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Pyle LC, Kim J, Bradfield J, Damrauer SM, D'Andrea K, Einhorn LH, Godse R, Hakonarson H, Kanetsky PA, Kember RL, Jacobs LA, Maxwell KN, Rader DJ, Vaughn DJ, Weathers B, Wubbenhorst B, Regeneron Genetics Center Research Team, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Greene MH, Nathanson KL, Stewart DR. Germline Exome Sequencing for Men with Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Reveals Coding Defects in Chromosomal Segregation and Protein-targeting Genes. Eur Urol 2024; 85:337-345. [PMID: 37246069 PMCID: PMC10676450 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common cancer among young White men. TGCT is highly heritable, although there are no known high-penetrance predisposition genes. CHEK2 is associated with moderate TGCT risk. OBJECTIVE To identify coding genomic variants associated with predisposition to TGCT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The study involved 293 men with familial or bilateral (high risk; HR)-TGCT representing 228 unique families and 3157 cancer-free controls. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We carried out exome sequencing and gene burden analysis to identify associations with TGCT risk. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Gene burden association identified several genes, including loss-of-function variants of NIN and QRSL1. We identified no statistically significant association with the sex- and germ-cell development pathways (hypergeometric overlap test: p = 0.65 for truncating variants, p = 0.47 for all variants) or evidence of associations with the regions previously identified via genome-wide association studies (GWAS). When considering all significant coding variants together with genes associated with TGCT on GWAS, there were associations with three major pathways: mitosis/cell cycle (Gene Ontology identity GO:1903047: observed/expected variant ratio [O/E] 6.17, false discovery rate [FDR] 1.53 × 10-11), co-translational protein targeting (GO:0006613: O/E 18.62, FDR 1.35 × 10-10), and sex differentiation (GO:0007548: O/E 5.25, FDR 1.90 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest to date on men with HR-TGCT. As in previous studies, we identified associations with variants for several genes, suggesting multigenic heritability. We identified associations with co-translational protein targeting, and chromosomal segregation and sex determination, identified via GWAS. Our results suggest potentially druggable targets for TGCT prevention or treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY We searched for gene variations that increase the risk of testicular cancer and found numerous new specific variants that contribute to this risk. Our results support the idea that many gene variants inherited together contribute to the risk of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Pyle
- Rare Disease Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Rama Godse
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda A Jacobs
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Vaughn
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benita Weathers
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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2
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Kirchner K, Seidel C, Paulsen FO, Sievers B, Bokemeyer C, Lessel D. Further Association of Germline CHEK2 Loss-of-Function Variants with Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7065. [PMID: 38002677 PMCID: PMC10672725 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most frequent malignancy in young adult men and have one the highest heritability rates among all cancers. A recent multicenter case-control study identified CHEK2 as the first moderate-penetrance TGCT predisposition gene. Here, we analyzed CHEK2 in 129 TGCT cases unselected for age of onset, histology, clinical outcome, and family history of any cancer, and the frequency of identified variants was compared to findings in 27,173 ancestry-matched cancer-free men. We identified four TGCT cases harboring a P/LP variant in CHEK2 (4/129, 3.10%), which reached statistical significance (p = 0.0191; odds ratio (OR), 4.06; 95% CI, 1.59-10.54) as compared to the control group. Cases with P/LP variants in CHEK2 developed TGCT almost 6 years earlier than individuals with CHEK2 wild-type alleles (5.67 years; 29.5 vs. 35.17). No association was found between CHEK2 status and further clinical and histopathological characteristics, including histological subtypes, the occurrence of aggressive TGCT, family history of TGCT, and family history of any cancer. In addition, we found significant enrichment for the low-penetrance CHEK2 variant p.Ile157Thr (p = 0.0259; odds ratio (OR), 3.69; 95% CI, 1.45-9.55). Thus, we provide further independent evidence of CHEK2 being a moderate-penetrance TGCT predisposition gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Christoph Seidel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Finn-Ole Paulsen
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Bianca Sievers
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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3
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Xiao QF, Li J, Tang B, Zhu YQ. Testicular mixed germ cell tumor: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6902-6907. [PMID: 37901019 PMCID: PMC10600853 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular mixed germ cell tumors (TMGCTs) are rare malignant tumors that are more common in men aged 20-40 years. TMGCTs comprise two or more types of germ cell tumors that primarily affect the testis. Their onset is undetectable; thus, early diagnosis is challenging. However, early recognition and diagnosis substantially improve patient prognosis. CASE SUMMARY We evaluated a rare case of TMGCT in a male patient presenting with recurrent fever and left supraclavicular lymphadenectasis instead of testicular enlargement and pain, which may easily lead to misdiagnosis. We report the clinical signs and symptoms, histopathological characteristics, and immunohistochemical results of this case of malignant TMGCT. CONCLUSION Our case, which was typical with multiple components, along with a literature review, may serve as a basis for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fan Xiao
- Department of International General Practice, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Practice, Xinggu Street Community Health Service Center, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of International General Practice, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhu
- Department of International General Practice, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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4
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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5
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Mo L, Yu Z, Lv Y, Cheng J, Yan H, Lu W, Su C, Ling Q, Mo Z. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Metastatic Testicular Seminoma Reveals the Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Metastatic Cell Lineage. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871489. [PMID: 35494058 PMCID: PMC9039315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy in young men. Given the many histological classifications of testicular tumors, seminoma is one of the most treatable cancers. The survival rate in early-stage disease was more than 90%. Thus, seminoma at the cellular and molecular levels, especially at the single-cell level, is worth studying. Methods We performed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study on a patient who was diagnosed with testicular seminoma with lymph node metastasis. This study presented tumor tissue, PBMC, pelvic and renal hilus lymph node in a total of 18,206 high-quality single-cell transcriptome information. The characteristics of metastatic cell lineage were revealed by the comparison between different tumor cell subtypes at the scRNA level. Results A single-cell map of testicular seminoma with lymph node metastasis was constructed by scRNA-seq. We discovered the gene expression characteristics of the tumor cells in testicular seminoma, especially metastatic tumor cells. KRT8 and KRT18 were commonly expressed in the three tumor cell subtypes. However, TCF7L1, SCG3 and SV2C were the specifically expressed genes of tumor cell subtypes in primary tumor sites. Some molecular markers specifically expressed by the metastatic cell lineage, such as POU5F1, were identified. Conclusions We revealed the molecular characteristics of testicular seminoma at the single-cell level, especially the metastatic tumor cells. This study could provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of testicular seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjian Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenyuan Yu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufang Lv
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haibiao Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenhao Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Su
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiang Ling
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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6
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Guan Z, Shen R, Begg CB. Exome-Wide Pan-Cancer Analysis of Germline Variants in 8,719 Individuals Finds Little Evidence of Rare Variant Associations. Hum Hered 2021; 86:34-44. [PMID: 34718237 DOI: 10.1159/000519355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancer types show considerable heritability, and extensive research has been done to identify germline susceptibility variants. Linkage studies have discovered many rare high-risk variants, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered many common low-risk variants. However, it is believed that a considerable proportion of the heritability of cancer remains unexplained by known susceptibility variants. The "rare variant hypothesis" proposes that much of the missing heritability lies in rare variants that cannot reliably be detected by linkage analysis or GWAS. Until recently, high sequencing costs have precluded extensive surveys of rare variants, but technological advances have now made it possible to analyze rare variants on a much greater scale. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated associations between rare variants and 14 cancer types. METHODS We ran association tests using whole-exome sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated the findings using data from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium (PCAWG). RESULTS We identified four significant associations in TCGA, only one of which was replicated in PCAWG (BRCA1 and ovarian cancer). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide little evidence in favor of the rare variant hypothesis. Much larger sample sizes may be needed to detect undiscovered rare cancer variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Guan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colin B Begg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Abstract
Zebrafish are rapidly becoming a leading model organism for cancer research. The genetic pathways driving cancer are highly conserved between zebrafish and humans, and the ability to easily manipulate the zebrafish genome to rapidly generate transgenic animals makes zebrafish an excellent model organism. Transgenic zebrafish containing complex, patient-relevant genotypes have been used to model many cancer types. Here we present a comprehensive review of transgenic zebrafish cancer models as a resource to the field and highlight important areas of cancer biology that have yet to be studied in the fish. The ability to image cancer cells and niche biology in an endogenous tumor makes zebrafish an indispensable model organism in which we can further understand the mechanisms that drive tumorigenesis and screen for potential new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haley R. Noonan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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8
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Vasta LM, McMaster ML, Harney LA, Ling A, Kim J, Harris AK, Carr AG, Damrauer SM, Rader DJ, Kember RL, Kanetsky PA, Nathanson KL, Pyle LC, Greene MH, Schultz KA, Stewart DR. Lack of pathogenic germline DICER1 variants in males with testicular germ-cell tumors. Cancer Genet 2020; 248-249:49-56. [PMID: 33158809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported conflicting evidence on the inclusion of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) in the DICER1 tumor-predisposition phenotype. We evaluated the relationship between DICER1 and TGCT by reviewing scrotal ultrasounds of males with pathogenic germline variants in DICER1 and queried exome data from TGCT-affected men for DICER1 variants. METHODOLOGY Fifty-four male DICER1-carriers and family controls (n=41) enrolled in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) DICER1 Natural History Study were offered scrotal ultrasounds. These studies were examined by a single radiologist for abnormalities. In parallel, DICER1 variants from two large exome-sequenced TGCT cohorts were extracted. We used previously published AMG-AMP criteria to characterize rare DICER1 variants. RESULTS There was no observed difference in frequency of testicular cystic structures in DICER1-carriers versus controls. DICER1 variation was not associated with TGCT in the NCI DICER1-carriers. In 1,264 exome-sequenced men with TGCT, none harbored ClinVar- or InterVar-determined pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in DICER1. Three DICER1 variants of uncertain significance (one case and two controls) were predicted "damaging" based on a priori criteria. CONCLUSION Using two complementary approaches, we found no evidence of an association between pathogenic DICER1 variants and TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Vasta
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA; National Capital Consortium, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary L McMaster
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA; Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service
| | | | - Alexander Ling
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anne K Harris
- International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma/DICER1 Registry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ann G Carr
- Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kris Ann Schultz
- International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma/DICER1 Registry, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Minnesota, International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma/DICER1 Registry, Minneapolis, MN, USA; International Ovarian and Testicular Stromal Tumor Registry, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
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9
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Rotunno M, Barajas R, Clyne M, Hoover E, Simonds NI, Lam TK, Mechanic LE, Goldstein AM, Gillanders EM. A Systematic Literature Review of Whole Exome and Genome Sequencing Population Studies of Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1519-1534. [PMID: 32467344 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in cancer research has accelerated the discovery of somatic mutations; however, progress in the identification of germline variation associated with cancer risk is less clear. We conducted a systematic literature review of cancer genetic susceptibility studies that used NGS technologies at an exome/genome-wide scale to obtain a fuller understanding of the research landscape to date and to inform future studies. The variability across studies on methodologies and reporting was considerable. Most studies sequenced few high-risk (mainly European) families, used a candidate analysis approach, and identified potential cancer-related germline variants or genes in a small fraction of the sequenced cancer cases. This review highlights the importance of establishing consensus on standards for the application and reporting of variants filtering strategies. It also describes the progress in the identification of cancer-related germline variation to date. These findings point to the untapped potential in conducting studies with appropriately sized and racially diverse families and populations, combining results across studies and expanding beyond a candidate analysis approach to advance the discovery of genetic variation that accounts for the unexplained cancer heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rotunno
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Rolando Barajas
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mindy Clyne
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Hoover
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Tram Kim Lam
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leah E Mechanic
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Melis D, Carvalho D, Barbaro-Dieber T, Espay AJ, Gambello MJ, Gener B, Gerkes E, Hitzert MM, Hove HB, Jansen S, Jira PE, Lachlan K, Menke LA, Narayanan V, Ortiz D, Overwater E, Posmyk R, Ramsey K, Rossi A, Sandoval RL, Stumpel C, Stuurman KE, Cordeddu V, Turnpenny P, Strisciuglio P, Tartaglia M, Unger S, Waters T, Turnbull C, Hennekam RC. Primrose syndrome: Characterization of the phenotype in 42 patients. Clin Genet 2020; 97:890-901. [PMID: 32266967 PMCID: PMC7384157 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primrose syndrome (PS; MIM# 259050) is characterized by intellectual disability (ID), macrocephaly, unusual facial features (frontal bossing, deeply set eyes, down‐slanting palpebral fissures), calcified external ears, sparse body hair and distal muscle wasting. The syndrome is caused by de novo heterozygous missense variants in ZBTB20. Most of the 29 published patients are adults as characteristics appear more recognizable with age. We present 13 hitherto unpublished individuals and summarize the clinical and molecular findings in all 42 patients. Several signs and symptoms of PS develop during childhood, but the cardinal features, such as calcification of the external ears, cystic bone lesions, muscle wasting, and contractures typically develop between 10 and 16 years of age. Biochemically, anemia and increased alpha‐fetoprotein levels are often present. Two adult males with PS developed a testicular tumor. Although PS should be regarded as a progressive entity, there are no indications that cognition becomes more impaired with age. No obvious genotype‐phenotype correlation is present. A subgroup of patients with ZBTB20 variants may be associated with mild, nonspecific ID. Metabolic investigations suggest a disturbed mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We suggest a regular surveillance in all adult males with PS until it is clear whether or not there is a truly elevated risk of testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Salerno, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel Carvalho
- Medical Genetic Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Blanca Gener
- Department of Genetics, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erica Gerkes
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marrit M Hitzert
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne B Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rare Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petr E Jira
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Leonie A Menke
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Translational Genomic Research Institute, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Damara Ortiz
- Medical Genetics Department, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pensylvania, USA
| | - Eline Overwater
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Posmyk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Podlaskie Medical Center, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Translational Genomic Research Institute, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Constance Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra E Stuurman
- Department of Clinical Genetics Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Turnpenny
- Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Healthcare NHS, Exeter, UK
| | - Pietro Strisciuglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Sheela Unger
- Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Todd Waters
- North Florida Regional Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Adashek JJ, Leonard A, Roszik J, Menta AK, Genovese G, Subbiah V, Msaouel P. Cancer Genetics and Therapeutic Opportunities in Urologic Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030710. [PMID: 32197306 PMCID: PMC7140104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article aims to summarize the current literature on genetic alterations related to tumors of the genitourinary tract. Novel associations have recently been reported between specific DNA alterations and genitourinary malignancies. The most common cause of chromosome 3p loss in clear cell renal cell carcinoma is a chromothripsis event, which concurrently generates a chromosome 5q gain. Specific patterns of clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastatic evolution have been uncovered. The first therapy targeting a specific molecular alteration has now been approved for urothelial carcinoma. Germline mutations in DNA damage repair genes and the transcription factor HOXB13 are associated with prostate cancer and may be targeted therapeutically. The genetic associations noted across different genitourinary cancers can inform potential screening approaches and guide novel targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33606, USA;
| | - Alex Leonard
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Jason Roszik
- Departments of Genomic Medicine and Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Arjun K. Menta
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.M.); Tel.: +1-713-563-1930 (V.S.); +1-713-563-4585 (P.M.); Fax: +1-713-792-0334 (V.S.); +1-713-745-0422 (P.M.)
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (P.M.); Tel.: +1-713-563-1930 (V.S.); +1-713-563-4585 (P.M.); Fax: +1-713-792-0334 (V.S.); +1-713-745-0422 (P.M.)
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understanding the molecular basis underlying testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) may help improve patient outcomes, particularly for patients with poorer risk or chemoresistant disease. Here, we review the major contemporary advances in elucidating TGCT genetics by discussing patterns of TGCT inheritance, recent genomic and transcriptomic discoveries in TGCT, and the role of genetics in predicting therapeutic resistance and in guiding treatment. RECENT FINDINGS In the absence of a major high-penetrance TGCT susceptibility gene, inheritance is likely driven by a complex polygenic model with considerable variation. The most common genomic alterations found in TGCTs include gains in chromosome 12p and mutations in KIT, KRAS, and NRAS, particularly in seminomas. Sensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy likely relies on intact TP53, reciprocal loss of heterozygosity, and high mitochondrial priming. Targetable mutations are uncommon in TGCTs, however, posing a challenge for the development of effective personalized therapies. Consistent with the characteristically low tumor mutational burden, immune checkpoint inhibitors do not appear to be effective for most TGCTs. SUMMARY Refinements in next-generation sequencing techniques over the last few years have enabled considerable advances in elucidating the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic landscape of TGCTs. Future efforts focused on developing novel treatment modalities are needed.
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13
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AlDubayan SH, Pyle LC, Gamulin M, Kulis T, Moore ND, Taylor-Weiner A, Hamid AA, Reardon B, Wubbenhorst B, Godse R, Vaughn DJ, Jacobs LA, Meien S, Grgic M, Kastelan Z, Markt SC, Damrauer SM, Rader DJ, Kember RL, Loud JT, Kanetsky PA, Greene MH, Sweeney CJ, Kubisch C, Nathanson KL, Van Allen EM, Stewart DR, Lessel D. Association of Inherited Pathogenic Variants in Checkpoint Kinase 2 (CHEK2) With Susceptibility to Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. JAMA Oncol 2020; 5:514-522. [PMID: 30676620 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Approximately 50% of the risk for the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) is estimated to be heritable, but no mendelian TGCT predisposition genes have yet been identified. It is hypothesized that inherited pathogenic DNA repair gene (DRG) alterations may drive susceptibility to TGCTs. Objective To systematically evaluate the enrichment of germline pathogenic variants in the mendelian cancer predisposition DRGs in patients with TGCTs vs healthy controls. Design, Setting, and Participants A case-control enrichment analysis was performed from January 2016 to May 2018 to screen for 48 DRGs in 205 unselected men with TGCT and 27 173 ancestry-matched cancer-free individuals from the Exome Aggregation Consortium cohort in the discovery stage. Significant findings were selectively replicated in independent cohorts of 448 unselected men with TGCTs and 442 population-matched controls, as well as 231 high-risk men with TGCTs and 3090 ancestry-matched controls. Statistical analysis took place from January to May 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Gene-level enrichment analysis of germline pathogenic variants in individuals with TGCTs relative to cancer-free controls. Results Among 205 unselected men with TGCTs (mean [SD] age, 33.04 [9.67] years), 22 pathogenic germline DRG variants, one-third of which were in CHEK2 (OMIM 604373), were identified in 20 men (9.8%; 95% CI, 6.1%-14.7%). Unselected men with TGCTs were approximately 4 times more likely to carry germline loss-of-function CHEK2 variants compared with cancer-free individuals from the Exome Aggregation Consortium cohort (odds ratio [OR], 3.87; 95% CI, 1.65-8.86; nominal P = .006; q = 0.018). Similar enrichment was also seen in an independent cohort of 448 unselected Croatian men with TGCTs (mean [SD] age, 31.98 [8.11] years) vs 442 unselected Croatian men without TGCTs (at least 50 years of age at time of sample collection) (OR, >1.4; P = .03) and 231 high-risk men with TGCTs (mean [SD] age, 31.54 [9.24] years) vs 3090 men (all older than 50 years) from the Penn Medicine Biobank (OR, 6.30; 95% CI, 2.34-17.31; P = .001). The low-penetrance CHEK2 variant (p.Ile157Thr) was found to be a Croatian founder TGCT risk variant (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.53-9.95; P = .002). Individuals with the pathogenic CHEK2 loss-of-function variants developed TGCTs 6 years earlier than individuals with CHEK2 wild-type alleles (5.95 years; 95% CI, 1.48-10.42; P = .009). Conclusions and Relevance This multicenter case-control analysis of men with or without TGCTs provides evidence for CHEK2 as a novel moderate-penetrance TGCT susceptibility gene, with potential clinical utility. In addition to highlighting DNA-repair deficiency as a potential mechanism driving TGCT susceptibility, this analysis also provides new avenues to explore management strategies and biological investigations for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud H AlDubayan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Louise C Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Marija Gamulin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Urogenital Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kulis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nathanael D Moore
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amaro Taylor-Weiner
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anis A Hamid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rama Godse
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David J Vaughn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Linda A Jacobs
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Stefanie Meien
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mislav Grgic
- Division of Medical Oncology, Urogenital Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Kastelan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sarah C Markt
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jennifer T Loud
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark H Greene
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Predicting Gonadal Germ Cell Cancer in People with Disorders of Sex Development; Insights from Developmental Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205017. [PMID: 31658757 PMCID: PMC6834166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of gonadal germ cell cancer (GGCC) is increased in selective subgroups, amongst others, defined patients with disorders of sex development (DSD). The increased risk is due to the presence of part of the Y chromosome, i.e., GonadoBlastoma on Y chromosome GBY region, as well as anatomical localization and degree of testicularization and maturation of the gonad. The latter specifically relates to the germ cells present being at risk when blocked in an embryonic stage of development. GGCC originates from either germ cell neoplasia in situ (testicular environment) or gonadoblastoma (ovarian-like environment). These precursors are characterized by presence of the markers OCT3/4 (POU5F1), SOX17, NANOG, as well as TSPY, and cKIT and its ligand KITLG. One of the aims is to stratify individuals with an increased risk based on other parameters than histological investigation of a gonadal biopsy. These might include evaluation of defined susceptibility alleles, as identified by Genome Wide Association Studies, and detailed evaluation of the molecular mechanism underlying the DSD in the individual patient, combined with DNA, mRNA, and microRNA profiling of liquid biopsies. This review will discuss the current opportunities as well as limitations of available knowledge in the context of predicting the risk of GGCC in individual patients.
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15
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Abstract
Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) are derived from stem cells of the early embryo and the germ line. They occur in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and also in extragonadal sites, where migrating primordial germ cells are located during embryogenesis. This group of heterogeneous neoplasms is unique in that their developmental potential is in effect determined by the latent potency state of their cells of origin, which are reprogrammed to omnipotent, totipotent or pluripotent stem cells. Seven GCT types, defined according to their developmental potential, have been identified, each with distinct epidemiological and (epi)genomic features. Heritable predisposition factors affecting the cells of origin and their niches likely explain bilateral, multiple and familial occurrences of the different types of GCTs. Unlike most other tumour types, GCTs are rarely caused by somatic driver mutations, but arise through failure to control the latent developmental potential of their cells of origin, resulting in their reprogramming. Consistent with their non-mutational origin, even the malignant tumours of the group are characterized by wild-type TP53 and high sensitivity for DNA damage. However, tumour progression and the rare occurrence of treatment resistance are driven by embryonic epigenetic state, specific (sub)chromosomal imbalances and somatic mutations. Thus, recent progress in understanding GCT biology supports a comprehensive developmental pathogenetic model for the origin of all GCTs, and provides new biomarkers, as well as potential targets for treatment of resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Loveday C, Sud A, Litchfield K, Levy M, Holroyd A, Broderick P, Kote-Jarai Z, Dunning AM, Muir K, Peto J, Eeles R, Easton DF, Dudakia D, Orr N, Pashayan N, Reid A, Huddart RA, Houlston RS, Turnbull C. Runs of homozygosity and testicular cancer risk. Andrology 2019; 7:555-564. [PMID: 31310061 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is highly heritable but > 50% of the genetic risk remains unexplained. Epidemiological observation of greater relative risk to brothers of men with TGCT compared to sons has long alluded to recessively acting TGCT genetic susceptibility factors, but to date none have been reported. Runs of homozygosity (RoH) are a signature indicating underlying recessively acting alleles and have been associated with increased risk of other cancer types. OBJECTIVE To examine whether RoH are associated with TGCT risk. METHODS We performed a genome-wide RoH analysis using GWAS data from 3206 TGCT cases and 7422 controls uniformly genotyped using the OncoArray platform. RESULTS Global measures of homozygosity were not significantly different between cases and controls, and the frequency of individual consensus RoH was not significantly different between cases and controls, after correction for multiple testing. RoH at three regions, 11p13-11p14.3, 5q14.1-5q22.3 and 13q14.11-13q.14.13, were, however, nominally statistically significant at p < 0.01. Intriguingly, RoH200 at 11p13-11p14.3 encompasses Wilms tumour 1 (WT1), a recognized cancer susceptibility gene with roles in sex determination and developmental transcriptional regulation, processes repeatedly implicated in TGCT aetiology. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Overall, our data do not support a major role in the risk of TGCT for recessively acting alleles acting through homozygosity, as measured by RoH in outbred populations of cases and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loveday
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Sud
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - K Litchfield
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - M Levy
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A Holroyd
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - P Broderick
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Z Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Muir
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Warwick, UK
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Peto
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R Eeles
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Dudakia
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - N Orr
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - N Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Reid
- Academic Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - R A Huddart
- Academic Radiotherapy Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - R S Houlston
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Turnbull
- Division of Genetics & Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Public Health England, National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, London, UK
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aim to give an overview of the epidemiology and treatment trends of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), with an emphasis on recent trends. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of TGCT appears to be increasing, particularly in developed countries, although the reasons are not well understood. There is evidence of racial differences in predisposition to TGCT, with white men having highest risk and men of African or Asian descent having lower risk. In the United States, the incidence of TGCT among Hispanics appears to be rising most quickly. A recent genomic analysis indicates there is no highly penetrant major TGCT susceptibility gene. Incorporation of multidisciplinary care has led to excellent long-term cure rates; however, access to care and insurance remains barriers in young men. Recent treatment trends have centered on maximizing oncologic outcomes while minimizing long-term morbidity. SUMMARY Emerging population-level data provide critical insight into the evolving demographics of TGCT, which may allow for elucidation of biologic and environmental determinants of TGCT. Further, identification of socioeconomic barriers to excellent clinical outcomes will allow for targeted interventions to patients with unique demographic and socioeconomic considerations. Treatment trend analyses suggest that the field is moving toward minimizing treatment-related morbidity.
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18
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CiliaCarta: An integrated and validated compendium of ciliary genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216705. [PMID: 31095607 PMCID: PMC6522010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium is an essential organelle at the surface of mammalian cells whose dysfunction causes a wide range of genetic diseases collectively called ciliopathies. The current rate at which new ciliopathy genes are identified suggests that many ciliary components remain undiscovered. We generated and rigorously analyzed genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and evolutionary data and systematically integrated these using Bayesian statistics into a predictive score for ciliary function. This resulted in 285 candidate ciliary genes. We generated independent experimental evidence of ciliary associations for 24 out of 36 analyzed candidate proteins using multiple cell and animal model systems (mouse, zebrafish and nematode) and techniques. For example, we show that OSCP1, which has previously been implicated in two distinct non-ciliary processes, causes ciliogenic and ciliopathy-associated tissue phenotypes when depleted in zebrafish. The candidate list forms the basis of CiliaCarta, a comprehensive ciliary compendium covering 956 genes. The resource can be used to objectively prioritize candidate genes in whole exome or genome sequencing of ciliopathy patients and can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.bio.uu.nl/john/syscilia/ciliacarta/.
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19
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Batool A, Karimi N, Wu XN, Chen SR, Liu YX. Testicular germ cell tumor: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1713-1727. [PMID: 30671589 PMCID: PMC11105513 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular tumors are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men and germ cell tumors (TGCTs) account for most of all testicular cancers. Increasing incidence of TGCTs among males provides strong motivation to understand its biological and genetic basis. Gains of chromosome arm 12p and aneuploidy are nearly universal in TGCTs, but TGCTs have low point mutation rate. It is thought that TGCTs develop from premalignant intratubular germ cell neoplasia that is believed to arise from the failure of normal maturation of gonocytes during fetal or postnatal development. Progression toward invasive TGCTs (seminoma and nonseminoma) then occurs after puberty. Both inherited genetic factors and environmental risk factors emerge as important contributors to TGCT susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies have so far identified more than 30 risk loci for TGCTs, suggesting that a polygenic model fits better with the genetic landscape of the disease. Despite high cure rates because of its particular sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy, exploration of mechanisms underlying the occurrence, progression, metastasis, recurrence, chemotherapeutic resistance, early diagnosis and optional clinical therapeutics without long-term side effects are urgently needed to reduce the cancer burden in this underserved age group. Herein, we present an up-to-date review on clinical challenges, origin and progression, risk factors, TGCT mouse models, serum diagnostic markers, resistance mechanisms, miRNA regulation, and database resources of TGCTs. We appeal that more attention should be paid to the basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalia Batool
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Najmeh Karimi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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20
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Lobo J, Gillis AJM, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Looijenga LHJ. Human Germ Cell Tumors are Developmental Cancers: Impact of Epigenetics on Pathobiology and Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E258. [PMID: 30634670 PMCID: PMC6359418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current (high throughput omics-based) data support the model that human (malignant) germ cell tumors are not initiated by somatic mutations, but, instead through a defined locked epigenetic status, representative of their cell of origin. This elegantly explains the role of both genetic susceptibility as well as environmental factors in the pathogenesis, referred to as 'genvironment'. Moreover, it could also explain various epidemiological findings, including the rising incidence of this type of cancer in Western societies. In addition, it allows for identification of clinically relevant and informative biomarkers both for diagnosis and follow-up of individual patients. The current status of these findings will be discussed, including the use of high throughput DNA methylation profiling for determination of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) as well as chromosomal copy number variation (CNV). Finally, the potential value of methylation-specific tumor DNA fragments (i.e., XIST promotor) as well as embryonic microRNAs as molecular biomarkers for cancer detection in liquid biopsies will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Yeung EH, Guan W, Mumford SL, Silver RM, Zhang C, Tsai MY, Schisterman EF. Measured maternal prepregnancy anthropometry and newborn DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2019; 11:187-198. [PMID: 30618290 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We examined maternal prepregnancy anthropometry and cord blood DNA methylation. METHODS Associations between maternal measures (i.e., weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfolds, leptin) and methylation β-values at each CpG (measured by the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip) were estimated among 391 singletons. RESULTS Total of 18% of mothers were obese (body mass index ≥ 30) and 27% centrally obese (waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85). One Bonferroni significant CpG with respect to obesity (cg02975187) and two with central obesity (cg12053563, cg12549355) were identified (p < 6 × 10-8). A suggestive association (p < 10-6) was observed at SFRS8 with increasing body mass index. SFRS8 was previously identified with propensity for weight gain in adults. CONCLUSION While associations identified with multiple measures related to maternal adiposity suggest different pathways, methylation differences were small in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina H Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive 7004, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, A460 Mayo Building, MMC 303, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive 7004, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Robert M Silver
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 2B200, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA.,Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive 7004, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive 7004, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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22
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Hartill VL, van de Hoek G, Patel MP, Little R, Watson CM, Berry IR, Shoemark A, Abdelmottaleb D, Parkes E, Bacchelli C, Szymanska K, Knoers NV, Scambler PJ, Ueffing M, Boldt K, Yates R, Winyard PJ, Adler B, Moya E, Hattingh L, Shenoy A, Hogg C, Sheridan E, Roepman R, Norris D, Mitchison HM, Giles RH, Johnson CA. DNAAF1 links heart laterality with the AAA+ ATPase RUVBL1 and ciliary intraflagellar transport. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:529-545. [PMID: 29228333 PMCID: PMC5886296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAAF1 (LRRC50) is a cytoplasmic protein required for dynein heavy chain assembly and cilia motility, and DNAAF1 mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD; MIM 613193). We describe four families with DNAAF1 mutations and complex congenital heart disease (CHD). In three families, all affected individuals have typical PCD phenotypes. However, an additional family demonstrates isolated CHD (heterotaxy) in two affected siblings, but no clinical evidence of PCD. We identified a homozygous DNAAF1 missense mutation, p.Leu191Phe, as causative for heterotaxy in this family. Genetic complementation in dnaaf1-null zebrafish embryos demonstrated the rescue of normal heart looping with wild-type human DNAAF1, but not the p.Leu191Phe variant, supporting the conserved pathogenicity of this DNAAF1 missense mutation. This observation points to a phenotypic continuum between CHD and PCD, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of isolated CHD. In further investigations of the function of DNAAF1 in dynein arm assembly, we identified interactions with members of a putative dynein arm assembly complex. These include the ciliary intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 and the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) family proteins RUVBL1 (Pontin) and RUVBL2 (Reptin). Co-localization studies support these findings, with the loss of RUVBL1 perturbing the co-localization of DNAAF1 with IFT88. We show that RUVBL1 orthologues have an asymmetric left-sided distribution at both the mouse embryonic node and the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish embryos, with the latter asymmetry dependent on DNAAF1. These results suggest that DNAAF1-RUVBL1 biochemical and genetic interactions have a novel functional role in symmetry breaking and cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity L Hartill
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Glenn van de Hoek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Mitali P Patel
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rosie Little
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Leeds Genetics Laboratory, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ian R Berry
- Leeds Genetics Laboratory, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- PCD Diagnostic Team and Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Dina Abdelmottaleb
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Emma Parkes
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nine V Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Scambler
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics Core, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research and Medical Bioanalytics Core, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Yates
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,Paediatric Cardiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Paul J Winyard
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Beryl Adler
- Department of Paediatrics, Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Trust, Luton LU4 0DZ, UK
| | - Eduardo Moya
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Louise Hattingh
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Anil Shenoy
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- PCD Diagnostic Team and Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic Norris
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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23
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Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among men between 14 and 44 years of age, and its incidence has risen over the past two decades in Western countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of testicular cancer, for which cryptorchidism is the most common risk factor. Progress has been made in our understanding of the disease since the initial description of carcinoma in situ of the testis in 1972 (now referred to as germ cell neoplasia in situ), which has led to improved treatment options. The combination of surgery and cisplatin-based chemotherapy has resulted in a cure rate of >90% in patients with testicular cancer, although some patients become refractory to chemotherapy or have a late relapse; an improved understanding of the molecular determinants underlying tumour sensitivity and resistance may lead to the development of novel therapies for these patients. This Primer provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and current treatment guidelines for testicular cancer, with a focus on germ cell tumours. We also outline areas for future research and what to expect in the next decade for testicular cancer.
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24
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Loveday C, Law P, Litchfield K, Levy M, Holroyd A, Broderick P, Kote-Jarai Z, Dunning AM, Muir K, Peto J, Eeles R, Easton DF, Dudakia D, Orr N, Pashayan N, Reid A, Huddart RA, Houlston RS, Turnbull C. Large-scale Analysis Demonstrates Familial Testicular Cancer to have Polygenic Aetiology. Eur Urol 2018; 74:248-252. [PMID: 29935977 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is the most common cancer in young men. Multiplex TGCT families have been well reported and analyses of population cancer registries have demonstrated a four- to eightfold risk to male relatives of TGCT patients. Early linkage analysis and recent large-scale germline exome analysis in TGCT cases demonstrate absence of major high-penetrance TGCT susceptibility gene(s). Serial genome-wide association study analyses in sporadic TGCT have in total reported 49 independent risk loci. To date, it has not been demonstrated whether familial TGCT arises due to enrichment of the same common variants underpinning susceptibility to sporadic TGCT or is due to shared environmental/lifestyle factors or disparate rare genetic TGCT susceptibility factors. Here we present polygenic risk score analysis of 37 TGCT susceptibility single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 236 familial and 3931 sporadic TGCT cases, and 12 368 controls, which demonstrates clear enrichment for TGCT susceptibility alleles in familial compared to sporadic cases (p=0.0001), with the majority of familial cases (84-100%) being attributable to polygenic enrichment. These analyses reveal TGCT as the first rare malignancy of early adulthood in which familial clustering is driven by the aggregate effects of polygenic variation in the absence of a major high-penetrance susceptibility gene. PATIENT SUMMARY To date, it has been unclear whether familial clusters of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) arise due to genetics or shared environmental or lifestyle factors. We present large-scale genetic analyses comparing 236 familial TGCT cases, 3931 isolated TGCT cases, and 12 368 controls. We show that familial TGCT is caused, at least in part, by presence of a higher dose of the same common genetic variants that cause susceptibility to TGCT in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chey Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Philip Law
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Max Levy
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Warwick, UK; Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darshna Dudakia
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nick Orr
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Reid
- Academic Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert A Huddart
- Academic Radiotherapy Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Public Health England, National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, London, UK.
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25
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Coan M, Rampioni Vinciguerra GL, Cesaratto L, Gardenal E, Bianchet R, Dassi E, Vecchione A, Baldassarre G, Spizzo R, Nicoloso MS. Exploring the Role of Fallopian Ciliated Cells in the Pathogenesis of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092512. [PMID: 30149579 PMCID: PMC6163198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women and the first among gynecological malignancies. Despite an initial response to standard chemotherapy, most HGSOC patients relapse. To improve treatment options, we must continue investigating tumor biology. Tumor characteristics (e.g., risk factors and epidemiology) are valuable clues to accomplish this task. The two most frequent risk factors for HGSOC are the lifetime number of ovulations, which is associated with increased oxidative stress in the pelvic area caused by ovulation fluid, and a positive family history due to genetic factors. In the attempt to identify novel genetic factors (i.e., genes) associated with HGSOC, we observed that several genes in linkage with HGSOC are expressed in the ciliated cells of the fallopian tube. This finding made us hypothesize that ciliated cells, despite not being the cell of origin for HGSOC, may take part in HGSOC tumor initiation. Specifically, malfunction of the ciliary beat impairs the laminar fluid flow above the fallopian tube epithelia, thus likely reducing the clearance of oxidative stress caused by follicular fluid. Herein, we review the up-to-date findings dealing with HGSOC predisposition with the hypothesis that fallopian ciliated cells take part in HGSOC onset. Finally, we review the up-to-date literature concerning genes that are located in genomic loci associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) predisposition that are expressed by the fallopian ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Coan
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Gian Luca Rampioni Vinciguerra
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Laura Cesaratto
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Gardenal
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Bianchet
- Scientific Direction, CRO Aviano Italy, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Erik Dassi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of clinical and molecular medicine, university of Rome "Sapienza", c/o sant andrea hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Spizzo
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
| | - Milena Sabrina Nicoloso
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 2 33081 Aviano PN, Italy.
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26
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Abstract
Although tumours initiate from oncogenic changes in a cancer cell, subsequent tumour progression and therapeutic response depend on interactions between the cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). The primary monocilium, or cilium, provides a spatially localized platform for signalling by Hedgehog, Notch, WNT and some receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and mechanosensation. Changes in ciliation of cancer cells and/or cells of the TME during tumour development enforce asymmetric intercellular signalling in the TME. Growing evidence indicates that some oncogenic signalling pathways as well as some targeted anticancer therapies induce ciliation, while others repress it. The links between the genomic profile of cancer cells, drug treatment and ciliary signalling in the TME likely affect tumour growth and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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27
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Litchfield K, Loveday C, Levy M, Dudakia D, Rapley E, Nsengimana J, Bishop DT, Reid A, Huddart R, Broderick P, Houlston RS, Turnbull C. Large-scale Sequencing of Testicular Germ Cell Tumour (TGCT) Cases Excludes Major TGCT Predisposition Gene. Eur Urol 2018; 73:828-831. [PMID: 29433971 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT), the most common cancer in young men, has a significant heritable basis that has long raised questions as to the existence of underlying major high-penetrance susceptibility gene(s). To determine the contribution of rare gene mutations to the inherited risk of TGCT, we analysed germline whole-exome data for 919 TGCT cases and 1609 cancer-free controls. We compared frequencies between TGCT cases and controls of rare (<1%) and low-frequency (1-5%) coding variants (1) individually and (2) collapsed at the gene level via burden testing (T1, disruptive; T2, all deleterious; and T3, all nonsynonymous) using Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni correction of significance thresholds. No individual variant or individual gene showed a significant association with TGCT after correction for multiple testing. In the largest whole-exome sequencing study of testicular cancer reported to date, our findings do not support the existence of a major high-penetrance TGCT susceptibility gene (of odds ratio >10 and allele frequency [combined]>0.01%). Owing to its power, this study cannot exclude the existence of susceptibility genes responsible for occasional TGCT families or of rare mutations that confer very modest relative risks. In concert with findings from genome-wide association studies, our data support the notion that inherited susceptibility is largely polygenic with substantial contribution from common variation. PATIENT SUMMARY In the largest study of its kind, we sequenced ∼20 000 genes in 919 men with testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) and 1609 TGCT-free individuals and found no evidence of a single major gene underlying predisposition to TGCT (in the manner of BRCA1 for breast cancer). Instead, familial risk of TGCT is likely to be due to varying dosages of hundreds of minor genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Litchfield
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Chey Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Max Levy
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Darshna Dudakia
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rapley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jeremie Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - D Tim Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Alison Reid
- Academic Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Robert Huddart
- Academic Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
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28
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Loveday C, Litchfield K, Levy M, Holroyd A, Broderick P, Kote-Jarai Z, Dunning AM, Muir K, Peto J, Eeles R, Easton DF, Dudakia D, Orr N, Pashayan N, Reid A, Huddart RA, Houlston RS, Turnbull C. Validation of loci at 2q14.2 and 15q21.3 as risk factors for testicular cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12630-12638. [PMID: 29560096 PMCID: PMC5849160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT), the most common cancer in men aged 18 to 45 years, has a strong heritable basis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proposed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of loci influencing TGCT risk. To further evaluate the association of recently proposed risk SNPs with TGCT at 2q14.2, 3q26.2, 7q36.3, 10q26.13 and 15q21.3, we analyzed genotype data on 3,206 cases and 7,422 controls. Our analysis provides independent replication of the associations for risk SNPs at 2q14.2 (rs2713206 at P = 3.03 × 10-2; P-meta = 3.92 × 10-8; nearest gene, TFCP2L1) and rs12912292 at 15q21.3 (P = 7.96 × 10-11; P-meta = 1.55 × 10-19; nearest gene PRTG). Case-only analyses did not reveal specific associations with TGCT histology. TFCP2L1 joins the growing list of genes located within TGCT risk loci with biologically plausible roles in developmental transcriptional regulation, further highlighting the importance of this phenomenon in TGCT oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chey Loveday
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Max Levy
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amy Holroyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Warwick, UK
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darshna Dudakia
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nick Orr
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Reid
- Academic Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert A Huddart
- Academic Radiotherapy Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Clare Turnbull
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
- Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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Sud A, Kinnersley B, Houlston RS. Genome-wide association studies of cancer: current insights and future perspectives. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:692-704. [PMID: 29026206 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide an agnostic approach for investigating the genetic basis of complex diseases. In oncology, GWAS of nearly all common malignancies have been performed, and over 450 genetic variants associated with increased risks have been identified. As well as revealing novel pathways important in carcinogenesis, these studies have shown that common genetic variation contributes substantially to the heritable risk of many common cancers. The clinical application of GWAS is starting to provide opportunities for drug discovery and repositioning as well as for cancer prevention. However, deciphering the functional and biological basis of associations is challenging and is in part a barrier to fully unlocking the potential of GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sud
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Schimmenti
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinical Genomics, Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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