1
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D'Aniello A, Del Bene A, Mottola S, Mazzarella V, Cutolo R, Campagna E, Di Maro S, Messere A. The bright side of chemistry: Exploring synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3596. [PMID: 38571326 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The present review focuses on synthetic peptide-based vaccine strategies in the context of anticancer intervention, paying attention to critical aspects such as peptide epitope selection, adjuvant integration, and nuanced classification of synthetic peptide cancer vaccines. Within this discussion, we delve into the diverse array of synthetic peptide-based anticancer vaccines, each derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (Melan-A or MART-1), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), tumor protein 53 (p53), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), survivin, folate receptor (FR), cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We also describe the synthetic peptide-based vaccines developed for cancers triggered by oncovirus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Additionally, the potential synergy of peptide-based vaccines with common therapeutics in cancer was considered. The last part of our discussion deals with the realm of the peptide-based vaccines delivery, highlighting its role in translating the most promising candidates into effective clinical strategies. Although this discussion does not cover all the ongoing peptide vaccine investigations, it aims at offering valuable insights into the chemical modifications and the structural complexities of anticancer peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia D'Aniello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Bene
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzarella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberto Cutolo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Erica Campagna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPEB), Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPEB), Naples, Italy
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2
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Bao K, Yoon JS, Ahn S, Lee JH, Cross CJ, Jeong MY, Frangioni JV, Choi HS. A robotic system for automated chemical synthesis of therapeutic agents. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 5:5290-5297. [PMID: 38894709 PMCID: PMC11181120 DOI: 10.1039/d4ma00099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel compounds for tissue-specific targeting and imaging is often impeded by a lack of lead compounds and the availability of reliable chemistry. Automated chemical synthesis systems provide a potential solution by enabling reliable, repeated access to large compound libraries for screening. Here we report an integrated solid-phase combinatorial chemistry system created using commercial and customized robots. Our goal is to optimize reaction parameters, such as varying temperature, shaking, microwave irradiation, aspirating and dispensing large-sized solid beads, and handling different washing solvents for separation and purification. This automated system accommodates diverse chemical reactions such as peptide synthesis and conventional coupling reactions. To confirm its functionality and reproducibility, 20 nerve-specific contrast agents for biomedical imaging were systematically and repeatedly synthesized and compared to other nerve-targeted agents using molecular fingerprinting and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, which lays the foundation for creating reliable and reproductive chemical libraries in bioimaging and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bao
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jong Seo Yoon
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Sung Ahn
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jeong Heon Lee
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Conor J Cross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Myung Yung Jeong
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 South Korea
| | - John V Frangioni
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
- Curadel, LLC Natick MA 01760 USA
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA 02215 USA
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3
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Williams ET, Schiefelbein K, Schuster M, Ahmed IMM, De Vries M, Beveridge R, Zerbe O, Hartrampf N. Rapid flow-based synthesis of post-translationally modified peptides and proteins: a case study on MYC's transactivation domain. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8756-8765. [PMID: 38873065 PMCID: PMC11168107 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00481g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions of c-Myc (MYC) are often regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, and crosstalk thereof. Studying these interactions requires proteins with unique PTM patterns, which are challenging to obtain by recombinant methods. Standard peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation can produce such modified proteins, but are time-consuming and therefore typically limited to the study of individual PTMs. Herein, we report the development of flow-based methods for the rapid synthesis of phosphorylated MYC sequences (up to 84 AA), and demonstrate the versatility of this approach for the incorporation of other PTMs (N ε-methylation, sulfation, acetylation, glycosylation) and combinations thereof. Peptides containing up to seven PTMs and phosphorylation at up to five sites were successfully prepared and isolated in high yield and purity. We further produced ten PTM-decorated analogues of the MYC Transactivation Domain (TAD) to screen for binding to the tumor suppressor protein, Bin1, using heteronuclear NMR and native mass spectrometry. We determined the effects of phosphorylation and glycosylation on the strength of the MYC:Bin1 interaction, and reveal an influence of MYC sequence length on binding. Our platform for the rapid synthesis of MYC sequences up to 84 AA with distinct PTM patterns thus enables the systematic study of PTM function at a molecular level, and offers a convenient way for expedited screening of constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse T Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kevin Schiefelbein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ikhlas M M Ahmed
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Marije De Vries
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Rebecca Beveridge
- Department for Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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4
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Zhang P, Ye X, Wang JCK, Baddock HT, Jensvold Z, Foe IT, Loas A, Eaton DL, Hao Q, Nile AH, Pentelute BL. Reversibly Reactive Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry Enables Identification of Covalent Peptide Binders. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15627-15639. [PMID: 38771982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Covalent peptide binders have found applications as activity-based probes and as irreversible therapeutic inhibitors. Currently, there is no rapid, label-free, and tunable affinity selection platform to enrich covalent reactive peptide binders from synthetic libraries. We address this challenge by developing a reversibly reactive affinity selection platform termed ReAct-ASMS enabled by tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify covalent peptide binders to native protein targets. It uses mixed disulfide-containing peptides to build reversible peptide-protein conjugates that can enrich for covalent variants, which can be sequenced by MS/MS after reduction. Using this platform, we identified covalent peptide binders against two oncoproteins, human papillomavirus 16 early protein 6 (HPV16 E6) and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 protein (Pin1). The resulting peptide binders efficiently and selectively cross-link Cys58 of E6 at 37 °C and Cys113 of Pin1 at room temperature, respectively. ReAct-ASMS enables the identification of highly selective covalent peptide binders for diverse molecular targets, introducing an applicable platform to assist preclinical therapeutic development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hannah T Baddock
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zena Jensvold
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ian T Foe
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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5
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Yi Y, An HW, Wang H. Intelligent Biomaterialomics: Molecular Design, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305099. [PMID: 37490938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Materialomics integrates experiment, theory, and computation in a high-throughput manner, and has changed the paradigm for the research and development of new functional materials. Recently, with the rapid development of high-throughput characterization and machine-learning technologies, the establishment of biomaterialomics that tackles complex physiological behaviors has become accessible. Breakthroughs in the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based therapeutics and vaccines have been observed. Herein, recent advances in biomaterials, including polymers, lipid-like materials, and peptides/proteins, discovered through high-throughput screening or machine learning-assisted methods, are summarized. The molecular design of structure-diversified libraries; high-throughput characterization, screening, and preparation; and, their applications in drug delivery and clinical translation are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the prospects and main challenges in future biomaterialomics and high-throughput screening development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hong-Wei An
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Charalampidou A, Nehls T, Meyners C, Gandhesiri S, Pomplun S, Pentelute BL, Lermyte F, Hausch F. Automated Flow Peptide Synthesis Enables Engineering of Proteins with Stabilized Transient Binding Pockets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:649-657. [PMID: 38559286 PMCID: PMC10979424 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Engineering at the amino acid level is key to enhancing the properties of existing proteins in a desired manner. So far, protein engineering has been dominated by genetic approaches, which have been extremely powerful but only allow for minimal variations beyond the canonical amino acids. Chemical peptide synthesis allows the unrestricted incorporation of a vast set of unnatural amino acids with much broader functionalities, including the incorporation of post-translational modifications or labels. Here we demonstrate the potential of chemical synthesis to generate proteins in a specific conformation, which would have been unattainable by recombinant protein expression. We use recently established rapid automated flow peptide synthesis combined with solid-phase late-stage modifications to rapidly generate a set of FK506-binding protein 51 constructs bearing defined intramolecular lactam bridges. This trapped an otherwise rarely populated transient pocket-as confirmed by crystal structures-which led to an up to 39-fold improved binding affinity for conformation-selective ligands and represents a unique system for the development of ligands for this rare conformation. Overall, our results show how rapid automated flow peptide synthesis can be applied to precision protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Charalampidou
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Nehls
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Satish Gandhesiri
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sebastian Pomplun
- Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department
of Synthetic Biology, Technical University
of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Technical University
of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department
of Synthetic Biology, Technical University
of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Callahan AJ, Gandhesiri S, Travaline TL, Reja RM, Lozano Salazar L, Hanna S, Lee YC, Li K, Tokareva OS, Swiecicki JM, Loas A, Verdine GL, McGee JH, Pentelute BL. Mirror-image ligand discovery enabled by single-shot fast-flow synthesis of D-proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1813. [PMID: 38418820 PMCID: PMC10901774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Widespread adoption of mirror-image biological systems presents difficulties in accessing the requisite D-protein substrates. In particular, mirror-image phage display has the potential for high-throughput generation of biologically stable macrocyclic D-peptide binders with potentially unique recognition modes but is hindered by the individualized optimization required for D-protein chemical synthesis. We demonstrate a general mirror-image phage display pipeline that utilizes automated flow peptide synthesis to prepare D-proteins in a single run. With this approach, we prepare and characterize 12 D-proteins - almost one third of all reported D-proteins to date. With access to mirror-image protein targets, we describe the successful discovery of six macrocyclic D-peptide binders: three to the oncoprotein MDM2, and three to the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. Reliable production of mirror-image proteins can unlock the full potential of D-peptide drug discovery and streamline the study of mirror-image biology more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Satish Gandhesiri
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tara L Travaline
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Rahi M Reja
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lia Lozano Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Kunhua Li
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Olena S Tokareva
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Swiecicki
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Relay Therapeutics, Inc., 399 Binney Street, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gregory L Verdine
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John H McGee
- FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA.
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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8
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He J, Ghosh P, Nitsche C. Biocompatible strategies for peptide macrocyclisation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2300-2322. [PMID: 38362412 PMCID: PMC10866349 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05738k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptides are increasingly important drug candidates, offering numerous advantages over conventional small molecules. However, they face significant challenges related to stability, cellular uptake and overall bioavailability. While individual modifications may not address all these challenges, macrocyclisation stands out as a single modification capable of enhancing affinity, selectivity, proteolytic stability and membrane permeability. The recent successes of in situ peptide modifications during screening in combination with genetically encoded peptide libraries have increased the demand for peptide macrocyclisation reactions that can occur under biocompatible conditions. In this perspective, we aim to distinguish biocompatible conditions from those well-known examples that are fully bioorthogonal. We introduce key strategies for biocompatible peptide macrocyclisation and contextualise them within contemporary screening methods, providing an overview of available transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming He
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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9
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu C, Luo Y, Chen D. Peptide-Mediated Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery: Developments and Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:240. [PMID: 38399294 PMCID: PMC10893007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective drug delivery is essential for cancer treatment. Drug delivery systems, which can be tailored to targeted transport and integrated tumor therapy, are vital in improving the efficiency of cancer treatment. Peptides play a significant role in various biological and physiological functions and offer high design flexibility, excellent biocompatibility, adjustable morphology, and biodegradability, making them promising candidates for drug delivery. This paper reviews peptide-mediated drug delivery systems, focusing on self-assembled peptides and peptide-drug conjugates. It discusses the mechanisms and structural control of self-assembled peptides, the varieties and roles of peptide-drug conjugates, and strategies to augment peptide stability. The review concludes by addressing challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Da-Xue-Dong Road No. 100, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Chen Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Yiming Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen 361003, China
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 351002, China
| | - Dengyue Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
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10
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Saini S, Mullen GED, Blower PJ, Lapi SE. Radiochemistry and In Vivo Imaging of [ 45Ti]Ti-THP-PSMA. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:822-830. [PMID: 38173242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Titanium-45 (45Ti) is a radionuclide with excellent physical characteristics for use in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, including a moderate half-life (3.08 h), decay by positron emission (85%), and a low mean positron energy of 0.439 MeV. However, challenges associated with titanium chemistry have led to the underdevelopment of this radionuclide for incorporation into radiopharmaceuticals. Expanding on our recent studies, which showed promising results for the complexation of 45Ti with the tris hydroxypyridinone (THPMe) chelator, the current work aimed to optimize the chemistry and imaging attributes of [45Ti]Ti-THP-PSMA as a new PET radiopharmaceutical. Methods. Radiolabeling of THP-PSMA was optimized with [45Ti]Ti-citrate at varying pHs and masses of the precursor. The stability of the radiolabeled complex was assessed in mouse serum for up to 6 h. The affinity of [45Ti]Ti-THP-PSMA for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was assessed using LNCaP (PSMA +) and PC3 (PSMA -) cell lines. In vivo imaging and biodistribution analysis were performed in tumor-bearing xenograft mouse models to confirm the specificity of the tumor uptake. Results. > 95% of radiolabeling was achieved with a high specific activity of 5.6 MBq/nmol under mild conditions. In vitro cell binding studies showed significant binding of the radiolabeled complex with the PSMA-expressing LNCaP cell line (11.9 ± 1.5%/mg protein-bound activity) compared to that with the nonexpressing PC3 cells (1.9 ± 0.4%/mg protein-bound activity). In vivo imaging and biodistribution studies confirmed specific uptake in LNCaP tumors (1.6 ± 0.27% ID/g) compared to that in PC3 tumors (0.39 ± 0.2% ID/g). Conclusion. This study showed a simple one-step radiolabeling method for 45Ti with THP-PSMA under mild conditions (pH 8 and 37 °C). In vitro cell studies showed promise, but in vivo tumor xenograft studies indicated low tumor uptake. Overall, this study shows the need for more chelators for 45Ti for the development of a PET radiopharmaceutical for cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Saini
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Gregory E D Mullen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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11
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Kar A, Jana M, Malik V, Sarkar A, Mandal K. Total Chemical Synthesis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302969. [PMID: 37815536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its global spread have created an unprecedented public health crisis. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has gained significant attention due to its crucial role in viral entry into host cells and its potential as both a prophylactic and a target for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we report the first successful total synthesis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), highlighting the key challenges and the strategies employed to overcome them. Appropriate utilization of advanced solid phase peptide synthesis and cutting-edge native chemical ligation methods have facilitated the synthesis of this moderately large protein molecule. We discuss the problems encountered during the chemical synthesis and approaches taken to optimize the yield and the purity of the synthetic protein molecule. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the chemically synthesized homogeneous spike RBD efficiently binds to the known mini-protein binder LCB1. The successful chemical synthesis of the spike RBD presented here can be utilized to gain valuable insights into SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD biology, advancing our understanding and aiding the development of intervention strategies to combat future coronavirus outbreaks. The modular synthetic approach described in this study can be effectively implemented in the synthesis of other mutated variants or enantiomer of the spike RBD for mirror-image drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Kar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/p Gopanpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Mrinmoy Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/p Gopanpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Vishal Malik
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/p Gopanpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Arighna Sarkar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/p Gopanpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Kalyaneswar Mandal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/p Gopanpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
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12
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Am A, Faccio ME, Pinvidic M, Reygue E, Doan BT, Lescot C, Trapiella Alfonso L, d'Orlyé F, Varenne A. A methodological approach by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry via electrospray interface for the characterization of short synthetic peptides towards the conception of self-assembled nanotheranostic agents. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464496. [PMID: 37976903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures formed by the self-assembling peptide building blocks are attractive materials for the design of theranostic objects due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, accessible surface chemistry as well as cavitary morphology. Short peptide synthesis and modification are straightforward and give access to a great diversity of sequences, making them very versatile building blocks allowing for the design of thoroughly controlled self-assembled nanostructures. In this work, we developed a new CE-DAD-ESI-MS method to characterize short synthetic amphiphilic peptides in terms of exact sequence and purity level in the low 0.1 mg.mL-1 range, without sample treatment. This study was conducted using a model sequence, described to have pH sensitive self-assembling property. Peptide samples obtained from different synthesis processes (batch or flow, purified or not) were thus separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The associated dual UV and MS detection mode allowed to evidence the exact sequence together with the presence of impurities, identified as truncated or non-deprotected sequences, and to quantify their relative proportion in the peptide mixture. Our results demonstrate that the developed CE-DAD-ESI-MS method could be directly applied to the characterization of crude synthetic peptide products, in parallel with the optimization of peptide synthetic pathway to obtain controlled sequences with high synthetic yield and purity, which is crucial for further design of robust peptide based self-assembled nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Am
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marta Elisa Faccio
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marie Pinvidic
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Eva Reygue
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bich-Thuy Doan
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Camille Lescot
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laura Trapiella Alfonso
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fanny d'Orlyé
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Anne Varenne
- Institute of Chemistry for Life & Health Sciences (iCLeHS), Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS 8060, Paris 75005, France.
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13
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Collins JM, Singh SK, White TA, Cesta DJ, Simpson CL, Tubb LJ, Houser CL. Total wash elimination for solid phase peptide synthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8168. [PMID: 38071224 PMCID: PMC10710472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a process for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) that completely eliminates all solvent intensive washing steps during each amino acid addition cycle. A key breakthrough is the removal of a volatile Fmoc deprotection base through bulk evaporation at elevated temperature while preventing condensation on the vessel surfaces with a directed headspace gas flushing. This process was demonstrated at both research and production scales without any impact on product quality and when applied to a variety of challenging sequences (up to 89 amino acids in length). The overall result is an extremely fast, high purity, scalable process with a massive waste reduction (up to 95%) while only requiring 10-15% of the standard amount of base used. This transformation of SPPS represents a step-change in peptide manufacturing process efficiency, and should encourage expanded access to peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Collins
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA.
| | - Sandeep K Singh
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
| | - Travis A White
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
| | - Drew J Cesta
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
| | - Colin L Simpson
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
| | - Levi J Tubb
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
| | - Christopher L Houser
- Peptide Synthesis Research, CEM Corporation, 3100 Smith Farm Rd, Matthews, NC, 28104, USA
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14
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Zhong W, Wan C, Zhou Z, Dai C, Zhang Y, Lu F, Yin F, Li Z. 4-Iodine N-Methylpyridinium-Mediated Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:8661-8665. [PMID: 38009639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Through systematic optimization of halopyridinium compounds, we established a peptide coupling protocol utilizing 4-iodine N-methylpyridinium (4IMP) for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The 4IMP coupling reagent is easily prepared, bench stable, and cost-effective. Employing 4IMP in the SPPS process has showcased remarkable chemoselectivity and efficiency, effectively eliminating racemization and epimerization. This achievement has been substantiated through the successful synthesis of a range of peptides via the direct utilization of commercially available amino acid substrates for SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wan
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhou
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Chuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518118, China
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15
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Duengo S, Muhajir MI, Hidayat AT, Musa WJA, Maharani R. Epimerisation in Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:8017. [PMID: 38138507 PMCID: PMC10745333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimerisation is basically a chemical conversion that includes the transformation of an epimer into another epimer or its chiral partner. Epimerisation of amino acid is a side reaction that sometimes happens during peptide synthesis. It became the most avoided reaction because the process affects the overall conformation of the molecule, eventually even altering the bioactivity of the peptide. Epimerised products have a high similarity of physical characteristics, thus making it difficult for them to be purified. In regards to amino acids, epimerisation is very important in keeping the chirality of the assembled amino acids unchanged during the peptide synthesis and obtaining the desirable product without any problematic purification. In this review, we report several factors that induce epimerisation during peptide synthesis, including how to characterise and affect the bioactivities. To avoid undesirable epimerisation, we also describe several methods of suppressing the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Duengo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Muhamad Imam Muhajir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
| | - Ace Tatang Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Weny J. A. Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo 96128, North Sulawesi, Indonesia;
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia; (S.D.); (M.I.M.); (A.T.H.)
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceutical, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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16
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Cristóbal-Lecina E, El-Maiss J, Figueras E, Singh AC, Krishnamoorthy S, Østerbye T, Pascual García C, Andreu D. Acid-Modulated Peptide Synthesis for Application on Oxide Biosensor Interfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3092. [PMID: 38132988 PMCID: PMC10746054 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report an acid-modulated strategy for novel peptide microarray production on biosensor interfaces. We initially selected a controlled pore glass (CPG) as a support for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to implement a chemistry that can be performed at the interface of multiple field effect transistor (FET) sensors, eventually to generate label-free peptide microarrays for protein screening. Our chemistry uses a temporary protection of the N-terminal amino function of each amino acid building block with a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) group that can be removed after each SPPS cycle, in combination with semi-permanent protection of the side chains of trifunctional amino acid residues. Such a protection scheme with a well-proven record of application in conventional, batchwise SPPS has been fine-tuned for optimal performance on CPG and, from there, translated to SPR chips that allow layer-by-layer monitoring of amino acid coupling. Our results validate this acid-modulated synthesis as a feasible approach for producing peptides in high yields and purity on flat glass surfaces, such as those in bio-FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Cristóbal-Lecina
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Janwa El-Maiss
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4420 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (J.E.-M.); (A.C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aruna Chandra Singh
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4420 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (J.E.-M.); (A.C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4420 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (J.E.-M.); (A.C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Thomas Østerbye
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark;
| | - César Pascual García
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4420 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (J.E.-M.); (A.C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - David Andreu
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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17
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Kallmyer NE, Agarwal S, Eeg D, Khor R, Roby N, Vela Ramirez A, Hillier AC, Reuel NF. Lipid-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Probes for Screening Cell Wall Disruptors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44621-44630. [PMID: 37721709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-active molecules are of great importance to drug delivery and antimicrobials applications. While the ability to prototype new membrane-active molecules has improved greatly with the advent of automated chemistries and rapid biomolecule expression techniques, testing methods are still limited by throughput, cost, and modularity. Existing methods suffer from feasibility constraints of working with pathogenic living cells and by intrinsic limitations of model systems. Herein, we demonstrate an abiotic sensor that uses semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as near-infrared fluorescent transducers to report membrane interactions. This sensor is composed of SWCNTs aqueously suspended in lipid, creating a cylindrical, bilayer corona; these SWCNT probes are very sensitive to solvent access (changes in permittivity) and thus report morphological changes to the lipid corona by modulation of fluorescent signals, where binding and disruption are reported as brightening and attenuation, respectively. This mechanism is first demonstrated with chemical and physical membrane-disruptive agents, including ethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate, and application of electrical pulses. Known cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides are then used to demonstrate how the dynamic response of these sensors can be deconvoluted to evaluate different parallel mechanisms of interaction. Last, SWCNTs functionalized in several different bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) are used to evaluate a panel of known membrane-disrupting antimicrobials to demonstrate that drug selectivity can be assessed by suspension of SWCNTs with different membrane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel E Kallmyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sparsh Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Danielle Eeg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Rachel Khor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nathan Roby
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Alma Vela Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Andrew C Hillier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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18
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Hess SS, Coppola F, Dang VT, Tran PN, Mickel PJ, Oktawiec J, Ren Z, Král P, Nguyen AI. Noncovalent Peptide Assembly Enables Crystalline, Permutable, and Reactive Thiol Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19588-19600. [PMID: 37639365 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Though thiols are exceptionally versatile, their high reactivity has also hindered the synthesis and characterization of well-defined thiol-containing porous materials. Leveraging the mild conditions of the noncovalent peptide assembly, we readily synthesized and characterized a number of frameworks with thiols displayed at many unique positions and in several permutations. Importantly, nearly all assemblies were structurally determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to reveal their rich sequence-structure landscape and the cooperative noncovalent interactions underlying their assembly. These observations and supporting molecular dynamics calculations enabled rational engineering by the positive and negative design of noncovalent interactions. Furthermore, the thiol-containing frameworks undergo diverse single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions, including toxic metal ion coordination (e.g., Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+), selective uptake of Hg2+ ions, and redox transformations. Notably, we find a framework that supports thiol-nitrosothiol interconversion, which is applicable for biocompatible nitric oxide delivery. The modularity, ease of synthesis, functionality, and well-defined nature of these peptide-based thiol frameworks are expected to accelerate the design of complex materials with reactive active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina S Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Francesco Coppola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Viet Thuc Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Philip J Mickel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Andy I Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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19
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DeYong AE, Trinidad JC, Pohl NLB. An identification method to distinguish monomeric sugar isomers on glycopeptides. Analyst 2023; 148:4438-4446. [PMID: 37555458 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A one-step protocol for the automated flow synthesis of protected glycosylated amino acids is described using pumps with open-source controls in overall yields of 21-50%. The resulting glycosylated amino acids could be used directly in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocols to quickly produce glycopeptide standards. Access to a variety of stereoisomers of the sugar enabled the development of an LC-MS/MS protocol that can distinguish between peptides modified with carbohydrates having the same exact mass. This method could definitively identify fucose in an O-glycosylation site on the transmembrane protein, Notch1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S Hawthorne Dr., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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20
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Sato K, Farquhar CE, Rodriguez J, Pentelute BL. Automated Fast-Flow Synthesis of Chromosome 9 Open Reading Frame 72 Dipeptide Repeat Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294668 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of the hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat sequence in chromosome 9 open frame 72 (c9orf72) is the most common genetic mutation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The mutation leads to the production of toxic dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) that induce neurodegeneration. However, the fundamental physicochemical properties of DPRs remain largely unknown due to their limited availability. Here, we synthesized the c9orf72 DPRs poly-glycine-arginine (poly-GR), poly-proline-arginine (poly-PR), poly-glycine-proline (poly-GP), poly-proline-alanine (poly-PA), and poly-glycine-alanine (poly-GA) using automated fast-flow peptide synthesis (AFPS) and achieved single-domain chemical synthesis of proteins with up to 200 amino acids. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the synthetic DPRs revealed that proline-containing poly-PR, poly-GP, and poly-PA could adopt polyproline II-like helical secondary structures. In addition, structural analysis by size-exclusion chromatography indicated that longer poly-GP and poly-PA might aggregate. Furthermore, cell viability assays showed that human neuroblastoma cells cultured with poly-GR and poly-PR with longer repeat lengths resulted in reduced cell viability, while poly-GP and poly-PA did not, thereby reproducing the cytotoxic property of endogenous DPRs. This research demonstrates the potential of AFPS to synthesize low-complexity peptides and proteins necessary for studying their pathogenic mechanisms and constructing disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charlotte E Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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21
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Duffet L, Williams ET, Gresch A, Chen S, Bhat MA, Benke D, Hartrampf N, Patriarchi T. Optical tools for visualizing and controlling human GLP-1 receptor activation with high spatiotemporal resolution. eLife 2023; 12:86628. [PMID: 37265064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a broadly expressed target of peptide hormones with essential roles in energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as of the blockbuster weight-loss drugs semaglutide and liraglutide. Despite its large clinical relevance, tools to investigate the precise activation dynamics of this receptor with high spatiotemporal resolution are limited. Here, we introduce a novel genetically encoded sensor based on the engineering of a circularly permuted green fluorescent protein into the human GLP1R, named GLPLight1. We demonstrate that fluorescence signal from GLPLight1 accurately reports the expected receptor conformational activation in response to pharmacological ligands with high sensitivity (max ΔF/F0=528%) and temporal resolution (τON = 4.7 s). We further demonstrated that GLPLight1 shows comparable responses to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) derivatives as observed for the native receptor. Using GLPLight1, we established an all-optical assay to characterize a novel photocaged GLP-1 derivative (photo-GLP1) and to demonstrate optical control of GLP1R activation. Thus, the new all-optical toolkit introduced here enhances our ability to study GLP1R activation with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Duffet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elyse T Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Gresch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Yadav A, Kelich P, Kallmyer N, Reuel NF, Vuković L. Characterizing the Interactions of Cell-Membrane-Disrupting Peptides with Lipid-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24084-24096. [PMID: 37184257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have garnered significant interest for their potential use in a wide range of biomedical applications. In this work, we used molecular dynamics simulations to study the equilibrium properties of SWNTs surrounded by the phosphatidylcholine (POPC) corona phase and their interactions with three cell membrane disruptor peptides: colistin, TAT peptide, and crotamine-derived peptide. Our results show that SWNTs favor asymmetrical positioning within the POPC corona, so that one side of the SWNT, covered by the thinnest part of the corona, comes in contact with charged and polar functional groups of POPC and water. We also observed that colistin and TAT insert deeply into the POPC corona, while crotamine-derived peptide only adsorbs to the corona surface. In separate simulations, we show that three examined peptides exhibit similar insertion and adsorption behaviors when interacting with POPC bilayers, confirming that peptide-induced perturbations to POPC in conjugates and bilayers are similar in nature and magnitude. Furthermore, we observed correlations between the peptide-induced structural perturbations and the near-infrared emission of the lipid-functionalized SWNTs, which suggest that the optical signal of the conjugates transduces the morphological changes in the lipid corona. Overall, our findings indicate that lipid-functionalized SWNTs could serve as simplified cell membrane model systems for prescreening of new antimicrobial compounds that disrupt cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States of America
| | - Payam Kelich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States of America
| | | | - Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Lela Vuković
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States of America
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23
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Ye X, Zhang P, Wang JCK, Smith CL, Sousa S, Loas A, Eaton DL, Preciado López M, Pentelute BL. Branched Multimeric Peptides as Affinity Reagents for the Detection of α-Klotho Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300289. [PMID: 36894520 PMCID: PMC10460140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Klotho, an aging-related protein found in the kidney, parathyroid gland, and choroid plexus, acts as an essential co-receptor with the fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor complex to regulate serum phosphate and vitamin D levels. Decreased levels of α-Klotho are a hallmark of age-associated diseases. Detecting or labeling α-Klotho in biological milieu has long been a challenge, however, hampering the understanding of its role. Here, we developed branched peptides by single-shot parallel automated fast-flow synthesis that recognize α-Klotho with improved affinity relative to their monomeric versions. These peptides were further shown to selectively label Klotho for live imaging in kidney cells. Our results demonstrate that automated flow technology enables rapid synthesis of complex peptide architectures, showing promise for future detection of α-Klotho in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corey L Smith
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Silvino Sousa
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, 02142, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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25
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Saebi A, Brown JS, Marando VM, Hartrampf N, Chumbler NM, Hanna S, Poskus M, Loas A, Kiessling LL, Hung DT, Pentelute BL. Rapid Single-Shot Synthesis of the 214 Amino Acid-Long N-Terminal Domain of Pyocin S2. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:518-527. [PMID: 36821521 PMCID: PMC10460144 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The impermeable outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is bypassed by antibacterial proteins known as S-type pyocins. Because of their properties, pyocins are investigated as a potential new class of antimicrobials against Pseudomonas infections. Their production and modification, however, remain challenging. To address this limitation, we employed automated fast-flow peptide synthesis for the rapid production of a pyocin S2 import domain. The N-terminal domain sequence (PyS2NTD) was synthesized in under 10 h and purified to yield milligram quantities of the desired product. To our knowledge, the 214 amino acid sequence of PyS2NTD is among the longest peptides produced from a "single-shot" synthesis, i.e., made in a single stepwise route without the use of ligation techniques. Biophysical characterization of the PyS2NTD with circular dichroism was consistent with the literature reports. Fluorescently labeled PyS2NTD binds to P. aeruginosa expressing the cognate ferripyoverdine receptor and is taken up into the periplasm. This selective uptake was validated with confocal and super resolution microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. These modified, synthetic S-type pyocin domains can be used to probe import mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and leveraged to develop selective antimicrobial agents that bypass the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Saebi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph S Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victoria M Marando
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicole M Chumbler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stephanie Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mackenzie Poskus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Strauss P, Nuti F, Quagliata M, Papini AM, Hurevich M. Accelerated solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptides containing multiple N-glycosylated sites. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1674-1679. [PMID: 36385318 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide fragments of glycoproteins containing multiple N-glycosylated sites are essential biochemical tools not only to investigate protein-protein interactions but also to develop glycopeptide-based diagnostics and immunotherapy. However, solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptides containing multiple N-glycosylated sites is hampered by difficult couplings, which results in a substantial drop in yield. To increase the final yield, large amounts of reagents but also time-consuming steps are required. Therefore, we propose herein to utilize heating and stirring in combination with low-loading solid supports to set up an accelerated route to obtain, by an efficient High-Temperature Fast Stirring Peptide Synthesis (HTFS-PS), glycopeptides containing multiple N-glycosylated sites using equimolar excess of the precious glycosylated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poriah Strauss
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Francesca Nuti
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Michael Quagliata
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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27
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Flow-Based Fmoc-SPPS Preparation and SAR Study of Cathelicidin-PY Reveals Selective Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041993. [PMID: 36838983 PMCID: PMC9959817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as novel therapeutics in the fight against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Cathelicidin-PY (NH2-RKCNFLCKLKEKLRTVITSHIDKVLRPQG-COOH) is a 29-residue disulfide-cyclised antimicrobial peptide secreted as an innate host defence mechanism by the frog Paa yunnanensis (PY) and reported to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties, exhibiting low cytotoxic and low hemolytic activity. Herein, we detail the total synthesis of cathelicidin-PY using an entirely on-resin synthesis, including assembly of the linear sequence by rapid flow Fmoc-SPPS and iodine-mediated disulfide bridge formation. By optimising a synthetic strategy to prepare cathelicidin-PY, this strategy was subsequently adapted to prepare a bicyclic head-to-tail cyclised derivative of cathelicidin-PY. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cathelicidin-PY with respect to the N-terminally positioned disulfide was further probed by preparing an alanine-substituted linear analogue and a series of lactam-bridged peptidomimetics implementing side chain to side chain cyclisation. The analogues were investigated for antimicrobial activity, secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD), and stability in human serum. Surprisingly, the disulfide bridge emerged as non-essential to antimicrobial activity and secondary structure but was amenable to synthetic modification. Furthermore, the synthetic AMP and multiple analogues demonstrated selective activity towards Gram-negative pathogen E. coli in physiologically relevant concentrations of divalent cations.
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28
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Zhao R, Shi P, Cui JB, Shi C, Wei XX, Luo J, Xia Z, Shi WW, Zhou Y, Tang J, Tian C, Meininghaus M, Bierer D, Shi J, Li YM, Liu L. Single-Shot Solid-Phase Synthesis of Full-Length H2 Relaxin Disulfide Surrogates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216365. [PMID: 36515186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of insulin superfamily proteins (ISPs) has recently been widely studied to develop next-generation drugs. Separate synthesis of multiple peptide fragments and tedious chain-to-chain folding are usually encountered in these studies, limiting accessibility to ISP derivatives. Here we report the finding that insulin superfamily proteins (e.g. H2 relaxin, insulin itself, and H3 relaxin) incorporating a pre-made diaminodiacid bridge at A-B chain terminal disulfide can be easily and rapidly synthesized by a single-shot automated solid-phase synthesis and expedient one-step folding. Our new H2 relaxin analogues exhibit almost identical structures and activities when compared to their natural counterparts. This new synthetic strategy will expediate production of new ISP analogues for pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Pan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ji-Bin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chaowei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhemin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mark Meininghaus
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Aprather Weg 18 A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Donald Bierer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Aprather Weg 18 A, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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29
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Yadav A, Kelich P, Kallmyer NE, Reuel NF, VukoviÄ L. Characterizing the Interactions of Cell Membrane-Disrupting Peptides with Lipid-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Systems for Antimicrobial Screening. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525557. [PMID: 36747775 PMCID: PMC9900920 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have garnered significant interest for their potential use in a wide range of biomedical applications. In this work, we used molecular dynamics simulations to study the equilibrium properties of SWNTs surrounded by the phosphatidylcholine (POPC) corona phase, and their interactions with three cell membrane disruptor peptides: colistin, TAT peptide, and crotamine-derived peptide. Our results show that SWNTs favor asymmetrical positioning within the POPC corona, so that one side of the SWNT, covered by the thinnest part of the corona, comes in contact with charged and polar functional groups of POPC and water. We also observed that colistin and TAT insert deeply into POPC corona, while crotamine-derived peptide only adsorbs to the corona surface. Compared to crotamine-derived peptide, colistin and TAT also induce larger perturbations in the thinnest region of the corona, by allowing more water molecules to directly contact the SWNT surface. In separate simulations, we show that three examined peptides exhibit similar insertion and adsorption behaviors when interacting with POPC bilayers, confirming that peptide-induced perturbations to POPC in conjugates and bilayers are similar in nature and magnitude. Furthermore, we observed correlations between the peptide-induced structural perturbations and the near-infrared emission of the lipid-functionalized SWNTs, which suggest that the optical signal of the conjugates transduces the morphological changes in the lipid corona. Overall, our findings indicate that lipid-functionalized SWNTs could serve as simplified cell membrane model systems for pre-screening of new antimicrobial compounds that disrupt cell membranes.
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30
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Development of a novel, automated, robotic system for rapid, high-throughput, parallel, solid-phase peptide synthesis. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:89-97. [PMID: 36649783 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of peptide-based pharmaceutics is a hot topic in the pharmaceutical industry and in basic research. However, from the research and development perspective there is an unmet need for new, alternative, solid-phase peptide synthesizers that are highly efficient, automated, robust, able to synthetize peptides in parallel, inexpensive (to obtain and operate), have potential to be scaled up, and even comply with the principles of green chemistry. Moreover, a peptide synthesizer of this type could also fill the gap in university research, and therefore speed the advancement of peptide-based pharmaceutical options. This paper presents a Tecan add-on peptide synthesizer (TaPSy), which has operational flexibility (coupling time: 15-30 min), can handle all manual synthesis methods, and is economical (solvent use: 34.5 mL/cycle, while handling 0.49 mmol scale/reactor, even with ≤3 equivalents of activated amino acid derivatives). Moreover, it can carry out parallel synthesis of up to 12 different peptides (0.49 mmol scale in each). TaPSy uses no heating or high pressure, while it is still resistant to external influences (operating conditions: atmospheric pressure, room temperature 20-40 ˚C, including high [>70%] relative humidity). The system's solvent can also be switched from DMF to a green and biorenewable solvent, γ-valerolactone (GVL), without further adjustment. The designed TaPSy system can produce peptides with high purity (>70%), even with the green GVL solvent alternative. In this paper we demonstrate the optimization path of a newly developed peptide synthesizer in the context of coupling reagents, reaction time and reagent equivalents applying for a synthesis of a model peptide. We compare the results by analytical characteristics (purity of raw material, crude yield, yield) and calculated overall cost of the syntheses of one mg of crude peptide using a specified set of reaction conditions.
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31
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Zhang Y, Guo J, Cheng J, Zhang Z, Kang F, Wu X, Chu Q. High-Throughput Screening of Stapled Helical Peptides in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:95-106. [PMID: 36580278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides have revolutionized treatment for a number of human diseases. In particular, the past two decades have witnessed rapid progress of stapled helical peptides in drug discovery. Stapled helical peptides are chemically modified and constrained in their bioactive α-helical conformation. Compared to unstabilized linear peptides, stapled helical peptides exhibit superior binding affinity and selectivity, enhanced membrane permeability, and improved metabolic stability, presenting exciting promise for targeting otherwise challenging protein-protein interfaces. In this Perspective, we summarize recent applications of high-throughput screening technologies for identification of potent stapled helical peptides with optimized binding properties. We expect to provide a broad reference to accelerate the development of stapled helical peptides as the next generation of therapeutic peptides for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiabei Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiongjia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fenghua Kang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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32
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Ma W, Wu H, Liu S, Wei T, Li XD, Liu H, Li X. Chemical Synthesis of Proteins with Base-Labile Posttranslational Modifications Enabled by a Boc-SPPS Based General Strategy Towards Peptide C-Terminal Salicylaldehyde Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214053. [PMID: 36344442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of proteins bearing base-labile post-translational modifications (PTMs) is a challenging task. For instance, O-acetylation and S-palmitoylation PTMs cannot survive Fmoc removal conditions during Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). In this work, we developed a new Boc-SPPS-based strategy for the synthesis of peptide C-terminal salicylaldehyde (SAL) esters, which are the key reaction partner in Ser/Thr ligation and Cys/Pen ligation. The strategy utilized the semicarbazone-modified aminomethyl (AM) resin, which could support the Boc-SPPS and release the peptide SAL ester upon treatment with TFA/H2 O and pyruvic acid. The non-oxidative aldehyde regeneration was fully compatible with all the canonical amino acids. Armed with this strategy, we finished the syntheses of the O-acetylated protein histone H3(S10ac, T22ac) and the hydrophobic S-palmitoylated peptide derived from caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tongyao Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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33
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A photocaged orexin-B for spatiotemporally precise control of orexin signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1729-1738.e8. [PMID: 36481097 PMCID: PMC9794195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orexin neuropeptides carry out important neuromodulatory functions in the brain, yet tools to precisely control the activation of endogenous orexin signaling are lacking. Here, we developed a photocaged orexin-B (photo-OXB) through a C-terminal photocaging strategy. We show that photo-OXB is unable to activate its cognate receptors in the dark but releases functionally active native orexin-B upon uncaging by illumination with UV-visible (UV-vis) light (370-405 nm). We established an all-optical assay combining photo-OXB with a genetically encoded orexin biosensor and used it to characterize the efficiency and spatial profile of photo-OXB uncaging. Finally, we demonstrated that photo-OXB enables optical control over orexin signaling with fine temporal precision both in vitro and ex vivo. Thus, our photocaging strategy and photo-OXB advance the chemical biological toolkit by introducing a method for the optical control of peptide signaling and physiological function.
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34
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Incorporation of Non-Canonical Amino Acids into Antimicrobial Peptides: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0161722. [PMID: 36416555 PMCID: PMC9746297 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01617-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern and calls for the development of novel antibiotic agents. Antimicrobial peptides seem to be promising candidates due to their diverse sources, mechanisms of action, and physicochemical characteristics, as well as the relatively low emergence of resistance. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into antimicrobial peptides could effectively improve their physicochemical and pharmacological diversity. Recently, various antimicrobial peptides variants with improved or novel properties have been produced by the incorporation of single and multiple distinct noncanonical amino acids. In this review, we summarize strategies for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into antimicrobial peptides, as well as their features and suitabilities. Recent applications of noncanonical amino acid incorporation into antimicrobial peptides are also presented. Finally, we discuss the related challenges and prospects.
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35
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Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie M, Fathi Vavsari V, Kamangar M, Balalaie S. Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123879. [PMID: 36942077 PMCID: PMC10024322 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-123879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing interest has been observed among pharmaceutical companies in producing and selling 80 FDA-approved therapeutic peptides. However, there are many drawbacks to peptide synthesis at the academic and industrial scales, involving the use of large amounts of highly hazardous coupling reagents and solvents. This review focuses on hideous and observant wastes produced before, during, and after peptide synthesis and proposes some solutions to reduce them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamangar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Strategies for Improving Peptide Stability and Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101283. [PMID: 36297395 PMCID: PMC9610364 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides play an important role in many fields, including immunology, medical diagnostics, and drug discovery, due to their high specificity and positive safety profile. However, for their delivery as active pharmaceutical ingredients, delivery vectors, or diagnostic imaging molecules, they suffer from two serious shortcomings: their poor metabolic stability and short half-life. Major research efforts are being invested to tackle those drawbacks, where structural modifications and novel delivery tactics have been developed to boost their ability to reach their targets as fully functional species. The benefit of selected technologies for enhancing the resistance of peptides against enzymatic degradation pathways and maximizing their therapeutic impact are also reviewed. Special note of cell-penetrating peptides as delivery vectors, as well as stapled modified peptides, which have demonstrated superior stability from their parent peptides, are reported.
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37
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Rojas AJ, Wolfe JM, Dhanjee HH, Buslov I, Truex NL, Liu RY, Massefski W, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Palladium-peptide oxidative addition complexes for bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11891-11895. [PMID: 36320916 PMCID: PMC9580489 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of palladium oxidative addition complexes derived from unprotected peptides is described. Incorporation of 4-halophenylalanine into a peptide during solid phase peptide synthesis allows for subsequent oxidative addition at this position upon treatment with a palladium precursor and suitable ligand. The resulting palladium-peptide complexes are solid, storable, water-soluble, and easily purified via high-performance liquid chromatography. These complexes react with thiols in aqueous buffer, offering an efficient method for bioconjugation. Using this strategy, peptides can be functionalized with small molecules to prepare modified aryl thioether side-chains at low micromolar concentrations. Additionally, peptide-peptide and peptide-protein ligations are demonstrated under dilute aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University 1000 Chastain Road NW Kennesaw GA 30144 USA
| | - Justin M Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Heemal H Dhanjee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ivan Buslov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Nicholas L Truex
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Richard Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Walter Massefski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA .,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 415 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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38
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Ye X, Lee YC, Gates ZP, Ling Y, Mortensen JC, Yang FS, Lin YS, Pentelute BL. Binary combinatorial scanning reveals potent poly-alanine-substituted inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Commun Chem 2022; 5:128. [PMID: 36697672 PMCID: PMC9814900 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing structure-activity relationships is crucial to understand and optimize the activity of peptide-based inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Single alanine substitutions provide limited information on the residues that tolerate simultaneous modifications with retention of biological activity. To guide optimization of peptide binders, we use combinatorial peptide libraries of over 4,000 variants-in which each position is varied with either the wild-type residue or alanine-with a label-free affinity selection platform to study protein-ligand interactions. Applying this platform to a peptide binder to the oncogenic protein MDM2, several multi-alanine-substituted analogs with picomolar binding affinity were discovered. We reveal a non-additive substitution pattern in the selected sequences. The alanine substitution tolerances for peptide ligands of the 12ca5 antibody and 14-3-3 regulatory protein are also characterized, demonstrating the general applicability of this new platform. We envision that binary combinatorial alanine scanning will be a powerful tool for investigating structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - Zachary P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138665, Singapore
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory (DITL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Yingjie Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Jennifer C Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Fan-Shen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences and Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Guang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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39
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Bakhatan Y, Ben Abba Amiel D, Sukhran Y, Chan CK, Lo WC, Lu PW, Liao PH, Wang CC, Hurevich M. Translating solution to solid phase glycosylation conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11256-11259. [PMID: 36111607 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03831e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of glycosylation conditions for automated glycan assembly is highly challenging, demands wasteful use of precious building blocks, and relies on nontrivial analyses. We developed a semi-quantitative method for automated optimization of glycosylation temperature that utilized minute quantities of donors and translated those conditions to solid-phase glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Bakhatan
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Dror Ben Abba Amiel
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Yonatan Sukhran
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Chieh-Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chih Lo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Wei Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program and International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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40
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Ghosh S, Chakrabortty R, Kumar S, Das A, Ganesh V. Copper-Catalyzed Protoboration of 1,3-Diynes as a Platform for Iterative Functionalization. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rajesh Chakrabortty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Venkataraman Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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41
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Cell-penetrating peptides enhance peptide vaccine accumulation and persistence in lymph nodes to drive immunogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204078119. [PMID: 35914154 PMCID: PMC9371699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204078119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based cancer vaccines are widely investigated in the clinic but exhibit modest immunogenicity. One approach that has been explored to enhance peptide vaccine potency is covalent conjugation of antigens with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), linear cationic and amphiphilic peptide sequences designed to promote intracellular delivery of associated cargos. Antigen-CPPs have been reported to exhibit enhanced immunogenicity compared to free peptides, but their mechanisms of action in vivo are poorly understood. We tested eight previously described CPPs conjugated to antigens from multiple syngeneic murine tumor models and found that linkage to CPPs enhanced peptide vaccine potency in vivo by as much as 25-fold. Linkage of antigens to CPPs did not impact dendritic cell activation but did promote uptake of linked antigens by dendritic cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, T cell priming in vivo required Batf3-dependent dendritic cells, suggesting that antigens delivered by CPP peptides were predominantly presented via the process of cross-presentation and not through CPP-mediated cytosolic delivery of peptide to the classical MHC class I antigen processing pathway. Unexpectedly, we observed that many CPPs significantly enhanced antigen accumulation in draining lymph nodes. This effect was associated with the ability of CPPs to bind to lymph-trafficking lipoproteins and protection of CPP-antigens from proteolytic degradation in serum. These two effects resulted in prolonged presentation of CPP-peptides in draining lymph nodes, leading to robust T cell priming and expansion. Thus, CPPs can act through multiple unappreciated mechanisms to enhance T cell priming that can be exploited for cancer vaccines with enhanced potency.
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42
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Gutman I, Gutman R, Sidney J, Chihab L, Mishto M, Liepe J, Chiem A, Greenbaum J, Yan Z, Sette A, Koşaloğlu-Yalçın Z, Peters B. Predicting the Success of Fmoc-Based Peptide Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23771-23781. [PMID: 35847273 PMCID: PMC9280948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are commonly used in biomedical science for many applications in basic and translational research. While peptide synthesis is generally easy and reliable, the chemical nature of some amino acids as well as the many steps and chemical compounds involved can render the synthesis of some peptide sequences difficult. Identification of these problematic sequences and mitigation of issues they may present can be important for the reliable use of peptide reagents in several contexts. Here, we assembled a large dataset of peptides that were synthesized using standard Fmoc chemistry and whose identity was validated using mass spectrometry. We analyzed the mass spectra to identify errors in peptide syntheses and sought to develop a computational tool to predict the likelihood that any given peptide sequence would be synthesized accurately. Our model, named Peptide Synthesis Score (PepSySco), is able to predict the likelihood that a peptide will be successfully synthesized based on its amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanit Gutman
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Ron Gutman
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - John Sidney
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Leila Chihab
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Michele Mishto
- Centre
for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) & Peter
Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s
College London, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- Francis
Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Anthony Chiem
- TC
Peptide Lab, San Diego, California 92121-4708, United States
| | - Jason Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics
Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Zhen Yan
- Bioinformatics
Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
- Department
of Medicine, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Zeynep Koşaloğlu-Yalçın
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center
for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
- Department
of Medicine, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92037-1387, United States
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43
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Grunhaus D, Molina ER, Cohen R, Stein T, Friedler A, Hurevich M. Accelerated Multiphosphorylated Peptide Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2492-2497. [PMID: 36032360 PMCID: PMC9397535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Preparing phosphorylated peptides with multiple adjacent
phosphorylations
is synthetically difficult, leads to β-elimination, results
in low yields, and is extremely slow. We combined synthetic chemical
methodologies with computational studies and engineering approaches
to develop a strategy that takes advantage of fast stirring, high
temperature, and a very low concentration of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
(DBU) to produce multiphosphorylated peptides at an extremely rapid
time and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Grunhaus
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Estefanía Rossich Molina
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Roni Cohen
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Tamar Stein
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Assaf Friedler
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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44
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Ben Abba Amiel D, Hurevich M. Expeditious Synthesis of a Glycopeptide Library. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dror Ben Abba Amiel
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Edmond J Safra Campus Institute of Chemistry ISRAEL
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of chemistry Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram 91904 Jerusalem ISRAEL
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45
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Laude V, Nuño M, Moses RC, Guthrie D. Evaluation of unexpected protecting group removal in solid-phase peptide synthesis - quantified using continuous flow methods. J Pept Sci 2022; 28:e3441. [PMID: 35785412 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As peptides gained interest as new drugs in the past years, their synthetic routes had been the subject of review and improvement. Fmoc/tBu-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the most convenient technique, and the implementation in continuous flow has allowed for single-pass coupling and deprotection reactions. The focus of this research is to evaluate the relationship between undesired solvent-promoted reactions and final crude purity, by studying volume changes of a variable bed flow reactor through the synthesis. Based on the temperature, typical solvents for SPPS such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) can cause unwanted Fmoc removal during wash steps. It was found that for every millilitre of DMF used at 80 °C, up to 1 μmol of Fmoc-protected peptide is deprotected, leading to additional impurities. This effect can, however, be minimised by adding additives such as HOBt; which reduces such unwanted deprotection to just 0.1 μmol/ml.
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46
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Nakashima E, Yamamoto H. Biomimetic Peptide Catalytic Bond‐Forming Utilizing a Mild Brønsted Acid. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103989. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nakashima
- College of Engineering Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Insititute Chubu University 1200 Matsumoto-cho Kasugai Aichi 487-8501 Japan
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47
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Kumar R. Materiomically Designed Polymeric Vehicles for Nucleic Acids: Quo Vadis? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2507-2535. [PMID: 35642794 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in molecular biology, particularly in site-specific genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing, financial and logistical challenges hinder a broad population from accessing and benefiting from gene therapy. To improve the affordability and scalability of gene therapy, we need to deploy chemically defined, economical, and scalable materials, such as synthetic polymers. For polymers to deliver nucleic acids efficaciously to targeted cells, they must optimally combine design attributes, such as architecture, length, composition, spatial distribution of monomers, basicity, hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase balance, or protonation degree. Designing polymeric vectors for specific nucleic acid payloads is a multivariate optimization problem wherein even minuscule deviations from the optimum are poorly tolerated. To explore the multivariate polymer design space rapidly, efficiently, and fruitfully, we must integrate parallelized polymer synthesis, high-throughput biological screening, and statistical modeling. Although materiomics approaches promise to streamline polymeric vector development, several methodological ambiguities must be resolved. For instance, establishing a flexible polymer ontology that accommodates recent synthetic advances, enforcing uniform polymer characterization and data reporting standards, and implementing multiplexed in vitro and in vivo screening studies require considerable planning, coordination, and effort. This contribution will acquaint readers with the challenges associated with materiomics approaches to polymeric gene delivery and offers guidelines for overcoming these challenges. Here, we summarize recent developments in combinatorial polymer synthesis, high-throughput screening of polymeric vectors, omics-based approaches to polymer design, barcoding schemes for pooled in vitro and in vivo screening, and identify materiomics-inspired research directions that will realize the long-unfulfilled clinical potential of polymeric carriers in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1613 Illinois St, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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48
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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49
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Kang L, Han T, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Recent research progress of biologically active peptides. Biofactors 2022; 48:575-596. [PMID: 35080058 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of molecular biology and biochemical technology, great progress has been made in the study of peptides. Peptides are easy to digest and absorb, with lowering of blood pressure and cholesterol, improving immunity, regulating hormones, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. Peptides also have physiological regulation and biological metabolism functions with applications in the fields of feed production and biomedical research. In the future, the research focus of bioactive peptides will focus on their efficient preparation and application. This article introduces a comprehensive review of the types, synthesis, functionalization, and bio-related applications of bioactive peptides. For this aim, we introduced in detail various biopeptides and then presented the production methods of bioactive peptides, such as enzymatic synthesis, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, and others. The applications of bioactive peptides for anticancers, immune therapy, antibacterial, and other applications have been introduced and discussed. And discussed the development prospects of biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Kang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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50
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Heinz-Kunert SL, Pandya A, Dang VT, Tran PN, Ghosh S, McElheny D, Santarsiero BD, Ren Z, Nguyen AI. Assembly of π-Stacking Helical Peptides into a Porous and Multivariable Proteomimetic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7001-7009. [PMID: 35390261 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of proteins from simpler, self-assembled peptides provides a powerful blueprint for the design of complex synthetic materials. Previously, peptide-metal frameworks using short sequences (≤3 residues) have shown great promise as proteomimetic materials that exhibit sophisticated capabilities. However, their development has been hindered due to few variable residues and restricted choice of side-chains that are compatible with metal ions. Herein, we developed a noncovalent strategy featuring π-stacking bipyridyl residues to assemble much longer peptides into crystalline frameworks that tolerate even previously incompatible acidic and basic functionalities and allow an unprecedented level of pore variations. Single-crystal X-ray structures are provided for all variants to guide and validate rational design. These materials exhibit hallmark proteomimetic behaviors such as guest-selective induced fit and assembly of multimetallic units. Significantly, we demonstrate facile optimization of the framework design to substantially increase affinity toward a complex organic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrie L Heinz-Kunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ashma Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Viet Thuc Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sabari Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dan McElheny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Bernard D Santarsiero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Andy I Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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