1
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Amin M, Koessler ER, Morshed O, Awan F, Cogan NMB, Collison R, Tumiel TM, Girten W, Leiter C, Vamivakas AN, Huo P, Krauss TD. Cavity Controlled Upconversion in CdSe Nanoplatelet Polaritons. ACS NANO 2024; 18:21388-21398. [PMID: 39078943 PMCID: PMC11328175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons provide a versatile platform for investigating quantum electrodynamics effects in chemical systems, such as polariton-altered chemical reactivity. However, using polaritons in chemical contexts will require a better understanding of their photophysical properties under ambient conditions, where chemistry is typically performed. Here, we used cavity quality factor to control strong light-matter interactions and in particular the excited state dynamics of colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) coupled to a Fabry-Pérot optical cavity. With increasing cavity quality factor, we observe significant population of the upper polariton (UP) state, exemplified by the rare observation of substantial UP photoluminescence (PL). Excitation of the lower polariton (LP) states results in upconverted PL emission from the UP branch due to efficient exchange of population between the LP, UP and the reservoir of dark states present in collectively coupled polaritonic systems. In addition, we measure time scales for polariton dynamics ∼100 ps, implying great potential for NPL based polariton systems to affect photochemical reaction rates. State-of-the-art quantum dynamical simulations show outstanding quantitative agreement with experiments, and thus provide important insight into polariton photophysical dynamics of collectively coupled nanocrystal-based systems. These findings represent a significant step toward the development of practical polariton photochemistry platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Amin
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Eric R Koessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ovishek Morshed
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Farwa Awan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Nicole M B Cogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Robert Collison
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Trevor M Tumiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William Girten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Christopher Leiter
- Department of Chemistry, Regis University, Denver, Colorado 80221, United States
| | - A Nickolas Vamivakas
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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2
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Rahman MA, Yomogida Y, Ahad A, Ueji K, Nagano M, Ihara A, Nishidome H, Omoto M, Saito S, Miyata Y, Gao Y, Okada S, Yanagi K. Synthesis and optical properties of WS 2 nanotubes with relatively small diameters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16959. [PMID: 37807007 PMCID: PMC10560667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanotubes exhibit various unique properties depending on their structures, such as their diameter and wall number. The development of techniques to prepare WS2 nanotubes with the desired structure is crucial for understanding their basic properties. Notably, the synthesis and characterization of multi-walled WS2 nanotubes with small diameters are challenging. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of small-diameter WS2 nanotubes with an average inner diameter of 6 nm. The optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the as-prepared nanotubes indicate that a decrease in the nanotube diameter induces a red-shift in the PL, suggesting that the band gap narrowed due to a curvature effect, as suggested by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Physics, Comilla University, Cumilla, 3506, Bangladesh
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Physics, Comilla University, Cumilla, 3506, Bangladesh
| | - Kan Ueji
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mai Nagano
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akane Ihara
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishidome
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mikito Omoto
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeki Saito
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Miyata
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yanlin Gao
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Susumu Okada
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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3
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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4
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John-Herpin A, Tittl A, Kühner L, Richter F, Huang SH, Shvets G, Oh SH, Altug H. Metasurface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy: An Abundance of Materials and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2110163. [PMID: 35638248 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy provides unique information on the composition and dynamics of biochemical systems by resolving the characteristic absorption fingerprints of their constituent molecules. Based on this inherent chemical specificity and the capability for label-free, noninvasive, and real-time detection, infrared spectroscopy approaches have unlocked a plethora of breakthrough applications for fields ranging from environmental monitoring and defense to chemical analysis and medical diagnostics. Nanophotonics has played a crucial role for pushing the sensitivity limits of traditional far-field spectroscopy by using resonant nanostructures to focus the incident light into nanoscale hot-spots of the electromagnetic field, greatly enhancing light-matter interaction. Metasurfaces composed of regular arrangements of such resonators further increase the design space for tailoring this nanoscale light control both spectrally and spatially, which has established them as an invaluable toolkit for surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Starting from the fundamental concepts of metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy, a broad palette of resonator geometries, materials, and arrangements for realizing highly sensitive metadevices is showcased, with a special focus on emerging systems such as phononic and 2D van der Waals materials, and integration with waveguides for lab-on-a-chip devices. Furthermore, advanced sensor functionalities of metasurface-based infrared spectroscopy, including multiresonance, tunability, dielectrophoresis, live cell sensing, and machine-learning-aided analysis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelian John-Herpin
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucca Kühner
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Richter
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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5
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Abstract
The coherent exchange of energy between materials and optical fields leads to strong light-matter interactions and so-called polaritonic states with intriguing properties, halfway between light and matter. Two decades ago, research on these strong light-matter interactions, using optical cavity (vacuum) fields, remained for the most part the province of the physicist, with a focus on inorganic materials requiring cryogenic temperatures and carefully fabricated, high-quality optical cavities for their study. This review explores the history and recent acceleration of interest in the application of polaritonic states to molecular properties and processes. The enormous collective oscillator strength of dense films of organic molecules, aggregates, and materials allows cavity vacuum field strong coupling to be achieved at room temperature, even in rapidly fabricated, highly lossy metallic optical cavities. This has put polaritonic states and their associated coherent phenomena at the fingertips of laboratory chemists, materials scientists, and even biochemists as a potentially new tool to control molecular chemistry. The exciting phenomena that have emerged suggest that polaritonic states are of genuine relevance within the molecular and material energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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6
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Mandal A, Xu D, Mahajan A, Lee J, Delor M, Reichman DR. Microscopic Theory of Multimode Polariton Dispersion in Multilayered Materials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4082-4089. [PMID: 37103998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a microscopic theory for the multimode polariton dispersion in materials coupled to cavity radiation modes. Starting from a microscopic light-matter Hamiltonian, we devise a general strategy for obtaining simple matrix models of polariton dispersion curves based on the structure and spatial location of multilayered 2D materials inside the optical cavity. Our theory exposes the connections between seemingly distinct models that have been employed in the literature and resolves an ambiguity that has arisen concerning the experimental description of the polaritonic band structure. We demonstrate the applicability of our theoretical formalism by fabricating various geometries of multilayered perovskite materials coupled to cavities and demonstrating that our theoretical predictions agree with the experimental results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ankit Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Laitz M, Kaplan AEK, Deschamps J, Barotov U, Proppe AH, García-Benito I, Osherov A, Grancini G, deQuilettes DW, Nelson KA, Bawendi MG, Bulović V. Uncovering temperature-dependent exciton-polariton relaxation mechanisms in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2426. [PMID: 37105984 PMCID: PMC10140020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid perovskites have emerged as a promising material candidate for exciton-polariton (polariton) optoelectronics. Thermodynamically, low-threshold Bose-Einstein condensation requires efficient scattering to the polariton energy dispersion minimum, and many applications demand precise control of polariton interactions. Thus far, the primary mechanisms by which polaritons relax in perovskites remains unclear. In this work, we perform temperature-dependent measurements of polaritons in low-dimensional perovskite wedged microcavities achieving a Rabi splitting of [Formula: see text] = 260 ± 5 meV. We change the Hopfield coefficients by moving the optical excitation along the cavity wedge and thus tune the strength of the primary polariton relaxation mechanisms in this material. We observe the polariton bottleneck regime and show that it can be overcome by harnessing the interplay between the different excitonic species whose corresponding dynamics are modified by strong coupling. This work provides an understanding of polariton relaxation in perovskites benefiting from efficient, material-specific relaxation pathways and intracavity pumping schemes from thermally brightened excitonic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Laitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander E K Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jude Deschamps
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Inés García-Benito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Osherov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Department of Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dane W deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Sansotera M, Marona V, Marziani P, Dintcheva NT, Morici E, Arrigo R, Bussetti G, Navarrini W, Magagnin L. Flexible Perfluoropolyethers-Functionalized CNTs-Based UHMWPE Composites: A Study on Hydrogen Evolution, Conductivity and Thermal Stability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6883. [PMID: 36234224 PMCID: PMC9571002 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible conductive composites based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified by perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) were produced. The bonding of PFPE chains, added in 1:1 and 2:1 weight ratios, on CNTs influences the dispersion of nanotubes in the UHMWPE matrix due to the non-polar nature of the polymer, facilitating the formation of nanofillers-rich conductive pathways and improving composites' electrical conductivity (two to five orders of magnitude more) in comparison to UHMWPE-based nanocomposites obtained with pristine CNTs. Electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) was used to evaluate the morphological changes during cyclic voltammetry (CV). The decrease of the overpotential for hydrogen oxidation peaks in samples containing PFPE-functionalized CNTs and hydrogen production (approximately -1.0 V vs. SHE) suggests that these samples could find application in fuel cell technology as well as in hydrogen storage devices. Carbon black-containing composites were prepared for comparative study with CNTs containing nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Sansotera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-PoliMi), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Marona
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-PoliMi), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Marziani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadka Tzankova Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-Palermo), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Morici
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Advanced Technologies Network (ATeN) Center, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-Palermo), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianlorenzo Bussetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Navarrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-PoliMi), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (UdR-PoliMi), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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9
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Li D, Zhou Z, Sun J, Mei X. Prospects of NIR fluorescent nanosensors for green detection of SARS-CoV-2. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 362:131764. [PMID: 35370362 PMCID: PMC8964475 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is continuously causing hazards for the world. Effective detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can relieve the impact, but various toxic chemicals are also released into the environment. Fluorescence sensors offer a facile analytical strategy. During fluorescence sensing, biological samples such as tissues and body fluids have autofluorescence, giving false-positive/negative results because of the interferences. Fluorescence near-infrared (NIR) nanosensors can be designed from low-toxic materials with insignificant background signals. Although this research is still in its infancy, further developments in this field have the potential for sustainable detection of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we summarize the reported NIR fluorescent nanosensors with the potential to detect SARS-CoV-2. The green synthesis of NIR fluorescent nanomaterials, environmentally compatible sensing strategies, and possible methods to reduce the testing frequencies are discussed. Further optimization strategies for developing NIR fluorescent nanosensors to facilitate greener diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 for pandemic control are proposed.
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Key Words
- 5 G, the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AIE, aggregation-induced emission
- AIE810NP, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanoparticle (λem = 810 nm)
- AIEgens, AIE luminogens
- ASOs, antisense oligonucleotides
- AuNP, Gold nanoparticle
- CF647, a cyanine-based far-red fluorescent dye
- COVID-19, The pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019
- CP-MNB, capture probe-conjugated magnetic bead particle
- CdS, core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide
- CoPhMoRe, corona phase molecular recognition
- Cy7Cl, a cationic cyanine dye
- DCNPs, Down-conversion nanoparticles
- DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry
- DSNP, down shifting nanoparticles
- DSNP@MY-1057-GPC-3, active targeting antibody glypican-3 (GPC-3) was conjugated with DSNP@MY-1057
- E, envelope
- EB-NS, prepared by the layered pigment CaCuSi4O10 (Egyptian Blue, EB) via ball milling and facile tip sonication into NIR fluorescent nanosheets
- ENMs, electrospun nanofibrous membranes
- Environmental-friendly
- FLU, an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Green synthesis
- HA1, hemagglutinin subunit.
- HA1., hemagglutinin subunit
- HAS, serum albumin
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IONPs, iron oxide nanoparticles.
- IONPs., iron oxide nanoparticles
- IgG A, IgG aggregation
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LED, light emitting diode
- LICOR, IRDye-800CW
- Low-toxic
- M, membrane
- MCU, microcontroller unit
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- N protein, nucleocapsid protein
- N, nucleocapsid
- NIR
- NIR, Near-Infrared
- NIR775, an H2S-inert fluorophore
- Nanosensor
- P, FITC-labelled GzmB substrate peptides
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- PEG, branched by Polyethylene glycol
- PEG1000 PE, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)− 1000]
- PEG2000 PE, (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)− 2000);
- POC, point-of-care
- PS, polystyrene
- Pb-Ag2S ODs, lead doped Ag2S quantum dots
- QDs, quantum dots
- QY, quantum yield
- R, R represents a common recognition element for the target
- RCA, rolling circle amplification
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- S RBD, SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain
- S protein, spike protein
- S, spike
- SAM, self-assembled monolayer
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SPNs, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles.
- SPNs., semiconducting polymer nanoparticles
- SWCNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes
- Si-RP, silica-reporter probe
- VIS, visible
- VTM, viral transport medium
- pGOLD, plasmonic gold
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
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10
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Lüttgens JM, Kuang Z, Zorn NF, Buckup T, Zaumseil J. Evidence for a Polariton-Mediated Biexciton Transition in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1567-1576. [PMID: 35607642 PMCID: PMC9121424 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of excitonic resonances with a cavity gives rise to exciton-polaritons which possess a modified energy landscape compared to the uncoupled emitter. However, due to the femtosecond lifetime of the so-called bright polariton states and transient changes of the cavity reflectivity under excitation, it is challenging to directly measure the polariton excited state dynamics. Here, near-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy is used to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of exciton-polaritons based on strongly coupled (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes in metal-clad microcavities. We present a protocol for fitting the reflectivity-associated response of the cavity using genetic algorithm-assisted transfer-matrix simulations. With this approach, we are able to identify an absorptive exciton-polariton feature in the transient transmission data. This feature appears instantaneously under resonant excitation of the upper polariton but is delayed for off-resonant excitation. The observed transition energy and detuning dependence point toward a direct upper polariton-to-biexciton transition. Our results provide direct evidence for exciton-polariton intrinsic transitions beyond the bright polariton lifetime in strongly coupled microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Carbon Nanotube Devices for Quantum Technology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041535. [PMID: 35208080 PMCID: PMC8878677 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes, quintessentially one-dimensional quantum objects, possess a variety of electrical, optical, and mechanical properties that are suited for developing devices that operate on quantum mechanical principles. The states of one-dimensional electrons, excitons, and phonons in carbon nanotubes with exceptionally large quantization energies are promising for high-operating-temperature quantum devices. Here, we discuss recent progress in the development of carbon-nanotube-based devices for quantum technology, i.e., quantum mechanical strategies for revolutionizing computation, sensing, and communication. We cover fundamental properties of carbon nanotubes, their growth and purification methods, and methodologies for assembling them into architectures of ordered nanotubes that manifest macroscopic quantum properties. Most importantly, recent developments and proposals for quantum information processing devices based on individual and assembled nanotubes are reviewed.
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12
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Jiang Z, Ren A, Yan Y, Yao J, Zhao YS. Exciton-Polaritons and Their Bose-Einstein Condensates in Organic Semiconductor Microcavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106095. [PMID: 34881466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles formed by strong exciton-photon coupling in semiconductor microcavities. These hybrid particles possess the strong nonlinear interactions of excitons and keep most of the characteristics of the underlying photons. As bosons, above a threshold density they can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation to a polariton condensate phase and exhibit a rich variety of exotic macroscopic quantum phenomena in solids. Recently, organic semiconductors have been considered as a promising material platform for these studies due to their room-temperature stability, good processability, and abundant photophysics and photochemistry. Herein, recent advances of exciton-polaritons and their Bose-Einstein condensates in organic semiconductor microcavities are summarized. First, the basic physics is introduced, and then their emerging applications are highlighted. The remaining questions are also discussed and a personal viewpoint about the potential directions for future research is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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13
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Feng J, Wang J, Fieramosca A, Bao R, Zhao J, Su R, Peng Y, Liew TCH, Sanvitto D, Xiong Q. All-optical switching based on interacting exciton polaritons in self-assembled perovskite microwires. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6627. [PMID: 34757800 PMCID: PMC8580323 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast all-optical switches and integrated circuits call for giant optical nonlinearity to minimize energy consumption and footprint. Exciton polaritons underpin intrinsic strong nonlinear interactions and high-speed propagation in solids, thus affording an intriguing platform for all-optical devices. However, semiconductors sustaining stable exciton polaritons at room temperature usually exhibit restricted nonlinearity and/or propagation properties. Delocalized and strongly interacting Wannier-Mott excitons in metal halide perovskites highlight their advantages in integrated nonlinear optical devices. Here, we report all-optical switching by using propagating and strongly interacting exciton-polariton fluids in self-assembled CsPbBr3 microwires. Strong polariton-polariton interactions and extended polariton fluids with a propagation length of around 25 μm have been reached. All-optical switching on/off of polariton propagation can be realized in picosecond time scale by locally blue-shifting the dispersion with interacting polaritons. The all-optical switching, together with the scalable self-assembly method, highlights promising applications of solution-processed perovskites toward integrated photonics operating in strong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Feng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (Q.X.); (J.F.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Ruiqi Bao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yutian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Timothy C. H. Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. (Q.X.); (J.F.)
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14
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Renken S, Pandya R, Georgiou K, Jayaprakash R, Gai L, Shen Z, Lidzey DG, Rao A, Musser AJ. Untargeted effects in organic exciton-polariton transient spectroscopy: A cautionary tale. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154701. [PMID: 34686047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling to form exciton- and vibropolaritons is increasingly touted as a powerful tool to alter the fundamental properties of organic materials. It is proposed that these states and their facile tunability can be used to rewrite molecular potential energy landscapes and redirect photophysical pathways, with applications from catalysis to electronic devices. Crucial to their photophysical properties is the exchange of energy between coherent, bright polaritons and incoherent dark states. One of the most potent tools to explore this interplay is transient absorption/reflectance spectroscopy. Previous studies have revealed unexpectedly long lifetimes of the coherent polariton states, for which there is no theoretical explanation. Applying these transient methods to a series of strong-coupled organic microcavities, we recover similar long-lived spectral effects. Based on transfer-matrix modeling of the transient experiment, we find that virtually the entire photoresponse results from photoexcitation effects other than the generation of polariton states. Our results suggest that the complex optical properties of polaritonic systems make them especially prone to misleading optical signatures and that more challenging high-time-resolution measurements on high-quality microcavities are necessary to uniquely distinguish the coherent polariton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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15
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Baraclough M, Hooper IR, Barnes WL. Metamaterial Analogues of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2997-3003. [PMID: 34692899 PMCID: PMC8532157 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polariton modes due to the strong coupling of light and matter has led to exciting developments in physics, chemistry, and materials science. The potential to modify the properties of molecular materials by strongly coupling molecules to a confined light field is so far-reaching and so attractive that a new field known as "polaritonic chemistry" is now emerging. However, the molecular scale of the materials involved makes probing strong coupling at the individual resonator level extremely challenging. Here, we offer a complementary approach based upon metamaterials, an approach that enables us to use cm-scale structures, thereby opening a new way to explore strong coupling phenomena. As proof-of-principle, we show that metamolecules placed inside a radio frequency cavity may exhibit strong coupling and show that near-field radio frequency techniques allow us, for the first time, to probe the response of individual metamolecules under strong coupling conditions.
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16
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Anantharaman SB, Jo K, Jariwala D. Exciton-Photonics: From Fundamental Science to Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12628-12654. [PMID: 34310122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in all dimensionalities ranging from 0D quantum dots and molecules to 3D bulk crystals support bound electron-hole pair quasiparticles termed excitons. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a variety of low-dimensional semiconductors that support excitons combined with advances in nano-optics and photonics has burgeoned an advanced area of research that focuses on engineering, imaging, and modulating the coupling between excitons and photons, resulting in the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed exciton-polaritons. This advanced area has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in quantum optics, as well as classical optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a review on the coupling of light in excitonic semiconductors and previous investigations of the optical properties of these hybrid quasiparticles via both far-field and near-field imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Special emphasis is given to recent advances with critical evaluation of the bottlenecks that plague various materials toward practical device implementations including quantum light sources. Our review highlights a growing need for excitonic material development together with optical engineering and imaging techniques to harness the utility of excitons and their host materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Anantharaman SB, Stevens CE, Lynch J, Song B, Hou J, Zhang H, Jo K, Kumar P, Blancon JC, Mohite AD, Hendrickson JR, Jariwala D. Self-Hybridized Polaritonic Emission from Layered Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6245-6252. [PMID: 34260259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter coupling in excitonic materials has been the subject of intense recent investigations due to emergence of new materials. Two-dimensional layered hybrid organic/inorganic perovskites (2D HOIPs) support strongly bound excitons at room temperature with some of the highest oscillator strengths and electric loss tangents among the known excitonic materials. Here, we report strong light-matter coupling in Ruddlesden-Popper phase 2D HOIP crystals without the necessity of an external cavity. We report the concurrent occurrence of multiple orders of hybrid light-matter states via both reflectance and luminescence spectroscopy in thick (>100 nm) crystals and near-unity absorption in thin (<20 nm) crystals. We observe resonances with quality factors of >250 in hybridized exciton-polaritons and identify a linear correlation between exciton-polariton mode splitting and extinction coefficient of the various 2D HOIPs. Our work opens the door to studying polariton dynamics in self-hybridized and open cavity systems with broad applications in optoelectronics and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher E Stevens
- KBR, Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jason Lynch
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Baokun Song
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jin Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Blancon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Joshua R Hendrickson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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18
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Lüttgens JM, Berger FJ, Zaumseil J. Population of Exciton-Polaritons via Luminescent sp 3 Defects in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:182-193. [PMID: 33506074 PMCID: PMC7821305 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are an interesting material for strong-light matter coupling due to their stable excitons, narrow emission in the near-infrared region, and high charge carrier mobilities. Furthermore, they have emerged as quantum light sources as a result of the controlled introduction of luminescent quantum defects (sp3 defects) with red-shifted transitions that enable single-photon emission. The complex photophysics of SWCNTs and the overall goal of polariton condensation pose the question of how exciton-polaritons are populated and how the process might be optimized. The contributions of possible relaxation processes, i.e., scattering with acoustic phonons, vibrationally assisted scattering, and radiative pumping, are investigated using angle-resolved reflectivity and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on microcavities with a wide range of detunings. We show that the predominant population mechanism for SWCNT exciton-polaritons in planar microcavities is radiative pumping. Consequently, the limitation of polariton population due to the low photoluminescence quantum yield of nanotubes can be overcome by luminescent sp3 defects. Without changing the polariton branch structure, radiative pumping through these emissive defects leads to an up to 10-fold increase of the polariton population for detunings with a large photon fraction. Thus, the controlled and tunable functionalization of SWCNTs with sp3 defects presents a viable route toward bright and efficient polariton devices.
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19
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Lohmann SH, Trerayapiwat KJ, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Sharifzadeh S, Ma X. sp3-Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Creates Localized Spins. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17675-17682. [PMID: 33306353 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical functionalization-introduced sp3 quantum defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have shown compelling optical properties for their potential applications in quantum information science and bioimaging. Here, we utilize temperature- and power-dependent electron spin resonance measurements to study the fundamental spin properties of SWCNTs functionalized with well-controlled densities of sp3 quantum defects. Signatures of isolated spins that are highly localized at the sp3 defect sites are observed, which we further confirm with density functional theory calculations. Applying temperature-dependent line width analysis and power-saturation measurements, we estimate the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 and spin dephasing time T2 to be around 9 μs and 40 ns, respectively. These findings of the localized spin states that are associated with the sp3 quantum defects not only deepen our understanding of the molecular structures of the quantum defects but could also have strong implications for their applications in quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Hendrik Lohmann
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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20
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Mischok A, Lüttgens J, Berger F, Hillebrandt S, Tenopala-Carmona F, Kwon S, Murawski C, Siegmund B, Zaumseil J, Gather MC. Spectroscopic near-infrared photodetectors enabled by strong light-matter coupling in (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:201104. [PMID: 33261478 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling leads to the formation of mixed exciton-polariton states, allowing for a rigorous manipulation of the absorption and emission of excitonic materials. Here, we demonstrate the realization of this promising concept in organic photodetectors. By hybridizing the E11 exciton of semiconducting (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with near-infrared cavity photons, we create spectrally tunable polariton states within a photodiode. In turn, we are able to red-shift the detection peak that coincides with the lower polariton band. Our photodiodes comprise a metal cavity to mediate strong coupling between light and SWNTs and utilize P3HT and PC70BM as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively. The diodes are formed either via mixing of SWNTs, P3HT, and PC70BM to create a bulk heterojunction or by sequential processing of layers to form flat heterojunctions. The resulting near-infrared sensors show tunable, efficient exciton harvesting in an application-relevant wavelength range between 1000 nm and 1300 nm, with optical simulations showing a possible extension beyond 1500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mischok
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Berger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Hillebrandt
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Tenopala-Carmona
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Seonil Kwon
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Murawski
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte C Gather
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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21
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Gaviria Rojas WA, Hersam MC. Chirality-Enriched Carbon Nanotubes for Next-Generation Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905654. [PMID: 32255238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For the past half century, silicon has served as the primary material platform for integrated circuit technology. However, the recent proliferation of nontraditional electronics, such as wearables, embedded systems, and low-power portable devices, has led to increasingly complex mechanical and electrical performance requirements. Among emerging electronic materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for next-generation computing as a result of their superlative electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Moreover, their chirality-dependent properties enable a wide range of emerging electronic applications including sub-10 nm complementary field-effect transistors, optoelectronic integrated circuits, and enantiomer-recognition sensors. Here, recent progress in SWCNT-based computing devices is reviewed, with an emphasis on the relationship between chirality enrichment and electronic functionality. In particular, after highlighting chirality-dependent SWCNT properties and chirality enrichment methods, the range of computing applications that have been demonstrated using chirality-enriched SWCNTs are summarized. By identifying remaining challenges and opportunities, this work provides a roadmap for next-generation SWCNT-based computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Gaviria Rojas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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22
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Menghrajani KS, Barnes WL. Strong Coupling beyond the Light-Line. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:2448-2459. [PMID: 33163580 PMCID: PMC7640702 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules placed in an optical microcavity may lead to the formation of hybrid states called polaritons; states that inherit characteristics of both the optical cavity modes and the molecular resonance. Developing a better understanding of the matter characteristics of these hybrid states has been the focus of much recent attention. Here, as we will show, a better understanding of the role of the optical modes supported by typical cavity structures is also required. Typical microcavities used in molecular strong coupling experiments support more than one mode at the frequency of the material resonance. While the effect of strong coupling to multiple photonic modes has been considered before, here we extend this topic by looking at strong coupling between one vibrational mode and multiple photonic modes. Many experiments involving strong coupling make use of metal-clad microcavities, ones with metallic mirrors. Metal-clad microcavities are well-known to support coupled plasmon modes in addition to the standard microcavity mode. However, the coupled plasmon modes associated with a metal-clad optical microcavity lie beyond the light-line and are thus not probed in typical experiments on strong coupling. Here we investigate, through experiment and numerical modeling, the interaction between molecules within a cavity and the modes both inside and outside the light-line. Making use of grating coupling and a metal-clad microcavity, we provide an experimental demonstration that such modes undergo strong coupling. We further show that a common variant of the metal-clad microcavity, one in which the metal mirrors are replaced by distributed Bragg reflector also show strong coupling to modes that exist in these structures beyond the light-line. Our results highlight the need to consider the effect of beyond the light-line modes on the strong coupling of molecular resonances in microcavities and may be of relevance in designing strong coupling resonators for chemistry and materials science investigations.
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23
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Ulusoy IS, Vendrell O. Dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular ensembles in a lossy microcavity. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044108. [PMID: 32752693 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiative and nonradiative relaxation dynamics of an ensemble of molecules in a microcavity are investigated with emphasis on the impact of the cavity lifetime on reactive and spectroscopic properties. Extending a previous study [I. S. Ulusoy et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 8832-8844 (2019)], it is shown that the dynamics of the ensemble and of single molecules are influenced by the presence of a cavity resonance as long as the polariton splitting can be resolved spectroscopically, which critically depends on the lifetime of the system. Our simulations illustrate how the branching between nonradiative intersystem crossing and radiative decay through the cavity can be tuned by selecting specific cavity photon energies resonant at specific molecular geometries. In the case of cavity-photon energies that are not resonant at the Franck-Condon geometry of the molecules, it is demonstrated numerically and analytically that collective effects are limited to a handful of molecules in the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Hertzog M, Börjesson K. The Effect of Coupling Mode in the Vibrational Strong Coupling Regime. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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25
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Zhu S, Tian R, Antaris AL, Chen X, Dai H. Near-Infrared-II Molecular Dyes for Cancer Imaging and Surgery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900321. [PMID: 31025403 PMCID: PMC6555689 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence bioimaging affords a vital tool for both researchers and surgeons to molecularly target a variety of biological tissues and processes. This review focuses on summarizing organic dyes emitting at a biological transparency window termed the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) window, where minimal light interaction with the surrounding tissues allows photons to travel nearly unperturbed throughout the body. NIR-II fluorescence imaging overcomes the penetration/contrast bottleneck of imaging in the visible region, making it a remarkable modality for early diagnosis of cancer and highly sensitive tumor surgery. Due to their convenient bioconjugation with peptides/antibodies, NIR-II molecular dyes are desirable candidates for targeted cancer imaging, significantly overcoming the autofluorescence/scattering issues for deep tissue molecular imaging. To promote the clinical translation of NIR-II bioimaging, advancements in the high-performance small molecule-derived probes are critically important. Here, molecules with clinical potential for NIR-II imaging are discussed, summarizing the synthesis and chemical structures of NIR-II dyes, chemical and optical properties of NIR-II dyes, bioconjugation and biological behavior of NIR-II dyes, whole body imaging with NIR-II dyes for cancer detection and surgery, as well as NIR-II fluorescence microscopy imaging. A key perspective on the direction of NIR-II molecular dyes for cancer imaging and surgery is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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26
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Neupane GP, Zhou K, Chen S, Yildirim T, Zhang P, Lu Y. In-Plane Isotropic/Anisotropic 2D van der Waals Heterostructures for Future Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804733. [PMID: 30714302 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mono- to few-layers of 2D semiconducting materials have uniquely inherent optical, electronic, and magnetic properties that make them ideal for probing fundamental scientific phenomena up to the 2D quantum limit and exploring their emerging technological applications. This Review focuses on the fundamental optoelectronic studies and potential applications of in-plane isotropic/anisotropic 2D semiconducting heterostructures. Strong light-matter interaction, reduced dimensionality, and dielectric screening in mono- to few-layers of 2D semiconducting materials result in strong many-body interactions, leading to the formation of robust quasiparticles such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons. An in-plane isotropic nature leads to the quasi-2D particles, whereas, an anisotropic nature leads to quasi-1D particles. Hence, in-plane isotropic/anisotropic 2D heterostructures lead to the formation of quasi-1D/2D particle systems allowing for the manipulation of high binding energy quasi-1D particle populations for use in a wide variety of applications. This Review emphasizes an exciting 1D-2D particles dynamic in such heterostructures and their potential for high-performance photoemitters and exciton-polariton lasers. Moreover, their scopes are also broadened in thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, photostriction, energy storage, hydrogen evolution reactions, and chemical sensor fields. The unique in-plane isotropic/anisotropic 2D heterostructures may open the possibility of engineering smart devices in the nanodomain with complex opto-electromechanical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prakash Neupane
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, China
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kai Zhou
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nan-hai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Songsong Chen
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nan-hai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, China
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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27
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Gao W, Kono J. Science and applications of wafer-scale crystalline carbon nanotube films prepared through controlled vacuum filtration. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181605. [PMID: 31032018 PMCID: PMC6458426 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make an ideal one-dimensional (1D) material platform for the exploration of novel physical phenomena under extremely strong quantum confinement. The 1D character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual CNTs features extraordinary electronic, thermal and optical properties. Since their discovery in 1991, they have been continuing to attract interest in various disciplines, including chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. However, the macroscopic manifestation of 1D properties is still limited, despite significant efforts for decades. Recently, a controlled vacuum filtration method has been developed for the preparation of wafer-scale films of crystalline chirality-enriched CNTs, and such films have enabled exciting new fundamental studies and applications. In this review, we will first discuss the controlled vacuum filtration technique, and then summarize recent discoveries in optical spectroscopy studies and optoelectronic device applications using films prepared by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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28
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Kottilil D, Gupta M, Tomar K, Zhou F, Vijayan C, Bharadwaj PK, Ji W. Cost-Effective Realization of Multimode Exciton-Polaritons in Single-Crystalline Microplates of a Layered Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7288-7295. [PMID: 30697998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of multimode exciton-polaritons in single-crystalline microplates of a two-dimensional (2D) layered metal-organic framework (MOF), which can be synthesized through a facile solvothermal approach, thereby eliminating all fabrication complexities usually involved in the construction of polariton cavities. With a combination of experiments and theoretical modeling, we have found that the exciton-polaritons are formed at room temperature as a result of a strong coupling between Fabry-Perot cavity modes formed inherently by two parallel surfaces of a microplate and Frenkel excitons provided by the 2D layers of dye molecular linkers in the MOF. Flexibility in rational selection of dye linkers for synthesizing such MOFs renders a large-scale, low-cost production of solid-state, micro-exciton-polaritonic devices operating in the visible and near-infrared range. Our work introduces MOFs as a new class of potential materials to explore polariton-related quantum phenomena in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kottilil
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 3, Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542 , Singapore
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Kapil Tomar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 3, Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542 , Singapore
| | - C Vijayan
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Parimal K Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 3, Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542 , Singapore
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , P. R. China
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29
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Hertzog M, Wang M, Mony J, Börjesson K. Strong light-matter interactions: a new direction within chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:937-961. [PMID: 30662987 PMCID: PMC6365945 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00193f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is possible to modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules, not only through chemical modifications but also by coupling molecules strongly to light. More intriguingly, strong coupling between molecules and light is possible even without the presence of a photon. The phenomenon that makes this possible is called vacuum fluctuations, which is the finite zero point energy of the quantized electromagnetic field inside an optical cavity. The light-matter coupling, which can be as large as 1 eV (100 kJ mol-1), leads to the formation of new hybrid states, called polaritons. The formed hybrid states can be viewed as a linear combination of light (vacuum field) and matter (molecules), thus completely changing the energy landscape of the system. Using vacuum fluctuations, strong light-matter interactions have for instance been used to change chemical reactivity, charge conductivity, excited state relaxation pathways and rates of chemical reactions of organic molecules. In this review a brief history of the field is given, followed by a theoretical framework, methods of analysis, and a review of accomplishments. Finally, a personal reflection on the future perspectives and applications within this field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hertzog
- University of Gothenburg
, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
,
Kemigården 4
, 41296 Gothenburg
, Sweden
.
| | - Mao Wang
- University of Gothenburg
, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
,
Kemigården 4
, 41296 Gothenburg
, Sweden
.
| | - Jürgen Mony
- University of Gothenburg
, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
,
Kemigården 4
, 41296 Gothenburg
, Sweden
.
| | - Karl Börjesson
- University of Gothenburg
, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
,
Kemigården 4
, 41296 Gothenburg
, Sweden
.
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30
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Tian R, Ma H, Yang Q, Wan H, Zhu S, Chandra S, Sun H, Kiesewetter DO, Niu G, Liang Y, Chen X. Rational design of a super-contrast NIR-II fluorophore affords high-performance NIR-II molecular imaging guided microsurgery. Chem Sci 2019; 10:326-332. [PMID: 30713641 PMCID: PMC6333232 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging in the "transparent" near-infrared II (NIR-II) window has demonstrated impressive benefits in reaching millimeter penetration depths with high specificity and imaging quality. Previous NIR-II molecular imaging generally relied on high hepatic uptake fluorophores with an unclear mechanism and antibody-derived conjugates, suffering from inevitable nonspecific retention in the main organs/skin with a relatively low signal-to-background ratio. It is still challenging to synthesize a NIR-II fluorophore with both high quantum yield and minimal liver-retention feature. Herein, we identified the structural design and excretion mechanism of novel NIR-II fluorophores for NIR-II molecular imaging with an extremely clean background. With the optimized renally excreted fluorophore-peptide conjugates, superior NIR-II targeting imaging was accompanied by the improved signal-to-background ratio during tumor detection with reducing off-target tissue exposure. An unprecedented NIR-II imaging-guided microsurgery was achieved using such an imaging platform, which provides us with a great preclinical example to accelerate the potential clinical translation of NIR-II imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Huilong Ma
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Qinglai Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
- Research Center for Advanced Materials and Biotechnology , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Swati Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , School of Physics and Materials Science , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
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31
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Intrinsically ultrastrong plasmon-exciton interactions in crystallized films of carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12662-12667. [PMID: 30459274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816251115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cavity quantum electrodynamics, optical emitters that are strongly coupled to cavities give rise to polaritons with characteristics of both the emitters and the cavity excitations. We show that carbon nanotubes can be crystallized into chip-scale, two-dimensionally ordered films and that this material enables intrinsically ultrastrong emitter-cavity interactions: Rather than interacting with external cavities, nanotube excitons couple to the near-infrared plasmon resonances of the nanotubes themselves. Our polycrystalline nanotube films have a hexagonal crystal structure, ∼25-nm domains, and a 1.74-nm lattice constant. With this extremely high nanotube density and nearly ideal plasmon-exciton spatial overlap, plasmon-exciton coupling strengths reach 0.5 eV, which is 75% of the bare exciton energy and a near record for room-temperature ultrastrong coupling. Crystallized nanotube films represent a milestone in nanomaterials assembly and provide a compelling foundation for high-ampacity conductors, low-power optical switches, and tunable optical antennas.
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32
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Mony J, Hertzog M, Kushwaha K, Börjesson K. Angle-Independent Polariton Emission Lifetime Shown by Perylene Hybridized to the Vacuum Field Inside a Fabry-Pérot Cavity. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:24917-24923. [PMID: 30450150 PMCID: PMC6234983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hybrid light-matter states in optical structures, manifested as a Rabi splitting of the eigenenergies of a coupled system, is one of the key effects in quantum optics. The hybrid states (exciton polaritons) have unique chemical and physical properties and can be viewed as a linear combination of light and matter. The optical properties of the exciton polaritons are dispersive by nature, a property inherited from the photonic contribution to the polariton. On the other hand, the polariton lifetime in organic molecular systems has recently been highly debated. The photonic contribution to the polariton would suggest a lifetime on the femtosecond time scale, much shorter than experimentally observed. Here, we increase the insights of light-mater states by showing that the polariton emission lifetime is nondispersive. A perylene derivative was strongly coupled to the vacuum field by incorporating the molecule into a Fabry-Pérot cavity. The polariton emission from the cavity was shown to be dispersive, but the emission lifetime was nondispersive and on the time scale of the bare exciton. The results were rationalized by the exciton reservoir model, giving experimental evidence to currently used theories, thus improving our understanding of strong coupling phenomena in molecules.
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33
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Zakharko Y, Rother M, Graf A, Hähnlein B, Brohmann M, Pezoldt J, Zaumseil J. Radiative Pumping and Propagation of Plexcitons in Diffractive Plasmonic Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4927-4933. [PMID: 29995428 PMCID: PMC6089499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling between plasmons and excitons leads to the formation of plexcitons: quasiparticles that combine nanoscale energy confinement and pronounced optical nonlinearities. In addition to these localized modes, the enhanced control over the dispersion relation of propagating plexcitons may enable coherent and collective coupling of distant emitters. Here, we experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between carbon nanotube excitons and spatially extended plasmonic modes formed via diffractive coupling of periodically arranged gold nanoparticles (nanodisks, nanorods). Depending on the light-matter composition, the rather long-lived plexcitons (>100 fs) undergo highly directional propagation over 20 μm. Near-field energy distributions calculated with the finite-difference time-domain method fully corroborate our experimental results. The previously demonstrated compatibility of this plexcitonic system with electrical excitation opens the path to the realization of a variety of ultrafast active plasmonic devices, cavity-assisted energy transport and low-power optoelectronic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rother
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hähnlein
- Institut
für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische
Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Maximilian Brohmann
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Pezoldt
- Institut
für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische
Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
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34
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Zhu S, Yung BC, Chandra S, Niu G, Antaris AL, Chen X. Near-Infrared-II (NIR-II) Bioimaging via Off-Peak NIR-I Fluorescence Emission. Theranostics 2018; 8:4141-4151. [PMID: 30128042 PMCID: PMC6096392 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significantly reduced photon scattering and minimal tissue autofluorescence levels in the second biological transparency window (NIR-II; 1000-1700 nm) facilitate higher resolution in vivo biological imaging compared to tradition NIR fluorophores (~700-900 nm). However, the existing palette of NIR-II fluorescent agents including semiconducting inorganic nanomaterials and recently introduced small-molecule organic dyes face significant technical and regulatory hurdles prior to clinical translation. Fortunately, recent spectroscopic characterization of NIR-I dyes (e.g., indocyanine green (ICG), IRDye800CW and IR-12N3) revealed long non-negligible emission tails reaching past 1500 nm. Repurposing the most widely used NIR dye in medicine, in addition to those in the midst of clinical trials creates an accelerated pathway for NIR-II clinical translation. This review focuses on the significant advantage of imaging past 1000 nm with NIR-I fluorophores from both a basic and clinical viewpoint. We further discuss optimizing NIR-I dyes around their NIR-II/shortwave infrared (SWIR) emission, NIR-II emission tail characteristics and prospects of NIR-II imaging with clinically available and commercially available dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 35A Convent Dr, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bryant C. Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 35A Convent Dr, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Swati Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 35A Convent Dr, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 35A Convent Dr, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 35A Convent Dr, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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35
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Möhl C, Graf A, Berger FJ, Lüttgens J, Zakharko Y, Lumsargis V, Gather MC, Zaumseil J. Trion-Polariton Formation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Microcavities. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:2074-2080. [PMID: 29963582 PMCID: PMC6019025 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation and tuning of charged trion-polaritons in polymer-sorted (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes in a planar metal-clad microcavity at room temperature. The positively charged trion-polaritons were induced by electrochemical doping and characterized by angle-resolved reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The doping level of the nanotubes within the microcavity was controlled by the applied bias and thus enabled tuning from mainly excitonic to a mixture of exciton and trion transitions. Mode splitting of more than 70 meV around the trion energy and emission from the new lower polariton branch corroborate a transition from exciton-polaritons (neutral) to trion-polaritons (charged). The estimated charge-to-mass ratio of these trion-polaritons is 200 times higher than that of electrons or holes in carbon nanotubes, which has exciting implications for the realization of polaritonic charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Möhl
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Lumsargis
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Malte C. Gather
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Sharma A, Yan H, Zhang L, Sun X, Liu B, Lu Y. Highly Enhanced Many-Body Interactions in Anisotropic 2D Semiconductors. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1164-1173. [PMID: 29671579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have presented a plethora of opportunities for future optoelectronic devices and photonics applications, made possible by the strong light matter interactions at the 2D quantum limit. Many body interactions between fundamental particles in 2D semiconductors are strongly enhanced compared with those in bulk semiconductors because of the reduced dimensionality and, thus, reduced dielectric screening. These enhanced many body interactions lead to the formation of robust quasi-particles, such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons, which are extremely important for the optoelectronics device applications of 2D semiconductors, such as light emitting diodes, lasers, and optical modulators, etc. Recently, the emerging anisotropic 2D semiconductors, such as black phosphorus (termed as phosphorene) and phosphorene-like 2D materials, such as ReSe2, 2D-perovskites, SnS, etc., show strong anisotropic optical and electrical properties, which are different from conventional isotropic 2D semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers. This anisotropy leads to the formation of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) excitons and trions in a 2D system, which results in even stronger many body interactions in anisotropic 2D materials, arising from the further reduced dimensionality of the quasi-particles and thus reduced dielectric screening. Many body interactions have been heavily investigated in TMD monolayers in past years, but not in anisotropic 2D materials yet. The quasi-particles in anisotropic 2D materials have fractional dimensionality which makes them perfect candidates to serve as a platform to study fundamental particle interactions in fractional dimensional space. In this Account, we present our recent progress related to 2D phosphorene, a 2D system with quasi-1D excitons and trions. Phosphorene, because of its unique anisotropic properties, provides a unique 2D platform for investigating the dynamics of excitons, trions, and biexcitons in reduced dimensions and fundamental many body interactions. We begin by explaining the fundamental reasons for the highly enhanced interactions in the 2D systems influenced by dielectric screening, resulting in high binding energies of excitons and trions, which are supported by theoretical calculations and experimental observations. Phosphorene has shown much higher binding energies of excitons and trions than TMD monolayers, which allows robust quasi-particles in anisotropic materials at room temperature. We also discuss the role of extrinsic defects induced in phosphorene, resulting in localized excitonic emissions in the near-infrared range, making it suitable for optical telecommunication applications. Finally, we present our vision of the exciting device applications based on the highly enhanced many body interactions in phosphorene, including exciton-polariton devices, polariton lasers, single-photon emitters, and tunable light emitting diodes (LEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Han Yan
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Boqing Liu
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Hertzog M, Rudquist P, Hutchison JA, George J, Ebbesen TW, Börjesson K. Voltage-Controlled Switching of Strong Light-Matter Interactions using Liquid Crystals. Chemistry 2017; 23:18166-18170. [PMID: 29155469 PMCID: PMC5814857 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a fine control over the coupling strength of vibrational light-matter hybrid states by controlling the orientation of a nematic liquid crystal. Through an external voltage, the liquid crystal is seamlessly switched between two orthogonal directions. Using these features, for the first time, we demonstrate electrical switching and increased Rabi splitting through transition dipole moment alignment. The C-Nstr vibration on the liquid crystal molecule is coupled to a cavity mode, and FT-IR is used to probe the formed vibropolaritonic states. A switching ratio of the Rabi splitting of 1.78 is demonstrated between the parallel and the perpendicular orientation. Furthermore, the orientational order increases the Rabi splitting by 41 % as compared to an isotropic liquid. Finally, by examining the influence of molecular alignment on the Rabi splitting, the scalar product used in theoretical modeling between light and matter in the strong coupling regime is verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2Chalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 9412 96GothenburgSweden
| | - James A. Hutchison
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC8 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Jino George
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC8 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Thomas W. Ebbesen
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS & icFRC8 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgKemigården 4412 96GothenburgSweden
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38
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Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Tian C, Xu C. Strongly coupled exciton-surface plasmon polariton from excited-subband transitions of single-walled carbon nanotubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:32142-32149. [PMID: 29245878 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.032142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental observation of strong coupling between surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagating on a thin silver film and excitons from excited-subband transtitions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Clear anti-crossing behaviors were observed from attenuated total reflection measurements when the SPP energy approaches the 2nd subband transition of (6,5) SWNTs. The maximum Rabi splitting of the plasmon-exciton mixed states was extracted to be up to ~166.2 meV. Moreover, the splitting was found to be dependent linearly on the square root of the SWNTs concentration, in good agreement with theoretical prediction.
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Setaro A. Advanced carbon nanotubes functionalization. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:423003. [PMID: 28745302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to graphene, carbon nanotubes are materials made of pure carbon in its sp2 form. Their extended conjugated π-network provides them with remarkable quantum optoelectronic properties. Frustratingly, it also brings drawbacks. The π-π stacking interaction makes as-produced tubes bundle together, blurring all their quantum properties. Functionalization aims at modifying and protecting the tubes while hindering π-π stacking. Several functionalization strategies have been developed to circumvent this limitation in order for nanotubes applications to thrive. In this review, we summarize the different approaches established so far, emphasizing the balance between functionalization efficacy and the preservation of the tubes' properties. Much attention will be given to a functionalization strategy overcoming the covalent-noncovalent dichotomy and to the implementation of two advanced functionalization schemes: (a) conjugation with molecular switches, to yield hybrid nanosystems with chemo-physical properties that can be tuned in a controlled and reversible way, and; (b) plasmonic nanosystems, whose ability to concentrate and enhance the electromagnetic fields can be taken advantage of to enhance the optical response of the tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setaro
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin
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Coles DM, Chen Q, Flatten LC, Smith JM, Müllen K, Narita A, Lidzey DG. Strong Exciton-Photon Coupling in a Nanographene Filled Microcavity. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5521-5525. [PMID: 28829137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dibenzo[hi,st]ovalene (DBOV)-a quasi-zero-dimensional "nanographene"-displays strong, narrow, and well-defined optical-absorption transitions at room temperature. On placing a DBOV-doped polymer film into an optical microcavity, we demonstrate strong coupling of the 0 → 0' electronic transition to a confined cavity mode, with a coupling energy of 126 meV. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the polariton population is distributed at energies approximately coincident with the emission of the DBOV, indicating a polariton population via an optical pumping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Coles
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Lucas C Flatten
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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Graf A, Held M, Zakharko Y, Tropf L, Gather MC, Zaumseil J. Electrical pumping and tuning of exciton-polaritons in carbon nanotube microcavities. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:911-917. [PMID: 28714985 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light-matter particles that form upon strong coupling of an excitonic transition to a cavity mode. As bosons, polaritons can form condensates with coherent laser-like emission. For organic materials, optically pumped condensation was achieved at room temperature but electrically pumped condensation remains elusive due to insufficient polariton densities. Here we combine the outstanding optical and electronic properties of purified, solution-processed semiconducting (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a microcavity-integrated light-emitting field-effect transistor to realize efficient electrical pumping of exciton-polaritons at room temperature with high current densities (>10 kA cm-2) and tunability in the near-infrared (1,060 nm to 1,530 nm). We demonstrate thermalization of SWCNT polaritons, exciton-polariton pumping rates ∼104 times higher than in current organic polariton devices, direct control over the coupling strength (Rabi splitting) via the applied gate voltage, and a tenfold enhancement of polaritonic over excitonic emission. This powerful material-device combination paves the way to carbon-based polariton emitters and possibly lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arko Graf
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Martin Held
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Tropf
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Malte C Gather
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Glaeske M, Kumar M, Bisswanger T, Vaitiekenas S, Soci C, Narula R, Bruno A, Setaro A. Relaxation lifetimes of plasmonically enhanced hybrid gold-carbon nanotubes systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:255202. [PMID: 28520555 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we introduced a novel hybridization route for carbon nanotubes using gold nanoparticles, whose close proximity neatly enhances their radiative emission. Here we investigate the mechanisms behind the enhancement by monitoring the de-excitation dynamics of our π-hybrids through two-color pump-probe time-resolved spectroscopy. The de-excitation process reveals a fast component and a slow component. We find that the presence of gold prominently affects the fast processes, indicating a stronger influence of the gold nanoparticle on the intra-band non-radiative relaxation than on the inter-band recombination of the single-walled carbon nanotube. By evaluating the de-excitation times, we estimate the balance between near-field pumping and the faster metal-induced de-excitation contributions, proving the enhanced pumping to be the leading mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glaeske
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Zakharko Y, Graf A, Zaumseil J. Plasmonic Crystals for Strong Light-Matter Coupling in Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6504-6510. [PMID: 27661764 PMCID: PMC5064305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Their high oscillator strength and large exciton binding energies make single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) highly promising materials for the investigation of strong light-matter interactions in the near infrared and at room temperature. To explore their full potential, high-quality cavities-possibly with nanoscale field localization-are required. Here, we demonstrate the room temperature formation of plasmon-exciton polaritons in monochiral (6,5) SWCNTs coupled to the subdiffraction nanocavities of a plasmonic crystal created by a periodic gold nanodisk array. The interaction strength is easily tuned by the number of SWCNTs that collectively couple to the plasmonic crystal. Angle- and polarization resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence measurements combined with the coupled-oscillator model confirm strong coupling (coupling strength ∼120 meV). The combination of plasmon-exciton polaritons with the exceptional charge transport properties of SWCNTs should enable practical polariton devices at room temperature and at telecommunication wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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