrids with strong sonochemical energy storage performance for enhanced pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131285. [PMID: 37027915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With endogenous redox systems and multiple enzymes, the storage and utilization of external energy is general in living cells, especially through photo/ultrasonic synthesis/catalysis due to in-situ generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in artificial systems, because of extreme cavitation surroundings, ultrashort lifetime and increased diffusion distance, sonochemical energy is rapidly dissipated via electron-hole pairs recombination and ROS termination. Here, we integrate zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 (ZIF-90) and liquid metal (LM) with opposite charges by convenient sonosynthesis, and the resultant nanohybrid (LMND@ZIF-90) can efficiently capture sonogenerated holes and electrons, and thus suppress electron-hole pairs recombination. Unexpectedly, LMND@ZIF-90 can store the ultrasonic energy for over ten days and exhibit acid-responsive release to trigger persistent generation of various ROS including superoxide (O2•-), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2), presenting significantly faster dye degradation rate (short to seconds) than previously reported sonocatalysts. Moreover, unique properties of gallium could additionally facilitate heavy metals removal through galvanic replacement and alloying. In summary, the LM/MOF nanohybrid constructed here demonstrates strong capacity for storing sonochemical energy as long-lived ROS, enabling enhanced water decontamination without energy input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
| | - Chen Su
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, PR China; Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214002, PR China
| | - Kequan Lou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Min Gu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Donghui Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Yuping Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Chongyang Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, PR China; Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214002, PR China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, PR China; Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214002, PR China.
| | - Min Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
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30
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Liu L, Corma A. Bimetallic Sites for Catalysis: From Binuclear Metal Sites to Bimetallic Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4855-4933. [PMID: 36971499 PMCID: PMC10141355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts have broad applications in industrial processes, but achieving a fundamental understanding on the nature of the active sites in bimetallic catalysts at the atomic and molecular level is very challenging due to the structural complexity of the bimetallic catalysts. Comparing the structural features and the catalytic performances of different bimetallic entities will favor the formation of a unified understanding of the structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts and thereby facilitate the upgrading of the current bimetallic catalysts. In this review, we will discuss the geometric and electronic structures of three representative types of bimetallic catalysts (bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) and then summarize the synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques for different bimetallic entities, with emphasis on the recent progress made in the past decade. The catalytic applications of supported bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for a series of important reactions are discussed. Finally, we will discuss the future research directions of catalysis based on supported bimetallic catalysts and, more generally, the prospective developments of heterogeneous catalysis in both fundamental research and practical applications.
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31
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Malgaretti P, Bafile U, Vallauri R, Jedlovszky P, Sega M. Surface viscosity in simple liquids. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114705. [PMID: 36948818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0141971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of Newtonian liquids to small perturbations is usually considered to be fully described by homogeneous transport coefficients like shear and dilatational viscosity. However, the presence of strong density gradients at the liquid/vapor boundary of fluids hints at the possible existence of an inhomogeneous viscosity. Here, we show that a surface viscosity emerges from the collective dynamics of interfacial layers in molecular simulations of simple liquids. We estimate the surface viscosity to be 8-16 times smaller than that of the bulk fluid at the thermodynamic point considered. This result can have important implications for reactions at liquid surfaces in atmospheric chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Malgaretti
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ubaldo Bafile
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara," I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Renzo Vallauri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata "Nello Carrara," I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka u. 6, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Marcello Sega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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32
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Wittkämper H, Hock R, Weißer M, Dallmann J, Vogel C, Raman N, Tacardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Hsieh TE, Maisel S, Moritz M, Wichmann C, Frisch J, Gorgoi M, Wilks RG, Bär M, Wu M, Spiecker E, Görling A, Unruh T, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Isolated Rh atoms in dehydrogenation catalysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4458. [PMID: 36932106 PMCID: PMC10023779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated active sites have great potential to be highly efficient and stable in heterogeneous catalysis, while enabling low costs due to the low transition metal content. Herein, we present results on the synthesis, first catalytic trials, and characterization of the Ga9Rh2 phase and the hitherto not-studied Ga3Rh phase. We used XRD and TEM for structural characterization, and with XPS, EDX we accessed the chemical composition and electronic structure of the intermetallic compounds. In combination with catalytic tests of these phases in the challenging propane dehydrogenation and by DFT calculations, we obtain a comprehensive picture of these novel catalyst materials. Their specific crystallographic structure leads to isolated Rhodium sites, which is proposed to be the decisive factor for the catalytic properties of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Wittkämper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hock
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weißer
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Dallmann
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Narayanan Raman
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Tacardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tzung-En Hsieh
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maisel
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wichmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Frisch
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department Interface Design, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), HZB, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Department X-Ray Spectroscopy at Interfaces of Thin Films, Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung), Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. .,Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Liu X, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Xu X, Wang H, Sun Z, Cao L, Sun Q, Xu L, Wang L, Li S, Wei S, Yang B, Lu J. Atomically Thick Oxide Overcoating Stimulates Low-Temperature Reactive Metal-Support Interactions for Enhanced Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6702-6709. [PMID: 36920448 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive metal-support interactions (RMSIs) induce the formation of bimetallic alloys and offer an effective way to tune the electronic and geometric properties of metal sites for advanced catalysis. However, RMSIs often require high-temperature reductions (>500 °C), which significantly limits the tuning of bimetallic compositional varieties. Here, we report that an atomically thick Ga2O3 coating of Pd nanoparticles enables the initiation of RMSIs at a much lower temperature of ∼250 °C. State-of-the-art microscopic and in situ spectroscopic studies disclose that low-temperature RMSIs initiate the formation of rarely reported Ga-rich PdGa alloy phases, distinct from the Pd2Ga phase formed in traditional Pd/Ga2O3 catalysts after high-temperature reduction. In the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, the Ga-rich alloy phases impressively boost the formation of methanol and dimethyl ether ∼5 times higher than that of Pd/Ga2O3. In situ infrared spectroscopy reveals that the Ga-rich phases greatly favor formate formation as well as its subsequent hydrogenation, thus leading to high productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qingqing Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhihu Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Lina Cao
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qimeng Sun
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junling Lu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChem, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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34
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Lambie S, Steenbergen KG, Gaston N. Dynamic Activation of Ga Sites by Pt Dopant in Low-Temperature Liquid-Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219009. [PMID: 36807956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Liquid GaPt catalysts with Pt concentrations as low as 1×10-4 atomic % have recently been identified as highly active for the oxidation of methanol and pyrogallol under mild reaction conditions. However, almost nothing is known about how liquid state catalysts support these significant improvements in activity. Here, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are employed to examine GaPt catalysts in isolation and interacting with adsorbates. We find that persistent geometric features can exist in the liquid state, given the correct environment. We postulate that the Pt dopant may not be limited to direct involvement in catalysis of reactions, but rather that its presence can also enable Ga atoms to become catalytically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lambie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Krista G Steenbergen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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35
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Zhang L, Sang Y, Liu Z, Wang W, Liu Z, Deng Q, You Y, Ren J, Qu X. Liquid Metal as Bioinspired and Unusual Modulator in Bioorthogonal Catalysis for Tumor Inhibition Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218159. [PMID: 36578232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal catalysis mediated by Pd-based transition metal catalysts has sparked increasing interest in combating diseases. However, the catalytic and therapeutic efficiency of current Pd0 catalysts is unsatisfactory. Herein, inspired by the concept that ligands around metal sites could enable enzymes to catalyze astonishing reactions by changing their electronic environment, a LM-Pd catalyst with liquid metal (LM) as an unusual modulator has been designed to realize efficient bioorthogonal catalysis for tumor inhibition. The LM matrix can serve as a "ligand" to afford an electron-rich environment to stabilize the active Pd0 and promote nucleophilic turnover of the π-allylpalladium species to accelerate the uncaging process. Besides, the photothermal properties of LM can lead to the enhanced removal of tumor cells by photo-enhanced catalysis and photothermal effect. We believe that our work will broaden the application of LM and motivate the design of bioinspired bioorthogonal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yawen You
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 130022, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
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36
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Achiral organoiodine-functionalized helical polyisocyanides for multiple asymmetric dearomative oxidations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:566. [PMID: 36732532 PMCID: PMC9894859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilizing organocatalyst onto helical polymers not only facilitates the catalyst recycling from homogeneous reactions, but also boosts enantioselectivity. In this work, achiral organoiodine-functionalized single left- and right-handed helical polyisocyanides were prepared from the same monomers, which catalyzed three asymmetric oxidations gave the desired products in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The enantiomeric excess of the target products was up to 95%. Remarkably, the enantioselectivity can be switched by reversing the helicity of the polymer backbone. The polymer catalysts can be facilely recovered and recycled in different asymmetric oxidations with maintained excellent activity and enantioselectivity.
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Hofer A, Taccardi N, Moritz M, Wichmann C, Hübner S, Drobek D, Engelhardt M, Papastavrou G, Spiecker E, Papp C, Wasserscheid P, Bachmann J. Preparation of geometrically highly controlled Ga particle arrays on quasi-planar nanostructured surfaces as a SCALMS model system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4011-4018. [PMID: 36756587 PMCID: PMC9890623 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study establishes a preparative route towards a model system for supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) on nanostructured substrates. This model is characterized by a uniquely precise geometrical control of the gallium particle size distribution. In a SCALMS system, the Ga serves as a matrix material which can be decorated with a catalytically active material subsequently. The corresponding Ga containing precursor is spin-coated on aluminum based substrates, previously nanostructured by electrochemical anodization. The highly ordered substrates are functionalized with distinct oxide coatings by atomic layer deposition (ALD) independently from the morphology. After preparation of the metal particles on the oxide interface, the characterization of our model system in terms of its geometry parameters (droplet diameter, size distribution and population density) points to SiO2 as the best suited surface for a highly controlled geometry. This flexible model system can be functionalized with a dissolved noble metal catalyst for the application chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hofer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRT)Egerlandstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry IIEgerlandstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph Wichmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry IIEgerlandstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Sabine Hübner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNFCauerstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Dominik Drobek
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNFCauerstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Matthias Engelhardt
- Universität Bayreuth, Chair of Physical Chemistry IIUniversitätsstr. 3095447 BayreuthGermany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Universität Bayreuth, Chair of Physical Chemistry IIUniversitätsstr. 3095447 BayreuthGermany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), IZNFCauerstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Papp
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry IIEgerlandstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany,Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, FU BerlinArnimalle 2214195 BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRT)Egerlandstr. 391058 ErlangenGermany,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Cauerstr. 191058 ErlangenGermany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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38
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Zhang Z, Zhu J, Chen S, Sun W, Wang D. Liquid Fluxional Ga Single Atom Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215136. [PMID: 36399049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Precise design and tuning of the micro-atomic structure of single atom catalysts (SACs) can help efficiently adapt complex catalytic systems. Herein, we inventively found that when the active center of the main group element gallium (Ga) is downsized to the atomic level, whose characteristic has significant differences from conventional bulk and rigid Ga catalysts. The Ga SACs with a P, S atomic coordination environment display specific flow properties, showing CO products with FE of ≈92 % at -0.3 V vs. RHE in electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 RR). Theoretical simulations demonstrate that the adaptive dynamic transition of Ga optimizes the adsorption energy of the *COOH intermediate and renews the active sites in time, leading to excellent CO2 RR selectivity and stability. This liquid single atom catalysts system with dynamic interfaces lays the foundation for future exploration of synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiexin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenming Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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39
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Choe M, Sin D, Bhuyan P, Lee S, Jeon H, Park S. Ultrasoft and Ultrastretchable Wearable Strain Sensors with Anisotropic Conductivity Enabled by Liquid Metal Fillers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:17. [PMID: 36677078 PMCID: PMC9862167 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, ultrasoft and ultrastretchable wearable strain sensors enabled by liquid metal fillers in an elastic polymer are described. The wearable strain sensors that can change the effective resistance upon strains are prepared by mixing silicone elastomer with liquid metal (EGaIn, Eutectic gallium-indium alloy) fillers. While the silicone is mixed with the liquid metal by shear mixing, the liquid metal is rendered into small droplets stabilized by an oxide, resulting in a non-conductive liquid metal elastomer. To attain electrical conductivity, localized mechanical pressure is applied using a stylus onto the thermally cured elastomer, resulting in the formation of a handwritten conductive trace by rupturing the oxide layer of the liquid metal droplets and subsequent percolation. Although this approach has been introduced previously, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers developed here are compelling because of their ultra-stretchable (elongation at break of 4000%) and ultrasoft (Young’s modulus of <0.1 MPa) mechanical properties. The handwritten conductive trace in the elastomers can maintain metallic conductivity when strained; however, remarkably, we observed that the electrical conductivity is anisotropic upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the conductive trace. This anisotropic conductivity of the liquid metal elastomer film can manipulate the locomotion of a robot by routing the power signals between the battery and the driving motor of a robot upon parallel and perpendicular strains to the hand-written circuit. In addition, the liquid metal dispersed elastomers have a high degree of deformation and adhesion; thus, they are suitable for use as a wearable sensor for monitoring various body motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Sin
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan Jeon
- Sustainable Materials Research Team, Research & Development Division, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang 16082, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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40
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Liquid metals: Preparation, surface engineering, and biomedical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Machado R, Dimitrakopoulou M, Girgsdies F, Löser P, Xie J, Wittich K, Weber M, Geske M, Glaum R, Karbstein A, Rosowski F, Titlbach S, Skorupska K, Tarasov AV, Schlögl R, Schunk SA. Platinum Group Metal-Doped Tungsten Phosphates for Selective C–H Activation of Lower Alkanes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Machado
- BasCat-UniCat BASF JointLab, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jingxiu Xie
- BasCat-UniCat BASF JointLab, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Wittich
- hte GmbH, Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Weber
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Geske
- BasCat-UniCat BASF JointLab, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Glaum
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Karbstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- BasCat-UniCat BASF JointLab, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- BASF SE, Process Research and Chemical Engineering, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sven Titlbach
- BASF SE, Process Research and Chemical Engineering, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Andrey V. Tarasov
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Schunk
- hte GmbH, Kurpfalzring 104, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
- BASF SE, Process Research and Chemical Engineering, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Nakaya Y, Furukawa S. Catalysis of Alloys: Classification, Principles, and Design for a Variety of Materials and Reactions. Chem Rev 2022; 123:5859-5947. [PMID: 36170063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alloying has long been used as a promising methodology to improve the catalytic performance of metallic materials. In recent years, the field of alloy catalysis has made remarkable progress with the emergence of a variety of novel alloy materials and their functions. Therefore, a comprehensive disciplinary framework for catalytic chemistry of alloys that provides a cross-sectional understanding of the broad research field is in high demand. In this review, we provide a comprehensive classification of various alloy materials based on metallurgy, thermodynamics, and inorganic chemistry and summarize the roles of alloying in catalysis and its principles with a brief introduction of the historical background of this research field. Furthermore, we explain how each type of alloy can be used as a catalyst material and how to design a functional catalyst for the target reaction by introducing representative case studies. This review includes two approaches, namely, from materials and reactions, to provide a better understanding of the catalytic chemistry of alloys. Our review offers a perspective on this research field and can be used encyclopedically according to the readers' individual interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakaya
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Furukawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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43
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Soh EJH, Astier HPAG, Daniel D, Isaiah Chua JQ, Miserez A, Jia Z, Li L, O'Shea SJ, Bhaskaran H, Tomczak N, Nijhuis CA. AFM Manipulation of EGaIn Microdroplets to Generate Controlled, On-Demand Contacts on Molecular Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14370-14378. [PMID: 36065994 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal droplets, such as eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), are important in many research areas, such as soft electronics, catalysis, and energy storage. Droplet contact on solid surfaces is typically achieved without control over the applied force and without optimizing the wetting properties in different environments (e.g., in air or liquid), resulting in poorly defined contact areas. In this work, we demonstrate the direct manipulation of EGaIn microdroplets using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to generate repeated, on-demand making and breaking of contact on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols. The nanoscale positional control and feedback loop in an AFM allow us to control the contact force at the nanonewton level and, consequently, tune the droplet contact areas at the micrometer length scale in both air and ethanol. When submerged in ethanol, the droplets are highly nonwetting, resulting in hysteresis-free contact forces and minimal adhesion; as a result, we are able to create reproducible geometric contact areas of 0.8-4.5 μm2 with the alkanethiolate SAMs in ethanol. In contrast, there is a larger hysteresis in the contact forces and larger adhesion for the same EGaIn droplet in air, which reduced the control over the contact area (4-12 μm2). We demonstrate the usefulness of the technique and of the gained insights in EGaIn contact mechanics by making well-defined molecular tunneling junctions based on alkanethiolate SAMs with small geometric contact areas of between 4 and 12 μm2 in air, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than previously achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jia Hao Soh
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | | | - Dan Daniel
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jia Qing Isaiah Chua
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory, Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sean J O'Shea
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Harish Bhaskaran
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Hybrid Materials for Optoelectronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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44
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Akyildiz K, Kim JH, So JH, Koo HJ. Recent progress on micro- and nanoparticles of gallium-based liquid metal: From preparation to applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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45
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Qi Y, Li N, Zhang K, Yang Y, Ren Z, You J, Hou Q, Shen C, Jin T, Peng Z, Xie K. Dynamic Liquid Metal Catalysts for Boosted Lithium Polysulfides Redox Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204810. [PMID: 35953449 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient electrocatalysts with high electroconductivity, strong chemisorption, and superior catalytical efficiency to realize rapid kinetics of the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion process is crucial for practical lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery applications. Unfortunately, most current electrocatalysts cannot maintain long-term stability due to the possible failure of catalytic sites. Herein, a novel dynamic electrocatalytic strategy with the liquid metal (i.e., gallium-tin, EGaSn) to facilitate LiPSs redox reaction is reported. The combined theoretical simulations and microstructure experiment analysis reveal that Sn atoms dynamically distributed in the liquid Ga matrix act as the main active catalytic center. Meanwhile, Ga provides a uniquely dynamic environment to maintain the long-term integrity of the catalytic system. With the participation of EGaSn, a tailor-made 2 Ah Li-S pouch cell with a specific energy density of 307.7 Wh kg-1 is realized. This work opens up new opportunities for liquid-phase binary alloys as electrocatalysts for high-specific-energy Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zengying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingyuan You
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Qian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ting Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zuling Peng
- CALB Technology Co., Ltd., No.1 Jiangdong Avenue, Jintan District, Changzhou, 213200, China
| | - Keyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
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46
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Sun X, Li H. Recent progress of Ga-based liquid metals in catalysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:24946-24957. [PMID: 36199892 PMCID: PMC9434383 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04795k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, the application of gallium-based liquid metals in catalysis has received great attention from around the world. This article provides an overview concerning Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) in energy and environmental applications, such as the catalytic synthesis of ethylene by non-petroleum routes via Pd-Ga liquid catalysts, alkane dehydrogenation via Pd-Ga or Pt-Ga catalysts, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol via Ni Ga or Pd/Ga2O3 catalysts, and catalytic degradation of CO2 via EGaIn liquid metal catalysts below 500 °C, where Ga-based liquid metal catalysts exhibit high selectivity and low energy consumption. The formation of isolated metal sites in a liquid metal matrix allows the integration of several characteristics of multiphase catalysis (particularly the operational friendliness of product separation procedures) with those of homogeneous catalysis. In the end, this article sheds light on future prospects, opportunities, and challenges of liquid metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physic, CAS Dalian 116023 China
| | - Hui Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physic, CAS Dalian 116023 China
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47
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Wang C, Han Y, Tian M, Li L, Lin J, Wang X, Zhang T. Main-Group Catalysts with Atomically Dispersed In Sites for Highly Efficient Oxidative Dehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16855-16865. [PMID: 36006855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides are well-known catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation thanks to their excellent ability to activate alkanes. However, they suffer from an inferior alkene yield due to the trade-off between the conversion and selectivity induced by more reactive alkenes than alkanes, which obscures the optimization of catalysts. Herein, we attempt to overcome this challenge by activating a selective main-group indium oxide considered to be inactive for oxidative dehydrogenation in conventional wisdom. Atomically dispersed In sites with the local structure of [InOH]2+ anchored by substituting the protons of supercages in HY are enclosed to be active centers that enable the activation of ethane with a metal-normalized turnover number of almost one magnitude higher than those of their supported In2O3 counterparts. Furthermore, the structure of isolated [InOH]2+ sites could be stabilized by in situ formed H2O from the selective oxidation of hydrogen by In2O3 nanoparticles. As a result, the as-designed main-group In catalysts exhibit 80% ethene selectivity at 80% ethane conversion, thus achieving 60% ethene yield due to active isolated [InOH]2+ sites and selective In2O3 nanoparticles, outperforming state-of-the-art transition metal oxide catalysts. This study unlocks new opportunities for the utilization of main-group elements and could pave the way toward a more rational design of catalysts for highly efficient selective oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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48
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Kim S, Kim S, Hong K, Dickey MD, Park S. Liquid-Metal-Coated Magnetic Particles toward Writable, Nonwettable, Stretchable Circuit Boards, and Directly Assembled Liquid Metal-Elastomer Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37110-37119. [PMID: 35930688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal is a promising conductor material for producing soft and stretchable circuit "boards" that can enable next-generation electronics by electrically connecting and mechanically supporting electronic components. While liquid metal in general can be used to fabricate soft and stretchable circuits, magnetic liquid metal is appealing because it can be used for self-healing electronics and actuators by external magnetic fields. Liquid metal can be rendered into particles that can then be used for sensors and catalysts through sonication. We used this feature to produce "novel" conductive and magnetic particles. Mixing ferromagnetic iron particles into the liquid metal (gallium) produces conductive ferrofluids that can be rendered into gallium-coated iron particles by sonication. The gallium shell of the particles is extremely soft, while the rigid iron core can induce high friction in response to mechanical pressure; thus, hand-sintering of the particles can be used to directly write the conductive traces when the particles are cast as a film on elastic substrates. The surface topography of the particles can be manipulated by forming GaOOH crystals through sonication in DI water, thus resulting in nonwettable circuit boards. These gallium-coated iron particles dispersed in uncured elastomer can be assembled to form conductive microwires with the application of magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sihyun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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49
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Wan G, Zhang G, Chen JZ, Toney MF, Miller JT, Tassone CJ. Reaction-Mediated Transformation of Working Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Johnny Zhu Chen
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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50
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Kawasaki H, Otsuki T, Sugino F, Yamamoto K, Tokunaga T, Tokura R, Yonezawa T. A liquid metal catalyst for the conversion of ethanol into graphitic carbon layers under an ultrasonic cavitation field. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7741-7744. [PMID: 35723415 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) has drawn considerable research interest in potential liquid catalysis. Herein, we report that EGaIn liquid metal acts as a catalyst for the growth of a graphitic carbon layer from ethanol under ultrasonication. High-speed imaging demonstrated the formation of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles at the liquid metal/ethanol interface, which facilitated the pyrolysis of ethanol into graphitic carbon on the liquid metal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Otsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Sugino
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tokunaga
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Rintaro Tokura
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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