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Tian E, Rothermel C, Michel Z, de Castro LF, Lee J, Kilts T, Kent T, Collins MT, Ten Hagen KG. Loss of the glycosyltransferase Galnt11 affects vitamin D homeostasis and bone composition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107164. [PMID: 38484798 PMCID: PMC11001633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
O-glycosylation is a conserved posttranslational modification that impacts many aspects of organismal viability and function. Recent studies examining the glycosyltransferase Galnt11 demonstrated that it glycosylates the endocytic receptor megalin in the kidneys, enabling proper binding and reabsorption of ligands, including vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). Galnt11-deficient mice were unable to properly reabsorb DBP from the urine. Vitamin D plays an essential role in mineral homeostasis and its deficiency is associated with bone diseases such as rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. We therefore set out to examine the effects of the loss of Galnt11 on vitamin D homeostasis and bone composition. We found significantly decreased levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, consistent with decreased reabsorption of DBP. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in blood calcium levels and a physiologic increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) in Galnt11-deficient mice. Bones in Galnt11-deficient mice were smaller and displayed a decrease in cortical bone accompanied by an increase in trabecular bone and an increase in a marker of bone formation, consistent with PTH-mediated effects on bone. These results support a unified model for the role of Galnt11 in bone and mineral homeostasis, wherein loss of Galnt11 leads to decreased reabsorption of DBP by megalin, resulting in a cascade of disrupted mineral and bone homeostasis including decreased circulating vitamin D and calcium levels, a physiological increase in PTH, an overall loss of cortical bone, and an increase in trabecular bone. Our study elucidates how defects in O-glycosylation can influence vitamin D and mineral homeostasis and the integrity of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Rothermel
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary Michel
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina Kilts
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tristan Kent
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Collette AM, Hassan SA, Schmidt SI, Lara AJ, Yang W, Samara NL. An unusual dual sugar-binding lectin domain controls the substrate specificity of a mucin-type O-glycosyltransferase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8829. [PMID: 38416819 PMCID: PMC10901373 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) initiate mucin-type O-glycosylation, an abundant and complex posttranslational modification that regulates host-microbe interactions, tissue development, and metabolism. GalNAc-Ts contain a lectin domain consisting of three homologous repeats (α, β, and γ), where α and β can potentially interact with O-GalNAc on substrates to enhance activity toward a nearby acceptor Thr/Ser. The ubiquitous isoenzyme GalNAc-T1 modulates heart development, immunity, and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, but its substrates are largely unknown. Here, we show that both α and β in GalNAc-T1 uniquely orchestrate the O-glycosylation of various glycopeptide substrates. The α repeat directs O-glycosylation to acceptor sites carboxyl-terminal to an existing GalNAc, while the β repeat directs O-glycosylation to amino-terminal sites. In addition, GalNAc-T1 incorporates α and β into various substrate binding modes to cooperatively increase the specificity toward an acceptor site located between two existing O-glycans. Our studies highlight a unique mechanism by which dual lectin repeats expand substrate specificity and provide crucial information for identifying the biological substrates of GalNAc-T1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie M Collette
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergio A Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, OCICB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan I Schmidt
- MICaB Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander J Lara
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiming Yang
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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3
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Libby A, Rayon T. In preprints: puzzling together roles for glucose metabolism during gastrulation. Development 2024; 151:dev202774. [PMID: 38381701 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Libby
- Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa Rayon
- Epigenetics & Signalling Programmes, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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4
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Tian E, Syed ZA, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Ten Hagen KG. Dynamic expression of mucins and the genes controlling mucin-type O-glycosylation within the mouse respiratory system. Glycobiology 2023; 33:476-489. [PMID: 37115803 PMCID: PMC10284109 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic has underscored the need to understand how viruses and other pathogens are able to infect and replicate within the respiratory system. Recent studies have highlighted the role of highly O-glycosylated mucins in the protection of the respiratory system as well as how mucin-type O-glycosylation may be able to modify viral infectivity. Therefore, we set out to identify the specific genes controlling mucin-type O-glycosylation throughout the mouse respiratory system as well as determine how their expression and the expression of respiratory mucins is influenced by infection or injury. Here, we show that certain mucins and members of the Galnt family are abundantly expressed in specific respiratory tissues/cells and demonstrate unique patterns of O-glycosylation across diverse respiratory tissues. Moreover, we find that the expression of certain Galnts and mucins is altered during lung infection and injury in experimental mice challenged with infectious agents, toxins, and allergens. Finally, we examine gene expression changes of Galnts and mucins in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our work provides foundational knowledge regarding the specific expression of Galnt enzyme family members and mucins throughout the respiratory system, and how their expression is altered upon lung infection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27514, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27514, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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5
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Cao D, Zhong L, Hemalatha A, Bergmann J, Cox AL, Greco V, Sozen B. A Spatiotemporal Compartmentalization of Glucose Metabolism Guides Mammalian Gastrulation Progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543780. [PMID: 37333168 PMCID: PMC10274656 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is considered the sine qua non of embryogenesis, establishing a multidimensional structure and the spatial coordinates upon which all later developmental events transpire. At this time, the embryo adopts a heavy reliance on glucose metabolism to support rapidly accelerating changes in morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. However, it is currently unknown how this conserved metabolic shift maps onto the three-dimensional landscape of the growing embryo and whether it is spatially linked to the orchestrated cellular and molecular processes necessary for gastrulation. Here we identify that glucose is utilised during mouse gastrulation via distinct metabolic pathways to instruct local and global embryonic morphogenesis, in a cell type and stage-specific manner. Through detailed mechanistic studies and quantitative live imaging of mouse embryos, in parallel with tractable in vitro stem cell differentiation models and embryo-derived tissue explants, we discover that cell fate acquisition and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relies on the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway (HBP) branch of glucose metabolism, while newly-formed mesoderm requires glycolysis for correct migration and lateral expansion. This regional and tissue-specific difference in glucose metabolism is coordinated with Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) activity, demonstrating that reciprocal crosstalk between metabolism and growth factor signalling is a prerequisite for gastrulation progression. We expect these studies to provide important insights into the function of metabolism in other developmental contexts and may help uncover mechanisms that underpin embryonic lethality, cancer, and congenital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominica Cao
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Liangwen Zhong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Anupama Hemalatha
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jenna Bergmann
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Andy L. Cox
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Berna Sozen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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6
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Liang D, Gao Q, Meng Z, Li W, Song J, Xue K. Glycosylation in breast cancer progression and mammary development: Molecular connections and malignant transformations. Life Sci 2023; 326:121781. [PMID: 37207809 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular behavior in normal mammary gland development and the progression of breast cancer is like the relationship between an object and its mirror image: they may appear similar, but their essence is completely different. Breast cancer can be considered as temporal and spatial aberrations of normal development in mammary gland. Glycans have been shown to regulate key pathophysiological steps during mammary development and breast cancer progression, and the glycoproteins that play a key role in both processes can affect the normal differentiation and development of mammary cells, and even cause malignant transformation or accelerate tumorigenesis due to differences in their type and level of glycosylation. KEY FINDINGS In this review, we summarize the roles of glycan alterations in essential cellular behaviors during breast cancer progression and mammary development, and also highlight the importance of key glycan-binding proteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor β receptors and other proteins, which are pivotal in the modulation of cellular signaling in mammary gland. Our review takes an overall view of the molecular interplay, signal transduction and cellular behaviors in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression from a glycobiological perspective. SIGNIFICANCE This review will give a better understanding of the similarities and differences in glycosylation between mammary gland development and breast cancer progression, laying the foundation for elucidating the key molecular mechanisms of glycobiology underlying the malignant transformation of mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Zixuan Meng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiazhe Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
| | - Kai Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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7
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Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland function, development, and regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 PMCID: PMC9126227 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury, will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels: the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis, and regeneration, and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Verzijl CRC, Oldoni F, Loaiza N, Wolters JC, Rimbert A, Tian E, Yang W, Struik D, Smit M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Fernandez AJ, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG, Dalal K, Chernish A, McCluggage P, Tabak LA, Jonker JW, Kuivenhoven JA. A novel role for GalNAc-T2 dependent glycosylation in energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101472. [PMID: 35304331 PMCID: PMC9019398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GALNT2, encoding polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAc-T2), was initially discovered as a regulator of high-density lipoprotein metabolism. GalNAc-T2 is known to exert these effects through post-translational modification, i.e., O-linked glycosylation of secreted proteins with established roles in plasma lipid metabolism. It has recently become clear that loss of GALNT2 in rodents, cattle, nonhuman primates, and humans should be regarded as a novel congenital disorder of glycosylation that affects development and body weight. The role of GALNT2 in metabolic abnormalities other than plasma lipids, including insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis, is poorly understood. METHODS GWAS data from the UK Biobank was used to study variation in the GALNT2 locus beyond changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Experimental data were obtained through studies in Galnt2-/- mice and wild-type littermates on both control and high-fat diet. RESULTS First, we uncovered associations between GALNT2 gene variation, adiposity, and body mass index in humans. In mice, we identify the insulin receptor as a novel substrate of GalNAc-T2 and demonstrate that Galnt2-/- mice exhibit decreased adiposity, alterations in insulin signaling and a shift in energy substrate utilization in the inactive phase. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel role for GALNT2 in energy homeostasis, and our findings suggest that the local effects of GalNAc-T2 are mediated through posttranslational modification of the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy R C Verzijl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Oldoni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Loaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Weiming Yang
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Amy J Fernandez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kruti Dalal
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aliona Chernish
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peggy McCluggage
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Syed ZA, Zhang L, Ten Hagen KG. In vivo models of mucin biosynthesis and function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114182. [PMID: 35278522 PMCID: PMC9068269 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The secreted mucus layer that lines and protects epithelial cells is conserved across diverse species. While the exact composition of this protective layer varies between organisms, certain elements are conserved, including proteins that are heavily decorated with N-acetylgalactosamine-based sugars linked to serines or threonines (O-linked glycosylation). These heavily O-glycosylated proteins, known as mucins, exist in many forms and are able to form hydrated gel-like structures that coat epithelial surfaces. In vivo studies in diverse organisms have highlighted the importance of both the mucin proteins as well as their constituent O-glycans in the protection and health of internal epithelia. Here, we summarize in vivo approaches that have shed light on the synthesis and function of these essential components of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, United States.
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10
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Itoh K, Nishihara S. Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation in the Drosophila Nervous System. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767126. [PMID: 34733141 PMCID: PMC8558370 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation, a predominant type of O-glycosylation, is an evolutionarily conserved posttranslational modification in animals. Mucin-type O-glycans are often found on mucins in the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. These glycan structures are also expressed in other cell types, such as blood cells and nephrocytes, and have crucial physiological functions. Altered expression of mucin-type O-glycans is known to be associated with several human disorders, including Tn syndrome and cancer; however, the physiological roles of mucin-type O-glycans in the mammalian brain remains largely unknown. The functions of mucin-type O-glycans have been studied in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The basic structures of mucin-type O-glycans, including Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) and T antigen (Galβ1–3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), as well as the glycosyltransferases that synthesize them, are conserved between Drosophila and mammals. These mucin-type O-glycans are expressed in the Drosophila nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). In primary cultured neurons of Drosophila, mucin-type O-glycans show a characteristic localization pattern in axons. Phenotypic analyses using mutants of glycosyltransferase genes have revealed that mucin-type O-glycans are required for CNS development, NMJ morphogenesis, and synaptic functions of NMJs in Drosophila. In this review, we describe the roles of mucin-type O-glycans in the Drosophila nervous system. These findings will provide insight into the functions of mucin-type O-glycans in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Itoh
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, Hachioji, Japan.,Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Japan
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11
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Masbuchin AN, Rohman MS, Liu PY. Role of Glycosylation in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9829. [PMID: 34575990 PMCID: PMC8469761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important step in post-translational protein modification. Altered glycosylation results in an abnormality that causes diseases such as malignancy and cardiovascular diseases. Recent emerging evidence highlights the importance of glycosylation in vascular calcification. Two major types of glycosylation, N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation, are involved in vascular calcification. Other glycosylation mechanisms, which polymerize the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain onto protein, resulting in proteoglycan (PG), also have an impact on vascular calcification. This paper discusses the role of glycosylation in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nizar Masbuchin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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12
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Kato K, Hansen L, Clausen H. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-Associated Phenotypes in Mammals. Molecules 2021; 26:5504. [PMID: 34576978 PMCID: PMC8472655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation involves the attachment of glycans to an initial O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) on serine and threonine residues on proteins. This process in mammals is initiated and regulated by a large family of 20 UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) (EC 2.4.1.41). The enzymes are encoded by a large gene family (GALNTs). Two of these genes, GALNT2 and GALNT3, are known as monogenic autosomal recessive inherited disease genes with well characterized phenotypes, whereas a broad spectrum of phenotypes is associated with the remaining 18 genes. Until recently, the overlapping functionality of the 20 members of the enzyme family has hindered characterizing the specific biological roles of individual enzymes. However, recent evidence suggests that these enzymes do not have full functional redundancy and may serve specific purposes that are found in the different phenotypes described. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of GALNT and associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Mærsk Building, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Mærsk Building, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
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13
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Riddell N, Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Electroretinography and Gene Expression Measures Implicate Phototransduction and Metabolic Shifts in Chick Myopia and Hyperopia Models. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060501. [PMID: 34072440 PMCID: PMC8228081 DOI: 10.3390/life11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinal Ion-Driven Fluid Efflux (RIDE) model theorizes that phototransduction-driven changes in trans-retinal ion and fluid transport underlie the development of myopia (short-sightedness). In support of this model, previous functional studies have identified the attenuation of outer retinal contributions to the global flash electroretinogram (gfERG) following weeks of myopia induction in chicks, while discovery-driven transcriptome studies have identified changes to the expression of ATP-driven ion transport and mitochondrial metabolism genes in the retina/RPE/choroid at the mid- to late-induction time-points. Less is known about the early time-points despite biometric analyses demonstrating changes in eye growth by 3 h in the chick lens defocus model. Thus, the present study compared gfERG and transcriptome profiles between 3 h and 3 days of negative lens-induced myopia and positive lens-induced hyperopia in chicks. Photoreceptor (a-wave and d-wave) and bipolar (b-wave and late-stage d-wave) cell responses were suppressed following negative lens-wear, particularly at the 3–4 h and 3-day time-points when active shifts in the rate of ocular growth were expected. Transcriptome measures revealed the up-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation genes following 6 h of negative lens-wear, concordant with previous reports at 2 days in this model. Signal transduction pathways, with core genes involved in glutamate and G-protein coupled receptor signalling, were down-regulated at 6 h. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence for the dysregulation of phototransduction and mitochondrial metabolism in animal models of myopia.
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14
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Mucin-Type O-GalNAc Glycosylation in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:25-60. [PMID: 34495529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type GalNAc O-glycosylation is one of the most abundant and unique post-translational modifications. The combination of proteome-wide mapping of GalNAc O-glycosylation sites and genetic studies with knockout animals and genome-wide analyses in humans have been instrumental in our understanding of GalNAc O-glycosylation. Combined, such studies have revealed well-defined functions of O-glycans at single sites in proteins, including the regulation of pro-protein processing and proteolytic cleavage, as well as modulation of receptor functions and ligand binding. In addition to isolated O-glycans, multiple clustered O-glycans have an important function in mammalian biology by providing structural support and stability of mucins essential for protecting our inner epithelial surfaces, especially in the airways and gastrointestinal tract. Here the many O-glycans also provide binding sites for both endogenous and pathogen-derived carbohydrate-binding proteins regulating critical developmental programs and helping maintain epithelial homeostasis with commensal organisms. Finally, O-glycan changes have been identified in several diseases, most notably in cancer and inflammation, where the disease-specific changes can be used for glycan-targeted therapies. This chapter will review the biosynthesis, the biology, and the translational perspectives of GalNAc O-glycans.
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15
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Pecori F, Akimoto Y, Hanamatsu H, Furukawa JI, Shinohara Y, Ikehara Y, Nishihara S. Mucin-type O-glycosylation controls pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells via Wnt receptor endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245845. [PMID: 32973111 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into a range of cell types during development, and this pluripotency is regulated by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Mucin-type O-glycosylation has been suggested to be a potential factor in the control of ESC pluripotency, and is characterized by the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to serine or threonine residues of membrane-anchored proteins and secreted proteins. To date, the relationship between mucin-type O-glycosylation and signaling in ESCs remains undefined. Here, we identify the elongation pathway via C1GalT1 that synthesizes T antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAc) as the most prominent among mucin-type O-glycosylation modifications in ESCs. Moreover, we show that mucin-type O-glycosylation on the Wnt signaling receptor frizzled-5 (Fzd5) regulates its endocytosis via galectin-3 binding to T antigen, and that reduction of T antigen results in the exit of the ESCs from pluripotency via canonical Wnt signaling activation. Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism that modulates Wnt signaling and, consequently, ESC pluripotency.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pecori
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
- Glycan & Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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16
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May C, Ji S, Syed ZA, Revoredo L, Paul Daniel EJ, Gerken TA, Tabak LA, Samara NL, Ten Hagen KG. Differential splicing of the lectin domain of an O-glycosyltransferase modulates both peptide and glycopeptide preferences. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12525-12536. [PMID: 32669364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an essential post-translational modification required for protein secretion, extracellular matrix formation, and organ growth. O-Glycosylation is initiated by a large family of enzymes (GALNTs in mammals and PGANTs in Drosophila) that catalyze the addition of GalNAc onto the hydroxyl groups of serines or threonines in protein substrates. These enzymes contain two functional domains: a catalytic domain and a C-terminal ricin-like lectin domain comprised of three potential GalNAc recognition repeats termed α, β, and γ. The catalytic domain is responsible for binding donor and acceptor substrates and catalyzing transfer of GalNAc, whereas the lectin domain recognizes more distant extant GalNAc on previously glycosylated substrates. We previously demonstrated a novel role for the α repeat of lectin domain in influencing charged peptide preferences. Here, we further interrogate how the differentially spliced α repeat of the PGANT9A and PGANT9B O-glycosyltransferases confers distinct preferences for a variety of endogenous substrates. Through biochemical analyses and in silico modeling using preferred substrates, we find that a combination of charged residues within the α repeat and charged residues in the flexible gating loop of the catalytic domain distinctively influence the peptide substrate preferences of each splice variant. Moreover, PGANT9A and PGANT9B also display unique glycopeptide preferences. These data illustrate how changes within the noncatalytic lectin domain can alter the recognition of both peptide and glycopeptide substrates. Overall, our results elucidate a novel mechanism for modulating substrate preferences of O-glycosyltransferases via alternative splicing within specific subregions of functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn May
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suena Ji
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zulfeqhar A Syed
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie Revoredo
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Earnest James Paul Daniel
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadine L Samara
- Structural Biochemistry Unit, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Peluso G, Tian E, Abusleme L, Munemasa T, Mukaibo T, Ten Hagen KG. Loss of the disease-associated glycosyltransferase Galnt3 alters Muc10 glycosylation and the composition of the oral microbiome. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1411-1425. [PMID: 31882545 PMCID: PMC6996895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome in health and its disruption in disease is continuing to be elucidated. However, the multitude of host and environmental factors that influence the microbiome are still largely unknown. Here, we examined UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (Galnt3)-deficient mice, which serve as a model for the disease hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC). In HFTC, loss of GALNT3 activity in the bone is thought to lead to altered glycosylation of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), resulting in hyperphosphatemia and subdermal calcified tumors. However, GALNT3 is expressed in other tissues in addition to bone, suggesting that systemic loss could result in other pathologies. Using semiquantitative real-time PCR, we found that Galnt3 is the major O-glycosyltransferase expressed in the secretory cells of salivary glands. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the loss of Galnt3 resulted in changes in the structure, composition, and stability of the oral microbiome. Moreover, we identified the major secreted salivary mucin, Muc10, as an in vivo substrate of Galnt3. Given that mucins and their O-glycans are known to interact with various microbes, our results suggest that loss of Galnt3 decreases glycosylation of Muc10, which alters the composition and stability of the oral microbiome. Considering that oral findings have been documented in HFTC patients, our study suggests that investigating GALNT3-mediated changes in the oral microbiome may be warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/microbiology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
- Glycosylation
- Glycosyltransferases/metabolism
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/genetics
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/metabolism
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/microbiology
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microbiota/genetics
- Mucins/chemistry
- Mucins/metabolism
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/genetics
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Salivary Glands/metabolism
- Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Peluso
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
| | - Takashi Munemasa
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Taro Mukaibo
- Secretory Mechanisms and Dysfunctions Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kelly G Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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19
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Peluso G, Tian E, Abusleme L, Munemasa T, Mukaibo T, Ten Hagen KG. Loss of the disease-associated glycosyltransferase Galnt3 alters Muc10 glycosylation and the composition of the oral microbiome. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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20
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He L, Ye X, Gao M, Yang J, Ma J, Xiao F, Wei H. Down-regulation of GLT25D1 inhibited collagen secretion and involved in liver fibrogenesis. Gene 2019; 729:144233. [PMID: 31759980 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Collagen β (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) has been reported to transfer galactose to hydroxylysine residues via β (1-O) linkages in collagen. However, the role of Glt25d1 in liver fibrogenesis is still unknow. Recently, we generated a Glt25d1 knockout mouse to elucidate the role of Glt25d1 in vivo. However, we found that complete deletion of the Glt25d1 gene resulted in embryonic lethality at E11.5. Histopathological analysis revealed that dysplasia in Glt25d1-/- labyrinth with defects of the vascular network. Immunohistochemical showed that the decrease in proliferation of Glt25d1-/- liver and the developing central nervous system (CNS). The role of Glt25d1 in liver fibrogenesis was explored by Glt25d1+/- mice. Glt25d1+/- mice and wild-type (WT) mice were injected intraperitoneally with the same dose of CCl4. The higher level of serum alanine aminotransferase was observed in Glt25d1+/- mice. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chainreaction demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines such as, Tnf-α, Cxcl-1 and Mcp-1, showed a significantly increase in CCl4-treated Glt25d1+/- mice. Collagen-I, collagen-III and α-SMA transcripts accumulation was markedly increased in the Glt25d1+/- mice. However, Masson's trichrome staining revealed a trend to decrease in the ECM proteins deposition of Glt25d1+/- liver. Immunohistochemistry and Western blots revealed that the protein expression of Collagen-III was reduced and a trend to a decrease in collagen-I was observed in the Glt25d1+/- liver compared with those of WT mice. Our results demonstrate that Glt25d1 knockout results in embryonic lethality and down-regulation of Glt25d1 may inhibit collagen secretion during liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- Beijing Huaxin Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua Uinversity, Beijing, China.
| | - Meixin Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Junru Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiali Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongshan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Galnt11 regulates kidney function by glycosylating the endocytosis receptor megalin to modulate ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25196-25202. [PMID: 31740596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909573116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 20 million Americans and ∼10% of the population worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of kidney functional decline have identified genes associated with CKD, but the precise mechanisms by which they influence kidney function remained largely unexplored. Here, we examine the role of 1 GWAS-identified gene by creating mice deficient for Galnt11, which encodes a member of the enzyme family that initiates protein O-glycosylation, an essential posttranslational modification known to influence protein function and stability. We find that Galnt11-deficient mice display low-molecular-weight proteinuria and have specific defects in proximal tubule-mediated resorption of vitamin D binding protein, α1-microglobulin, and retinol binding protein. Moreover, we identify the endocytic receptor megalin (LRP2) as a direct target of Galnt11 in vivo. Megalin in Galnt11-deficient mice displays reduced ligand binding and undergoes age-related loss within the kidney. Differential mass spectrometry revealed specific sites of Galnt11-mediated glycosylation within mouse kidney megalin/LRP2 that are known to be involved in ligand binding, suggesting that O-glycosylation directly influences the ability to bind ligands. In support of this, recombinant megalin containing these sites displayed reduced albumin binding in cells deficient for Galnt11 Our results provide insight into the association between GALNT11 and CKD, and identify a role for Galnt11 in proper kidney function.
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22
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Narimatsu Y, Joshi HJ, Schjoldager KT, Hintze J, Halim A, Steentoft C, Nason R, Mandel U, Bennett EP, Clausen H, Vakhrushev SY. Exploring Regulation of Protein O-Glycosylation in Isogenic Human HEK293 Cells by Differential O-Glycoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1396-1409. [PMID: 31040225 PMCID: PMC6601209 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteins trafficking the secretory pathway of metazoan cells will acquire GalNAc-type O-glycosylation. GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is differentially regulated in cells by the expression of a repertoire of up to twenty genes encoding polypeptide GalNAc-transferase isoforms (GalNAc-Ts) that initiate O-glycosylation. These GalNAc-Ts orchestrate the positions and patterns of O-glycans on proteins in coordinated, but poorly understood ways - guided partly by the kinetic properties and substrate specificities of their catalytic domains, as well as by modulatory effects of their unique GalNAc-binding lectin domains. Here, we provide the hereto most comprehensive characterization of nonredundant contributions of individual GalNAc-T isoforms to the O-glycoproteome of the human HEK293 cell using quantitative differential O-glycoproteomics on a panel of isogenic HEK293 cells with knockout of GalNAc-T genes (GALNT1, T2, T3, T7, T10, or T11). We confirm that a major part of the O-glycoproteome is covered by redundancy, whereas distinct O-glycosite subsets are covered by nonredundant GalNAc-T isoform-specific functions. We demonstrate that the GalNAc-T7 and T10 isoforms function in follow-up of high-density O-glycosylated regions, and that GalNAc-T11 has highly restricted functions and essentially only serves the low-density lipoprotein-related receptors in linker regions (C6XXXTC1) between the ligand-binding repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Narimatsu
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - John Hintze
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Adnan Halim
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Catharina Steentoft
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Nason
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mandel
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the ‡Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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23
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Shan A, Lu J, Xu Z, Li X, Xu Y, Li W, Liu F, Yang F, Sato T, Narimatsu H, Zhang Y. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 18 non-catalytically regulates the ER homeostasis and O-glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:870-882. [PMID: 30797803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation plays important roles in various biological processes. It is initiated by a family of 20 conserved UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts). Unlike most ppGalNAc-Ts localized to the Golgi apparatus, ppGalNAc-T18 is predominantly distributed on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and exhibits no ppGalNAc-T catalytic activity in vitro. Herein, we found that ppGalNAc-T18 silencing in cells decreased O-glycosylation levels and activated ER stress leading to apoptosis. After treatment with chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) or forced expression of ppGalNAc-T18 in the ppGalNAc-T18 knockdown cell, these defects could be significantly alleviated, suggesting that ppGalNAc-T18 is important for ER homeostasis and protein O-glycosylation. Furthermore, we found that ppGalNAc-T18 exerts its functions in O-glycosylation and ER stress via a non-catalytic mechanism. These results reveal a novel molecular role of ppGalNAc-Ts that the ER-localized ppGalNAc-T18 could regulate the O-glycosylation and ER homeostasis in a non-catalytic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jishun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhijue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingjiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SCSB (China)-AIST (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Takashi Sato
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan; SCSB (China)-AIST (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SCSB (China)-AIST (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Raghu D, Mobley RJ, Shendy NAM, Perry CH, Abell AN. GALNT3 Maintains the Epithelial State in Trophoblast Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3684-3697.e7. [PMID: 30917321 PMCID: PMC6501849 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GalNAc glycosylation is initiated in the Golgi by glycosyltransferases called GALNTs. Proteomic screens identified >600 O-GalNAc-modified proteins, but the biological relevance of these modifications has been difficult to determine. We have discovered a conserved function for GALNT3 in trophoblast stem (TS) cells, blastocyst trophectoderm, and human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). The loss of GALNT3 expression in these systems reduces O-GalNAc glycosylation and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, Galnt3 expression is reduced in aggressive, mesenchymal claudin-low breast cancer cells. We show that GALNT3 expression controls the O-GalNAc glycosylation of multiple proteins, including E-cadherin in both TS cells and HMECs. The loss of GALNT3 results in the intracellular retention of E-cadherin in the Golgi. Significantly, re-expression of GALNT3 in TS cells increases O-GalNAc glycosylation and restores the epithelial state. Together, these data demonstrate the critical biological role of GALNT3 O-GalNAc glycosylation to promote the epithelial phenotype in TS cells, blastocyst trophectoderm, and HMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Raghu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Robert J Mobley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Noha A M Shendy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Charles H Perry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Amy N Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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25
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Becker JL, Tran DT, Tabak LA. Members of the GalNAc-T family of enzymes utilize distinct Golgi localization mechanisms. Glycobiology 2019; 28:841-848. [PMID: 30084948 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an evolutionarily conserved and essential post-translational protein modification that is initiated in the Golgi apparatus by a family of enzymes known as the UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts). GalNAc-Ts are type II membrane proteins which contain short N-terminal tails located in the cytoplasm, a transmembrane domain that crosses the Golgi membrane, to which is connected a stem region that tethers the C-terminal catalytic and lectin domains that reside in the Golgi lumen. Although mucin-type O-glycans have been shown to play critical roles in numerous biological processes, little is known about how the GalNAc-Ts are targeted to their site of action within the Golgi complex. Here, we investigate the essential protein domains required for Golgi localization of four representative members of the GalNAc-T family of enzymes. We find that GalNAc-T1 and -T2 require their cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domains for proper Golgi localization, while GalNAc-T10 requires its transmembrane and luminal stem domains. GalNAc-T7 can use either its cytoplasmic tail or its luminal stem, in combination with its transmembrane domain, to localize to the Golgi. We determined that a single glutamic acid in the GalNAc-T10 cytoplasmic tail inhibits its ability to localize to the Golgi via a cytoplasmic tail-dependent mechanism. We therefore demonstrate that despite their similarity, different members of this enzyme family are directed to the Golgi by more than one set of targeting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Becker
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duy T Tran
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Simon EJ, Linstedt AD. Site-specific glycosylation of Ebola virus glycoprotein by human polypeptide GalNAc-transferase 1 induces cell adhesion defects. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19866-19873. [PMID: 30389789 PMCID: PMC6314128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola virus causes many of the virus's pathogenic effects, including a dramatic loss of endothelial cell adhesion associated with widespread hemorrhaging during infection. Although the GP-mediated deadhesion depends on its extracellular mucin-like domain, it is unknown whether any, or all, of this domain's densely clustered O-glycosylation sites are required. It is also unknown whether any of the 20 distinct polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (ppGalNAc-Ts) that initiate mucin-type O-glycosylation in human cells are functionally required. Here, using HEK293 cell lines lacking specific glycosylation enzymes, we demonstrate that GP requires extended O-glycans to exert its deadhesion effect. We also identified ppGalNAc-T1 as largely required for the GP-mediated adhesion defects. Despite its profound effect on GP function, the absence of ppGalNAc-T1 only modestly reduced the O-glycan mass of GP, indicating that even small changes in the bulky glycodomain can cause loss of GP function. Indeed, protein-mapping studies identified a small segment of the mucin-like domain critical for function and revealed that mutation of five glycan acceptor sites within this segment are sufficient to abrogate GP function. Together, these results argue against a mechanism of Ebola GP-induced cell detachment that depends solely on ectodomain bulkiness and identify a single host-derived glycosylation enzyme, ppGalNAc-T1, as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Simon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Adam D Linstedt
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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27
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Lo BKM, Archibong-Omon A, Ploutarchou P, Day AJ, Milner CM, Williams SA. Oocyte-specific ablation of N- and O-glycans alters cumulus cell signalling and extracellular matrix composition. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 31:529-537. [PMID: 30373703 DOI: 10.1071/rd18209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) expansion is essential for ovulation and fertilisation and is linked to oocyte quality. Hyaluronan (HA), the major matrix constituent, is cross-linked via inter-α-inhibitor heavy chains (HCs), pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6). All except HCs are secreted by cumulus cells in response to oocyte-secreted factors, which signal via SMAD pathways. The double mutant (DM) mouse generates oocytes lacking complex N- and O-glycans due to oocyte-specific deletion of core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1galt1) and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (Mgat1) and has modified cumulus expansion. We compared COCs before expansion (48 h-post-pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG)) and at late-stage expansion (9 h-post-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG); control n=3 mice, DM n=3 per group). Using histochemistry the levels of HA, HCs, PTX3, TSG-6 and phosphorylated-SMAD1/5/8 and -SMAD2 (12-25 COCs per group) were assessed. DM COCs did not differ from Controls in cumulus size or cell density at 9 h-post-hCG; however, HA and HC levels and phosphorylated-SMAD1/5/8 were reduced. Furthermore, no correlations were found between the levels of matrix molecules and cumulus area in DM or Control samples. These data suggest that HA and HCs can support cumulus expansion provided that they are present above minimum threshold levels. We propose that oocyte-specific ablation of C1galt1 and Mgat1 may affect bone morphogenetic protein 15 synthesis or bioactivity, thereby reducing SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation and HA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K M Lo
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Agnes Archibong-Omon
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Panayiota Ploutarchou
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anthony J Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline M Milner
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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28
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Metabolic glycan labeling and chemoselective functionalization of native biomaterials. Biomaterials 2018; 182:127-134. [PMID: 30118980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized native extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials are widely used in tissue engineering and have reached clinical application as biomesh implants. To enhance their regenerative properties and postimplantation performance, ECM biomaterials could be functionalized via immobilization of bioactive molecules. To facilitate ECM functionalization, we developed a metabolic glycan labeling approach using physiologic pathways to covalently incorporate click-reactive azide ligands into the native ECM of a wide variety of rodent tissues and organs in vivo, and into the ECM of isolated rodent and porcine lungs cultured ex vivo. The incorporated azides within the ECM were preserved after decellularization and served as chemoselective ligands for subsequent bioconjugation via click chemistry. As proof of principle, we generated alkyne-modified heparin, immobilized it onto azide-incorporated acellular lungs, and demonstrated its bioactivity by Antithrombin III immobilization and Factor Xa inhibition. The herein reported metabolic glycan labeling approach represents a novel platform technology for manufacturing click-reactive native ECM biomaterials, thereby enabling efficient and chemoselective functionalization of these materials to facilitate tissue regeneration and repair.
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29
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Corfield AP. The Interaction of the Gut Microbiota with the Mucus Barrier in Health and Disease in Human. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030078. [PMID: 30072673 PMCID: PMC6163557 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins are major players in the mucus protective barrier in the gastrointestinal and other mucosal surfaces. In particular the mucus glycoproteins, or mucins, are responsible for the protective gel barrier. They are characterized by their high carbohydrate content, present in their variable number, tandem repeat domains. Throughout evolution the mucins have been maintained as integral components of the mucosal barrier, emphasizing their essential biological status. The glycosylation of the mucins is achieved through a series of biosynthetic pathways processes, which generate the wide range of glycans found in these molecules. Thus mucins are decorated with molecules having information in the form of a glycocode. The enteric microbiota interacts with the mucosal mucus barrier in a variety of ways in order to fulfill its many normal processes. How bacteria read the glycocode and link to normal and pathological processes is outlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Level 7, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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30
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Katara GK, Kulshrestha A, Mao L, Wang X, Sahoo M, Ibrahim S, Pamarthy S, Suzue K, Shekhawat GS, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. Mammary epithelium-specific inactivation of V-ATPase reduces stiffness of extracellular matrix and enhances metastasis of breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:208-223. [PMID: 29178186 PMCID: PMC5792725 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) critically impacts tumor progression and is influenced by both cancer and host tissue cells. While our understanding of cancer cell ECM remodeling is widespread, the importance of host tissue ECM, which provides initial congenial environment for primary tumor formation, is partly understood. Here, we report a novel role of epithelial cell-associated vacuolar ATPase 'a2' isoform (a2V) in regulating breast tissue ECM stiffness to control metastasis. Using a mammary gland-specific a2V-knockout model, we show that in the absence of a2V, breast tumors exhibit atypically soft tumor phenotype, less tumor rigidity, and necrotic tumor microenvironment. These tumors contain a decreased number of cancer cells at primary tumor site, but showed extensive metastases compared to control. Nanomechanical evaluation of normal breast tissues revealed a decrease in stiffness and collagen content in ECM of a2V-deleted breast tissues. Mechanistically, inhibition of a2V expression caused dispersed Golgi morphology with relocation of glycosyltransferase enzymes to early endosomes in mammary epithelial cells. This resulted in defective glycosylation of ECM proteins and production of compromised ECM that further influenced tumor metastasis. Clinically, in patients with cancer, low a2V expression levels in normal breast tissue correlated with lymph node metastasis. Thus, using a new knockout mouse model, we have identified a2V expression in epithelial cells as a key requirement for proper ECM formation in breast tissue and its expression levels can significantly modulate breast tumor dissemination. Evaluation of a2V expression in normal breast tissues can help in identifying patients with high risk of developing metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra K Katara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arpita Kulshrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liqun Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Manoranjan Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Safaa Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sahithi Pamarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kimiko Suzue
- Department of Pathology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.,Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA
| | - Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Famiglietti AL, Wei Z, Beres TM, Milac AL, Tran DT, Patel D, Angerer RC, Angerer LM, Tabak LA. Characterization and expression analysis of Galnts in developing Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176479. [PMID: 28448610 PMCID: PMC5407767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification in which N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is added to the hydroxyl group of select serine or threonine residues of a protein by the family of UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts; EC 2.4.1.41). Previous studies demonstrate that O-glycosylation plays essential roles in protein function, cell-cell interactions, cell polarity and differentiation in developing mouse and Drosophila embryos. Although this type of protein modification is highly conserved among higher eukaryotes, little is known about this family of enzymes in echinoderms, basal deuterostome relatives of the chordates. To investigate the potential role of GalNAc-Ts in echinoderms, we have begun the characterization of this enzyme family in the purple sea urchin, S. purpuratus. We have fully or partially cloned a total of 13 genes (SpGalnts) encoding putative sea urchin SpGalNAc-Ts, and have confirmed enzymatic activity of five recombinant proteins. Amino acid alignments revealed high sequence similarity among sea urchin and mammalian glycosyltransferases, suggesting the presence of putative orthologues. Structural models underscored these similarities and helped reconcile some of the substrate preferences observed. Temporal and spatial expression of SpGalnt transcripts, was studied by whole-mount in situ hybridization. We found that many of these genes are transcribed early in developing embryos, often with restricted expression to the endomesodermal region. Multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated that transcripts encoding SpGalnt7-2 co-localized with both Endo16 (a gene expressed in the endoderm), and Gcm (a gene expressed in secondary mesenchyme cells) at the early blastula stage, 20 hours post fertilization (hpf). At late blastula stage (28 hpf), SpGalnt7-2 message co-expresses with Gcm, suggesting that it may play a role in secondary mesenchyme development. We also discovered that morpholino-mediated knockdown of SpGalnt13 transcripts, results in a deficiency of embryonic skeleton and neurons, suggesting that mucin-type O-glycans play essential roles during embryonic development in S. purpuratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Famiglietti
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wei
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Beres
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Adina L. Milac
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Duy T. Tran
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Divya Patel
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Angerer
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lynne M. Angerer
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu B, Nicholls M, Gu Y, Zhang G, Zhao C, Franklin RJM, Song B. Electric Signals Regulate the Directional Migration of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) via β1 Integrin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111948. [PMID: 27879672 PMCID: PMC5133942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The guided migration of neural cells is essential for repair in the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) will normally migrate towards an injury site to re-sheath demyelinated axons; however the mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. Endogenous electric fields (EFs) are known to influence cell migration in vivo, and have been utilised in this study to direct the migration of OPCs isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. The OPCs were exposed to physiological levels of electrical stimulation, and displayed a marked electrotactic response that was dependent on β1 integrin, one of the key subunits of integrin receptors. We also observed that F-actin, an important component of the cytoskeleton, was re-distributed towards the leading edge of the migrating cells, and that this asymmetric rearrangement was associated with β1 integrin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangfu Zhu
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK.
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Matthew Nicholls
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK.
| | - Yu Gu
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK.
| | - Gaofeng Zhang
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK.
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TA, UK.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TA, UK.
| | - Bing Song
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK.
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Rêgo MJBM, Silva Filho AF, Sobral APV, Beltrão EIC. Glycomic profile of the human parotid gland between 18th and 26th week of fetal development. J Oral Sci 2016; 58:353-60. [PMID: 27665974 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.15-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new and functional structural components of several organs, such as parotid glands, can be influenced by the glycocode. This study analyzed the glycobiology of parotid salivary gland tissue during fetal development using specific biochemical probes (lectins and antibodies). Eleven parotid gland samples from human fetuses were obtained from spontaneous abortions at 14-28 weeks of gestation, and tissue sections were analyzed for lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. From the 18th to 26th week, Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I, peanut agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, and Vicia villosa agglutinin lectin staining were predominantly observed in the apical and/or basement membranes of the ducts and tubulo-acinar units. Moreover, the presence of galectin-1 was found in the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of both structures. Conversely, Gal-3 and mucin-1 were restricted to the glandular ducts. The lectin staining pattern changed during the weeks evaluated. Nevertheless, the carbohydrate subcellular localization represented a key factor in the investigation of structural distribution profiles and possible roles of these glycans in initial parotid gland development. These findings are defined by their high biological value and provide an important base for the development of subsequent studies. (J Oral Sci 58, 353-360, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacyr J B M Rêgo
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches, Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation Suelly Galdino
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34
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Xu Y, Pang W, Lu J, Shan A, Zhang Y. Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 Contributes to Neurogenesis via Stabilizing the Mucin-type O-Glycoprotein Podoplanin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23477-23488. [PMID: 27629416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is initiated by an evolutionarily conserved family of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts). Previously, it was reported that ppGalNAc-T13 is restrictively expressed at a high level in the brain. Here we provide evidence for the critical role of ppGalNAc-T13 in neural differentiation. In detail, we show that the expression of ppGalNAc-T13 was dramatically up-regulated during early neurogenesis in mouse embryonic brains. Similar changes were also observed in cell models of neuronal differentiation by using either primary mouse cortical neural precursor cells or murine embryonal carcinoma P19 cells. Knockout of ppGalNAc-T13 in P19 cells suppressed not only neural induction but also neuronal differentiation. These effects are at least partly mediated by the mucin-type O-glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN), as knockdown of PDPN led to a similar inhibition of neuronal differentiation and PDPN was significantly reduced at the posttranscriptional level after ppGalNAc-T13 knockout. Further data demonstrate that PDPN acts as a substrate of ppGalNAc-T13 and that the ppGalNAc-T13-mediated O-glycosylation on PDPN is important for its stability. Taken together, this study suggests that ppGalNAc-T13 contributes to neuronal differentiation through glycosylating and stabilizing PDPN, which provides insights into the regulatory roles of O-glycosylation in mammalian neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiao Xu
- From the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenjie Pang
- From the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jishun Lu
- From the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aidong Shan
- From the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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35
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Cracking the Glycome Encoder: Signaling, Trafficking, and Glycosylation. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:379-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chia J, Goh G, Bard F. Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1623-39. [PMID: 26968459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications, changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a common hypothesis, short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Road, 119077, Singapore.
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Ploutarchou P, Melo P, Day AJ, Milner CM, Williams SA. Molecular analysis of the cumulus matrix: insights from mice with O-glycan-deficient oocytes. Reproduction 2016; 149:533-43. [PMID: 25855670 PMCID: PMC4397614 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During follicle development, oocytes secrete factors that influence the development of granulosa and cumulus cells (CCs). In response to oocyte and somatic cell signals, CCs produce extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules resulting in cumulus expansion, which is essential for ovulation, fertilisation, and is predictive of oocyte quality. The cumulus ECM is largely made up of hyaluronan (HA), TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6, also known as TNFAIP6), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), and the heavy chains (HCs) of serum-derived inter-α-inhibitor proteins. In contrast to other in vivo models where modified expansion impairs fertility, the cumulus mass of C1galt1 Mutants, which have oocyte-specific deletion of core 1-derived O-glycans, is modified without impairing fertility. In this report, we used C1galt1 Mutant (C1galt1FF:ZP3Cre) and Control (C1galt1FF) mice to investigate how cumulus expansion is affected by oocyte-specific deletion of core 1-derived O-glycans without adversely affecting oocyte quality. Mutant cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) are smaller than Controls, with fewer CCs. Interestingly, the CCs in Mutant mice are functionally normal as each cell produced normal levels of the ECM molecules HA, TSG-6, and PTX3. However, HC levels were elevated in Mutant COCs. These data reveal that oocyte glycoproteins carrying core 1-derived O-glycans have a regulatory role in COC development. In addition, our study of Controls indicates that a functional COC can form provided all essential components are present above a minimum threshold level, and thus some variation in ECM composition does not adversely affect oocyte development, ovulation or fertilisation. These data have important implications for IVF and the use of cumulus expansion as a criterion for oocyte assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Ploutarchou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pedro Melo
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony J Day
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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38
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Schjoldager KT, Joshi HJ, Kong Y, Goth CK, King SL, Wandall HH, Bennett EP, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H. Deconstruction of O-glycosylation--GalNAc-T isoforms direct distinct subsets of the O-glycoproteome. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1713-22. [PMID: 26566661 PMCID: PMC4693523 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is found on most proteins trafficking through the secretory pathway in metazoan cells. The O-glycoproteome is regulated by up to 20 polypeptide GalNAc-Ts and the contributions and biological functions of individual GalNAc-Ts are poorly understood. Here, we used a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-directed knockout strategy to probe the contributions of the major GalNAc-Ts (GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2) in liver cells and explore how the GalNAc-T repertoire quantitatively affects the O-glycoproteome. We demonstrate that the majority of the O-glycoproteome is covered by redundancy, whereas distinct subsets of substrates are modified by non-redundant functions of GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2. The non-redundant O-glycoproteome subsets and specific transcriptional responses for each isoform are related to different cellular processes; for the GalNAc-T2 isoform, these support a role in lipid metabolism. The results demonstrate that GalNAc-Ts have different non-redundant glycosylation functions, which may affect distinct cellular processes. The data serves as a comprehensive resource for unique GalNAc-T substrates. Our study provides a new view of the differential regulation of the O-glycoproteome, suggesting that the plurality of GalNAc-Ts arose to regulate distinct protein functions and cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine T Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yun Kong
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sarah Louise King
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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39
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Revoredo L, Wang S, Bennett EP, Clausen H, Moremen KW, Jarvis DL, Ten Hagen KG, Tabak LA, Gerken TA. Mucin-type O-glycosylation is controlled by short- and long-range glycopeptide substrate recognition that varies among members of the polypeptide GalNAc transferase family. Glycobiology 2015; 26:360-76. [PMID: 26610890 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A large family of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide GalNAc transferases (ppGalNAc-Ts) initiates and defines sites of mucin-type Ser/Thr-O-GalNAc glycosylation. Family members have been classified into peptide- and glycopeptide-preferring subfamilies, although both families possess variable activities against glycopeptide substrates. All but one isoform contains a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding lectin domain whose roles in modulating glycopeptide specificity is just being understood. We have previously shown for several peptide-preferring isoforms that the presence of a remote Thr-O-GalNAc, 6-17 residues from a Ser/Thr acceptor site, may enhance overall catalytic activity in an N- or C-terminal direction. This enhancement varies with isoform and is attributed to Thr-O-GalNAc interactions at the lectin domain. We now report on the glycopeptide substrate utilization of a series of glycopeptide (human-ppGalNAc-T4, T7, T10, T12 and fly PGANT7) and peptide-preferring transferases (T2, T3 and T5) by exploiting a series of random glycopeptide substrates designed to probe the functions of their catalytic and lectin domains. Glycosylation was observed at the -3, -1 and +1 residues relative to a neighboring Thr-O-GalNAc, depending on isoform, which we attribute to specific Thr-O-GalNAc binding at the catalytic domain. Additionally, these glycopeptide-preferring isoforms show remote lectin domain-assisted Thr-O-GalNAc enhancements that vary from modest to none. We conclude that the glycopeptide specificity of the glycopeptide-preferring isoforms predominantly resides in their catalytic domain but may be further modulated by remote lectin domain interactions. These studies further demonstrate that both domains of the ppGalNAc-Ts have specialized and unique functions that work in concert to control and order mucin-type O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Donald L Jarvis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Lawrence A Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, Department of Health and Human Services, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas A Gerken
- Department of Chemistry Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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40
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Hsiao YC, Yang TL. Data supporting chitosan facilitates structure formation of the salivary gland by regulating the basement membrane components. Data Brief 2015; 4:551-8. [PMID: 26306324 PMCID: PMC4536285 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of basement membrane (BM) in chitosan-mediated morphogenesis of the salivary glands, the embryonic submandibular gland (SMG) experimental model was used. Chitosan promotes branching at distinct stages in SMG morphogenesis. When enzymes such as type IV collagenase, dispase, and cathepsin B were used to digest the BM components, the morphogenetic effect mediated by chitosan disappeared. Immunofluorescence revealed that the corresponding receptors for BM components, including CD49c, CD49f, CD29, and dystroglycan, were locally enriched at the epithelial-mesenchymal junction around BM areas. The functional roles of laminin α1 and α5 in SMG branching were explored via siRNA knockdown, and suppression was confirmed at both the RNA and protein levels (Yang and Hsiao, Biomaterials, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.028, 2015). This data article demonstrates the experimental approaches to investigate the role of basement membrane in the structure formation of the salivary gland engineered by biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author at: #1, Sec. 1 Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 2 23123456x63526; fax: +886 2 23940049.
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41
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Cohen R, Neuzillet C, Tijeras-Raballand A, Faivre S, de Gramont A, Raymond E. Targeting cancer cell metabolism in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:16832-47. [PMID: 26164081 PMCID: PMC4627277 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer death by 2030. Current therapeutic options are limited, warranting an urgent need to explore innovative treatment strategies. Due to specific microenvironment constraints including an extensive desmoplastic stroma reaction, PDAC faces major metabolic challenges, principally hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Their connection with oncogenic alterations such as KRAS mutations has brought metabolic reprogramming to the forefront of PDAC therapeutic research. The Warburg effect, glutamine addiction, and autophagy stand as the most important adaptive metabolic mechanisms of cancer cells themselves, however metabolic reprogramming is also an important feature of the tumor microenvironment, having a major impact on epigenetic reprogramming and tumor cell interactions with its complex stroma. We present a comprehensive overview of the main metabolic adaptations contributing to PDAC development and progression. A review of current and future therapies targeting this range of metabolic pathways is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cohen
- INSERM U728, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP – PRES Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy La Garenne, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- INSERM U728, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP – PRES Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy La Garenne, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | | | - Sandrine Faivre
- Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armand de Gramont
- New Drug Evaluation Laboratory, Centre of Experimental Therapeutics and Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Raymond
- Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Yang TL, Hsiao YC. Chitosan facilitates structure formation of the salivary gland by regulating the basement membrane components. Biomaterials 2015; 66:29-40. [PMID: 26189212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue structure is important for inherent physiological function and should be recapitulated during tissue engineering for regenerative purposes. The salivary gland is a branched organ that is responsible for saliva secretion and regulation. The salivary glands develop from epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and depend on the support of the basement membrane (BM). Chitosan-based biomaterials have been demonstrated to be competent in facilitating the formation of salivary gland tissue structure. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. In the developing submandibular gland (SMG), the chitosan effect was found to diminish when collagen and laminin were removed from cultured SMG explants. Chitosan increased the expression of BM components including collagen, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and also facilitated BM components and the corresponding receptors to be expressed in tissue-specific patterns beneficial for SMG branching. The chitosan effect decreased when either laminin components or receptors were inhibited, as well when the downstream signaling was blocked. Our results revealed that chitosan promotes salivary glands branching through the BM. By regulating BM components and receptors, chitosan efficiently stimulated downstream signaling to facilitate salivary gland branching. The present study revealed the underlying mechanism of the chitosan effect in engineering SMG structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Tian E, Stevens SR, Guan Y, Springer DA, Anderson SA, Starost MF, Patel V, Ten Hagen KG, Tabak LA. Galnt1 is required for normal heart valve development and cardiac function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115861. [PMID: 25615642 PMCID: PMC4304789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart valve defects in humans occur in approximately 2% of live births and are a major source of compromised cardiac function. In this study we demonstrate that normal heart valve development and cardiac function are dependent upon Galnt1, the gene that encodes a member of the family of glycosyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) responsible for the initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation. In the adult mouse, compromised cardiac function that mimics human congenital heart disease, including aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation; altered ejection fraction; and cardiac dilation, was observed in Galnt1 null animals. The underlying phenotype is aberrant valve formation caused by increased cell proliferation within the outflow tract cushion of developing hearts, which is first detected at developmental stage E11.5. Developing valves from Galnt1 deficient animals displayed reduced levels of the proteases ADAMTS1 and ADAMTS5, decreased cleavage of the proteoglycan versican and increased levels of other extracellular matrix proteins. We also observed increased BMP and MAPK signaling. Taken together, the ablation of Galnt1 appears to disrupt the formation/remodeling of the extracellular matrix and alters conserved signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation. Our study provides insight into the role of this conserved protein modification in cardiac valve development and may represent a new model for idiopathic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tian
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Stevens
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Yu Guan
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Danielle A. Springer
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Stasia A. Anderson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Matthew F. Starost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Kelly G. Ten Hagen
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
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44
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O-glycosylation regulates polarized secretion by modulating Tango1 stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7296-301. [PMID: 24799692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322264111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarized secretion is crucial in many tissues. The conserved protein modification, O-glycosylation, plays a role in regulating secretion. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that an O-glycosyltransferase functions as a novel regulator of secretion and secretory vesicle formation in vivo by glycosylating the essential Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum protein, Tango1 (Transport and Golgi organization 1), and conferring protection from furin-mediated proteolysis. Loss of the O-glycosyltransferase PGANT4 resulted in Tango1 cleavage, loss of secretory granules, and disrupted apical secretion. The secretory defects seen upon loss of pgant4 could be rescued either by overexpression of Tango1 or by knockdown of a specific furin (Dfur2) in vivo. Our studies elucidate a novel regulatory mechanism whereby secretion is influenced by the yin/yang of O-glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage. Moreover, our data have broader implications for the potential treatment of diseases resulting from the loss of O-glycosylation by modulating the activity of specific proteases.
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45
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Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland development: a template for regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 25-26:52-60. [PMID: 24333774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review will focus on research on mouse submandibular gland development and the translation of this basic research toward therapy for patients suffering from salivary hypofunction. Here we review the most recent literature that has enabled a better understanding of the mechanisms of salivary gland development. Additionally, we discuss approaches proposed to restore salivary function using gene and cell-based therapy. Increasing our understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved during development is critical to design effective therapies for regeneration and repair of damaged glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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46
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Xu YX, Ma A, Liu L. Transforming growth factor β signaling upregulates the expression of human GDP-fucose transporter by activating transcription factor Sp1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74424. [PMID: 24069312 PMCID: PMC3771962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-fucose transporter plays a crucial role in fucosylation of glycoproteins by providing activated fucose donor, GDP-fucose, for fucosyltransferases in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Fucose-containing glycans are involved in many biological processes, which are essential for growth and development. Mutations in the GDP-fucose transporter gene cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome II, a disease characterized by slow growth, mental retardation and immunodeficiency. However, no information is available regarding its transcriptional regulation. Here, by using human cells, we show that TGF-β1 specifically induces the GDP-fucose transporter expression, but not other transporters tested such as CMP-sialic acid transporter, suggesting a diversity of regulatory pathways for the expression of these transporters. The regulatory elements that are responsive to the TGF-β1 stimulation are present in the region between bp -330 and -268 in the GDP-fucose transporter promoter. We found that this region contains two identical octamer GC-rich motifs (GGGGCGTG) that were demonstrated to be essential for the transporter expression. We also show that the transcription factor Sp1 specifically binds to the GC-rich motifs in vitro and Sp1 coupled with phospho-Smad2 is associated with the promoter region covering the Sp1-binding motifs in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. In addition, we further confirmed that Sp1 is essential for the GDP-fucose transporter expression stimulated by TGF-β1 using a luciferase reporter system. These results highlight the role of TGF-β signaling in regulation of the GDP-fucose transporter expression via activating Sp1. This is the first transcriptional study for any nucleotide sugar transporters that have been identified so far. Notably, TGF-β1 receptor itself is known to be modified by fucosylation. Given the essential role of GDP-fucose transporter in fucosylation, the finding that TGF-β1 stimulates the expression of this transporter, suggests a possible intracellular link between the function of nucleotide sugar transporter and the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Gerken TA, Revoredo L, Thome JJC, Tabak LA, Vester-Christensen MB, Clausen H, Gahlay GK, Jarvis DL, Johnson RW, Moniz HA, Moremen K. The lectin domain of the polypeptide GalNAc transferase family of glycosyltransferases (ppGalNAc Ts) acts as a switch directing glycopeptide substrate glycosylation in an N- or C-terminal direction, further controlling mucin type O-glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19900-14. [PMID: 23689369 PMCID: PMC3707691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin type O-glycosylation is initiated by a large family of polypeptide GalNAc transferases (ppGalNAc Ts) that add α-GalNAc to the Ser and Thr residues of peptides. Of the 20 human isoforms, all but one are composed of two globular domains linked by a short flexible linker: a catalytic domain and a ricin-like lectin carbohydrate binding domain. Presently, the roles of the catalytic and lectin domains in peptide and glycopeptide recognition and specificity remain unclear. To systematically study the role of the lectin domain in ppGalNAc T glycopeptide substrate utilization, we have developed a series of novel random glycopeptide substrates containing a single GalNAc-O-Thr residue placed near either the N or C terminus of the glycopeptide substrate. Our results reveal that the presence and N- or C-terminal placement of the GalNAc-O-Thr can be important determinants of overall catalytic activity and specificity that differ between transferase isoforms. For example, ppGalNAc T1, T2, and T14 prefer C-terminally placed GalNAc-O-Thr, whereas ppGalNAc T3 and T6 prefer N-terminally placed GalNAc-O-Thr. Several transferase isoforms, ppGalNAc T5, T13, and T16, display equally enhanced N- or C-terminal activities relative to the nonglycosylated control peptides. This N- and/or C-terminal selectivity is presumably due to weak glycopeptide binding to the lectin domain, whose orientation relative to the catalytic domain is dynamic and isoform-dependent. Such N- or C-terminal glycopeptide selectivity provides an additional level of control or fidelity for the O-glycosylation of biologically significant sites and suggests that O-glycosylation may in some instances be exquisitely controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Gerken
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (W. A. Bernbaum Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research)
- Biochemistry, and
- Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Leslie Revoredo
- Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Joseph J. C. Thome
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (W. A. Bernbaum Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research)
| | - Lawrence A. Tabak
- the Section on Biological Chemistry, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Malene Bech Vester-Christensen
- the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics (CCG), Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gagandeep K. Gahlay
- the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and
| | - Donald L. Jarvis
- the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, and
| | - Roy W. Johnson
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Heather A. Moniz
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley Moremen
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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48
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Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an evolutionarily conserved protein modification present on membrane-bound and secreted proteins. Aberrations in O-glycosylation are responsible for certain human diseases and are associated with disease risk factors. Recent studies have demonstrated essential roles for mucin-type O-glycosylation in protein secretion, stability, processing, and function. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the diverse roles of mucin-type O-glycosylation during eukaryotic development. Appreciating how this conserved modification operates in developmental processes will provide insight into its roles in human disease and disease susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T Tran
- Developmental Glycobiology Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370, USA
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49
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Daley WP, Yamada KM. Cell–ECM Interactions and the Regulation of Epithelial Branching Morphogenesis. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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