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Li Y, Cao L, Luo W, Zhang H, Cai H, Karim MF, Gao F, Fitzsimons J, Song Q, Liu AQ. Experimental Quantum Homomorphic Encryption Using a Quantum Photonic Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:200801. [PMID: 38829067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A fully homomorphic encryption system enables computation on encrypted data without the necessity for prior decryption. This facilitates the seamless establishment of a secure quantum channel, bridging the server and client components, and thereby providing the client with secure access to the server's substantial computational capacity for executing quantum operations. However, traditional homomorphic encryption systems lack scalability, programmability, and stability. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-concept implementation of a homomorphic encryption scheme on a compact quantum chip, verifying the feasibility of using photonic chips for quantum homomorphic encryption. Our work not only provides a solution for circuit expansion, addressing the longstanding challenge of scalability while significantly reducing the size of quantum network infrastructure, but also lays the groundwork for the development of highly sophisticated quantum fully homomorphic encryption systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Cao
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Fitzsimons
- Horizon Quantum Computing, 79 Ayer Rajah Crescent, BASH #03-01, 139955, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Institute of Quantum Technology (IQT), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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2
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Thiel H, Jehle L, Chapman RJ, Frick S, Conradi H, Kleinert M, Suchomel H, Kamp M, Höfling S, Schneider C, Keil N, Weihs G. Time-bin entanglement at telecom wavelengths from a hybrid photonic integrated circuit. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9990. [PMID: 38693329 PMCID: PMC11063055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass-deployable implementations for quantum communication require compact, reliable, and low-cost hardware solutions for photon generation, control and analysis. We present a fiber-pigtailed hybrid photonic circuit comprising nonlinear waveguides for photon-pair generation and a polymer interposer reaching 68 dB of pump suppression and photon separation based on a polarizing beam splitter with > 25 dB polarization extinction ratio. The optical stability of the hybrid assembly enhances the quality of the entanglement, and the efficient background suppression and photon routing further reduce accidental coincidences. We thus achieve a96 - 8 + 3 % concurrence and a96 - 5 + 2 % fidelity to a Bell state. The generated telecom-wavelength, time-bin entangled photon pairs are ideally suited for distributing Bell pairs over fiber networks with low dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thiel
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lennart Jehle
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert J Chapman
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Physics, Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frick
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hauke Conradi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Kleinert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Suchomel
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Keil
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Weihs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Zeng H, He ZQ, Fan YR, Luo Y, Lyu C, Wu JP, Li YB, Liu S, Wang D, Zhang DC, Zeng JJ, Deng GW, Wang Y, Song HZ, Wang Z, You LX, Guo K, Sun CZ, Luo Y, Guo GC, Zhou Q. Quantum Light Generation Based on GaN Microring toward Fully On-Chip Source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133603. [PMID: 38613308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
An integrated quantum light source is increasingly desirable in large-scale quantum information processing. Despite recent remarkable advances, a new material platform is constantly being explored for the fully on-chip integration of quantum light generation, active and passive manipulation, and detection. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a gallium nitride (GaN) microring based quantum light generation in the telecom C-band, which has potential toward the monolithic integration of quantum light source. In our demonstration, the GaN microring has a free spectral range of 330 GHz and a near-zero anomalous dispersion region of over 100 nm. The generation of energy-time entangled photon pair is demonstrated with a typical raw two-photon interference visibility of 95.5±6.5%, which is further configured to generate a heralded single photon with a typical heralded second-order autocorrelation g_{H}^{(2)}(0) of 0.045±0.001. Our results pave the way for developing a chip-scale quantum photonic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zhao-Qin He
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Ru Fan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Chen Lyu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jin-Peng Wu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yun-Bo Li
- Department of Fundamental Network Technology, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Fundamental Network Technology, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Fundamental Network Technology, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
| | - De-Chao Zhang
- Department of Fundamental Network Technology, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Juan-Juan Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Center for Quantum Internet, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu 641419, China
| | - Guang-Wei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hai-Zhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Li-Xing You
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Institute of Systems Engineering, AMS, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Chang-Zheng Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Center for Quantum Internet, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu 641419, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Center for Quantum Internet, Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory, Chengdu 641419, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yvind K, Gregersen N, Pu M. Ultra-small mode area V-groove waveguide design for on-chip single-photon emission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2884-2893. [PMID: 38297806 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the figures of merit for single-photon emission in a planar GaAs-on-insulator waveguide featuring a V-groove geometry. Thanks to a field enhancement effect arising due to boundary conditions of this waveguide, the structure features an ultra-small mode area enabling a factor of a maximum 2.8 times enhancement of the Purcell factor for quantum dot and a more significant 7 times enhancement for the atomic-size solid-state emitters with the aligned dipole orientation. In addition, the coupling efficiency to the fundamental quasi-TE mode is also improved. To take into account potential on-chip integration, we further show that the V-groove mode profile can be converted using a tapering section to the mode profile of a standard ridge waveguide while maintaining both the high Purcell factor and the good fundamental mode coupling efficiency.
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5
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Chen ZY, Liu YF, Chen C, Gao Y, Zheng H. Radiation effect on silicon photonics chips for space quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2015-2028. [PMID: 38297740 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Quantum communication satellites have potential for applications in future quantum networks. Photonics integrated chips, due to their compact and lightweight nature, are well-suited for satellite deployment. However, the harsh radiation environment of space can cause permanent damage to these chips, resulting in degraded performance or complete loss of functionality. In this work, we conducted a series of radiation experiments to evaluate the effects of γ rays and high energy protons on quantum key distribution transmitter chips. The results suggest that the insertion loss of the chip is slightly reduced by about 1.5 dB after 100 krad (Si) γ ray irradiation, and further reduced by about 0.5 to 1 dB after 2.39 × 1011/cm2 proton radiation. The half-wave voltages, extinction ratios, and polarization angles are not changed significantly within the measurement error range. Our work proves the feasibility of deploying quantum constellations utilizing terminals based on photonics chips.
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6
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Mastriani M. Non-ambiguous and simplified quantum teleportation protocol. EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 2023; 10:14. [DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, a new version of the quantum teleportation protocol is presented, which does not require a Bell state measurement (BSM) module on the sender side (Alice), a unitary transform to reconstruct the teleported state on the receiver side (Bob), neither a disambiguation process through two classic bits that travel through a classic disambiguation channel located between sender and receiver. The corresponding theoretical deduction of the protocol, as well as the experimental verification of its operation for several examples of qubits through implementation on an optical table, complete the present study. Both the theoretical and experimental outcomes show a marked superiority in the performance of the new protocol over the original version, with more simplicity and lower implementation costs, and identical fidelity in its most complete version.
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7
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Castillo AT, Zanforlin U, Buller GS, Donaldson RJ. Experimental demonstration of a reconfigurable free-space receiver implementing polarization routing and filtering for daytime quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40317-40327. [PMID: 38041336 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are often designed to implement polarization-encoding protocols. Alternatively, time-bin/phase-encoding protocols are considerably more challenging to perform over a channel experiencing atmospheric turbulence. However, over the last decade, new and improved optical platforms have revived the interest in them. In this paper, we present a free-space multi-protocol receiver designed to work with three different time-bin/phase-encoding protocols highlighting its interoperability with different systems and architectures for potential satellite-based communications. We also present a detailed analysis of different experimental configurations when implementing the coherent one-way (COW) protocol in a free-space channel, as well as a polarization filtering technique showing how time-bin/phase-encoding protocols could be used for QKD applications in daylight conditions. We demonstrate secret key rates of several kbps for channels with a total 30 dB attenuation even with moderately high QBERs of ≈3.5%. Moreover, a 2.6 dB improvement in the signal to noise ratio is achieved by filtering background light in the polarization degree of freedom, a technique that could be used in daylight QKD.
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8
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Sekga C, Mafu M. Measurement device-independent quantum key distribution with vector vortex modes under diverse weather conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14931. [PMID: 37696938 PMCID: PMC10495414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Most quantum key distribution schemes exploiting orbital angular momentum-carrying optical beams are based on conventional set-ups, opening up the possibility of detector side-channel attacks. These optical beams also suffer from spatial aberrations due to atmospheric turbulence and unfavorable weather conditions. Consequently, we introduce a measurement device-independent quantum key distribution implemented with vector vortex modes. We study the transmission of vector vortex and scalar beams through a turbulent atmospheric link under diverse weather conditions such as rain or haze. We demonstrate that a maximum secure key transmission distance of 178 km can be achieved under clear conditions by utilizing the vector vortex beams, which have been mainly ignored in the literature. When raindrops have a diameter of 6 mm and fog particles have a radius of 0.5 [Formula: see text]m, the signals can reach 152 km and 160 km, respectively. Since these distances are comparable, this work sheds light into the feasibility of implementing measurement device-independent quantum key distribution using vector vortex modes under diverse weather conditions. Most significantly, this opens the door to practical secure quantum communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comfort Sekga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Mhlambululi Mafu
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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9
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You J, Pan P, Cui P, Liu Q, Zha S, Zhang L. Generation of balanced pulse pairs based on a dual-chip coupling structure. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6425-6429. [PMID: 37706835 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) is an essential device to generate pulse pairs in quantum key distribution systems. An AMZI based on a dual-chip coupling structure in a silica-on-silicon planar light wave circuit platform is proposed, which includes a variable optical splitter (VOS), a delay line (DL), and a directional coupler (DC). The AMZI chip is divided into a VOS-DL part and a DC part, and the two parts are independently manufactured and then coupled. Since the DC part occupies the smallest area of the AMZI chip and is most sensitive to manufacturing errors, separate production can reduce the process difficulty and fabrication errors. In the experiment, balanced pulse pairs with a delay time of 402 ps are obtained in the condition of single photon transmission, and the excess loss is 0.8 dB. This dual-chip coupling structure can improve the yield and reduce the manufacturing cost when producing large chips.
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Zheng Y, Zhai C, Liu D, Mao J, Chen X, Dai T, Huang J, Bao J, Fu Z, Tong Y, Zhou X, Yang Y, Tang B, Li Z, Li Y, Gong Q, Tsang HK, Dai D, Wang J. Multichip multidimensional quantum networks with entanglement retrievability. Science 2023; 381:221-226. [PMID: 37440652 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg9210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum networks provide the framework for quantum communication, clock synchronization, distributed quantum computing, and sensing. Implementing large-scale and practical quantum networks relies on the development of scalable architecture and integrated hardware that can coherently interconnect many remote quantum nodes by sharing multidimensional entanglement through complex-medium quantum channels. We demonstrate a multichip multidimensional quantum entanglement network based on mass-manufacturable integrated-nanophotonic quantum node chips fabricated on a silicon wafer by means of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. Using hybrid multiplexing, we show that multiple multidimensional entangled states can be distributed across multiple chips connected by few-mode fibers. We developed a technique that can efficiently retrieve multidimensional entanglement in complex-medium quantum channels, which is important for practical uses. Our work demonstrates the enabling capabilities of realizing large-scale practical chip-based quantum entanglement networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chonghao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dajian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Ningbo Research Institute, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jun Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianxiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jieshan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jueming Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yeyu Tong
- Microelectronics Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hon Ki Tsang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, 999077 Hong Kong
| | - Daoxin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Ningbo Research Institute, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Intelligent Optics and Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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Luo W, Cao L, Shi Y, Wan L, Zhang H, Li S, Chen G, Li Y, Li S, Wang Y, Sun S, Karim MF, Cai H, Kwek LC, Liu AQ. Recent progress in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication and internet. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:175. [PMID: 37443095 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant progress in quantum communication and quantum internet with the emerging quantum photonic chips, whose characteristics of scalability, stability, and low cost, flourish and open up new possibilities in miniaturized footprints. Here, we provide an overview of the advances in quantum photonic chips for quantum communication, beginning with a summary of the prevalent photonic integrated fabrication platforms and key components for integrated quantum communication systems. We then discuss a range of quantum communication applications, such as quantum key distribution and quantum teleportation. Finally, the review culminates with a perspective on challenges towards high-performance chip-based quantum communication, as well as a glimpse into future opportunities for integrated quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lin Cao
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingxiao Wan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhang
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuyi Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sijin Li
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihai Sun
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 518100, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Leong Chuan Kwek
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Quantum Science and Engineering Centre (QSec), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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12
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Li W, Zhang L, Lu Y, Li ZP, Jiang C, Liu Y, Huang J, Li H, Wang Z, Wang XB, Zhang Q, You L, Xu F, Pan JW. Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution without Phase Locking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:250802. [PMID: 37418729 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.250802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a promising solution for practical quantum communication over long-haul fiber. However, previous demonstrations on TF-QKD require the phase locking technique to coherently control the twin light fields, inevitably complicating the system with extra fiber channels and peripheral hardware. Here, we propose and demonstrate an approach to recover the single-photon interference pattern and realize TF-QKD without phase locking. Our approach separates the communication time into reference frames and quantum frames, where the reference frames serve as a flexible scheme for establishing the global phase reference. To do so, we develop a tailored algorithm based on fast Fourier transform to efficiently reconcile the phase reference via data postprocessing. We demonstrate no-phase-locking TF-QKD from short to long distances over standard optical fibers. At 50-km standard fiber, we produce a high secret key rate (SKR) of 1.27 Mbit/s, while at 504-km standard fiber, we obtain the repeaterlike key rate scaling with a SKR of 34 times higher than the repeaterless secret key capacity. Our work provides a scalable and practical solution to TF-QKD, thus representing an important step towards its wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Likang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yichen Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Jia Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Hao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Xiang-Bin Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Lixing You
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Feihu Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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13
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Mastriani M. Teleporting digital images. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2023; 55:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-04749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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14
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Gupta R, Singh R, Gehlot A, Akram SV, Yadav N, Brajpuriya R, Yadav A, Wu Y, Zheng H, Biswas A, Suhir E, Yadav VS, Kumar T, Verma AS. Silicon photonics interfaced with microelectronics for integrated photonic quantum technologies: a new era in advanced quantum computers and quantum communications? NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4682-4693. [PMID: 36779637 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05610k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonics is rapidly evolving as an advanced chip framework for implementing quantum technologies. With the help of silicon photonics, general-purpose programmable networks with hundreds of discrete components have been developed. These networks can compute quantum states generated on-chip as well as more extraordinary functions like quantum transmission and random number generation. In particular, the interfacing of silicon photonics with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microelectronics enables us to build miniaturized quantum devices for next-generation sensing, communication, and generating randomness for assembling quantum computers. In this review, we assess the significance of silicon photonics and its interfacing with microelectronics for achieving the technology milestones in the next generation of quantum computers and quantum communication. To this end, especially, we have provided an overview of the mechanism of a homodyne detector and the latest state-of-the-art of measuring squeezed light along with its integration on a photonic chip. Finally, we present an outlook on future studies that are considered beneficial for the wide implementation of silicon photonics for distinct data-driven applications with maximum throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
- Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche C.P. 24560, México
| | - Anita Gehlot
- Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
- Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche C.P. 24560, México
| | - Shaik Vaseem Akram
- Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
| | - Neha Yadav
- Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P.R. China.
| | - Ranjeet Brajpuriya
- Department of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
| | - Ashish Yadav
- Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P.R. China.
| | - Yongling Wu
- Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P.R. China.
| | - Hongyu Zheng
- Center for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P.R. China.
| | - Abhijit Biswas
- USA Prime Biotech LLC, 1330 NW 6th Street, Suite A2, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Ephraim Suhir
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vikram Singh Yadav
- Department of Applied Sciences, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, India
| | - Tanuj Kumar
- Department of Nanoscience and materials, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Ajay Singh Verma
- Division of Research & Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
- University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab-140413, India
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15
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Sekga C, Mafu M, Senekane M. High-dimensional quantum key distribution implemented with biphotons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1229. [PMID: 36681718 PMCID: PMC9867750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a high-dimensional measurement device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol employing biphotons to encode information. We exploit the biphotons as qutrits to improve the tolerance to error rate. Qutrits have a larger quantum system; hence they carry more bits of classical information and have improved robustness against eavesdropping compared to qubits. Notably, our proposed protocol is independent of measurement devices, thus eliminating the possibility of side-channel attacks. Also, we employ the finite key analysis approach to study the performance of our proposed protocol under realistic conditions where finite resources are used. Furthermore, we simulated the secret key rate for the proposed protocol in terms of the transmission distance for different fixed amounts of signals. The results prove that this protocol achieves a considerable secret key rate for a moderate transmission distance of 90 km by using [Formula: see text] signals. Moreover, the expected secret key rate was simulated to examine our protocol's performance at various intrinsic error rate values, [Formula: see text] caused by misalignment and instability due to the optical system. These results show that reasonable key rates are achieved with a minimum data size of about [Formula: see text] signals which are realizable with the current technology. Thus, implementing MDI-QKD using finite resources while allowing intrinsic errors due to the optical system makes a giant step forward toward realizing practical QKD implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comfort Sekga
- grid.448573.90000 0004 1785 2090Department of Physics and Astronomy, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Mhlambululi Mafu
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Makhamisa Senekane
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XInstitute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa ,National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Gauteng, 2006 South Africa
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16
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Ye P, Chen W, Wang ZH, Zhang GW, Ding YY, Huang GZ, Yin ZQ, Wang S, He DY, Liu W, Guo GC, Han ZF. Transmittance-invariant phase modulator for chip-based quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39911-39921. [PMID: 36298933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In chip-based quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, the non-ideal quantum state preparation due to the imperfect electro-optic phase modulators (EOPM) decreases the secret key rate and introduces potential vulnerabilities. We propose and implement an on-chip transmittance-invariant phase modulator (TIPM) to solve this problem. Simulated and experimental results show that TIPM can eliminate the correlation between phase, intensity, and polarization of quantum states caused by phase-dependent loss. The design can tolerate a significant fabrication mismatch and is universal to multi-material platforms. Furthermore, TIPM increases the modulation depth achievable by EOPMs in standard process design kit (PDK). The proposal of TIPM can improve the practical security and performance of the chip-based QKD systems.
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17
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Du Y, Zhao Z, Geng M, Zhang Z, Wei K. Advances in Chip-Based Quantum Key Distribution. ENTROPY 2022; 24:1334. [PMCID: PMC9600573 DOI: 10.3390/e24101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD), guaranteed by the principles of quantum mechanics, is one of the most promising solutions for the future of secure communication. Integrated quantum photonics provides a stable, compact, and robust platform for the implementation of complex photonic circuits amenable to mass manufacture, and also allows for the generation, detection, and processing of quantum states of light at a growing system’s scale, functionality, and complexity. Integrated quantum photonics provides a compelling technology for the integration of QKD systems. In this review, we summarize the advances in integrated QKD systems, including integrated photon sources, detectors, and encoding and decoding components for QKD implements. Complete demonstrations of various QKD schemes based on integrated photonic chips are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinming Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yongqiang Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengeng Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Minming Geng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and Network Technology, School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kejin Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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18
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Hernández O, Liberal I. Generalized approach to quantum interference in lossy N-port devices via a singular value decomposition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31267-31286. [PMID: 36242213 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modeling quantum interference in the presence of dissipation is a critical aspect of quantum technologies. Including dissipation into the model of a linear device enables for assessing the detrimental impact of photon loss, as well as for studying dissipation-driven quantum state transformations. However, establishing the input-output relations characterizing quantum interference at a general lossy N-port network poses important theoretical challenges. Here, we propose a general procedure based on the singular value decomposition (SVD), which allows for the efficient calculation of the input-output relations for any arbitrary lossy linear device. In addition, we show how the SVD provides an intuitive description of the principle of operation of linear optical devices. We illustrate the applicability of our method by evaluating the input-output relations of popular reciprocal and nonreciprocal lossy linear devices, including devices with singular and nilpotent scattering matrices. Our method also enables the analysis of quantum interference in large lossy networks, as we exemplify with the study of an N-port epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) hub. We expect that our procedure will motivate future research on quantum interference in complex devices, as well as the realistic modelling of photon loss in linear lossy devices.
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19
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A Quantum-Based Signcryption for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Networks. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14081625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are ubiquitous in industrial control processes, such as power grids, water supply systems, traffic control, oil and natural gas mining, space stations and nuclear plants. However, their security faces the threat of being compromised due to the increasing use of open-access networks. Furthermore, one of the research gaps involves the emergence of quantum computing, which has exposed a new type of risk to SCADA systems. Failure to secure SCADA systems can lead to catastrophic consequences. For example, a malicious attack can take control of the power supply to a city, shut down the water supply system, or cause malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The primary purpose of this paper is to identify the new type of attack based on quantum computing and design a novel security scheme to defend against traditional attacks as well as the quantum attack. The methodology of the proposed signcryption is built on the foundation of the classical Bennett and Brassard 1984 (BB84) cryptographic scheme and does not involve computationally expensive third-party validation. The proposed signcryption scheme provides both encryption and intrusion detection. In particular, it detects the man-in-the-middle attack that can lead to other types of attacks. We have simulated the proposed algorithm using the Quantum Information Toolkit in Python. Furthermore, we have validated and analyzed the proposed design through security verification tools, namely, Scyther and PRISM.
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20
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Woo MK, Park CH, Park BK, Jung H, Kang D, Jeon SW, Kim S, Han SW. Plug-and-play QKD architecture with a self-optical pulse train generator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29461-29471. [PMID: 36299120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The commercialization of quantum key distribution (QKD), which enables secure communication even in the era of quantum computers, has acquired significant interest. In particular, plug-and-play (PnP) QKD has garnered considerable attention owing to its advantage in system stabilization. However, a PnP QKD system has limitations on miniaturization owing to a bulky storage line (SL) of tens of kilometers. And, the secure key rate is relatively low because Bob transmits the signal pulses only at the dedicated time slots to circumvent backscattering noise. This study proposes a new method that can eliminate the SL by realizing an optical pulse train generator based on an optical cavity structure. Our method allows Alice to generate optical pulse trains herself by duplicating Bob's seed pulse and excludes the need for Bob's strong signal pulses that trigger backscattering noise as much as the conventional PnP QKD. Accordingly, our method can naturally overcome the miniaturization limitation and the slow secure key rate, as the storage line is no longer necessary. We conducted a proof-of-concept experiment using our method and achieved a key generation rate of 1.6×10-3 count/pulse and quantum bit error rate ≤ 5%.
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21
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Security of Optical Beam Splitter in Quantum Key Distribution. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The optical beam splitter is an essential device used for decoding in quantum key distribution. The impact of optical beam splitters on the security of quantum key distribution was studied, and it was found that the realistic device characteristics closely influence the error rate introduced by the wavelength-dependent attack on optical beam splitters. A countermeasure, combining device selection and error rate over-threshold alarms, is proposed to protect against such attacks. Beam splitters made of mirror coatings are recommended, and the variation of splitting ratio should be restricted to lower than 1 dB at 1260–1700 nm. For the partial attack scenario where the eavesdropper attacks only a portion of the quantum signal, a modified secure key rate formula is proposed to eliminate the revealed information of the attacked portion. Numerical results show that the QKD system adopting this countermeasure exhibits good performance with a secure key rate of over 10 kbps at 100 km and a maximum transmission distance of over 150 km, with only a small difference from the no-attack scenario. Additionally, a countermeasure to monitor the light intensity of different wavelengths is proposed to protect against the wavelength-dependent attack on optical beam splitters.
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22
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Generation of Decoy Signals Using Optical Amplifiers for a Plug-and-Play Quantum Key Distribution System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In most quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, a decoy-state protocol is implemented for preventing potential quantum attacks and higher mean photon rates. An optical intensity modulator attenuating the signal intensity is used to implement it in a QKD system adopting a one-way architecture. However, in the case of the plug-and-play (or two-way) architecture, there are technical issues, including random polarization of the input signal pulse and long-term stability. In this study, we propose a method for generating decoy pulses through amplification using an optical amplifier. The proposed scheme operates regardless of the input signal polarization. In addition, a circulator was added to adjust the signal intensity when the signal enters the input and exits the QKD transmitter by monitoring the intensity of the output signal pulse. It also helps to defend against Trojan horse attacks. A test setup for the proof-of-principle experiment was implemented and tested, and it was shown that the system operated stably with a quantum bit error rate (QBER) value of less than 5% over 26 h using a quantum channel (QC) of 25 km.
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23
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Gao RQ, Xie YM, Gu J, Liu WB, Weng CX, Li BH, Yin HL, Chen ZB. Simple security proof of coherent-one-way quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23783-23795. [PMID: 36225053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coherent-one-way quantum key distribution (COW-QKD), which requires a simple experimental setup and has the ability to withstand photon-number-splitting attacks, has been not only experimentally implemented but also commercially applied. However, recent studies have shown that the current COW-QKD system is insecure and can only distribute secret keys safely within 20 km of the optical fiber length. In this study, we propose a practical implementation of COW-QKD by adding a two-pulse vacuum state as a new decoy sequence. This proposal maintains the original experimental setup as well as the simplicity of its implementation. Utilizing detailed observations on the monitoring line to provide an analytical upper bound on the phase error rate, we provide a high-performance COW-QKD asymptotically secure against coherent attacks. This ensures the availability of COW-QKD within 100 km and establishes theoretical foundations for further applications.
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24
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Fang J, Yi Z, Li J, Liang Z, Wu Y, Lei W, Jiang ZL, Wang X. Improved polar-code-based efficient post-processing algorithm for quantum key distribution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10155. [PMID: 35710795 PMCID: PMC9203549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined with one-time pad encryption scheme, quantum key distribution guarantees the unconditional security of communication in theory. However, error correction and privacy amplification in the post-processing phase of quantum key distribution result in high time delay, which limits the final secret key generation rate and the practicability of quantum key distribution systems. To alleviate this limitation, this paper proposes an efficient post-processing algorithm based on polar codes for quantum key distribution. In this algorithm, by analyzing the channel capacity of the main channel and the wiretap channel respectively under the Wyner's wiretap channel model, we design a codeword structure of polar codes, so that the error correction and privacy amplification could be completed synchronously in a single step. Through combining error correction and privacy amplification into one single step, this efficient post-processing algorithm reduces complexity of the system and lower the post-processing delay. Besides, the reliable and secure communicaiton conditions for this algorithm has been given in this paper. Simulation results show that this post-processing algorithm satisfies the reliable and secure communication conditions well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Fang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengzhong Yi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhipeng Liang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zoe Lin Jiang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Nanoengineering of conductively coupled metallic nanoparticles towards selective resonance modes within the near-infrared regime. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7829. [PMID: 35550525 PMCID: PMC9098514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the mode transition effect of different plasmonic resonances in linked dimers by a conductive junction is numerically investigated.Without the junction, the dimer supports a single dipolar bonding plasmon mode, while two new resonance modes, a screened bonding dipolar mode and a low energy charge transfer plasmon mode, emerge when two nanoparticles are linked via a bridge. Such effect is proved to be unrelated to the shape of the nanoparticles, whether sphere, core-shell or nanoegg. However, it was found that the status of each specific resonance mode is profoundly influenced by the shape of nanoparticles. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of mechanisms of controlling plasmon modes, specially charge transfer mode, and tuning their corresponding spectra in bridged nanoparticles as functions of nanoparticle parameters and junction conductance is presented. These results show that the optical response of the dimer is highly sensitive to changes in the inter-particle gap. While the capacitive dimer provides a strong hotstop, the conductive dimer leads to highly controllable low energy plasmon mode at the mid-infrared region appropriate for novel applications. These findings may serve as an important guide for optical properties of linked nanoparticles as well as understanding the transition between the capacitive and conductive coupling.
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26
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Kumar RR, Hänsel A, Far Brusatori M, Nielsen L, Augustin LM, Volet N, Heck MJR. A 10-kHz intrinsic linewidth coupled extended-cavity DBR laser monolithically integrated on an InP platform. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2346-2349. [PMID: 35486796 DOI: 10.1364/ol.454478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a monolithically integrated coupled extended-cavity distributed Bragg reflector laser with, to our knowledge, the lowest reported intrinsic linewidth of ∼10 kHz, which is extracted from a corresponding frequency-noise level of ∼3200 Hz2/Hz, realized on an InP generic foundry platform. Using the delayed self-heterodyne method, the experimentally measured linewidth was 45 kHz. The laser has an on-chip optical output power of 18 mW around 1550 nm at an injection current of 95 mA. The laser operates in a single-mode regime with a side-mode suppression ratio of 54 dB. Our monolithic approach paves the way toward further integration, such as integrated quantum key distribution transceivers.
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27
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Belle S, Helfert SF, Kefer S, Hellmann R, Jahns J. Space-variant polarization conversion with artificial birefringent metallic elements. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2024-2027. [PMID: 35427327 DOI: 10.1364/ol.455217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an artificial birefringent space-variant polarization converter for the near infrared, λ = 1550 nm. Each hollow waveguide has a rectangular shape with lateral dimensions of 1550 nm in the x-direction and 1034 nm as the largest length in the y-direction. The whole device consists of approximately 2000 × 2500 hollow waveguides realized in a 2-µm-thick gold structure. They are separated by sidewalls with a width of less than 500 nm. By proper choice of the lateral widths of the individual holes, a pixel-wise polarization conversion of an incoming wave field is possible. By suitable choice of the fabrication parameters, a birefringent phase shift up to 2π can be achieved. Hence, the structure is able to fully convert the state of polarization, e.g., from linear to circular. For fabrication of the device, femtosecond 3D direct laser writing was combined with electroplating. Here, we describe the operation of our device as a space-variant polarization converter by measuring the angle-dependent transmitted power and by calculating the ellipticity and the phase delay dependent on position as well as the azimuth angle from the experimentally determined powers.
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Tello Castillo A, Eso E, Donaldson R. In-lab demonstration of coherent one-way protocol over free space with turbulence simulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11671-11683. [PMID: 35473106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, free-space quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure key sharing protocol, has risen in popularity due the adaptable nature of free-space networking and the near-term potential to share quantum-secure encryption keys over a global scale. While the literature has primarily focused on polarization based-protocols for free-space transmission, there are benefits to implementing other protocols, particularly when operating at fast clock-rates, such as in the GHz. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a time-bin QKD system, implementing the coherent one-way (COW) at 1 GHz clock frequency, utilizing a free-space channel and receiver. We demonstrate the receiver's robustness to atmospheric turbulence, maintaining an operational visibility of 92%, by utilizing a lab-based turbulence simulator. With a fixed channel loss of 16 dB, discounting turbulence, we obtain secret key rate (SKR) of 6.4 kbps, 3.4 kbps, and 270 bps for three increasing levels of turbulence. Our results highlight that turbulence must be better accounted for in free-space QKD modelling due to the additional induced loss.
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Jin T, Li X, Liu R, Ou W, Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu J, Huo Y, Ou X, Zhang J. Generation of Polarization-Entangled Photons from Self-Assembled Quantum Dots in a Hybrid Quantum Photonic Chip. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:586-593. [PMID: 35025517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integration of entangled photon sources in a quantum photonic chip has enabled the most envisioned quantum photonic technologies to be performed in a compact platform with enhanced complexity and stability as compared to bulk optics. However, the technology to generate entangled photon states in a quantum photonic chip that are neither probabilistic nor restricted to low efficiency is still missing. Here, we introduce a hybrid quantum photonic chip where waveguide-coupled self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) are heterogeneously integrated onto a piezoelectric actuator. By exerting an anisotropic stress, we experimentally show that the fine structure splitting of waveguide-coupled quantum dots can be effectively eliminated. This allows for the demonstration of chip-integrated self-assembled QDs for generating and routing polarization-entangled photon pairs. Our results presented here would open up an avenue for implementing on-demand quantum information processing in a quantum photonic chip by employing all-solid-state self-assembled quantum dot emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Runze Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Weiwen Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongheng Huo
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Bannik OI, Moiseev ES. Plug&Play subcarrier wave quantum key distribution with deep modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38858-38869. [PMID: 34808929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.441619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a quantum key distribution using subcarrier wave encoding in Plug&Play configuration. Our detailed study shows how subcarrier encoding operates in a presence of Rayleigh back-scattering, chromatic dispersion and other experimental negative factors that occur in Plug&Play configuration. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel regime for the subcarrier wave encoding, where simultaneous detection of two logical states in a single basis is combined with robustness and simplicity of the original protocol. This deep modulation regime shows reliable quantum communication with losses up to 20 dB and promises a twice increase in secret key generation rate in comparison with the original subcarrier wave quantum key distribution in one-way or Plug&Play configurations.
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Ma D, Liu X, Huang C, Chen H, Lin H, Wei K. Simple quantum key distribution using a stable transmitter-receiver scheme. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2152-2155. [PMID: 33929441 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current QKD requires a complex self-alignment process during the initial stage and an additional hardware to compensate the environmental disturbances. In this study, we present the implementation of a simple QKD with the help of a stable transmitter-receiver scheme, which simplifies the self-alignment and is robust enough to withstand environmental disturbances. In case of the stability test, the implementation system is able to remain stable for 48 h and exhibits an average quantum bit error rate of less than 1% without any feedback control. The scheme is also tested over a fiber spool, obtaining a stable and secure finite key rate of 7.32k bits per second over a fiber spool extending up to 75 km. The demonstrated long-term stability and obtained secure key rate prove that our method of implementation is a promising alternative for practical QKD systems, in particular, for CubeSat platform and satellite applications.
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Donaldson R, Kundys D, Maccarone A, Henderson R, Buller GS, Fedrizzi A. Towards combined quantum bit detection and spatial tracking using an arrayed single-photon sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8181-8198. [PMID: 33820269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental quantum key distribution through free-space channels requires accurate pointing-and-tracking to co-align telescopes for efficient transmission. The hardware requirements for the sender and receiver could be drastically reduced by combining the detection of quantum bits and spatial tracking signal using two-dimensional single-photon detector arrays. Here, we apply a two-dimensional CMOS single-photon avalanche diode detector array to measure and monitor the single-photon level interference of a free-space time-bin receiver interferometer while simultaneously tracking the spatial position of the single-photon level signal. We verify an angular field-of-view of 1.28° and demonstrate a post-processing technique to reduce background noise. The experimental results show a promising future for two-dimensional single-photon detectors in low-light level free-space communications, such as quantum communications.
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Khramtsov IA, Fedyanin DY. Single-Photon Sources Based on Novel Color Centers in Silicon Carbide P-I-N Diodes: Combining Theory and Experiment. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:83. [PMID: 34138328 PMCID: PMC8006472 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Theory of electrically driven single-photon sources based on color centers in silicon carbide p–i–n diodes. New method of determining the electron and hole capture cross sections by an optically active point defect (color center) from the experimental measurements of the single-photon electroluminescence rate and second-order coherence. The developed method is based on the measurements at the single defect level. Therefore, in contrast to other approaches, one point defect is sufficient to measure its electron and hole capture cross sections. ABSTRACT Point defects in the crystal lattice of SiC, known as color centers, have recently emerged as one of the most promising single-photon emitters for non-classical light sources. However, the search for the best color center that satisfies all the requirements of practical applications has only just begun. Many color centers in SiC have been recently discovered but not yet identified. Therefore, it is extremely challenging to understand their optoelectronic properties and evaluate their potential for use in practical single-photon sources. Here, we present a theoretical approach that explains the experiments on single-photon electroluminescence (SPEL) of novel color centers in SiC p–i–n diodes and gives the possibility to engineer highly efficient single-photon emitting diodes based on them. Moreover, we develop a novel method of determining the electron and hole capture cross sections by the color center from experimental measurements of the SPEL rate and second-order coherence. Unlike other methods, the developed approach uses the experimental results at the single defect level that can be easily obtained as soon as a single-color center is identified in the i-type region of the SiC p–i–n diode. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT [Image: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Khramtsov
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Yu Fedyanin
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Plasmonics, Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation.
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Hou X, Xu XY, Xu G, You L, Jin XM, Li H, Zhang W, Ren RJ, Huang XL, Wang Z. Waveguide-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors based on femtosecond laser direct writing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:7746-7756. [PMID: 33726270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of quantum information technologies requires the development of integrated quantum chips. Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) waveguides and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have been widely applied in integrated quantum photonic circuits. In this work, a novel FLDW waveguide-coupled SNSPD was designed and realized by integrating FLDW waveguides and conventional SNSPDs together. Through a COMSOL simulation, a waveguide end face-nanowire optical coupling structure was designed and verified. The simulation results showed that the FLDW waveguide-coupled SNSPD device, which had a target wavelength of 780 nm, can achieve 87% optical absorption. Then the preparation process of the FLDW waveguide-coupled SNSPD device was developed, and the fabricated device achieved a system detection efficiency of 1.7% at 10 Hz dark count rate. Overall, this method provides a feasible single-photon detector solution for future on-chip integrated quantum photonic experiments and applications.
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Quantum Hacking on an Integrated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution System via Power Analysis. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23020176. [PMID: 33573307 PMCID: PMC7910897 DOI: 10.3390/e23020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In quantum key distribution (QKD), there are some security loopholes opened by the gaps between the theoretical model and the practical system, and they may be exploited by eavesdroppers (Eve) to obtain secret key information without being detected. This is an effective quantum hacking strategy that seriously threatens the security of practical QKD systems. In this paper, we propose a new quantum hacking attack on an integrated silicon photonic continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system, which is known as a power analysis attack. This attack can be implemented by analyzing the power originating from the integrated electrical control circuit in state preparation with the help of machine learning, where the state preparation is assumed to be perfect in initial security proofs. Specifically, we describe a possible power model and show a complete attack based on a support vector regression (SVR) algorithm. The simulation results show that the secret key information decreases with the increase of the accuracy of the attack, especially in a situation with less excess noise. In particular, Eve does not have to intrude into the transmitter chip (Alice), and may perform a similar attack in practical chip-based discrete-variable quantum key distribution (DVQKD) systems. To resist this attack, the electrical control circuit should be improved to randomize the corresponding power. In addition, the power can be reduced by utilizing the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technology.
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Wolff MA, Vogel S, Splitthoff L, Schuck C. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with tantalum pentoxide waveguides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17170. [PMID: 33051576 PMCID: PMC7555505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits hold great potential for realizing quantum technology. Efficient single-photon detectors are an essential constituent of any such quantum photonic implementation. In this regard waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an ideal match for achieving advanced photon counting capabilities in photonic integrated circuits. However, currently considered material systems do not readily satisfy the demands of next generation nanophotonic quantum technology platforms with integrated single-photon detectors, in terms of refractive-index contrast, band gap, optical nonlinearity, thermo-optic stability and fast single-photon counting with high signal-to-noise ratio. Here we show that such comprehensive functionality can be realized by integrating niobium titanium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with tantalum pentoxide waveguides. We demonstrate state-of-the-art detector performance in this novel material system, including devices showing 75% on-chip detection efficiency at tens of dark counts per second, detector decay times below 1 ns and sub-30 ps timing accuracy for telecommunication wavelengths photons at 1550 nm. Notably, we realize saturation of the internal detection efficiency over a previously unattained bias current range for waveguide-integrated niobium titanium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Our work enables the full set of high-performance single-photon detection capabilities on the emerging tantalum pentoxide-on-insulator platform for future applications in integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Vogel
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Splitthoff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Yin HL, Liu P, Dai WW, Ci ZH, Gu J, Gao T, Wang QW, Shen ZY. Experimental composable security decoy-state quantum key distribution using time-phase encoding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29479-29485. [PMID: 33114847 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises provably secure communications. In order to improve the secret key rate, combining a biased basis choice with the decoy-state method is proposed. Concomitantly, there is a basis-independent detection efficiency condition, which usually cannot be satisfied in a practical system, such as the time-phase encoding. Fortunately, this flaw has been recently removed theoretically and experimentally in the four-intensity decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol using the fact that the expected yields of single-photon states prepared in two bases stay the same for a given measurement basis. However, the security proofs do not fully consider the finite-key effects for general attacks. In this work, we provide the rigorous finite-key security bounds in the universally composable framework for the four-intensity decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol. We build a time-phase encoding system with 200 MHz clock to implement this protocol, in which the real-time secret key rate is more than 60 kbps over 50 km single-mode fiber.
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38
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Lee IJ, Kim S. Directional coupler design for orbital angular momentum mode-based photonic integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30085-30093. [PMID: 33114893 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An orbital angular momentum (OAM) dividable on-chip directional coupler design is proposed. To guide OAM modes of topological charge number l = ±1, a waveguide needs to support TE01 and TE10 modes with degeneracy. When a directional coupler is made with such an OAM mode waveguide, it is additionally required to equalize the horizontal-direction coupling strengths of those two OAM constitutive eigenmodes. Base on the coupled mode theory formulation, we have found that this requirement can hardly be satisfied and devised a modified cross-shaped waveguide structure to solve this problem. An example design of OAM mode directional coupler is demonstrated. The coupling length of the designed device is 670 µm, and our numerical simulation showed negligible degradation of OAM mode purity during the operation of complete optical power transfer between two waveguides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposal of the on-chip OAM mode directional coupler. The proposed design approach can be applied to implement various devices for OAM mode-based photonic integrated circuits.
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Ham BS. Unconditionally secured classical cryptography using quantum superposition and unitary transformation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11687. [PMID: 32669598 PMCID: PMC7363683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over decades quantum cryptography has been intensively studied for unconditionally secured key distribution in a quantum regime. Due to the quantum loopholes caused by imperfect single photon detectors and/or lossy quantum channels, however, the quantum cryptography is practically inefficient and even vulnerable to eavesdropping. Here, a method of unconditionally secured key distribution potentially compatible with current fiber-optic communications networks is proposed in a classical regime for high-speed optical backbone networks. The unconditional security is due to the quantum superposition-caused measurement indistinguishability between paired transmission channels and its unitary transformation resulting in deterministic randomness corresponding to the no-cloning theorem in a quantum key distribution protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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40
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De Leonardis F, Soref R, De Carlo M, Passaro VMN. On-Chip Group-IV Heisenberg-Limited Sagnac Interferometric Gyroscope at Room Temperature. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123476. [PMID: 32575626 PMCID: PMC7349385 DOI: 10.3390/s20123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A room-temperature strip-guided “manufacturable” Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)/GeSn integrated-photonics quantum-gyroscope chip operating at 1550 nm is proposed and analysed. We demonstrate how the entangled photons generated in Si Spontaneous Four Wave Mixing (SFWM) can be used to improve the resolution of a Sagnac interferometric gyroscope. We propose different integrated architectures based on degenerate and non-degenerate SFWM. The chip comprises several beam splitters, two SFWM entangled photon sources, a pump filter, integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometric gyro, and an array of waveguide coupled GeSn/Ge/Si single-photon avalanche detectors. The laser pumped SWFM sources generate the signal-idler pairs, which, in turn, are used to measure the two-photon, four-photon, and higher order coincidences, resulting in an increasing of the gyro resolution by a factor of two and four, with respect to the classical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Leonardis
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.D.L.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Richard Soref
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - Martino De Carlo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.D.L.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Vittorio M. N. Passaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona n. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.D.L.); (M.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Kong L, Li Z, Li C, Cao L, Xing Z, Cao J, Wang Y, Cai X, Zhou X. Photonic integrated quantum key distribution receiver for multiple users. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18449-18455. [PMID: 32680043 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integrated photonics has the advantages of miniaturization, low cost, and CMOS compatibility, and it provides a stable, highly integrated, and practical platform for quantum key distribution (QKD). While photonic integration of optical components has greatly reduced the overall cost of QKD systems, single-photon detectors (SPDs) have become the most expensive part of a practical QKD system. In order to circumvent this obstacle and make full use of SPDs, we have designed and fabricated a QKD receiver chip for multiple users. Our chip is based on a time-division multiplexing technique and makes use of a single set of SPDs to support up to four users' QKD. Our proof-of-principle chip-based QKD system is capable of producing an average secret key rate of 13.68 kbps for four users with a quantum bit error rate (QBER) as low as 0.51% over a simulated distance of 20 km in fiber. Our result clearly demonstrates the feasibility of multiplexing SPDs for setting QKD channels with different users using photonic integrated chip and may find applications in the commercialization of quantum communication technology.
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Dai J, Zhang L, Fu X, Zheng X, Yang L. Pass-block architecture for distributed-phase-reference quantum key distribution using silicon photonics. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2014-2017. [PMID: 32236056 DOI: 10.1364/ol.388654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secure transmission of information is an indispensable part of the government and individual activities. Quantum key distribution (QKD), ascribed to its security based on the laws of quantum mechanics, has become an urgent research task to eliminate the rapidly growing threats of the ever-evolving large-scale quantum computing. In this Letter, we propose a silicon photonics transmitter using a pass-block architecture and experimentally demonstrated its performance with a demodulation chip for high-speed distributed-phase-reference QKD. We show estimated asymptotic secret key rates of 792 kbps for coherent-one-way protocol and 940 kbps for differential-phase-shift protocol over a 20 km emulated fiber link. This work provides new levels of flexibility, to the best of our knowledge, of using silicon photonics devices to incorporate QKD into future telecommunications networks.
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EnQuad: A Publicly-Available Simulator for Quantum Key Distribution Protocols. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cait-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper, we present EnQuad Version 1.0: a high-speed and expandable simulator for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols. Surpassing available simulators, EnQuad does not only simulate a QKD stack, but also does security testing and guides the researcher on which reconciliation protocol should be used in his experimental setup. On the top of that, it recommends changes for the researcher to satisfy security or a given target key-rate if any of them is not already fulfilled. Although EnQuad V1.0 is concerned with depolarizing channels and Individual Intercept-and-Resend attacks, EnQuad is featured with 24 parameters and 9 modular functions so that it could be expanded to a wide range of QKD protocols. In addition, we validated EnQuad outcomes against a comparable simulator and against theory. Furthermore, a set of 11 experiments showed that EnQuad runs 6.12× to 12.2× faster than a comparable simulator. EnQuad was implemented in MATLAB and the code is available online.
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Liu X, Huang MQ, Min H, Jin G, Jiang X, Peng CZ. A 5 GHz and 7.5 V multi-amplitude modulator driving circuit for practical high-speed quantum key distribution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:024705. [PMID: 32113405 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers the ability of information theoretic security key exchange. The secure key rate is an important indicator for the practical QKD systems, which determines what kinds of applications can be supported. One most effective way to enhance the secure key rate is to increase the system repetition frequency. Here, we report an implementation of a high-speed DC-coupled modulator driving circuit with a repetition rate of up to 5 GHz. The circuit outputs a multi-amplitude return-to-zero pattern pulse with a maximum amplitude of 7.5 V. The design adapts to the various electro-optic modulators widely employed in QKD systems. The minimum pulse width is measured as 75 ps, with the relative noise level less than 1.5% for all the output amplitudes under random modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Qi Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Min
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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45
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Unidimensional Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Untrusted Detection under Realistic Conditions. ENTROPY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7514444 DOI: 10.3390/e21111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A unidimensional continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol with untrusted detection is proposed, where the two legitimate partners send unidimensional modulated or Gaussian-modulated coherent states to an untrusted third party, i.e., Charlie, to realize the measurement. Compared with the Gaussian-modulated coherent-state protocols, the unidimensional modulated protocols take the advantage of easy modulation, low cost, and only a small number of random numbers required. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol cannot just defend all detectors side channels, but also achieve great performance under certain conditions. Specifically, three cases are discussed in detail, including using unidimensional modulated coherent states in Alice’s side, in Bob’s side, and in both sides under realistic conditions, respectively. Under the three conditions, we derive the expressions of the secret key rate and give the optimal gain parameters. It is found that the optimal performance of the protocol is achieved by using unidimensional modulated coherent states in both Alice’s and Bob’s side. The resulting protocol shows the potential for long-distance secure communication using the unidimensional quantum key distribution protocol with simple modulation method and untrusted detection under realistic conditions.
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46
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Ren M, Li X, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang Y, Wang H, Li J, Yin X, Wu Y, An J. Optimization of the classical interference visibility of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on planar lightwave circuit technology. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7817-7822. [PMID: 31674465 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based devices offer great potential for quantum key distribution (QKD) with the benefits of miniaturization, scalability, complexity, and improved performance. Based on the planar lightwave circuit technology, a 200 ps delay-time asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) decoding chip was designed and fabricated that can adjust the power ratio of the two arms by introducing a variable beam splitter. The measured delay time is approximately 200 ps, and the two output pulses' peaks can be balanced by loading an appropriate voltage on the variable beam splitter. The classical interference visibility of the AMZI versus temperature was studied, and it is highly temperature dependent. The interference visibility can reach as high as 99.72% under appropriate temperature control. This AMZI can act as a passive decoder in fiber-based QKD systems.
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47
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Geng W, Zhang C, Zheng Y, He J, Zhou C, Kong Y. Stable quantum key distribution using a silicon photonic transceiver. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:29045-29054. [PMID: 31684646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.029045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The wider deployment of commercial quantum key distribution (QKD) may benefit from an integrated system with reduced cost, small form-of-factor and high robutness. Silicon photonic circuits are good candidates while their performance stability in some contexts remains a challenge. We demonstrate a silicon photonic QKD transceiver based on time-bin protocol. The stability of the transceiver is investigated and a feedback function is proposed to improve the temperature-dependent performance of the transceiver. With the help of a faster data-processing ability, such scheme can facilitate more application scenarios, therefore achieving wider implementation of QKD in the future.
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48
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Taballione C, Wolterink TAW, Lugani J, Eckstein A, Bell BA, Grootjans R, Visscher I, Geskus D, Roeloffzen CGH, Renema JJ, Walmsley IA, Pinkse PWH, Boller KJ. 8×8 reconfigurable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:26842-26857. [PMID: 31674557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.026842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of large-scale optical quantum information processing circuits ground on the stability and reconfigurability enabled by integrated photonics. We demonstrate a reconfigurable 8×8 integrated linear optical network based on silicon nitride waveguides for quantum information processing. Our processor implements a novel optical architecture enabling any arbitrary linear transformation and constitutes the largest programmable circuit reported so far on this platform. We validate a variety of photonic quantum information processing primitives, in the form of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, bosonic coalescence/anti-coalescence and high-dimensional single-photon quantum gates. We achieve fidelities that clearly demonstrate the promising future for large-scale photonic quantum information processing using low-loss silicon nitride.
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49
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Elsinger L, Gourgues R, Zadeh IE, Maes J, Guardiani A, Bulgarini G, Pereira SF, Dorenbos SN, Zwiller V, Hens Z, Van Thourhout D. Integration of Colloidal PbS/CdS Quantum Dots with Plasmonic Antennas and Superconducting Detectors on a Silicon Nitride Photonic Platform. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5452-5458. [PMID: 31313928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources and detectors are indispensable building blocks for integrated quantum photonics, a research field that is seeing ever increasing interest for numerous applications. In this work, we implemented essential components for a quantum key distribution transceiver on a single photonic chip. Plasmonic antennas on top of silicon nitride waveguides provide Purcell enhancement with a concurrent increase of the count rate, speeding up the microsecond radiative lifetime of IR-emitting colloidal PbS/CdS quantum dots (QDs). The use of low-fluorescence silicon nitride, with a waveguide loss smaller than 1 dB/cm, made it possible to implement high extinction ratio optical filters and low insertion loss spectrometers. Waveguide-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors allow for low time-jitter single-photon detection. To showcase the performance of the components, we demonstrate on-chip lifetime spectroscopy of PbS/CdS QDs. The method developed in this paper is predicted to scale down to single QDs, and newly developed emitters can be readily integrated on the chip-based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Elsinger
- Photonics Research Group , Ghent University - imec , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
- NB Photonics , Ghent University , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Iman E Zadeh
- Optics Research Group , Delft University of Technology , 2628 CJ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Jorick Maes
- NB Photonics , Ghent University , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures Group , Ghent University , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | | | | | - Silvania F Pereira
- Optics Research Group , Delft University of Technology , 2628 CJ Delft , The Netherlands
| | | | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics , KTH , Stockholm 106 91 , Sweden
| | - Zeger Hens
- NB Photonics , Ghent University , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures Group , Ghent University , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Dries Van Thourhout
- Photonics Research Group , Ghent University - imec , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
- NB Photonics , Ghent University , 9052 Ghent , Belgium
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50
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Adcock JC, Vigliar C, Santagati R, Silverstone JW, Thompson MG. Programmable four-photon graph states on a silicon chip. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3528. [PMID: 31388017 PMCID: PMC6684799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Future quantum computers require a scalable architecture on a scalable technology-one that supports millions of high-performance components. Measurement-based protocols, using graph states, represent the state of the art in architectures for optical quantum computing. Silicon photonics technology offers enormous scale and proven quantum optical functionality. Here we produce and encode photonic graph states on a mass-manufactured chip, using four on-chip-generated photons. We programmably generate all types of four-photon graph state, implementing a basic measurement-based protocol, and measure high-visibility heralded interference of the chip's four photons. We develop a model of the device and bound the dominant sources of error using Bayesian inference. The combination of measurement-based quantum computation, silicon photonics technology, and on-chip multi-pair sources will be a useful one for future scalable quantum information processing with photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Adcock
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Caterina Vigliar
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Raffaele Santagati
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Joshua W Silverstone
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.
| | - Mark G Thompson
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
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