1
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Salminen-Paatero S, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H. Effects of liver's state of health on its iron and plutonium content. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:1165-1173. [PMID: 38889304 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2369104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plutonium and iron share a common metabolism in terms of their transportation and accumulation in the human body. This study examined their concentrations in livers with different states of health, and the effects of fatty degeneration and cirrhosis on their accumulation in the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the concentrations of plutonium and iron in autopsy liver samples from 1976-1979. Using statistical analysis, we investigated the relationships between the different variables. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The burdens of 239,240Pu and Fe correlated positively (Rs = 0.411) in the healthy livers, but not in the livers that had pathological findings. In contrast to the Fe content, the 239,240Pu content in the fatty degenerated or cirrhotic livers was significantly lower than that in normal livers. This difference may suggest that plutonium and iron do not accumulate or are not excreted in the same way in fatty degenerated and cirrhotic livers. The reaction mechanisms for the binding and excretion of plutonium, particularly in a fatty degenerated liver, are not yet fully known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Mussalo-Rauhamaa
- Department of Chemistry, Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Levina A, Wardhani K, Stephens LJ, Werrett MV, Caporale C, Dallerba E, Blair VL, Massi M, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Neutral rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with sulfur-donor ligands: anti-proliferative activity and cellular localization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7866-7879. [PMID: 38632950 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes are widely studied for their cell imaging properties and anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities, but the complexes with S-donor ligands remain relatively unexplored. A series of six fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(SR)] complexes, where (NN) is 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and RSH is a series of thiocarboxylic acid methyl esters, have been synthesized and characterized. Cellular uptake and anti-proliferative activities of these complexes in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were generally lower than those of the previously described fac-[Re(NN)(CO)3(OH2)]+ complexes; however, one of the complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(SC(Ph)CH2C(O)OMe)] (3b), was active (IC50 ∼ 10 μM at 72 h treatment) in thiol-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, unlike fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(OH2)]+, this complex did not lose activity in the presence of extracellular glutathione. Taken together these properties show promise for further development of 3b and its analogues as potential anti-cancer drugs for co-treatment with thiol-depleting agents. Conversely, the stable and non-toxic complex, fac-[Re(bipy)(CO)3(SC(Me)C(O)OMe)] (1a), predominantly localized in the lysosomes of MDA-MB-231 cells, as shown by live cell confocal microscopy (λex = 405 nm, λem = 470-570 nm). It is strongly localized in a subset of lysosomes (25 μM Re, 4 h treatment), as shown by co-localization with a Lysotracker dye. Longer treatment times with 1a (25 μM Re for 48 h) resulted in partial migration of the probe into the mitochondria, as shown by co-localization with a Mitotracker dye. These properties make complex 1a an attractive target for further development as an organelle probe for multimodal imaging, including phosphorescence, carbonyl tag for vibrational spectroscopy, and Re tag for X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Elena Dallerba
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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3
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Benjamín-Rivera J, Otero MP, Tinoco AD. Reinforcing Protein Biochemistry: A Two-Week Experiment Studying Iron(III) Binding by the Transferrin Protein through Stoichiometric Determination, Stability Analysis, and Visualization of the Binding Site. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2024; 101:1656-1664. [PMID: 38654892 PMCID: PMC11033862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The two-week protein biochemistry experience described herein focuses on reinforcing key biochemical concepts and achieving significant learning domain accomplishments for students (Content Knowledge, Logical Mathematical Reasoning, Visualization, Information Literacy, and Knowledge Integration) and valuable teaching opportunities for instructors. The experience encompasses an exploration of the transport protein serum transferrin as an important regulator of Fe(III) biochemistry and incorporates techniques to assess protein-metal stoichiometry and protein stability and to perform molecular visualization. Students gain practical experience in utilizing spectrophotometric analysis for constructing stoichiometric curves, in performing urea-PAGE, and in applying the PyMOL program to evaluate metal coordination at a protein binding site and the associated protein structural change. The learning and teaching accomplishments provide valuable skills that can be extended into research and translated to other teaching formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué
A. Benjamín-Rivera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Mariela Pérez Otero
- Department
of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
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4
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Deblonde GJP, Morrison K, Mattocks JA, Cotruvo JA, Zavarin M, Kersting AB. Impact of a Biological Chelator, Lanmodulin, on Minor Actinide Aqueous Speciation and Transport in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20830-20843. [PMID: 37897703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Minor actinides are major contributors to the long-term radiotoxicity of nuclear fuels and other radioactive wastes. In this context, understanding their interactions with natural chelators and minerals is key to evaluating their transport behavior in the environment. The lanmodulin family of metalloproteins is produced by ubiquitous bacteria and Methylorubrum extorquens lanmodulin (LanM) was recently identified as one of nature's most selective chelators for trivalent f-elements. Herein, we investigated the behavior of neptunium, americium, and curium in the presence of LanM, carbonate ions, and common minerals (calcite, montmorillonite, quartz, and kaolinite). We show that LanM's aqueous complexes with Am(III) and Cm(III) remain stable in carbonate-bicarbonate solutions. Furthermore, the sorption of Am(III) to these minerals is strongly impacted by LanM, while Np(V) sorption is not. With calcite, even a submicromolar concentration of LanM leads to a significant reduction in the Am(III) distribution coefficient (Kd, from >104 to ∼102 mL/g at pH 8.5), rendering it even more mobile than Np(V). Thus, LanM-type chelators can potentially increase the mobility of trivalent actinides and lanthanide fission products under environmentally relevant conditions. Monitoring biological chelators, including metalloproteins, and their biogenerators should therefore be considered during the evaluation of radioactive waste repository sites and the risk assessment of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Keith Morrison
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mavrik Zavarin
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Annie B Kersting
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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5
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Kostenkova K, Levina A, Walters DA, Murakami HA, Lay PA, Crans DC. Vanadium(V) Pyridine-Containing Schiff Base Catecholate Complexes are Lipophilic, Redox-Active and Selectively Cytotoxic in Glioblastoma (T98G) Cells. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302271. [PMID: 37581946 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of complexes with pyridine-containing Schiff bases, [VV O(SALIEP)L] and [VV O(Cl-SALIEP)L] (SALIEP=N-(salicylideneaminato)-2-(2-aminoethylpyridine; Cl-SALIEP=N-(5-chlorosalicylideneaminato)-2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine, L=catecholato(2-) ligand) have been synthesized. Characterization by 1 H and 51 V NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies confirmed that: 1) most complexes form two major geometric isomers in solution, and [VV O(SALIEP)(DTB)] (DTB=3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholato(2-)) forms two isomers that equilibrate in solution; and 2) tert-butyl substituents were necessary to stabilize the reduced VIV species (EPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry). The pyridine moiety within the Schiff base ligands significantly changed their chemical properties with unsubstituted catecholate ligands compared with the parent HSHED (N-(salicylideneaminato)-N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine) Schiff base complexes. Immediate reduction to VIV occurred for the unsubstituted-catecholato VV complexes on dissolution in DMSO. By contrast, the pyridine moiety within the Schiff base significantly improved the hydrolytic stability of [VV O(SALIEP)(DTB)] compared with [VV O(HSHED)(DTB)]. [VV O(SALIEP)(DTB)] had moderate stability in cell culture media. There was significant cellular uptake of the intact complex by T98G (human glioblastoma) cells and very good anti-proliferative activity (IC50 6.7±0.9 μM, 72 h), which was approximately five times higher than for the non-cancerous human cell line, HFF-1 (IC50 34±10 μM). This made [VV O(SALIEP)(DTB)] a potential drug candidate for the treatment of advanced gliomas by intracranial injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Kostenkova
- Department of Chemistry and, The Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave Chemistry B101 Campus Delivery 1872, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Drew A Walters
- Department of Chemistry and, The Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave Chemistry B101 Campus Delivery 1872, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Heide A Murakami
- Department of Chemistry and, The Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave Chemistry B101 Campus Delivery 1872, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry and, The Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave Chemistry B101 Campus Delivery 1872, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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6
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Levina A, Uslan C, Murakami H, Crans DC, Lay PA. Substitution Kinetics, Albumin and Transferrin Affinities, and Hypoxia All Affect the Biological Activities of Anticancer Vanadium(V) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17804-17817. [PMID: 37858311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Limited stability of most transition-metal complexes in biological media has hampered their medicinal applications but also created a potential for novel cancer treatments, such as intratumoral injections of cytotoxic but short-lived anticancer drugs. Two related V(V) complexes, [VO(Hshed)(dtb)] (1) and [VO(Hshed)(cat)] (2), where H2shed = N-(salicylideneaminato)-N'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, H2dtb = 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol, and H2cat = 1,2-catechol, decomposed within minutes in cell culture medium at 310 K (t1/2 = 43 and 9 s for 1 and 2, respectively). Despite this, both complexes showed high antiproliferative activities in triple-negative human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells, but the mechanisms of their activities were radically different. Complex 1 formed noncovalent adducts with human serum albumin, rapidly entered cells via passive diffusion, and was nearly as active in a short-term treatment (IC50 = 1.9 ± 0.2 μM at 30 min) compared with a long-term treatment (IC50 = 1.3 ± 0.2 μM at 72 h). The activity of 1 decreased about 20-fold after its decomposition in cell culture medium for 30 min at 310 K. Complex 2 showed similar activities (IC50 ≈ 12 μM at 72 h) in both fresh and decomposed solutions and was inactive in a short-term treatment. The activity of 2 was mainly due to the reactions among V(V) decomposition products, free catechol, and O2 in cell culture medium. As a result, the activity of 1 was less sensitive than that of 2 to the effects of hypoxic conditions that are characteristic of solid tumors and to the presence of apo-transferrin that acts as a scavenger of V(V/IV) decomposition products in blood serum. In summary, complex 1, but not 2, is a suitable candidate for further development as an anticancer drug delivered via intratumoral injections. These results demonstrate the importance of fine-tuning the ligand properties for the optimization of biological activities of metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Canan Uslan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Heide Murakami
- Department of Chemistry and the Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry and the Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Zurita C, Tsushima S, Solari PL, Menut D, Dourdain S, Jeanson A, Creff G, Den Auwer C. Interaction Between the Transferrin Protein and Plutonium (and Thorium), What's New? Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300636. [PMID: 37526142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein that transports iron from the serum to the various organs. Several studies have highlighted that Tf can interact with metals other than Fe(III), including actinides that are chemical and radiological toxics. We propose here to report on the behavior of Th(IV) and Pu(IV) in comparison with Fe(III) upon Tf complexation. We considered UV-Vis and IR data of the M2 Tf complex (M=Fe, Th, Pu) and combined experimental EXAFS data with MD models. EXAFS data of the first M-O coordination sphere are consistent with the MD model considering 1 synergistic carbonate. Further EXAFS data analysis strongly suggests that contamination by Th/Pu colloids seems to occur upon Tf complexation, but it seems limited. SAXS data have also been recorded for all complexes and also after the addition of Deferoxamine-B (DFOB) in the medium. The Rg values are very close for apoTf, ThTf and PuTf, but slightly larger than for holoTf. Data suggest that the structure of the protein is more ellipsoidal than spherical, with a flattened oblate form. From this data, the following order of conformation size might be considered:holoTf
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zurita
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Satoru Tsushima
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Internationnal Research Frontiers Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Denis Menut
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190, Saint Aubin, France
| | | | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Creff
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, 06108, Nice, France
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8
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Daronnat L, Holfeltz V, Boubals N, Dumas T, Guilbaud P, Martinez DM, Moisy P, Sauge-Merle S, Lemaire D, Solari PL, Berthon L, Berthomieu C. Investigation of the Plutonium(IV) Interactions with Two Variants of the EF-Hand Ca-Binding Site I of Calmodulin. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8334-8346. [PMID: 37184364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to its presence in the nuclear industry and its strong radiotoxicity, plutonium is an actinide of major interest in the event of internal contamination. To improve the understanding of its mechanisms of transport and accumulation in the body, the complexation of Pu(IV) to the most common protein calcium-binding motif found in cells, the EF-hand motif of calmodulin, was investigated. Visible and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) in solution made it possible to investigate the speciation of plutonium at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and pH 6 in two variants of the calmodulin Ca-binding site I and using Pu(IV) in different media: carbonate, chloride, or nitrate solutions. Three different species of Pu were identified in the samples, with formation of 1:1 Pu(IV):calmodulin peptide complexes, Pu(IV) reduction, and formation of peptide-mediated Pu(IV) hexanuclear cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Daronnat
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Vanessa Holfeltz
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Nathalie Boubals
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Philippe Guilbaud
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | | | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Sandrine Sauge-Merle
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - David Lemaire
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint Aubin 91190, France
| | - Laurence Berthon
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-cèze 30200, France
| | - Catherine Berthomieu
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, IPM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
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9
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Stephens LJ, Dallerba E, Kelderman JTA, Levina A, Werrett MV, Lay PA, Massi M, Andrews PC. Synthesis and the photophysical and biological properties of tricarbonyl Re(I) diimine complexes bound to thiotetrazolato ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4835-4848. [PMID: 36939381 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Re(I) tricarbonyl diimine (2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline) complexes with thiotetrazolato ligands have been synthesised and fully characterised. Structural characterisation revealed the capacity of the tetrazolato ligand to bind to the Re(I) centre through either the S atom or the N atom with crystallography revealing most complexes being bound to the N atom. However, an example where the Re(I) centre is linked via the S atom has been identified. In solution, the complexes exist as an equilibrating mixture of linkage isomers, as suggested by comparison of their NMR spectra at room temperature and 373 K, as well as 2D exchange spectroscopy. The complexes are photoluminescent in fluid solution at room temperature, with emission either at 625 or 640 nm from the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states of triplet multiplicity, which seems to be exclusively dependent on the nature of the diimine ligand. The oxygen-sensitive excited state lifetime decay ranges between 12.5 and 27.5 ns for the complexes bound to 2,2'-bipyrdine, or between 130.6 and 155.2 ns for those bound to 1.10-phenanthroline. Quantum yields were measured within 0.4 and 1.5%. The complexes were incubated with human lung (A549), brain (T98g), and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells, as well as with normal human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1), revealing low to moderate cytotoxicity, which for some compounds exceeded that of a standard anti-cancer drug, cisplatin. Low cytotoxicity combined with significant cellular uptake and photoluminescence properties provides potential for their use as cellular imaging agents. Furthermore, the complexes were assessed in disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains, which revealed negligible antibacterial activity in the dark or after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Elena Dallerba
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, 6102 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jenisi T A Kelderman
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, 6102 Perth, Australia.
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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10
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Global Transcriptional Response of Escherichia coli Exposed In Situ to Different Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation Sources. mSystems 2023; 8:e0071822. [PMID: 36779725 PMCID: PMC10134817 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00718-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of biological and chemical responses to ionizing radiation by various organisms is essential for potential applications in bioremediation, alternative modes of detecting nuclear material, and national security. Escherichia coli DH10β is an optimal system to study the microbial response to low-dose ionizing radiation at the transcriptional level because it is a well-characterized model bacterium and its responses to other environmental stressors, including those to higher radiation doses, have been elucidated in prior studies. In this study, RNA sequencing with downstream transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was employed to characterize the global transcriptional response of stationary-phase E. coli subjected to 239Pu, 3H (tritium), and 55Fe, at an approximate absorbed dose rate of 10 mGy day-1 for 1 day and 15 days. Differential expression analysis identified significant changes in gene expression of E. coli for both short- and long-term exposures. Radionuclide source exposure induced differential expression in E. coli of genes involved in biosynthesis pathways of nuclear envelope components, amino acids, and siderophores, transport systems such as ABC transporters and type II secretion proteins, and initiation of stress response and regulatory systems of temperature stress, the RpoS regulon, and oxidative stress. These findings provide a basic understanding of the relationship between low-dose exposure and biological effect of a model bacterium that is critical for applications in alternative nuclear material detection and bioremediation. IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli strain DH10β, a well-characterized model bacterium, was subjected to short-term (1-day) and long-term (15-day) exposures to three different in situ radiation sources comprised of radionuclides relevant to nuclear activities to induce a measurable and identifiable genetic response. We found E. coli had both common and unique responses to the three exposures studied, suggesting both dose rate- and radionuclide-specific effects. This study is the first to provide insights into the transcriptional response of a microorganism in short- and long-term exposure to continuous low-dose ionizing radiation with multiple in situ radionuclide sources and the first to examine microbial transcriptional response in stationary phase. Moreover, this work provides a basis for the development of biosensors and informing more robust dose-response relationships to support ecological risk assessment.
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11
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Li Y, Li B, Chen L, Dong J, Xia Z, Tian Y. Chelating decorporation agents for internal contamination by actinides: Designs, mechanisms, and advances. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112034. [PMID: 36306597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the wide utilization of the actinides in medicine, energy, military, and other fields, internal contaminations can profoundly endanger human health and public security. Chelating decorporation agents are the most effective therapies to reduce internal contamination that includes radiological and chemical toxicities. This review introduces the structures of chelating decorporation agents including inorganic salts, polyaminocarboxylic acids, peptides, polyphosphonates, siderophores, calixarenes, polyethylenimines, and fullerenes, and highlights ongoing advances in their designs and mechanisms. However, there are still numerous challenges that block their applications including coordination properties, pharmacokinetic properties, oral bioavailability, limited timing of administration, and toxicity. Therefore, additional efforts are needed to push novel decorporation agents with high efficiency and low toxicity for the treatment of internal contamination by actinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junxing Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ziming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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12
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Levina A, Chetcuti ARM, Lay PA. Controversial Role of Transferrin in the Transport of Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091319. [PMID: 36139158 PMCID: PMC9496346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are at the forefront of developments in metal-based anticancer drugs, but many questions remain open regarding their reactivity in biological media, including the role of transferrin (Tf) in their transport and cellular uptake. A well-known anticancer drug, KP1019 ((IndH)[RuIIICl4(Ind)2], where Ind = indazole) and a reference complex, [RuIII(nta)2]3- (nta = nitrilotriacetato(3-)) interacted differently with human apoTf, monoFeTf, or Fe2Tf. These reactions were studied by biolayer interferometry (BLI) measurements of Ru-Fe-Tf binding to recombinant human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in conjunction with UV-vis spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Cellular Ru uptake in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was measured under the conditions of the BLI assays. The mode of Tf binding and cellular Ru uptake were critically dependent on the nature of Ru complex, availability of Fe(III) binding sites of Tf, and the presence of proteins that competed for metal binding, particularly serum albumin. Cellular uptake of KP1019 was not Tf-mediated and occurred mostly by passive diffusion, which may also be suitable for treatments of inoperable cancers by intratumoral injections. High cellular Ru uptake from a combination of [RuIII(nta)2]3- and Fe2Tf in the absence of significant Ru-Tf binding was likely to be due to trapping of Ru(III) species into the endosome during TfR1-mediated endocytosis of Fe2Tf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
| | | | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
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13
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Leggett RW, Tolmachev SY, Avtandilashvili M, Eckerman KF, Grogan HA, Sgouros G, Woloschak GE, Samuels C, Boice JD. Methods of improving brain dose estimates for internally deposited radionuclides . JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:033001. [PMID: 35785774 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac7e02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The US National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) convened Scientific Committee 6-12 (SC 6-12) to examine methods for improving dose estimates for brain tissue for internally deposited radionuclides, with emphasis on alpha emitters. This Memorandum summarises the main findings of SC 6-12 described in the recently published NCRP Commentary No. 31, 'Development of Kinetic and Anatomical Models for Brain Dosimetry for Internally Deposited Radionuclides'. The Commentary examines the extent to which dose estimates for the brain could be improved through increased realism in the biokinetic and dosimetric models currently used in radiation protection and epidemiology. A limitation of most of the current element-specific systemic biokinetic models is the absence of brain as an explicitly identified source region with its unique rate(s) of exchange of the element with blood. The brain is usually included in a large source region calledOtherthat contains all tissues not considered major repositories for the element. In effect, all tissues inOtherare assigned a common set of exchange rates with blood. A limitation of current dosimetric models for internal emitters is that activity in the brain is treated as a well-mixed pool, although more sophisticated models allowing consideration of different activity concentrations in different regions of the brain have been proposed. Case studies for 18 internal emitters indicate that brain dose estimates using current dosimetric models may change substantially (by a factor of 5 or more), or may change only modestly, by addition of a sub-model of the brain in the biokinetic model, with transfer rates based on results of published biokinetic studies and autopsy data for the element of interest. As a starting place for improving brain dose estimates, development of biokinetic models with explicit sub-models of the brain (when sufficient biokinetic data are available) is underway for radionuclides frequently encountered in radiation epidemiology. A longer-term goal is development of coordinated biokinetic and dosimetric models that address the distribution of major radioelements among radiosensitive brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Leggett
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6038, United States of America
| | | | | | - Keith F Eckerman
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6038, United States of America
| | | | - George Sgouros
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Northwestern University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Caleigh Samuels
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6038, United States of America
| | - John D Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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14
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Yu L, Lin Z, Cheng X, Chu J, Li X, Chen C, Zhu T, Li W, Lin W, Tang W. Thorium inhibits human respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127546. [PMID: 34879532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thorium is a radioactive heavy metal and an emerging environmental pollutant. Ecological and human health risks from thorium exposure are growing with the excavation of rare earth metals and implementation of thorium-based nuclear reactors. Thorium poisoning is associated with carcinogenesis, liver impairments, and congenital anomalies. To date, the biomolecular targets that underlie thorium-induced toxicity remain unknown. Here, we used in vitro enzymatic activity assays to comprehensively evaluate the effects of thorium on the mitochondrial respiration process. Thorium was found to inhibit respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) at sub-micromolar concentrations (IC50 ~ 0.4 μM, 90 μg/L). This is lower than the thorium level limit (246 μg/L) in drinking water specified by the World Health Organization. The inhibitory effects were further verified in mitochondria from human bone and liver cells (thorium mainly deposits in these organs). The inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase can readily rationalize well-documented cellular toxicities of thorium, such as alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, cytochrome c oxidase is potentially a key molecular target underlying thorium-induced toxicological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Yu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China.
| | - Zhaozhu Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuedan Cheng
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jian Chu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Xijian Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Tinghua Zhu
- Guizhou Shengyada Biotech Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621907, China.
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15
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Yadav R, Das SK, Ali M, Pandey BN, Kumar A. Role of calcium ion channels and cytoskeletal proteins in Thorium-232 induced toxicity in normal human liver cells (WRL 68) and its validation in swiss mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132557. [PMID: 34653484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic disorders reported in humans exposed to Thorium-232 (Th-232) rationalizes the present study investigating the toxicological response of normal human liver cells (WRL 68) and its validation in Swiss mice. Cell count analysis of WRL 68 cells-treated with Th-nitrate (1-200 μM) estimated IC50 of ∼24 μM (at 24 h) and 35 μM (at 48 h). Analysis of cell viability (trypan blue assay) showed the IC50 of ∼172 μM. Phase contrast bright-field microscopy revealed Th-induced morphological changes and cell-released microvesicle-like structures in extracellular space. Th-estimation by ICP-MS (Inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry) showed uptake of Th by cells as a function of concentration and incubation time. Employing DTPA as a chelating agent in cell harvesting solution, cell-internalized/strongly-bound Th was estimated to be ∼42% of total incubated Th. Th-uptake studies in the presence of ion-channel specific inhibitors (e.g. nifedipine, thapsigargin) revealed the role of plasma membrane calcium channels and cytoplasmic calcium in modulating the Th-uptake. Transmission electron microscopy of Th-treated cells showed cell-derived extracellular vesicles, alterations in the shape and size of nucleus and mitochondria as well as cytoplasmic inclusions. The order of Th accumulation in various sub-cellular protein fractions was found to be as cytoskeleton (43%) > cytoplasmic (15%) > chromatin (7%) > nuclear (5%) & membrane (5%). Immunofluorescence analysis of WRL 68 cells showed that Th significantly altered the expression of cytoskeleton proteins (F-actin and keratin), which was further validated in liver tissues of Swiss mice administered with Th-232. Findings herein highlight the role of calcium channels and cytoskeleton in Th-induced toxicity. Keywords: Thorium toxicity; Liver cells; Calcium channels; Sub-cellular targets, Cytoskeleton; Swiss Mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Yadav
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Sourav Kumar Das
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Manjoor Ali
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Badri N Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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16
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Mattocks JA, Cotruvo JA, Deblonde GJP. Engineering lanmodulin's selectivity for actinides over lanthanides by controlling solvent coordination and second-sphere interactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6054-6066. [PMID: 35685815 PMCID: PMC9132084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing chelators that combine high affinity and selectivity for lanthanides and/or actinides is paramount for numerous industries, including rare earths mining, nuclear waste management, and cancer medicine. In particular, achieving selectivity between actinides and lanthanides is notoriously difficult. The protein lanmodulin (LanM) is one of Nature's most selective chelators for trivalent actinides and lanthanides. However, mechanistic understanding of LanM's affinity and selectivity for f-elements remains limited. In order to decipher, and possibly improve, the features of LanM's metal-binding sites that contribute to this actinide/lanthanide selectivity, we characterized five LanM variants, substituting the aspartate residue at the 9th position of each metal-binding site with asparagine, histidine, alanine, methionine, and selenomethionine. Spectroscopic measurements with lanthanides (Nd3+ and Eu3+) and actinides (243Am3+ and 248Cm3+) reveal that, contrary to the behavior of small chelator complexes, metal-coordinated water molecules enhance LanM's affinity for f-elements and pH-stability of its complexes. Furthermore, the results show that the native aspartate does not coordinate the metal directly but rather hydrogen bonds to coordinated solvent. By tuning this first-sphere/second-sphere interaction, the asparagine variant nearly doubles LanM's selectivity for actinides versus lanthanides. This study not only clarifies the essential role of coordinated solvent for LanM's physiological function and separation applications, but it also demonstrates that LanM's preference for actinides over lanthanides can be further improved. More broadly, it demonstrates how biomolecular scaffolds possess an expanded repertoire of tunable interactions compared to most small-molecule ligands – providing an avenue for high-performance LanM-based actinide/lanthanide separation methods and bio-engineered chelators optimized for specific medical isotopes. Nature’s most potent protein for f-elements, lanmodulin, relies on subtle first-sphere/second-sphere interactions to bind metal ions. Dissecting lanmodulin’s binding mechanism yielded variants with enhanced actinide/lanthanide selectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Gauthier J.-P. Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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17
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Zurita C, Tsushima S, Solari PL, Jeanson A, Creff G, Den Auwer C. Interaction of Th(IV), Pu(IV) and Fe(III) with ferritin protein: how similar? JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:45-52. [PMID: 34985422 PMCID: PMC8733997 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is the main protein of Fe storage in eukaryote and prokaryote cells. It is a large multifunctional, multi-subunit protein consisting of heavy H and light L subunits. In the field of nuclear toxicology, it has been suggested that some actinide elements, such as thorium and plutonium at oxidation state +IV, have a comparable `biochemistry' to iron at oxidation state +III owing to their very high tendency for hydrolysis and somewhat comparable ionic radii. Therefore, the possible mechanisms of interaction of such actinide elements with the Fe storage protein is a fundamental question of bio-actinidic chemistry. We recently described the complexation of Pu(IV) and Th(IV) with horse spleen ferritin (composed mainly of L subunits). In this article, we bring another viewpoint to this question by further combining modeling with our previous EXAFS data for Pu(IV) and Th(IV). As a result, the interaction between the L subunits and both actinides appears to be non-specific but driven only by the density of the presence of Asp and Glu residues on the protein shell. The formation of an oxyhydroxide Th or Pu core has not been observed under the experimental conditions here, nor the interaction of Th or Pu with the ferric oxyhydroxide core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zurita
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ICN, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Satoru Tsushima
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | | | | | - Gaëlle Creff
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ICN, 06108 Nice, France
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18
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Levina A, Wang B, Lay PA. Urea Gel Electrophoresis in Studies of Conformational Changes of Transferrin on Binding and Transport of Non-Ferric Metal Ions. Gels 2021; 8:19. [PMID: 35049554 PMCID: PMC8774473 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is a crucial transporter protein for Fe(III), but its biological role in binding other metal ions and their delivery into cells remain highly controversial. The first systematic exploration of the effect of non-Fe(III) metal ion binding on Tf conformation has been performed by urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (urea-PAGE), which is commonly used for nucleic acids but rarely for proteins. Closed Tf conformation, similar to that caused by Fe(III)-Tf binding, was formed for In(III), V(III) or Cr(III) binding to Tf. In all these cases, metal distribution between Tf lobes and/or the rate of metal release under acidic conditions differed from that of Fe(III)-Tf. By contrast, Ga(III) and V(IV) did not form closed Tf conformation under urea-PAGE conditions. Apart from Fe(III), only In(III) was able to increase the proportion of closed Tf conformation in whole serum. These results suggest that Tf is unlikely to act as a natural carrier of any metal ion, except Fe(III), into cells but can reduce toxicity of exogenous metal ions by binding them in serum and preventing their entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Boer Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Analytical, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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19
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Silva AM, Moniz T, de Castro B, Rangel M. Human transferrin: An inorganic biochemistry perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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In vitro evidence of the influence of complexation of Pu and Am on uptake by human lung epithelial cells Calu-3. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105279. [PMID: 34843884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in retention and clearance of actinides from the lungs after accidental intake is essential for the evaluation of the associated radiological risks. Although the absorption of radioelements has been shown in vivo to depend on their nature and physico-chemical properties, their mechanisms of translocation remain unknown. In this study, we have evaluated in vitro the binding and uptake by bronchial epithelial cells Calu-3 of 2 transuranic actinides, plutonium (Pu) and americium (Am), as the first steps of translocation across the pulmonary barrier. For this purpose, Calu-3 cells grown to confluence in 24-well plates were exposed to the radioelements for 24 h under various culture conditions. Two compartments were identified for the association of actinides to cells, corresponding to the membrane bound and internalized fractions. Binding of Pu was slightly higher than of Am, and depended on its initial chemical form (nitrate, citrate, colloids). Uptake of Pu and Am nitrate was higher in serum-free conditions than in supplemented medium, with an active mechanism involved in Pu internalization. Overall, our results suggest that complexation of actinides to bioligands may have an influence on their uptake by pulmonary epithelial cells, and therefore possibly on their subsequent absorption into blood.
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21
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Deblonde GJP, Mattocks JA, Dong Z, Wooddy PT, Cotruvo JA, Zavarin M. Capturing an elusive but critical element: Natural protein enables actinium chemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0273. [PMID: 34669462 PMCID: PMC8528432 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Actinium-based therapies could revolutionize cancer medicine but remain tantalizing due to the difficulties in studying and limited knowledge of Ac chemistry. Current efforts focus on small synthetic chelators, limiting radioisotope complexation and purification efficiencies. Here, we demonstrate a straightforward strategy to purify medically relevant radiometals, actinium(III) and yttrium(III), and probe their chemistry, using the recently discovered protein, lanmodulin. The stoichiometry, solution behavior, and formation constant of the 228Ac3+-lanmodulin complex and its 90Y3+/natY3+/natLa3+ analogs were experimentally determined, representing the first actinium-protein and strongest actinide(III)-protein complex (sub-picomolar Kd) to be characterized. Lanmodulin’s unparalleled properties enable the facile purification recovery of radiometals, even in the presence of >10+10 equivalents of competing ions and at ultratrace levels: down to 2 femtograms 90Y3+ and 40 attograms 228Ac3+. The lanmodulin-based approach charts a new course to study elusive isotopes and develop versatile chelating platforms for medical radiometals, both for high-value separations and potential in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J.-P. Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.J.-P.D.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Joseph A. Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ziye Dong
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Paul T. Wooddy
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.J.-P.D.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Mavrik Zavarin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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22
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Deblonde GJP, Mattocks JA, Wang H, Gale EM, Kersting AB, Zavarin M, Cotruvo JA. Characterization of Americium and Curium Complexes with the Protein Lanmodulin: A Potential Macromolecular Mechanism for Actinide Mobility in the Environment. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15769-15783. [PMID: 34542285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic radionuclides, including long-lived heavy actinides such as americium and curium, represent the primary long-term challenge for management of nuclear waste. The potential release of these wastes into the environment necessitates understanding their interactions with biogeochemical compounds present in nature. Here, we characterize the interactions between the heavy actinides, Am3+ and Cm3+, and the natural lanthanide-binding protein, lanmodulin (LanM). LanM is produced abundantly by methylotrophic bacteria, including Methylorubrum extorquens, that are widespread in the environment. We determine the first stability constant for an Am3+-protein complex (Am3LanM) and confirm the results with Cm3LanM, indicating a ∼5-fold higher affinity than that for lanthanides with most similar ionic radius, Nd3+ and Sm3+, and making LanM the strongest known heavy actinide-binding protein. The protein's high selectivity over 243Am's daughter nuclide 239Np enables lab-scale actinide-actinide separations as well as provides insight into potential protein-driven mobilization for these actinides in the environment. The luminescence properties of the Cm3+-LanM complex, and NMR studies of Gd3+-LanM, reveal that lanmodulin-bound f-elements possess two coordinated solvent molecules across a range of metal ionic radii. Finally, we show under a wide range of environmentally relevant conditions that lanmodulin effectively outcompetes desferrioxamine B, a hydroxamate siderophore previously proposed to be important in trivalent actinide mobility. These results suggest that natural lanthanide-binding proteins such as lanmodulin may play important roles in speciation and mobility of actinides in the environment; it also suggests that protein-based biotechnologies may provide a new frontier in actinide remediation, detection, and separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Huan Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Annie B Kersting
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mavrik Zavarin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Yu X, Zheng X, Yang B, Wang J. Investigating the interaction of CdTe quantum dots with plasma protein transferrin and their interacting consequences at the molecular and cellular level. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:434-440. [PMID: 34197848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the interacting mechanism of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with typical plasma protein transferrin (TF) as well as the impact of the formation of QDs-TF complex on the structure of TF and the cytotoxicity of mouse primary kidney cells. Dialysis experiments and cell viability assays revealed that the formation of QDs-TF complex reduced the contents of Cd released from CdTe QDs and thus counteracted the cytotoxicity of CdTe QDs. The assay of isothermal titration calorimetry found that CdTe QDs complexed with TF majorly through hydrophobic interaction. Multi-spectroscopic measurements showed that CdTe QDs caused the loosening of polypeptide chain, the changes of secondary and tertiary structures as well as the attenuated aggregation of TF molecule. Moreover, these structural and conformational changes were attributed to the nano-effects of CdTe QDs rather than the released Cd. This study is of great significance for fully evaluating the biocompatibility of Cd-QDs and comprehensively understanding the mechanism of Cd-QDs toxicity at the molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Yu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30# Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, PR China.
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24
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Cook MC, Brey RR. Identification of Volume of Distribution for 239Pu in Rats. HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 120:367-377. [PMID: 33229944 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The work within identifies the volume of distribution (VD) of plutonium using data from studies in which rats were administered an intravenous bolus injection of 239Pu4+-citrate. The research investigated two separate datasets. Data published by Durbin and colleagues in "Plutonium Deposition Kinetics in Rats" and studies conducted by Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI) were examined. The goal of this research was to identify a value of VD consistent with the known biological behavior of plutonium. The identified VD is necessary to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The creation of a PBPK model describing the behavior of plutonium in the body enables the comparison of transfer rates to validate the biokinetic models currently in use for internal dosimetry purposes. The VD of a substance describes the distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, providing information such as cellular uptake and protein binding. The VD time profiles and values found using the Durbin data were consistent with known behavior of plutonium. The VD values found using data provided by LRRI were not consistent with known behavior of plutonium; however, the VD time profiles generated may still be of use for PBPK modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline C Cook
- Department of Health Physics, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209
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25
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Pallares RM, An DD, Deblonde GJP, Kullgren B, Gauny SS, Jarvis EE, Abergel RJ. Efficient discrimination of transplutonium actinides by in vivo models. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5295-5301. [PMID: 34168780 PMCID: PMC8179619 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplutonium actinides are among the heaviest elements whose macroscale chemical properties can be experimentally tested. Being scarce and hazardous, their chemistry is rather unexplored, and they have traditionally been considered a rather homogeneous group, with most of their characteristics extrapolated from lanthanide surrogates. Newly emerged applications for these elements, combined with their persistent presence in nuclear waste, however, call for a better understanding of their behavior in complex living systems. In this work, we explored the biodistribution and excretion profiles of four transplutonium actinides (248Cm, 249Bk, 249Cf and 253Es) in a small animal model, and evaluated their in vivo sequestration and decorporation by two therapeutic chelators, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO). Notably, the organ deposition patterns of those transplutonium actinides were element-dependent, particularly in the liver and skeleton, where lower atomic number radionuclides showed up to 7-fold larger liver/skeleton accumulation ratios. Nevertheless, the metal content in multiple organs was significantly decreased for all tested actinides, particularly in the liver, after administering the therapeutic agent 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) post-contamination. Lastly, the systematic comparison of the radionuclide biodistributions showed discernibly element-dependent organ depositions, which may provide insights into design rules for new bio-inspired chelating systems with high sequestration and separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Pallares
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Dahlia D An
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Birgitta Kullgren
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Stacey S Gauny
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Erin E Jarvis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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26
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Zurita C, Tsushima S, Bresson C, Garcia Cortes M, Solari PL, Jeanson A, Creff G, Den Auwer C. How Does Iron Storage Protein Ferritin Interact with Plutonium (and Thorium)? Chemistry 2020; 27:2393-2401. [PMID: 32955137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the contamination of living organisms by actinide elements has been a constant subject of attention since the 1950s. But to date still little is understood. Ferritin is the major storage and regulation protein of iron in many organisms, it consists of a protein ring and a ferrihydric core at the center. This work sheds light on the interactions of early actinides (Th, Pu) at oxidation state +IV with ferritin and its ability to store those elements at physiological pH compared to Fe. The ferritin-thorium load curve suggests that ThIV saturates the protein (2840 Th atoms per ferritin) in a similar way that Fe does on the protein ring. Complementary spectroscopic techniques (spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) were combined with molecular dynamics to provide a structural model of the interaction of ThIV and PuIV with ferritin. Comparison of spectroscopic data together with MD calculations suggests that ThIV and PuIV are complexed mainly on the protein ring and not on the ferrihydric core. Indeed from XAS data, there is no evidence of Fe neighbors in the Th and Pu environments. On the other hand, carboxylates from amino acids of the protein ring and a possible additional carbonate anion are shaping the cation coordination spheres. This thorough description from a molecular view point of ThIV and PuIV interaction with ferritin, an essential iron storage protein, is a cornerstone in comprehensive nuclear toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zurita
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Satoru Tsushima
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328, Dresden, Germany.,World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carole Bresson
- CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marta Garcia Cortes
- CEA, Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Jeanson
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Creff
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108, Nice, France
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27
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Van der Meeren A, Drouet G, Devilliers K, Laurent D, Moureau A, Feray A, Lamart S. Evidence for a differential translocation of actinides across human lung epithelial cell monolayer in vitro according to their physicochemical properties and the presence of a chelating agent. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105035. [PMID: 33132172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell plays a key role in the transfer of radionuclides from lungs to blood following pulmonary exposure. The present study was designed to evaluate the transfer across human lung epithelial cells of various actinides (plutonium, americium and uranium), the influence of the physicochemical properties of plutonium compounds and of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). To address this question, Calu-3 cells grown in a bicameral culture system were used. The integrity of the epithelial barrier was evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the passage of a fluorescent marker, lucifer yellow. Activity measurement in basal compartment following periodic collection of culture medium was made from 2 h to seven days. To facilitate data handling and analysis, the statistical tool STATBIODIS was used. The results indicate differences in transfer for the different elements, and according to Pu physicochemical properties. Though to various extents, the chelating agent DTPA always increased the transfer of Pu and Am across the epithelial cells, without altering the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This in vitro cell culture model, by mimicking translocation of actinides from lungs to blood, can represent a valuable tool to further understand the underlying mechanisms and properties controlling this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France.
| | - G Drouet
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - K Devilliers
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - D Laurent
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Moureau
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - A Feray
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - S Lamart
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
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28
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Benjamín-Rivera JA, Cardona-Rivera AE, Vázquez-Maldonado ÁL, Dones-Lassalle CY, Pabón-Colon HL, Rodríguez-Rivera HM, Rodríguez I, González-Espiet JC, Pazol J, Pérez-Ríos JD, Catala-Torres JF, Carrasquillo Rivera M, De Jesus-Soto MG, Cordero-Virella NA, Cruz-Maldonado PM, González-Pagan P, Hernández-Ríos R, Gaur K, Loza-Rosas SA, Tinoco AD. Exploring Serum Transferrin Regulation of Nonferric Metal Therapeutic Function and Toxicity. INORGANICS 2020; 8:48. [PMID: 36844373 PMCID: PMC9957567 DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8090048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum transferrin (sTf) plays a pivotal role in regulating iron biodistribution and homeostasis within the body. The molecular details of sTf Fe(III) binding blood transport, and cellular delivery through transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis are generally well-understood. Emerging interest exists in exploring sTf complexation of nonferric metals as it facilitates the therapeutic potential and toxicity of several of them. This review explores recent X-ray structural and physiologically relevant metal speciation studies to understand how sTf partakes in the bioactivity of key non-redox active hard Lewis acidic metals. It challenges preconceived notions of sTf structure function correlations that were based exclusively on the Fe(III) model by revealing distinct coordination modalities that nonferric metal ions can adopt and different modes of binding to metal-free and Fe(III)-bound sTf that can directly influence how they enter into cells and, ultimately, how they may impact human health. This knowledge informs on biomedical strategies to engineer sTf as a delivery vehicle for metal-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the cancer field. It is the intention of this work to open new avenues for characterizing the functionality and medical utility of nonferric-bound sTf and to expand the significance of this protein in the context of bioinorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Andrés E. Cardona-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | | | | | - Héctor L. Pabón-Colon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | | | - Israel Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Jean C. González-Espiet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Jessika Pazol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Jobaniel D. Pérez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - José F. Catala-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | | | - Michael G. De Jesus-Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | | | - Paola M. Cruz-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Patricia González-Pagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Raul Hernández-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Kavita Gaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Río Piedras, PR 00931, USA)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-939-319-9701
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29
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Deblonde GJP, Mattocks JA, Park DM, Reed DW, Cotruvo JA, Jiao Y. Selective and Efficient Biomacromolecular Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements using Lanmodulin. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11855-11867. [PMID: 32686425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lanmodulin (LanM) is a recently discovered protein that undergoes a large conformational change in response to rare-earth elements (REEs). Here, we use multiple physicochemical methods to demonstrate that LanM is the most selective macromolecule for REEs characterized to date and even outperforms many synthetic chelators. Moreover, LanM exhibits metal-binding properties and structural stability unseen in most other metalloproteins. LanM retains REE binding down to pH ≈ 2.5, and LanM-REE complexes withstand high temperature (up to 95 °C), repeated acid treatments, and up to molar amounts of competing non-REE metal ions (including Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu), allowing the protein's use in harsh chemical processes. LanM's unrivaled properties were applied to metal extraction from two distinct REE-containing industrial feedstocks covering a broad range of REE and non-REE concentrations, namely, precombustion coal and electronic waste leachates. After only a single all-aqueous step, quantitative and selective recovery of the REEs from all non-REEs initially present (Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and U) was achieved, demonstrating the universal selectivity of LanM for REEs against non-REEs and its potential application even for industrial low-grade sources, which are currently underutilized. Our work indicates that biosourced macromolecules such as LanM may offer a new paradigm for extractive metallurgy and other applications involving f-elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dan M Park
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - David W Reed
- Biological & Chemical Science & Engineering Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yongqin Jiao
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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30
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Griffiths NM, Van der Meeren A, Angulo JF, Vincent-Naulleau S. Research on the Radiotoxicology of Plutonium Using Animals: Consideration of the 3Rs-Replace, Reduce, Refine. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:133-140. [PMID: 32301862 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the health effects of incorporated plutonium, many experiments have been conducted using different animal models. These range from (1) applied (tissue uptake/retention determination, decorporation therapy efficacy), (2) fundamental (gene expression, cancer induction), and (3) dosimetry models. In recent years, the use of animals for scientific purposes has become a public concern. The application of the 3Rs - Replace (use of alternative methods or animals not considered capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress), Reduce (reduction in animal numbers), and Refine (better animal welfare and minimization of suffering, pain and distress) - has increased to address ethical concerns and legislative requirements. The introduction of novel non-animal technologies is also an important factor as complementary options to animal experimentation. In radiotoxicology research, it seems there is a natural tendency to Replace given the possibility of data reuse obtained from contamination cases in man and animal studies. The creation of "registries" and "repositories" for nuclear industry workers (civil and military) is now a rich legacy for radiotoxicological measurements. Similarly, Reduction in animal numbers can be achieved by good experimental planning with prior statistical analyses of animal numbers required to obtain robust data. Multiple measurements in the same animal over time (external body counting, excreta collection) with appropriate detection instruments also allow Reduction. In terms of Refinement, this has become "de rigueur" and a necessity given the societal and legal concerns for animal welfare. For research in radiotoxicology, particularly long-term studies, better housing conditions within the constraints of radiation protection issues for research workers are an important concern. These are all pertinent considerations for the 3Rs remit and future research in radiotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Griffiths
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 ARPAJON, France
| | - Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 ARPAJON, France
| | - Jaime F Angulo
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 ARPAJON, France
| | - Silvia Vincent-Naulleau
- Bureau des Etudes Biomédicales chez l'Animal, CEA/DRF/D3P/BEBA, 92260 FONTENAY-aux-ROSES, France
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31
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Levina A, Lay PA. Vanadium(V/IV)–Transferrin Binding Disrupts the Transferrin Cycle and Reduces Vanadium Uptake and Antiproliferative Activity in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16143-16153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Stephens LJ, Levina A, Trinh I, Blair VL, Werrett MV, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Ruthenium(II)-Arene Thiocarboxylates: Identification of a Stable Dimer Selectively Cytotoxic to Invasive Breast Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1188-1200. [PMID: 31701616 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RuII -arene complexes provide a versatile scaffold for novel anticancer drugs. Seven new RuII -arene-thiocarboxylato dimers were synthesized and characterized. Three of the complexes (2 a, b and 5) showed promising antiproliferative activities in MDA-MB-231 (human invasive breast cancer) cells, and were further tested in a panel of fifteen cancerous and noncancerous cell lines. Complex 5 showed moderate but remarkably selective activity in MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 =39±4 μm Ru). Real-time proliferation studies showed that 5 induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells but had no effect in A549 (human lung cancer, epithelial) cells. By contrast, 2 a and b showed moderate antiproliferative activity, but no apoptosis, in either cell line. Selective cytotoxicity of 5 in aggressive, mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells over many common epithelial cancer cell lines (including noninvasive breast cancer MCF-7) makes it an attractive lead compound for the development of specifically antimetastatic Ru complexes with low systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Iman Trinh
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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33
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Sarkar A, Sharma A, Goswami D, Namboodiri V, Enderlein J, Kumbhakar M. Binding Constant Determined from the Angstrom-Scale Change in Hydrodynamic Radius of Transferrin upon Binding with Europium Using Dual-Focus Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1148-1153. [PMID: 31968931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the binding of a large fluorescently tagged molecule to a small solute by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is rather uncommon because the binding-related change in diffusion coefficient is very small. Here, we use a high-precision variant of FCS, namely, dual-focus FCS (2fFCS), for measuring the angstrom-scale change of the hydrodynamic radius of the bilobal metal transport protein transferrin (Tf) upon binding europium ions. Applying a sequential 1:2 complexation model, we use these measurements for determining the binding constants (K). Our results show a 0.7 Å change of the protein's hydrodynamic radius upon 1:1 Tf-Eu complex formation and a second change of 1.8 Å upon subsequent binding of a second europium ion. More than one unit variation in logK indicates an intrinsic dissimilarity in metal affinity of the C- and N-lobes of Tf, which agrees well with earlier reported ensemble spectroscopy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranyak Sarkar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094 , India
| | - Arjun Sharma
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094 , India
| | - Dibakar Goswami
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Bio-oragnic Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Vinu Namboodiri
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- III. Institute of Physics - Biophysics , Georg August University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Manoj Kumbhakar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Center , Mumbai 400085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094 , India
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34
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Mishra L, Sundararajan M, Bandyopadhyay T. Molecular dynamics simulations of plutonium binding and its decorporation from the binding-cleft of human serum transferrin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:213-231. [PMID: 31980924 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of plutonium (Pu) intake by radiation workers can not be ruled out. Transportation of Pu(IV) to various organs/cells is mainly carried through iron-carrying protein, serum transferrin (sTf), by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Understanding the Pu-sTf interaction is a primary step toward future design of its decorporating agents. We report MD simulations of Pu(IV) binding with sTf and look out for its decorporation at extracellular pH using suitable ligands. MD simulations were carried out in polarizable water environment at different protonation states of the protein. Results unravel the binding motif of Pu(IV): (1) sTf binds the ion in closed conformation at extracellular serum pH with carbonate as synergistic anions, (2) change in protonation state of dilysine (K206 and K296)-trigger and that of the carbonate ion at acidic endosomal pH is found to cause conformational changes of protein, conducive for the heavy ion to be released, although; (3) strong electrostatic interaction between D63 in the binding-cleft and Pu(IV) is found not to ever set free the ion. In an endeavour to decorporate Pu(IV), fragmented molecular form of hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) and catechol (CAM)-based ligands are docked at the binding site (BS) of the protein and metadynamics simulations are conducted. Pu(IV) binding at BS is found to be so strong that it was not detached from BS with the docked HOPO. However, for the identical set of simulation parameters, CAM is found to facilitate dislodging the heavy ion from the protein's binding influence. Differential behaviour of the two chelators is further explored. Fragmented molecular form of hydroxy-pyridinone (HOPO) and catecholamide (CAM) ligands were docked at the binding-site (BS) of human serum transferrin (sTf) to explore their feasibility as plausible Pu(IV) decorporating agents by employing metadynamics method. CAM was found to dislodge Pu from the sTf BS, while HOPO could not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokpati Mishra
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Mahesh Sundararajan
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, India. .,Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
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35
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Paquet F, Bailey MR, Leggett RW, Etherington G, Blanchardon E, Smith T, Ratia G, Melo D, Fell TP, Berkovski V, Harrison JD. ICRP Publication 141: Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 4. Ann ICRP 2019; 48:9-501. [PMID: 31850780 DOI: 10.1177/0146645319834139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2007 Recommendations (ICRP, 2007) introduced changes that affect the calculation of effective dose, and implied a revision of the dose coefficients for internal exposure, published previously in the Publication 30 series (ICRP, 1979a,b, 1980a, 1981, 1988) and Publication 68 (ICRP, 1994b). In addition, new data are now available that support an update of the radionuclide-specific information given in Publications 54 and 78 (ICRP, 1989a, 1997) for the design of monitoring programmes and retrospective assessment of occupational internal doses. Provision of new biokinetic models, dose coefficients, monitoring methods, and bioassay data was performed by Committee 2 and its task groups. A new series, the Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR) series, will replace the Publication 30 series and Publications 54, 68, and 78. OIR Part 1 (ICRP, 2015) describes the assessment of internal occupational exposure to radionuclides, biokinetic and dosimetric models, methods of individual and workplace monitoring, and general aspects of retrospective dose assessment. OIR Part 2 (ICRP, 2016), OIR Part 3 (ICRP, 2017), this current publication, and the final publication in the OIR series (OIR Part 5) provide data on individual elements and their radioisotopes, including information on chemical forms encountered in the workplace; a list of principal radioisotopes and their physical half-lives and decay modes; the parameter values of the reference biokinetic models; and data on monitoring techniques for the radioisotopes most commonly encountered in workplaces. Reviews of data on inhalation, ingestion, and systemic biokinetics are also provided for most of the elements. Dosimetric data provided in the printed publications of the OIR series include tables of committed effective dose per intake (Sv per Bq intake) for inhalation and ingestion, tables of committed effective dose per content (Sv per Bq measurement) for inhalation, and graphs of retention and excretion data per Bq intake for inhalation. These data are provided for all absorption types and for the most common isotope(s) of each element. The online electronic files that accompany the OIR series of publications contains a comprehensive set of committed effective and equivalent dose coefficients, committed effective dose per content functions, and reference bioassay functions. Data are provided for inhalation, ingestion, and direct input to blood. This fourth publication in the OIR series provides the above data for the following elements: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), actinium (Ac), protactinium (Pa), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), and fermium (Fm).
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Vidaud C, Miccoli L, Brulfert F, Aupiais J. Fetuin exhibits a strong affinity for plutonium and may facilitate its accumulation in the skeleton. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17584. [PMID: 31772265 PMCID: PMC6879641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After entering the blood, plutonium accumulates mainly in the liver and the bones. The mechanisms leading to its accumulation in bone are, however, completely unknown. We already know that another uptake pathway not involving the transferrin-mediated pathways is suspected to intervene in the case of the liver. Fetuin, a protein playing an important role in bone metabolism, is proposed as a potential transporter of Pu from serum to bone. For the first time, the binding constants of these two proteins (transferrin and fetuin) with tetravalent plutonium at physiological pH (pH 7.0) were determined by using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Their very close values (log10 KPuTf = 26.44 ± 0.28 and log10 KPuFet = 26.20 ± 0.24, respectively) suggest that transferrin and fetuin could compete to chelate plutonium, either in the blood or directly at bone surfaces in the case of Pu deposits. We performed competition reaction studies demonstrating that the relative distribution of Pu-protein complexes is fully explained by thermodynamics. Furthermore, considering the average concentrations of transferrin and fetuin in the blood, our calculation is consistent with the bio-distribution of Pu observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Vidaud
- CEA, DRF, BIAM-Marcoule, F-30207, Bagnols sur Cèze, France.
| | - Laurent Miccoli
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université de Paris-Saclay, F-91297, Arpajon, France
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Sharma A, Sarkar A, Goswami D, Bhattacharyya A, Enderlein J, Kumbhakar M. Determining Metal Ion Complexation Kinetics with Fluorescent Ligands by Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2093-2102. [PMID: 31240810 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been extensively used to measure equilibrium binding constants (K) or association and dissociation rates in many reversible chemical reactions across chemistry and biology. For the majority of investigated reactions, the binding constant was on the order of ∼100 M-1 , with dissociation constants faster or equal to 103 s-1 , which ensured that enough association/dissociation events occur during the typical diffusion-determined transition time of molecules through the FCS detection volume. However, complexation reactions involving metal ions and chelating ligands exhibit equilibrium constants exceeding 104 M-1 . In the present paper, we explore the applicability of FCS for measuring reaction rates of such complexation reactions, and apply it to binding of iron, europium and uranyl ions to a fluorescent chelating ligand, calcein. For this purpose, we exploit the fact that the ligand fluorescence becomes strongly quenched after binding a metal ion, which results in strong intensity fluctuations that lead to a partial correlation decay in FCS. We also present measurements for the strongly radioactive ions of 241 Am3+ , where the extreme sensitivity of FCS allows us to work with sample concentrations and volumes that exhibit close to negligible radioactivity levels. A general discussion of the applicability of FCS to the investigation of metal-ligand binding reactions concludes our paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sharma
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.,Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Aranyak Sarkar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.,Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Dibakar Goswami
- Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.,Bio-organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Arunasis Bhattacharyya
- Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.,Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- III. Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg August University, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manoj Kumbhakar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.,Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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38
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Creff G, Zurita C, Jeanson A, Carle G, Vidaud C, Den Auwer C. What do we know about actinides-proteins interactions? RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Since the early 40s when the first research related to the development of the atomic bomb began for the Manhattan Project, actinides (An) and their association with the use of nuclear energy for civil applications, such as in the generation of electricity, have been a constant source of interest and fear. In 1962, the first Society of Toxicology (SOT), led by H. Hodge, was established at the University of Rochester (USA). It was commissioned as part of the Manhattan Project to assess the impact of nuclear weapons production on workers’ health. As a result of this initiative, the retention and excretion rates of radioactive heavy metals, their physiological impact in the event of acute exposure and their main biological targets were assessed. In this context, the scientific community began to focus on the role of proteins in the transportation and in vivo accumulation of An. The first studies focused on the identification of these proteins. Thereafter, the continuous development of physico-chemical characterization techniques has made it possible to go further and specify the modes of interaction with proteins from both a thermodynamic and structural point of view, as well as from the point of view of their biological activity. This article reviews the work performed in this area since the Manhattan Project. It is divided into three parts: first, the identification of the most affine proteins; second, the study of the affinity and structure of protein-An complexes; and third, the impact of actinide ligation on protein conformation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Creff
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice , 06108 Nice , France
| | - Cyril Zurita
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice , 06108 Nice , France
| | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice , 06108 Nice , France
| | - Georges Carle
- Université Côte d’Azur, CEA, UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs , 06100 Nice , France
| | - Claude Vidaud
- CEA DRF, CNRS, UMR 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d’Aix-Marseille , 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance , France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice , 06108 Nice , France
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39
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Levina A, Lay PA. Transferrin Cycle and Clinical Roles of Citrate and Ascorbate in Improved Iron Metabolism. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:893-900. [PMID: 30973710 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fe(III) delivery from blood plasma to cells via the transferrin (Tf) cycle was studied intensively due to its crucial role in Fe homeostasis. Tf-cycle disruptions are linked to anemia, infections, immunodeficiency, and neurodegeneration. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) enabled direct kinetic and thermodynamic measurements for all Tf-cycle steps in a single in vitro experiment using Tf within blood serum or released into the medium by cultured liver cells. In these media, known Tf cycle features were reproduced, and unprecedented insights were gained into conditions of rapid endosomal (pH 5.6) Fe(III) release from the Tf-Tf receptor 1 (TfR1) adduct. This release occurred via synergistic citrate and ascorbate effects, which pointed to respective roles as the likely elusive Fe chelator and reductant within the Tf cycle. These results explain enhanced cellular Fe uptake by ascorbate, the clinical efficacy of anemia treatment with Fe citrate and ascorbate, and dietary effects associated with loss of Fe homeostasis, including the large health burden of infections and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Götzke L, Schaper G, März J, Kaden P, Huittinen N, Stumpf T, Kammerlander KK, Brunner E, Hahn P, Mehnert A, Kersting B, Henle T, Lindoy LF, Zanoni G, Weigand JJ. Coordination chemistry of f-block metal ions with ligands bearing bio-relevant functional groups. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Sauge-Merle S, Lemaire D, Evans RW, Berthomieu C, Aupiais J. Revisiting binding of plutonium to transferrin by CE-ICP-MS. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:1389-1396. [PMID: 28112296 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04336d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was applied for the first time to determine the binding constant of human transferrin (Tf) for tetravalent plutonium. The experiments were carried out in a buffer 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) at pH 6, 0.1 M NaCl and at a temperature of 25 °C. The nitrilotriacetate anion (NTA) used in this study prevents the hydrolysis of plutonium and is an ideal competitor with Tf for Pu, both ligands sharing comparable binding strength. The separation revealed unambiguous two peaks associated with the complex Pu(NTA)2 used as the initial species and with Pu-transferrin. Two series of independent experiments were conducted and gave the first stepwise conditional bicarbonate-free Pu-transferrin binding constant of . In the absence of bicarbonate the affinity of transferrin for plutonium at pH 6 is about 104 times stronger than that of iron at pH 6.7 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sauge-Merle
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - David Lemaire
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Robert W Evans
- Doctor-on-a-Chip Laboratory, Electronic and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Catherine Berthomieu
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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42
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Saxena M, Loza-Rosas SA, Gaur K, Sharma S, Pérez Otero SC, Tinoco AD. Exploring titanium(IV) chemical proximity to iron(III) to elucidate a function for Ti(IV) in the human body. Coord Chem Rev 2018; 363:109-125. [PMID: 30270932 PMCID: PMC6159949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its natural abundance and widespread use as food, paint additive, and in bone implants, no specific biological function of titanium is known in the human body. High concentrations of Ti(IV) could result in cellular toxicity, however, the absence of Ti toxicity in the blood of patients with titanium bone implants indicates the presence of one or more biological mechanisms to mitigate toxicity. Similar to Fe(III), Ti(IV) in blood binds to the iron transport protein serum transferrin (sTf), which gives credence to the possibility of its cellular uptake mechanism by transferrin-directed endocytosis. However, once inside the cell, how sTf bound Ti(IV) is released into the cytoplasm, utilized, or stored remain largely unknown. To explain the molecular mechanisms involved in Ti use in cells we have drawn parallels with those for Fe(III). Based on its chemical similarities with Fe(III), we compare the biological coordination chemistry of Fe(III) and Ti(IV) and hypothesize that Ti(IV) can bind to similar intracellular biomolecules. The comparable ligand affinity profiles suggest that at high Ti(IV) concentrations, Ti(IV) could compete with Fe(III) to bind to biomolecules and would inhibit Fe bioavailability. At the typical Ti concentrations in the body, Ti might exist as a labile pool of Ti(IV) in cells, similar to Fe. Ti could exhibit different types of properties that would determine its cellular functions. We predict some of these functions to mimic those of Fe in the cell and others to be specific to Ti. Bone and cellular speciation and localization studies hint toward various intracellular targets of Ti like phosphoproteins, DNA, ribonucleotide reductase, and ferritin. However, to decipher the exact mechanisms of how Ti might mediate these roles, development of innovative and more sensitive methods are required to track this difficult to trace metal in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sergio A. Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Kavita Gaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Sofia C. Pérez Otero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931
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43
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Brulfert F, Aupiais J. Topological speciation of actinide–transferrin complexes by capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: evidence of the non-closure of the lobes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9994-10001. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Speciation of plutonium–transferrin complexes by capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Li J, Xing X, Sun B, Zhao Y, Wu Z. Metallofullerenol Inhibits Cellular Iron Uptake by Inducing Transferrin Tetramerization. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2646-2651. [PMID: 28815927 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, A549 tumor cell proliferation was confirmed to be positively dependent on the concentration of Fe3+ or transferrin (Tf). Gd@C82 (OH)22 or C60 (OH)22 effectively inhibited the iron uptake and the subsequent proliferation of A549 cells. The conformational changes of Tf mixed with FeCl3 , GdCl3 , C60 (OH)22 or Gd@C82 (OH)22 were obtained by SAXS. The results demonstrate that Tf homodimers can be decomposed into monomers in the presence of FeCl3 , GdCl3 or C60 (OH)22 , but associated into tetramers in the presence of Gd@C82 (OH)22 . The larger change of SAXS shapes between Tf+C60 (OH)22 and Tf+FeCl3 implies that C60 (OH)22 is bound to Tf, blocking the iron-binding site. The larger deviation of the SAXS shape from a possible crystal structure of Tf tetramer implies that Gd@C82 (OH)22 is bound to the Tf tetramer, thus disturbing iron transport. This study well explains the inhibition mechanism of Gd@C82 (OH)22 and C60 (OH)22 on the iron uptake and the proliferation of A549 tumor cells and highlights the specific interactions of a nanomedicine with the target biomolecules in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xueqing Xing
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoyun Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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45
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Loza-Rosas SA, Saxena M, Delgado Y, Gaur K, Pandrala M, Tinoco AD. A ubiquitous metal, difficult to track: towards an understanding of the regulation of titanium(iv) in humans. Metallomics 2017; 9:346-356. [PMID: 28164202 PMCID: PMC5397357 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous nature of titanium(iv) and several examples of its beneficial behavior in different organisms, the metal remains underappreciated in biology. There is little understanding of how the metal might play an important function in the human body. Nonetheless, a new insight is obtained regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the blood speciation of the metal to maintain it in a nontoxic and potentially bioavailable form for use in the body. This review surveys the literature on Ti(iv) application in prosthetics and in the development of anticancer therapeutics to gain an insight into soluble Ti(iv) influx in the body and its long-term impact. The limitation in analytical tools makes it difficult to depict the full picture of how Ti(iv) is transported and distributed throughout the body. An improved understanding of Ti function and its interaction with biomolecules will be helpful in developing future technologies for its imaging in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00969, USA.
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46
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Van der Meeren A, Moureau A, Laurent D, Laroche P, Angulo JF. In vitro assessment of plutonium uptake and release using the human macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:25-33. [PMID: 27458071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plutonium (Pu) intake by inhalation is one of the major potential consequences following an accident in the nuclear industry or after improvised nuclear device explosion. Macrophages are essential players in retention and clearance of inhaled compounds. However, the extent to which these phagocytic cells are involved in these processes highly depends on the solubility properties of the Pu deposited in the lungs. Our objectives were to develop an in vitro model representative of the human pulmonary macrophage capacity to internalize and release Pu compounds in presence or not of the chelating drug diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA). The monocyte cell line THP-1 was used after differentiation into macrophage-like cells. We assessed the cellular uptake of various forms of Pu which differ in their solubility, as well as the release of the internalized Pu. Results obtained with differentiated THP-1 cells are in good agreement with data from rat alveolar macrophages and fit well with in vivo data. In both cell types, Pu uptake and release depend upon Pu solubility and in all cases DTPA increases Pu release. The proposed model may provide a good complement to in vivo animal experiments and could be used in a first assessment to predict the fraction of Pu that could be potentially trapped, as well as the fraction available to chelating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, 91297 Arpajon, France.
| | - Agnès Moureau
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - David Laurent
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction Health Security Environment & Radioprotection, AREVA, Paris, France
| | - Jaime F Angulo
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, 91297 Arpajon, France
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47
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Tinoco AD, Saxena M, Sharma S, Noinaj N, Delgado Y, Quiñones González EP, Conklin SE, Zambrana N, Loza-Rosas SA, Parks TB. Unusual Synergism of Transferrin and Citrate in the Regulation of Ti(IV) Speciation, Transport, and Toxicity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5659-65. [PMID: 27070073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human serum transferrin (sTf) is a protein that mediates the transport of iron from blood to cells. Assisted by the synergistic anion carbonate, sTf transports Fe(III) by binding the metal ion in a closed conformation. Previous studies suggest sTf's role as a potential transporter of other metals such as titanium. Ti is a widely used metal in colorants, foods, and implants. A substantial amount of Ti is leached into blood from these implants. However, the fate of the leached Ti and its transport into the cells is not known. Understanding Ti interaction with sTf assumes a greater significance with our ever increasing exposure to Ti in the form of implants. On the basis of in vitro studies, it was speculated that transferrin can bind Ti(IV) assisted by a synergistic anion. However, the role and identity of the synergistic anion(s) and the conformational state in which sTf binds Ti(IV) are not known. Here we have solved the first X-ray crystal structure of a Ti(IV)-bound sTf. We find that sTf binds Ti(IV) in an open conformation with both carbonate and citrate as synergistic anions at the metal binding sites, an unprecedented role for citrate. Studies with cell lines suggest that Ti(IV)-sTf is transported into cells and that sTf and citrate regulate the metal's blood speciation and attenuate its cytotoxic property. Our results provide the first glimpse into the citrate-transferrin synergism in the regulation of Ti(IV) bioactivity and offers insight into the future design of Ti(IV)-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University , 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Hockmeyer Hall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy B Parks
- VA Caribbean Healthcare System, 10 Casia Street, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00921
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48
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Wang J, Wang J, Song W, Yang X, Zong W, Liu R. Molecular mechanism investigation of the neutralization of cadmium toxicity by transferrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3536-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06100h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking results of the CdCl2–transferrin complex: the preferred binding sites in transferrin are labelled as sites H1–H4 and E1–E16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Shandong Province
| | - Jinhu Wang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang
- China
| | - Wei Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Shandong Province
| | - Xinping Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Shandong Province
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Population
- Resources and Environment
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
| | - Rutao Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- China–America CRC for Environment & Health
- Shandong Province
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Creff G, Safi S, Roques J, Michel H, Jeanson A, Solari PL, Basset C, Simoni E, Vidaud C, Den Auwer C. Actinide(IV) Deposits on Bone: Potential Role of the Osteopontin-Thorium Complex. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:29-36. [PMID: 26684435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In case of a nuclear event, contamination (broad or limited) of the population or of specific workers might occur. In such a senario, the fate of actinide contaminants may be of first concern, in particular with regard to human target organs like the skeleton. To improve our understanding of the toxicological processes that might take place, a mechanistic approach is necessary. For instance, ∼50% of Pu(IV) is known from biokinetic data to accumulate in bone, but the underlining mechanisms are almost unknown. In this context, and to obtain a better description of the toxicological mechanisms associated with actinides(IV), we have undertaken the investigation, on a molecular scale, of the interaction of thorium(IV) with osteopontin (OPN) a hyperphosphorylated protein involved in bone turnover. Thorium is taken here as a simple model for actinide(IV) chemistry. In addition, we have selected a phosphorylated hexapeptide (His-pSer-Asp-Glu-pSer-Asp-Glu-Val) that is representative of the peptidic sequence involved in the bone interaction. For both the protein and the biomimetic peptide, we have determined the local environment of Th(IV) within the bioactinidic complex, combining isothermal titration calorimetry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, theoretical calculations with density functional theory, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the Th LIII edge. The results demonstrate a predominance of interaction of metal with the phosphate groups and confirmed the previous physiological studies that have highlighted a high affinity of Th(IV) for the bone matrix. Data are further compared with those of the uranyl case, representing the actinyl(V) and actinyl(VI) species. Last, our approach shows the importance of developing simplified systems [Th(IV)-peptide] that can serve as models for more biologically relevant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Creff
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Samir Safi
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, UMR8608, Université Paris XI Orsay , 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jérôme Roques
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, UMR8608, Université Paris XI Orsay , 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Michel
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, UMR8608, Université Paris XI Orsay , 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pier-Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers , BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Eric Simoni
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, UMR8608, Université Paris XI Orsay , 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Claude Vidaud
- CEA Marcoule, DSV, IBEB, LEPC , 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
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Sachs S, Heller A, Weiss S, Bok F, Bernhard G. Interaction of Eu(III) with mammalian cells: Cytotoxicity, uptake, and speciation as a function of Eu(III) concentration and nutrient composition. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1555-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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