1
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Eeckhoudt J, Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Bond Lengths and Dipole Moments of Diatomic Molecules under Isotropic Pressure with the XP-PCM and GOSTSHYP Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:7430-7442. [PMID: 39189061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
While high-pressure chemistry has a well-established history, methods to simulate pressure at the single-molecule level have been somewhat lacking. The current work aims at comparing two static models (XP-PCM and GOSTSHYP) to apply isotropic pressure to single molecules, focusing on the equilibrium bond length and electric dipole moment of diatomic molecules. Numerical challenges arising in the potential energy surface using the XP-PCM method were examined, and a pragmatic approach was followed to mitigate these. The definition of the cavity was scrutinized, and two approaches to retrieve the isotropic character that could potentially be lost when using the standard methodology were suggested. Subsequently, equilibrium bond lengths under pressure were evaluated, showing reasonable agreement between GOSTSHYP and XP-PCM, but some discrepancies persist. A Taylor series analysis introduced elsewhere was then applied to rationalize the observed trends in terms of the bond surface. Finally, the dipole moment was shown to be highly sensitive to the cavity definition, and qualitative agreement necessitates the use of our adapted procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Zurkowski CC, Yang J, Miozzi F, Vitale S, O 'Bannon EF, Jenei Z, Chariton S, Prakapenka V, Fei Y. Exploring toroidal anvil profiles for larger sample volumes above 4 Mbar. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11412. [PMID: 38762593 PMCID: PMC11102561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of toroidal and double-stage diamond anvil cells (DACs), pressures between 4 and 10 Mbar can be achieved under static compression, however, the ability to explore diverse sample assemblies is limited on these micron-scale anvils. Adapting the toroidal DAC to support larger sample volumes offers expanded capabilities in physics, chemistry, and planetary science: including, characterizing materials in soft pressure media to multi-megabar pressures, synthesizing novel phases, and probing planetary assemblages at the interior pressures and temperatures of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. Here we have continued the exploration of larger toroidal DAC profiles by iteratively testing various torus and shoulder depths with central culet diameters in the 30-50 µm range. We present a 30 µm culet profile that reached a maximum pressure of 414(1) GPa based on a Pt scale. The 300 K equations of state fit to our P-V data collected on gold and rhenium are compatible with extrapolated hydrostatic equations of state within 1% up to 4 Mbar. This work validates the performance of these large-culet toroidal anvils to > 4 Mbar and provides a promising foundation to develop toroidal DACs for diverse sample loading and laser heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Zurkowski
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA.
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94600, USA.
| | - Jing Yang
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Francesca Miozzi
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Suzy Vitale
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Earl F O 'Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94600, USA
| | - Zsolt Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94600, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 434A, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 434A, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yingwei Fei
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA.
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3
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Hu C, Chen J, Zhou X, Xie Y, Huang X, Wu Z, Ma S, Zhang Z, Xu K, Wan N, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Shi Z. Collapse of carbon nanotubes due to local high-pressure from van der Waals encapsulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3486. [PMID: 38664428 PMCID: PMC11045769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) assembly of low-dimensional materials has proven the capability of creating structures with on-demand properties. It is predicted that the vdW encapsulation can induce a local high-pressure of a few GPa, which will strongly modify the structure and property of trapped materials. Here, we report on the structural collapse of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) induced by the vdW encapsulation. By simply covering CNTs with a hexagonal boron nitride flake, most of the CNTs (≈77%) convert from a tubular structure to a collapsed flat structure. Regardless of their original diameters, all the collapsed CNTs exhibit a uniform height of ≈0.7 nm, which is roughly the thickness of bilayer graphene. Such structural collapse is further confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, which shows a prominent broadening and blue shift in the Raman G-peak. The vdW encapsulation-induced collapse of CNTs is fully captured by molecular dynamics simulations of the local vdW pressure. Further near-field optical characterization reveals a metal-semiconductor transition in accompany with the CNT structural collapse. Our study provides not only a convenient approach to generate local high-pressure for fundamental research, but also a collapsed-CNT semiconductor for nanoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Saiqun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Neng Wan
- Key laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing, China.
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Das S, Pal AK, Datta A. Pressure Induced Alteration and Stabilization of Intermolecular Stacking in Square-planar Osmium tetracarbonyl. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300720. [PMID: 38087878 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Osmium carbonyls are well known to form stable 18-electron complexes like Os(CO)5 , Os2 (CO)9 and Os3 (CO)12 having both bridging and terminal carbonyls. For osmium tetra-carbonyl, Os(CO)4 solid-state packing significantly alters the ground-state structure. The gas-phase stable see-saw geometry converts to a square-planar structure in solid state. Highly efficient intermolecular stacking between Os(CO)4 units assists this transformation. Each Os(CO)4 molecule is stacked in a staggered orientation with respect to each other. Pressure induces a [Xe]4f14 5d6 6s2 (S=2)→[Xe]4f14 5d8 (S=0) electronic transition in osmium stabilize a square planar osmium tetra-carbonyl. Under the influence of isotropic pressure, the molecules not only come closer to each other but their relative orientations also get significantly altered. Calculations show that at P=1 GPa and above, the eclipsed orientation for the intermolecular stacking gets preferred over the staggered form. The staggered→eclipsed intermolecular stacking orientation under pressure is shown to be controlled by London dispersion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Das
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur 700032, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur 700032, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur 700032, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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5
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Richard P, Castellano A, Béjaud R, Baguet L, Bouchet J, Geneste G, Bottin F. Ab Initio Phase Diagram of Gold in Extreme Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:206101. [PMID: 38039479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A phase diagram of gold is proposed in the [0; 1000] GPa and [0; 10 000] K ranges of pressure and temperature, respectively, topologically modified with respect to previous predictions. Using finite-temperature ab initio simulations and nonequilibirum thermodynamic integration, both accelerated by machine learning, we evaluate the Gibbs free energies of three solid phases previously proposed. At room temperature, the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase is stable up to ∼500 GPa whereas the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase only appears above 1 TPa. At higher temperature, we do not highlight any fcc-bcc transition line between 200 and 400 GPa, in agreement with ramp-compressed experiments. The present results only disclose a bcc domain around 140-235 GPa and 6000-8000 K, consistent with the triple point recently found in shock experiments. We demonstrate that this re-stabilization of the bcc phase at high temperature is due to anharmonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Richard
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - A Castellano
- NanoMat/Q-Mat/CESAM and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liège (B5), B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R Béjaud
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - L Baguet
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - J Bouchet
- CEA, DES, IRESNE, DEC F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Geneste
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - F Bottin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
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6
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Levitas VI, Dhar A, Pandey KK. Tensorial stress-plastic strain fields in α - ω Zr mixture, transformation kinetics, and friction in diamond-anvil cell. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5955. [PMID: 37741842 PMCID: PMC10517986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Various phenomena (phase transformations (PTs), chemical reactions, microstructure evolution, strength, and friction) under high pressures in diamond-anvil cell are strongly affected by fields of stress and plastic strain tensors. However, they could not be measured. Here, we suggest coupled experimental-analytical-computational approaches utilizing synchrotron X-ray diffraction, to solve an inverse problem and find fields of all components of stress and plastic strain tensors and friction rules before, during, and after α-ω PT in strongly plastically predeformed Zr. Results are in good correspondence with each other and experiments. Due to advanced characterization, the minimum pressure for the strain-induced α-ω PT is changed from 1.36 to 2.7 GPa. It is independent of the plastic strain before PT and compression-shear path. The theoretically predicted plastic strain-controlled kinetic equation is verified and quantified. Obtained results open opportunities for developing quantitative high-pressure/stress science, including mechanochemistry, synthesis of new nanostructured materials, geophysics, astrogeology, and tribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Ames National Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Achyut Dhar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - K K Pandey
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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7
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Ikuta D, Ohtani E, Fukui H, Sakamaki T, Heid R, Ishikawa D, Baron AQ. Density deficit of Earth's core revealed by a multimegabar primary pressure scale. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8706. [PMID: 37682990 PMCID: PMC10491286 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate pressure scale is a fundamental requirement to understand planetary interiors. Here, we establish a primary pressure scale extending to the multimegabar pressures of Earth's core, by combined measurement of the acoustic velocities and the density from a rhenium sample in a diamond anvil cell using inelastic x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction. Our scale agrees well with previous primary scales and shock Hugoniots in each experimental pressure range and reveals that previous scales have overestimated laboratory pressures by at least 20% at 230 gigapascals. It suggests that the light element content in Earth's inner core (the density deficit relative to iron) is likely to be double what was previously estimated, or Earth's inner core temperature is much higher than expected, or some combination thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijo Ikuta
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eiji Ohtani
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukui
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamaki
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Rolf Heid
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daisuke Ishikawa
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Alfred Q. R. Baron
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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8
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Tu H, Pan L, Qi H, Zhang S, Li F, Sun C, Wang X, Cui T. Ultrafast dynamics under high-pressure. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:253002. [PMID: 36898154 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acc376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure is a mechanical method to regulate the structure and internal interaction of materials. Therefore, observation of properties' change can be realized in a relatively pure environment. Furthermore, high-pressure affects the delocalization of wavefunction among materials' atoms and thus their dynamics process. Dynamics results are essential data for understanding the physical and chemical characteristics, which is valuable for materials application and development. Ultrafast spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate dynamics process and becoming a necessary characterization method for materials investigation. The combination of high-pressure with ultrafast spectroscopy in the nanocosecond∼femtosecond scale enables us to investigate the influence of the enhanced interaction between particles on the physical and chemical properties of materials, such as energy transfer, charge transfer, Auger recombination, etc. Base on this point of view, this review summarizes recent progress in the ultrafast dynamics under high-pressure for various materials, in which new phenomena and new mechanisms are observed. In this review, we describe in detail the principles ofin situhigh pressure ultrafast dynamics probing technology and its field of application. On this basis, the progress of the study of dynamic processes under high-pressure in different material systems is summarized. An outlook onin situhigh-pressure ultrafast dynamics research is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
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9
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Haberl B, Guthrie M, Boehler R. Advancing neutron diffraction for accurate structural measurement of light elements at megabar pressures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4741. [PMID: 36959351 PMCID: PMC10036630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has emerged as the tool of choice in high pressure science because materials can be studied at megabar pressures using X-ray and spectroscopic probes. In contrast, the pressure range for neutron diffraction has been limited due to low neutron flux even at the strongest sources and the resulting large sample sizes. Here, we introduce a neutron DAC that enables break-out of the previously limited pressure range. Key elements are ball-bearing guides for improved mechanical stability, gem-quality synthetic diamonds with novel anvil support and improved in-seat collimation. We demonstrate a pressure record of 1.15 Mbar and crystallographic analysis at 1 Mbar on the example of nickel. Additionally, insights into the phase behavior of graphite to 0.5 Mbar are described. These technical and analytical developments will further allow structural studies on low-Z materials that are difficult to characterize by X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Haberl
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
| | - Malcolm Guthrie
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Reinhard Boehler
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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10
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Haberl B, Quirinale DG, Li CW, Granroth GE, Nojiri H, Donnelly ME, Ushakov SV, Boehler R, Winn BL. Multi-extreme conditions at the Second Target Station. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:083907. [PMID: 36050043 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three concepts for the application of multi-extreme conditions under in situ neutron scattering are described here. The first concept is a neutron diamond anvil cell made from a non-magnetic alloy. It is shrunk in size to fit existing magnets and future magnet designs and is designed for best pressure stability upon cooling. This will allow for maximum pressures above 10 GPa to be applied simultaneously with (steady-state) high magnetic field and (ultra-)low temperature. Additionally, an implementation of miniature coils for neutron diamond cells is presented for pulsed-field applications. The second concept presents a set-up for laser-heating a neutron diamond cell using a defocused CO2 laser. Cell, anvil, and gasket stability will be achieved through stroboscopic measurements and maximum temperatures of 1500 K are anticipated at pressures to the megabar. The third concept presents a hybrid levitator to enable measurements of solids and liquids at temperatures in excess of 4000 K. This will be accomplished by a combination of bulk induction and surface laser heating and hyperbaric conditions to reduce evaporation rates. The potential for deployment of these multi-extreme environments within this first instrument suite of the Second Target Station is described with a special focus on VERDI, PIONEER, CENTAUR, and CHESS. Furthermore, considerations for deployment on future instruments, such as the one proposed as TITAN, are discussed. Overall, the development of these multi-extremes at the Second Target Station, but also beyond, will be highly advantageous for future experimentation and will give access to parameter space previously not possible for neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haberl
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - D G Quirinale
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - C W Li
- Materials Science and Engineering/Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - G E Granroth
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - H Nojiri
- Insitute for Materials Research Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - M-E Donnelly
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - S V Ushakov
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
| | - R Boehler
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - B L Winn
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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11
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Abstract
Iron carbonyls are known to form 18-electron complexes like Fe(CO)5, Fe2(CO)9, and Fe3(CO)12 having terminal or bridged Fe-CO bonding. Based on genetic algorithm-assisted density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is predicted that at pressures above 2 GPa, iron tetracarbonyl, Fe(CO)4, attains a square-planar geometry with a 16-electron count. Compression overcomes the [Ar]4s23d6 (S = 2) → [Ar]4s03d8 (S = 0) excitation energy to stabilize a closed-shell Fe(CO)4 with a d8-configuration. Strong σ(4CO) → Fe (dx2-y2) bonding along with Fe(dxz, dyz) and Fe(dxy) → π (CO)4* back-bonding assists the formation of square-planar Fe(CO)4 under pressure. Compression progressively flattens and destabilizes the ambient pressure C2v structure of Fe(CO)4, and beyond 2 GPa, it undergoes a sharp C2v → D4h transition with ΔVunit-cell = 2.1% and trans-θ(OC-Fe-CO) = 180°. Realizing a square-planar geometry in a four-coordinated Fe-carbonyl complex shows the rich prospects of the new chemistry under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Gain
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shovan Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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12
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Dubrovinsky L, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Laniel D, Bykov M, Giacobbe C, Lawrence Bright E, Sedmak P, Chariton S, Prakapenka V, Ponomareva AV, Smirnova EA, Belov MP, Tasnádi F, Shulumba N, Trybel F, Abrikosov IA, Dubrovinskaia N. Materials synthesis at terapascal static pressures. Nature 2022; 605:274-278. [PMID: 35546194 PMCID: PMC9095484 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical modelling predicts very unusual structures and properties of materials at extreme pressure and temperature conditions1,2. Hitherto, their synthesis and investigation above 200 gigapascals have been hindered both by the technical complexity of ultrahigh-pressure experiments and by the absence of relevant in situ methods of materials analysis. Here we report on a methodology developed to enable experiments at static compression in the terapascal regime with laser heating. We apply this method to realize pressures of about 600 and 900 gigapascals in a laser-heated double-stage diamond anvil cell3, producing a rhenium-nitrogen alloy and achieving the synthesis of rhenium nitride Re7N3-which, as our theoretical analysis shows, is only stable under extreme compression. Full chemical and structural characterization of the materials, realized using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction on microcrystals in situ, demonstrates the capabilities of the methodology to extend high-pressure crystallography to the terapascal regime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Dominique Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alena V Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Smirnova
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim P Belov
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nina Shulumba
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Florian Trybel
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Glazyrin K, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Dong W, Laniel D, Seiboth F, Schropp A, Garrevoet J, Brückner D, Falkenberg G, Kubec A, David C, Wendt M, Wenz S, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Liermann HP. Sub-micrometer focusing setup for high-pressure crystallography at the Extreme Conditions beamline at PETRA III. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:654-663. [PMID: 35510998 PMCID: PMC9070721 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific tasks aimed at decoding and characterizing complex systems and processes at high pressures set new challenges for modern X-ray diffraction instrumentation in terms of X-ray flux, focal spot size and sample positioning. Presented here are new developments at the Extreme Conditions beamline (P02.2, PETRA III, DESY, Germany) that enable considerable improvements in data collection at very high pressures and small scattering volumes. In particular, the focusing of the X-ray beam to the sub-micrometer level is described, and control of the aberrations of the focusing compound refractive lenses is made possible with the implementation of a correcting phase plate. This device provides a significant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio by conditioning the beam shape profile at the focal spot. A new sample alignment system with a small sphere of confusion enables single-crystal data collection from grains of micrometer to sub-micrometer dimensions subjected to pressures as high as 200 GPa. The combination of the technical development of the optical path and the sample alignment system contributes to research and gives benefits on various levels, including rapid and accurate diffraction mapping of samples with sub-micrometer resolution at multimegabar pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Glazyrin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - T. Fedotenko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - W. Dong
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - F. Seiboth
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Schropp
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Kubec
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - C. David
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Wendt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wenz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - N. Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Campus Valla, Fysikhuset F310, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - H.-P. Liermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Guignard J, Prakasam M, Largeteau A. A Review of Binderless Polycrystalline Diamonds: Focus on the High-Pressure-High-Temperature Sintering Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2198. [PMID: 35329649 PMCID: PMC8951216 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, synthetic diamonds are easy to fabricate industrially, and a wide range of methods were developed during the last century. Among them, the high-pressure-high-temperature (HP-HT) process is the most used to prepare diamond compacts for cutting or drilling applications. However, these diamond compacts contain binder, limiting their mechanical and optical properties and their substantial uses. Binderless diamond compacts were synthesized more recently, and important developments were made to optimize the P-T conditions of sintering. Resulting sintered compacts had mechanical and optical properties at least equivalent to that of natural single crystal and higher than that of binder-containing sintered compacts, offering a huge potential market. However, pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions to sinter such bodies remain too high for an industrial transfer, making this the next challenge to be accomplished. This review gives an overview of natural diamond formation and the main experimental techniques that are used to synthesize and/or sinter diamond powders and compact objects. The focus of this review is the HP-HT process, especially for the synthesis and sintering of binderless diamonds. P-T conditions of the formation and exceptional properties of such objects are discussed and compared with classic binder-diamonds objects and with natural single-crystal diamonds. Finally, the question of an industrial transfer is asked and outlooks related to this are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Guignard
- UMR 5026, ICMCB, CNRS, Universite Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mythili Prakasam
- UMR 5026, ICMCB, CNRS, Universite Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Largeteau
- UMR 5026, ICMCB, CNRS, Universite Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
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15
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Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Krupp A, Glazyrin K, Dong W, Liermann HP, Bykov M, Kurnosov A, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. Testing the performance of secondary anvils shaped with focused ion beam from the single-crystal diamond for use in double-stage diamond anvil cells. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:033904. [PMID: 35365016 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The success of high-pressure research relies on the inventive design of pressure-generating instruments and materials used for their construction. In this study, the anvils of conical frustum or disk shapes with flat or modified culet profiles (toroidal or beveled) were prepared by milling an Ia-type diamond plate made of a (100)-oriented single crystal using the focused ion beam. Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray diffraction were applied to evaluate the efficiency of the anvils for pressure multiplication in different modes of operation: as single indenters forced against the primary anvil in diamond anvil cells (DACs) or as pairs of anvils forced together in double-stage DACs (dsDACs). All types of secondary anvils performed well up to about 250 GPa. The pressure multiplication factor of single indenters appeared to be insignificantly dependent on the shape of the anvils and their culets' profiles. The enhanced pressure multiplication factor found for pairs of toroidally shaped secondary anvils makes this design very promising for ultrahigh-pressure experiments in dsDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alena Krupp
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Weiwei Dong
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Maxim Bykov
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurnosov
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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McMahon MI. Probing extreme states of matter using ultra-intense x-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:043001. [PMID: 33725673 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abef26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme states of matter, that is, matter at extremes of density (pressure) and temperature, can be created in the laboratory either statically or dynamically. In the former, the pressure-temperature state can be maintained for relatively long periods of time, but the sample volume is necessarily extremely small. When the extreme states are generated dynamically, the sample volumes can be larger, but the pressure-temperature conditions are maintained for only short periods of time (ps toμs). In either case, structural information can be obtained from the extreme states by the use of x-ray scattering techniques, but the x-ray beam must be extremely intense in order to obtain sufficient signal from the extremely-small or short-lived sample. In this article I describe the use of x-ray diffraction at synchrotrons and XFELs to investigate how crystal structures evolve as a function of density and temperature. After a brief historical introduction, I describe the developments made at the Synchrotron Radiation Source in the 1990s which enabled the almost routine determination of crystal structure at high pressures, while also revealing that the structural behaviour of materials was much more complex than previously believed. I will then describe how these techniques are used at the current generation of synchrotron and XFEL sources, and then discuss how they might develop further in the future at the next generation of x-ray lightsources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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17
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Drewitt JWE. Liquid structure under extreme conditions: high-pressure x-ray diffraction studies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:503004. [PMID: 34544063 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under extreme conditions of high pressure and temperature, liquids can undergo substantial structural transformations as their atoms rearrange to minimise energy within a more confined volume. Understanding the structural response of liquids under extreme conditions is important across a variety of disciplines, from fundamental physics and exotic chemistry to materials and planetary science.In situexperiments and atomistic simulations can provide crucial insight into the nature of liquid-liquid phase transitions and the complex phase diagrams and melting relations of high-pressure materials. Structural changes in natural magmas at the high-pressures experienced in deep planetary interiors can have a profound impact on their physical properties, knowledge of which is important to inform geochemical models of magmatic processes. Generating the extreme conditions required to melt samples at high-pressure, whilst simultaneously measuring their liquid structure, is a considerable challenge. The measurement, analysis, and interpretation of structural data is further complicated by the inherent disordered nature of liquids at the atomic-scale. However, recent advances in high-pressure technology mean that liquid diffraction measurements are becoming more routinely feasible at synchrotron facilities around the world. This topical review examines methods for high pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction of liquids and the wide variety of systems which have been studied by them, from simple liquid metals and their remarkable complex behaviour at high-pressure, to molecular-polymeric liquid-liquid transitions in pnicogen and chalcogen liquids, and density-driven structural transformations in water and silicate melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W E Drewitt
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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18
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Mason PE, Schewe HC, Buttersack T, Kostal V, Vitek M, McMullen RS, Ali H, Trinter F, Lee C, Neumark DM, Thürmer S, Seidel R, Winter B, Bradforth SE, Jungwirth P. Spectroscopic evidence for a gold-coloured metallic water solution. Nature 2021; 595:673-676. [PMID: 34321671 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulating materials can in principle be made metallic by applying pressure. In the case of pure water, this is estimated1 to require a pressure of 48 megabar, which is beyond current experimental capabilities and may only exist in the interior of large planets or stars2-4. Indeed, recent estimates and experiments indicate that water at pressures accessible in the laboratory will at best be superionic with high protonic conductivity5, but not metallic with conductive electrons1. Here we show that a metallic water solution can be prepared by massive doping with electrons upon reacting water with alkali metals. Although analogous metallic solutions of liquid ammonia with high concentrations of solvated electrons have long been known and characterized6-9, the explosive interaction between alkali metals and water10,11 has so far only permitted the preparation of aqueous solutions with low, submetallic electron concentrations12-14. We found that the explosive behaviour of the water-alkali metal reaction can be suppressed by adsorbing water vapour at a low pressure of about 10-4 millibar onto liquid sodium-potassium alloy drops ejected into a vacuum chamber. This set-up leads to the formation of a transient gold-coloured layer of a metallic water solution covering the metal alloy drops. The metallic character of this layer, doped with around 5 × 1021 electrons per cubic centimetre, is confirmed using optical reflection and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Mason
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - H Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vojtech Kostal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Vitek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan S McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chin Lee
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen E Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Fratanduono DE, Millot M, Braun DG, Ali SJ, Fernandez-Pañella A, Seagle CT, Davis JP, Brown JL, Akahama Y, Kraus RG, Marshall MC, Smith RF, O’Bannon EF, McNaney JM, Eggert JH. Establishing gold and platinum standards to 1 terapascal using shockless compression. Science 2021; 372:1063-1068. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abh0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - D. G. Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - S. J. Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - C. T. Seagle
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - J.-P. Davis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - J. L. Brown
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - Y. Akahama
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigohri 678-1297, Japan
| | - R. G. Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - M. C. Marshall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R. F. Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - E. F. O’Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. M. McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. H. Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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20
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A Review of the Melting Curves of Transition Metals at High Pressures Using Static Compression Techniques. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of melting curves for transition metals is an intense topic within high pressure research, both because of the technical challenges included as well as the controversial data obtained from various experiments. This review presents the main static techniques that are used for melting studies, with a strong focus on the diamond anvil cell; it also explores the state of the art of melting detection methods and analyzes the major reasons for discrepancies in the determination of the melting curves of transition metals. The physics of the melting transition is also discussed.
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21
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Abstract
Superconductors with exotic physical properties are critical to current and future technology. In this review, we highlight several important superconducting families and focus on their crystal structure, chemical bonding, and superconductivity correlations. We connect superconducting materials with chemical bonding interactions based on their structure-property relationships, elucidating our empirically chemical approaches and other methods used in the discovery of new superconductors. Furthermore, we provide some technical strategies to synthesize superconductors and basic but important characterization for chemists needed when reporting new superconductors. In the end, we share our thoughts on how to make new superconductors and where chemists can work on in the superconductivity field. This review is written using chemical terms, with a focus on providing some chemically intuitive thoughts on superconducting materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bing Lv
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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22
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Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals. Nature 2021; 589:532-535. [PMID: 33505034 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth's core1-3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth's core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material.
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23
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Khan AR, Hasan MM, Wang P, Yan H, Yildirim T, Torres JF, Neupane GP, Zhang Y, Li Q, Lu Y. 2D Materials and Heterostructures at Extreme Pressure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002697. [PMID: 33344136 PMCID: PMC7740103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2D materials possess wide-tuning properties ranging from semiconducting and metallization to superconducting, etc., which are determined by their structure, empowering them to be appealing in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Pressure is an effective and clean tool that allows modifications of the electronic structure, crystal structure, morphologies, and compositions of 2D materials through van der Waals (vdW) interaction engineering. This enables an insightful understanding of the variable vdW interaction induced structural changes, structure-property relations as well as contributes to the versatile implications of 2D materials. Here, the recent progress of high-pressure research toward 2D materials and heterostructures, involving graphene, boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, 2D perovskites, black phosphorene, MXene, and covalent-organic frameworks, using diamond anvil cell is summarized. A detailed analysis of pressurized structure, phonon dynamics, superconducting, metallization, doping together with optical property is performed. Further, the pressure-induced optimized properties and potential applications as well as the vision of engineering the vdW interactions in heterostructures are highlighted. Finally, conclusions and outlook are presented on the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yilin Tang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ping Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Han Yan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Juan Felipe Torres
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Guru Prakash Neupane
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Quan Li
- International Center for Computational Methods and SoftwareCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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24
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Abstract
Experimental discovery of ultralarge elastic deformation in nanoscale diamond and machine learning of its electronic and phonon structures have created opportunities to address new scientific questions. Can diamond, with an ultrawide bandgap of 5.6 eV, be completely metallized, solely under mechanical strain without phonon instability, so that its electronic bandgap fully vanishes? Through first-principles calculations, finite-element simulations validated by experiments, and neural network learning, we show here that metallization/demetallization as well as indirect-to-direct bandgap transitions can be achieved reversibly in diamond below threshold strain levels for phonon instability. We identify the pathway to metallization within six-dimensional strain space for different sample geometries. We also explore phonon-instability conditions that promote phase transition to graphite. These findings offer opportunities for tailoring properties of diamond via strain engineering for electronic, photonic, and quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | | | | | - Ju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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25
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26
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A Practical Review of the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for University Laboratories and Synchrotron Applications. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past couple of decades, the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (combined with in situ techniques) has become an extensively used tool for studying pressure-temperature-induced evolution of various physical (and chemical) properties of materials. In this review, the general challenges associated with the use of the laser-heated diamond anvil cells are discussed together with the recent progress in the use of this tool combined with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy.
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27
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Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Bykov M, Bykova E, Chariton S, Sedmak P, Glazyrin K, Prakapenka V, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. Novel Rhenium Carbides at 200 GPa. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington 5251 Broad Branch Road NW 20015 Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington 5251 Broad Branch Road NW 20015 Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis 60637 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Konstantin Glazyrin
- Photon Science Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis 60637 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University SE‐581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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28
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Yusenko KV, Khandarkhaeva S, Bykov M, Fedotenko T, Hanfland M, Sukhikh A, Gromilov SA, Dubrovinsky LS. Face-Centered Cubic Refractory Alloys Prepared from Single-Source Precursors. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061418. [PMID: 32245035 PMCID: PMC7142746 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three binary fcc-structured alloys (fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50, fcc–Rh0.66Pt0.33 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50) were prepared from [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtCl6], [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6], [Rh(NH3)5Cl]2[PtCl6]Cl2 and [Rh(NH3)5Cl][PdCl4]·H2O, respectively, as single-source precursors. All alloys were prepared by thermal decomposition in gaseous hydrogen flow below 800 °C. Fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50 correspond to miscibility gaps on binary metallic phase diagrams and can be considered as metastable alloys. Detailed comparison of [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtCl6] and [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6] crystal structures suggests that two isoformular salts are not isostructural. In [Ir(NH3)5Cl][PtBr6], specific Br…Br interactions are responsible for a crystal structure arrangement. Room temperature compressibility of fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50, fcc–Rh0.66Pt0.33 and fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50 has been investigated up to 50 GPa in diamond anvil cells. All investigated fcc-structured binary alloys are stable under compression. Atomic volumes and bulk moduli show good agreement with ideal solutions model. For fcc–Ir0.50Pt0.50, V0/Z = 14.597(6) Å3·atom−1, B0 = 321(6) GPa and B0’ = 6(1); for fcc–Rh0.66Pt0.33, V0/Z = 14.211(3) Å3·atom−1, B0 =259(1) GPa and B0’ = 6.66(9) and for fcc–Rh0.50Pd0.50, V0/Z = 14.18(2) Å3·atom−1, B0 =223(4) GPa and B0’ = 5.0(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Yusenko
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.K.); (M.B.); (T.F.); (L.S.D.)
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.K.); (M.B.); (T.F.); (L.S.D.)
| | - Tymofey Fedotenko
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.K.); (M.B.); (T.F.); (L.S.D.)
| | - Michael Hanfland
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Alexander Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Lavrentiev ave. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.S.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Sergey A. Gromilov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Lavrentiev ave. 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.S.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Leonid S. Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.K.); (M.B.); (T.F.); (L.S.D.)
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29
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Ling F, Luo K, Hao L, Gao Y, Yuan Z, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, He J, Yu D. Universal Phase Transitions of AlB 2-Type Transition-Metal Diborides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4620-4625. [PMID: 32175508 PMCID: PMC7066655 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure phase transitions of AlB2-type transition-metal diborides (TMB2; TM = Zr, Sc, Ti, Nb, and Y) were systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. Upon subjecting to pressure, these TMB2 compounds underwent universal phase transitions from an AlB2-type to a new high-pressure phase tP6 structure. The analysis of the atomistic mechanism suggests that the tP6 phases result from atomic layer folds of the AlB2-type parent phases under pressure. Stability studies indicate that the tP6-structured ZrB2, ScB2, and NbB2 are stable and may be observed under high pressure and the tP6-structured TiB2 phase may be recovered at ambient pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ling
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Kun Luo
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
- Key
Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Lingjuan Hao
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
- Key
Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Zhikang Yuan
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Qi Gao
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
- Key
Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Julong He
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Center
for High Pressure Science (CHiPS), State Key Laboratory of Metastable
Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan
University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
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30
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Dong J, Yao Z, Yao M, Li R, Hu K, Zhu L, Wang Y, Sun H, Sundqvist B, Yang K, Liu B. Decompression-Induced Diamond Formation from Graphite Sheared under Pressure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:065701. [PMID: 32109099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.065701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphite is known to transform into diamond under dynamic compression or under combined high pressure and high temperature, either by a concerted mechanism or by a nucleation mechanism. However, these mechanisms fail to explain the recently reported discovery of diamond formation during ambient temperature compression combined with shear stress. Here we report a new transition pathway for graphite to diamond under compression combined with shear, based on results from both theoretical simulations and advanced experiments. In contrast to the known model for thermally activated diamond formation under pressure, the shear-induced diamond formation takes place during the decompression process via structural transitions. At a high pressure with large shear, graphite transforms into ultrastrong sp^{3} phases whose structures depend on the degree of shear stress. These metastable sp^{3} phases transform into either diamond or graphite upon decompression. Our results explain several recent experimental observations of low-temperature diamond formation. They also emphasize the importance of shear stress for diamond formation, providing new insight into the graphite-diamond transformation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Mingguang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Kuo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Luyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | | | - Ke Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facilities, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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31
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Zhou X, Ma D, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang S. Large-volume cubic press produces high temperatures above 4000 Kelvin for study of the refractory materials at pressures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:015118. [PMID: 32012572 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The advent of a large-volume high-pressure apparatus has led to the discovery of many new materials with exceptional properties for widespread applications such as superhard materials (e.g., diamonds). However, for most conventional devices, the pressure and temperature capabilities are often limited to 6 GPa and 2300 K, which severely impedes the study of materials at extended pressures and temperatures. In this work, we present experimental optimizations of the high-pressure cell assembly for cubic press with a focus on the improvement of its temperature capability, leading to a record temperature value of ∼4050 K and largely extended pressure conditions up to ∼10 GPa with a centimeter-sized sample volume. Pressures of the new assembly at high temperatures are investigated by the melting-point method, giving rise to a series of parallel isoforce loading lines associated with thermally induced pressure. For the first time, the high-pressure melting curve of tungsten carbide is determined up to 3800 K and 8 GPa, and single-crystal refractory materials of Mo, Ta, and WC are also grown using the optimized cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhou
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dejiang Ma
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shanmin Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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32
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Anzellini S, Errandonea D, Cazorla C, MacLeod S, Monteseguro V, Boccato S, Bandiello E, Anichtchenko DD, Popescu C, Beavers CM. Thermal equation of state of ruthenium characterized by resistively heated diamond anvil cell. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14459. [PMID: 31595017 PMCID: PMC6783540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-pressure and high-temperature structural and chemical stability of ruthenium has been investigated via synchrotron X-ray diffraction using a resistively heated diamond anvil cell. In the present experiment, ruthenium remains stable in the hcp phase up to 150 GPa and 960 K. The thermal equation of state has been determined based upon the data collected following four different isotherms. A quasi-hydrostatic equation of state at ambient temperature has also been characterized up to 150 GPa. The measured equation of state and structural parameters have been compared to the results of ab initio simulations performed with several exchange-correlation functionals. The agreement between theory and experiments is generally quite good. Phonon calculations were also carried out to show that hcp ruthenium is not only structurally but also dynamically stable up to extreme pressures. These calculations also allow the pressure dependence of the Raman-active E2g mode and the silent B1g mode of Ru to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anzellini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Diamond House, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Daniel Errandonea
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudio Cazorla
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Simon MacLeod
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Monteseguro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Boccato
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université - UPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Enrico Bandiello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Diaz Anichtchenko
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Catalin Popescu
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, 08290 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine M Beavers
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Diamond House, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
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33
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Lei J, Hu S, Turner CL, Zeng K, Yeung MT, Yan J, Kaner RB, Tolbert SH. Synthesis and High-Pressure Mechanical Properties of Superhard Rhenium/Tungsten Diboride Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10036-10048. [PMID: 31373793 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhenium diboride is an established superhard compound that can scratch diamond and can be readily synthesized under ambient pressure. Here, we demonstrate two synergistic ways to further enhance the already high yield strength of ReB2. The first approach builds on previous reports where tungsten is doped into ReB2 at concentrations up to 48 at. %, forming a rhenium/tungsten diboride solid solution (Re0.52W0.48B2). In the second approach, the composition of both materials is maintained, but the particle size is reduced to the nanoscale (40-150 nm). Bulk samples were synthesized by arc melting above 2500 °C, and salt flux growth at ∼850 °C was used to create nanoscale materials. In situ radial X-ray diffraction was then performed under high pressures up to ∼60 GPa in a diamond anvil cell to study mechanical properties including bulk modulus, lattice strain, and strength anisotropy. The differential stress for both Re0.52W0.48B2 and nano ReB2 (n-ReB2) was increased compared to bulk ReB2. In addition, the lattice-preferred orientation of n-ReB2 was experimentally measured. Under non-hydrostatic compression, n-ReB2 exhibits texture characterized by a maximum along the [001] direction, confirming that plastic deformation is primarily controlled by the basal slip system. At higher pressures, a range of other slip systems become active. Finally, both size and solid-solution effects were combined in nanoscale Re0.52W0.48B2. This material showed the highest differential stress and bulk modulus, combined with suppression of the new slip planes that opened at high pressure in n-ReB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Shanlin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Christopher L Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Keyu Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Michael T Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Jinyuan Yan
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Lab , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1595 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1595 , United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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34
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Anzellini S, Monteseguro V, Bandiello E, Dewaele A, Burakovsky L, Errandonea D. In situ characterization of the high pressure - high temperature melting curve of platinum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13034. [PMID: 31506567 PMCID: PMC6736956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the melting line of platinum has been characterized both experimentally, using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells, and theoretically, using ab initio simulations. In the investigated pressure and temperature range (pressure between 10 GPa and 110 GPa and temperature between 300 K and 4800 K), only the face-centered cubic phase of platinum has been observed. The melting points obtained with the two techniques are in good agreement. Furthermore, the obtained results agree and considerably extend the melting line previously obtained in large-volume devices and in one laser-heated diamond-anvil cells experiment, in which the speckle method was used as melting detection technique. The divergence between previous laser-heating experiments is resolved in favor of those experiments reporting the higher melting slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anzellini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Virginia Monteseguro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrico Bandiello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leonid Burakovsky
- Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Daniel Errandonea
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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35
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Petitgirard S, Jacobs J, Cerantola V, Collings IE, Tucoulou R, Dubrovinsky L, Sahle CJ. A versatile diamond anvil cell for X-ray inelastic, diffraction and imaging studies at synchrotron facilities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:095107. [PMID: 31575253 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new diamond anvil cell design, hereafter called mBX110, that combines both the advantages of a membrane and screws to generate high pressure. It enables studies at large-scale facilities for many synchrotron X-ray techniques and has the possibility to remotely control the pressure with the membrane as well as the use of the screws in the laboratory. It is fully compatible with various gas-loading systems as well as high/low temperature environments in the lab or at large scale facilities. The mBX110 possesses an opening angle of 85° suitable for single-crystal diffraction or Brillouin spectroscopy and a large side opening of 110° which can be used for X-ray inelastic techniques, such as X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy, but also for X-ray emission, X-ray fluorescence, or X-ray absorption. An even larger opening of 150° can be manufactured enabling X-ray imaging tomography. We report data obtained with the mBX110 on different beamlines with single-crystal diffraction of stishovite up to 55 GPa, X-ray powder diffraction of rutile-GeO2 and tungsten to 25 GPa and 280 GPa, respectively, X-Ray Raman spectra of the Si L-edge in silica to 95 GPa, and Fe Kβ X-ray emission spectra on a basalt glass to 17 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen Jacobs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Valerio Cerantola
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Ines E Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Remi Tucoulou
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95490, Germany
| | - Christoph J Sahle
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
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Bykov M, Chariton S, Fei H, Fedotenko T, Aprilis G, Ponomareva AV, Tasnádi F, Abrikosov IA, Merle B, Feldner P, Vogel S, Schnick W, Prakapenka VB, Greenberg E, Hanfland M, Pakhomova A, Liermann HP, Katsura T, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. High-pressure synthesis of ultraincompressible hard rhenium nitride pernitride Re 2(N 2)(N) 2 stable at ambient conditions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2994. [PMID: 31278267 PMCID: PMC6611777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure synthesis in diamond anvil cells can yield unique compounds with advanced properties, but often they are either unrecoverable at ambient conditions or produced in quantity insufficient for properties characterization. Here we report the synthesis of metallic, ultraincompressible (K0 = 428(10) GPa), and very hard (nanoindentation hardness 36.7(8) GPa) rhenium nitride pernitride Re2(N2)(N)2. Unlike known transition metals pernitrides Re2(N2)(N)2 contains both pernitride N24- and discrete N3- anions, which explains its exceptional properties. Re2(N2)(N)2 can be obtained via a reaction between rhenium and nitrogen in a diamond anvil cell at pressures from 40 to 90 GPa and is recoverable at ambient conditions. We develop a route to scale up its synthesis through a reaction between rhenium and ammonium azide, NH4N3, in a large-volume press at 33 GPa. Although metallic bonding is typically seen incompatible with intrinsic hardness, Re2(N2)(N)2 turned to be at a threshold for superhard materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Stella Chariton
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hongzhan Fei
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georgios Aprilis
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alena V Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology 'MISIS', Leninskiy prospekt 4, Moscow, Russia, 119049
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Campus Valla, Fysikhuset, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Campus Valla, Fysikhuset, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benoit Merle
- Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Martensstraβe. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Feldner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Martensstraβe. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vogel
- Chair in Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraβe 5-13 (D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Chair in Inorganic Solid State Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraβe 5-13 (D), D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eran Greenberg
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Peter Liermann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoo Katsura
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstraβe 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Evidence for Crystalline Structure in Dynamically-Compressed Polyethylene up to 200 GPa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4196. [PMID: 30862904 PMCID: PMC6414497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the high-pressure behavior of polyethylene (CH2) by probing dynamically-compressed samples with X-ray diffraction. At pressures up to 200 GPa, comparable to those present inside icy giant planets (Uranus, Neptune), shock-compressed polyethylene retains a polymer crystal structure, from which we infer the presence of significant covalent bonding. The A2/m structure which we observe has previously been seen at significantly lower pressures, and the equation of state measured agrees with our findings. This result appears to contrast with recent data from shock-compressed polystyrene (CH) at higher temperatures, which demonstrated demixing and recrystallization into a diamond lattice, implying the breaking of the original chemical bonds. As such chemical processes have significant implications for the structure and energy transfer within ice giants, our results highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the chemistry of high pressure hydrocarbons, and the importance of better constraining planetary temperature profiles.
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38
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Smith JS, Rod EA, Shen G. Fly scan apparatus for high pressure research using diamond anvil cells. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:015116. [PMID: 30709214 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hardware and software used to execute fly scans at Sector 16 of the Advanced Photon Source are described. The system design and capabilities address dimensions and time scales relevant to samples in high pressure diamond anvil cells. The time required for routine sample positioning and centering is significantly reduced, and more importantly, the time savings associated with fly scanning make it feasible for users to routinely generate two-dimensional x-ray transmission and x-ray diffraction maps. Consequently, this facilitates an important shift in high pressure research as experimentalists embrace the study of heterogeneous and minute sample volumes in the diamond anvil cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Smith
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Eric A Rod
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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39
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Hartley NJ, Vorberger J, Döppner T, Cowan T, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Frydrych S, Galtier E, Gamboa EJ, Gericke DO, Glenzer SH, Granados E, MacDonald MJ, MacKinnon AJ, McBride EE, Nam I, Neumayer P, Pak A, Rohatsch K, Saunders AM, Schuster AK, Sun P, van Driel T, Kraus D. Liquid Structure of Shock-Compressed Hydrocarbons at Megabar Pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:245501. [PMID: 30608736 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.245501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present results for the ionic structure in hydrocarbons (polystyrene, polyethylene) that were shock compressed to pressures of up to 190 GPa, inducing rapid melting of the samples. The structure of the resulting liquid is then probed using in situ diffraction by an x-ray free electron laser beam, demonstrating the capability to obtain reliable diffraction data in a single shot, even for low-Z samples without long range order. The data agree well with ab initio simulations, validating the ability of such approaches to model mixed samples in states where complex interparticle bonds remain, and showing that simpler models are not necessarily valid. While the results clearly exclude the possibility of complete carbon-hydrogen demixing at the conditions probed, they also, in contrast to previous predictions, indicate that diffraction is not always a sufficient diagnostic for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Hartley
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Institute, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Cowan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - R W Falcone
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - S Frydrych
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - E J Gamboa
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - E Granados
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A J MacKinnon
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I Nam
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Rohatsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - A M Saunders
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A K Schuster
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - P Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - T van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - D Kraus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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40
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O'Bannon EF, Jenei Z, Cynn H, Lipp MJ, Jeffries JR. Contributed Review: Culet diameter and the achievable pressure of a diamond anvil cell: Implications for the upper pressure limit of a diamond anvil cell. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:111501. [PMID: 30501343 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, static pressures of more than 1.0 TPa have been reported, which raises the question: what is the maximum static pressure that can be achieved using diamond anvil cell techniques? Here we compile culet diameters, bevel diameters, bevel angles, and reported pressures from the literature. We fit these data and find an expression that describes the maximum pressure as a function of the culet diameter. An extrapolation of our fit reveals that a culet diameter of 1 μm should achieve a pressure of ∼1.8 TPa. Additionally, for pressure generation of ∼400 GPa with a single beveled diamond anvil, the most commonly reported parameters are a culet diameter of ∼20 μm, a bevel angle of 8.5°, and a bevel diameter to culet diameter ratio between 14 and 18. Our analysis shows that routinely generating pressures more than ∼300 GPa likely requires diamond anvil geometries that are fundamentally different from a beveled or double beveled anvil (e.g., toroidal or double stage anvils) and culet diameters that are ≤20 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl F O'Bannon
- Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Zsolt Jenei
- Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Hyunchae Cynn
- Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Magnus J Lipp
- Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Jason R Jeffries
- Physical and Life Sciences, Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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41
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Medeghini F, Hettich M, Rouxel R, Silva Santos SD, Hermelin S, Pertreux E, Torres Dias A, Legrand F, Maioli P, Crut A, Vallée F, San Miguel A, Del Fatti N. High-Pressure Effect on the Optical Extinction of a Single Gold Nanoparticle. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10310-10316. [PMID: 30299926 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When reducing the size of a material from bulk down to nanoscale, the enhanced surface-to-volume ratio and the presence of interfaces make the properties of nano-objects very sensitive not only to confinement effects but also to their local environment. In the optical domain, the latter dependence can be exploited to tune the plasmonic response of metal nanoparticles by controlling their surroundings, notably applying high pressures. To date, only a few optical absorption experiments have demonstrated this feasibility, on ensembles of metal nanoparticles in a diamond anvil cell. Here, we report a nontrivial combination between a spatial modulation spectroscopy microscope and an ultraflat diamond anvil cell, allowing us to quantitatively investigate the high-pressure optical extinction spectrum of an individual nano-object. A large tuning of the surface plasmon resonance of a gold nanobipyramid is experimentally demonstrated up to 10 GPa, in quantitative agreement with finite-element simulations and an analytical model disentangling the impact of metal and local environment dielectric modifications. High-pressure optical characterizations of single nanoparticles allow for the accurate investigation and modeling of size, strain, and environment effects on physical properties of nano-objects and also enable fine-tuned applications in nanocomposites, nanoelectromechanical systems, or nanosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Medeghini
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mike Hettich
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Romain Rouxel
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Silvio D Silva Santos
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Hermelin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Pertreux
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Abraao Torres Dias
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Franck Legrand
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Paolo Maioli
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Crut
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Vallée
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alfonso San Miguel
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Natalia Del Fatti
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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42
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McMahon M. Diamond sculpting pushes extremes. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:858-859. [PMID: 30250069 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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43
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Jenei Z, O'Bannon EF, Weir ST, Cynn H, Lipp MJ, Evans WJ. Single crystal toroidal diamond anvils for high pressure experiments beyond 5 megabar. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3563. [PMID: 30177697 PMCID: PMC6120914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Static compression experiments over 4 Mbar are rare, yet critical for developing accurate fundamental physics and chemistry models, relevant to a range of topics including modeling planetary interiors. Here we show that focused ion beam crafted toroidal single-crystal diamond anvils with ~9.0 μm culets are capable of producing pressures over 5 Mbar. The toroidal surface prevents gasket outflow and provides a means to stabilize the central culet. We have reached a maximum pressure of ~6.15 Mbar using Re as in situ pressure marker, a pressure regime typically accessed only by double-stage diamond anvils and dynamic compression platforms. Optimizing single-crystal diamond anvil design is key for extending the pressure range over which studies can be performed in the diamond anvil cell. Static pressures exceeding 4 million atmospheres are extremely challenging to achieve, but are necessary for the study of matter that exists under these conditions in natural environments. Here, diamonds anvils with a toroidal design are demonstrated to sustain over 6 million atmospheres in a diamond anvil cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Jenei
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA.
| | - E F O'Bannon
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - S T Weir
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - H Cynn
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - M J Lipp
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
| | - W J Evans
- Physics Division, Physical & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
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44
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The DN-6 Neutron Diffractometer for High-Pressure Research at Half a Megabar Scale. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8080331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A neutron diffractometer DN-6 at the IBR-2 high-flux reactor is used for the studies of crystal and magnetic structure of powder materials under high pressure in a wide temperature range. The high neutron flux on the sample due to a parabolic focusing section of a neutron guide and wide solid angle of the detector system enables neutron diffraction experiments with extraordinarily small volumes (about 0.01 mm3) of studied samples. The diffractometer is equipped with high-pressure cells with sapphire and diamond anvils, which allow pressures of up to 50 GPa to be reached. The technical design, main parameters and current capabilities of the diffractometer are described. A brief overview of recently obtained results is given.
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45
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Toroidal diamond anvil cell for detailed measurements under extreme static pressures. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2913. [PMID: 30046093 PMCID: PMC6060175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed into a widespread high static pressure device. The adaptation of laboratory and synchrotron analytical techniques to DAC enables a detailed exploration in the 100 GPa range. The strain of the anvils under high load explains the 400 GPa limit of the conventional DAC. Here we show a toroidal shape for a diamond anvil tip that enables to extend the DAC use toward the terapascal pressure range. The toroidal-DAC keeps the assets for a complete, reproducible, and accurate characterization of materials, from solids to gases. Raman signal from the diamond anvil or X-ray signal from the rhenium gasket allow measurement of pressure. Here, the equations of state of gold, aluminum, and argon are measured with X-ray diffraction. The data are compared with recent measurements under similar conditions by two other approaches, the double-stage DAC and the dynamic ramp compression. Extreme static pressures exceeding a million atmospheres exist in a variety of natural environments, but obtaining such pressures in a laboratory is still a challenge. Here, the authors develop a toroidal diamond anvil design that allows for the generation of 600 GPa (6 million atmospheres) in routinely used diamond anvil cells.
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46
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Systematics of the Third Row Transition Metal Melting: The HCP Metals Rhenium and Osmium. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Abstract
The diamond anvil cell (DAC) is considered one of the dominant devices to generate ultrahigh static pressure. The development of the DAC technique has enabled researchers to explore rich high-pressure science in the multimegabar pressure range. Here, we investigated the behavior of the DAC up to 400 GPa, which is the accepted pressure limit of a conventional DAC. By using a submicrometer synchrotron X-ray beam, double cuppings of the beveled diamond anvils were observed experimentally. Details of pressure loading, distribution, gasket-thickness variation, and diamond anvil deformation were studied to understand the generation of ultrahigh pressures, which may improve the conventional DAC techniques.
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48
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Meier T, Wang N, Mager D, Korvink JG, Petitgirard S, Dubrovinsky L. Magnetic flux tailoring through Lenz lenses for ultrasmall samples: A new pathway to high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao5242. [PMID: 29230436 PMCID: PMC5724354 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new pathway to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for picoliter-sized samples (including those kept in harsh and extreme environments, particularly in diamond anvil cells) is introduced, using inductively coupled broadband passive electromagnetic lenses, to locally amplify the magnetic field at the isolated sample, leading to an increase in sensitivity. The lenses are adopted for the geometrical restrictions imposed by a toroidal diamond indenter cell and yield signal-to-noise ratios at pressures as high as 72 GPa at initial sample volumes of only 230 pl. The corresponding levels of detection are found to be up to four orders of magnitude lower compared to formerly used solenoidal microcoils. Two-dimensional nutation experiments on long-chained alkanes, CnH2n+2 (n = 16 to 24), as well as homonuclear correlation spectroscopy on thymine, C5H6N2O2, were used to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for higher-dimensional NMR experiments, with a spectral resolution of at least 2 parts per million. This approach opens up the field of ultrahigh-pressure sciences to one of the most versatile spectroscopic methods available in a pressure range unprecedented up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meier
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth University, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvain Petitgirard
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth University, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Bayreuth University, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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49
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Liu XD, Dalladay-Simpson P, Howie RT, Li B, Gregoryanz E. Comment on “Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen”. Science 2017; 357:357/6353/eaan2286. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Hu M, He J, Zhao Z, Strobel TA, Hu W, Yu D, Sun H, Liu L, Li Z, Ma M, Kono Y, Shu J, Mao HK, Fei Y, Shen G, Wang Y, Juhl SJ, Huang JY, Liu Z, Xu B, Tian Y. Compressed glassy carbon: An ultrastrong and elastic interpenetrating graphene network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603213. [PMID: 28630918 PMCID: PMC5466369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon's unique ability to have both sp2 and sp3 bonding states gives rise to a range of physical attributes, including excellent mechanical and electrical properties. We show that a series of lightweight, ultrastrong, hard, elastic, and conductive carbons are recovered after compressing sp2-hybridized glassy carbon at various temperatures. Compression induces the local buckling of graphene sheets through sp3 nodes to form interpenetrating graphene networks with long-range disorder and short-range order on the nanometer scale. The compressed glassy carbons have extraordinary specific compressive strengths-more than two times that of commonly used ceramics-and simultaneously exhibit robust elastic recovery in response to local deformations. This type of carbon is an optimal ultralight, ultrastrong material for a wide range of multifunctional applications, and the synthesis methodology demonstrates potential to access entirely new metastable materials with exceptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Julong He
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Timothy A. Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zihe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mengdong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yoshio Kono
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jinfu Shu
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ho-kwang Mao
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingwei Fei
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen J. Juhl
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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