1
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Xiang B, Li Y, Spencer MS, Dai Y, Bai Y, Basov DN, Zhu XY. Optical spin hall effect in exciton-polariton condensates in lead halide perovskite microcavities. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:161104. [PMID: 38661194 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An exciton-polariton condensate is a hybrid light-matter state in the quantum fluid phase. The photonic component endows it with characters of spin, as represented by circular polarization. Spin-polarization can form stochastically for quasi-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensates at parallel momentum vector k|| ∼ 0 from bifurcation or deterministically for propagating condensates at k|| > 0 from the optical spin-Hall effect (OSHE). Here, we report deterministic spin-polarization in exciton-polariton condensates at k|| ∼ 0 in microcavities containing methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3) single crystals under non-resonant and linearly polarized excitation. We observe two energetically split condensates with opposite circular polarizations and attribute this observation to the presence of strong birefringence, which introduces a large OSHE at k|| ∼ 0 and pins the condensates in a particular spin state. Such spin-polarized exciton-polariton condensates may serve not only as circularly polarized laser sources but also as effective alternatives to ultracold atom Bose-Einstein condensates in quantum simulators of many-body spin-orbit coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yiliu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - M S Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yanan Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Dmitri N Basov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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2
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Luo X, Cai Y, Yue X, Zhang Y, Yun F, Li F. Full characterization of vector eigenstates in symmetrically confined systems with photonic spin-orbit coupling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27749-27760. [PMID: 37710843 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The photonic spin-orbit (SO) coupling is a widely investigated effect in optical microcavities leading to various interesting physical phenomena and potential applications. We report the full sets of eigenenergies and eigenstates in a symmetrically confined potential under the effect of SO coupling induced by the transverse-electric transverse-magnetic (TE-TM) splitting, which are derived analytically via the degenerate perturbation theory. We obtained the eigenenergies and the eigenstates from the 1st to the 6th orders of excited manifold, and demonstrate unambiguously that universal rules governing the mode formation exist in such complicated photonic systems, making the modes exhibiting the features of solid and hollow skyrmions as well as spin vortices. We show that these eigenstates can be described by the SO coupled hyperspheres that can be decomposed into a series of higher-order Poincare spheres. Our results significantly extend the area of microcavity spin-optronics to the general theory of eigenvalues in confined systems, and provide an efficient theoretical frame for the information processing using microcavity-based high-dimensional vector states.
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3
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Li Y, Li Y, Luo X, Guo C, Qin Y, Fu H, Zhang Y, Yun F, Liao Q, Li F. Elimination of Chirality in Three-Dimensionally Confined Open-Access Microcavities. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1868. [PMID: 37368298 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergent optical activity (OA) caused by anisotropic light emitter in microcavities is an important physical mechanism discovered recently, which leads to Rashba-Dresselhaus photonic spin-orbit (SO) coupling. In this study, we report a sharp contrast of the roles of the emergent OA in free and confined cavity photons, by observing the optical chirality in a planar-planar microcavity and its elimination in a concave-planar microcavity, evidenced by polarization-resolved white-light spectroscopy, which agrees well with the theoretical predictions based on the degenerate perturbation theory. Moreover, we theoretically predict that a slight phase gradient in real space can partially restore the effect of the emergent OA in confined cavity photons. The results are significant additions to the field of cavity spinoptronics and provide a novel method for manipulating photonic SO coupling in confined optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Luo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chaowei Guo
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuanbin Qin
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Solid-State Lighting Engineering Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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4
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Cheng SC, Jheng SD, Chen TW. Half-skyrmions with higher topological quantum numbers in homogeneous exciton-polariton condensates. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054216. [PMID: 34942800 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the topological excitations of half-quantum vortices (HQVs) with higher topological quantum numbers in a homogeneous spinor exciton-polariton condensate pumped by a laser beam and an additional coherent light carrying orbital angular momentum. The spin texture and integrated topological charge can be controlled through the pump. Among these textures, the polaritonic half-skyrmions (or polaritonic merons) can be created with a suitable excitation condition. Moreover, when the pump polarization is in favor of the vortex component of the HQV, there is an inversion of circular polarization (spin flipping) from the center of the HQV towards the edge. The radial flipping position can be manipulated by the pump polarization or power. Finally, we demonstrate that the HQVs can stably exist from the linear stability analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Optoelectric Physics, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Quantum Computation and Information Center, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Da Jheng
- Department of Optoelectric Physics, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Quantum Computation and Information Center, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Wei Chen
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
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5
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Dominici L, Voronova N, Colas D, Gianfrate A, Rahmani A, Ardizzone V, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Laussy FP, Sanvitto D. Shaping the topology of light with a moving Rabi-oscillating vortex. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37262-37280. [PMID: 34808803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum vortices are the analogue of classical vortices in optics, Bose-Einstein condensates, superfluids and superconductors, where they provide the elementary mode of rotation and orbital angular momentum. While they mediate important pair interactions and phase transitions in nonlinear fluids, their linear dynamics is useful for the shaping of complex light, as well as for topological entities in multi-component systems, such as full Bloch beams. Here, setting a quantum vortex into directional motion in an open-dissipative fluid of microcavity polaritons, we observe the self-splitting of the packet, leading to the trembling movement of its center of mass, whereas the vortex core undergoes ultrafast spiraling along diverging and converging circles, in a sub-picosecond precessing fashion. This singular dynamics is accompanied by vortex-antivortex pair creation and annihilation and a periodically changing topological charge. The spiraling and branching mechanics represent a direct manifestation of the underlying Bloch pseudospin space, whose mapping is shown to be rotating and splitting itself. Its reshaping is due to three simultaneous drives along the distinct directions of momentum and complex frequency, by means of the differential group velocities, Rabi frequency and dissipation rates, which are natural assets in coupled fields such as polaritons. This state, displaying linear momentum dressed with oscillating angular momentum, confirms the richness of multi-component and open quantum fluids and their innate potentiality to implement sophisticated and dynamical topological textures of light.
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6
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Taskinen JM, Kliuiev P, Moilanen AJ, Törmä P. Polarization and Phase Textures in Lattice Plasmon Condensates. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5262-5268. [PMID: 34077222 PMCID: PMC8289307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polarization textures of light may reflect fundamental phenomena, such as topological defects, and can be utilized in engineering light beams. They have been observed, for instance, in photonic crystal lasers and semiconductor polariton condensates. Here we demonstrate domain wall polarization textures in a plasmonic lattice Bose-Einstein condensate. A key ingredient of the textures is found to be a condensate phase that varies spatially in a nontrivial manner. The phase of the Bose-Einstein condensate is reconstructed from the real- and Fourier-space images using a phase retrieval algorithm. We introduce a simple theoretical model that captures the results and can be used for design of the polarization patterns and demonstrate that the textures can be optically switched. The results open new prospects for fundamental studies of non-equilibrium condensation and sources of polarization-structured beams.
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7
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Ren J, Liao Q, Li F, Li Y, Bleu O, Malpuech G, Yao J, Fu H, Solnyshkov D. Nontrivial band geometry in an optically active system. Nat Commun 2021; 12:689. [PMID: 33514702 PMCID: PMC7846789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical activity, also called circular birefringence, is known for two hundred years, but its applications for topological photonics remain unexplored. Unlike the Faraday effect, the optical activity provokes rotation of the linear polarization of light without magnetic effects, thus preserving the time-reversal symmetry. In this work, we report a direct measurement of the Berry curvature and quantum metric of the photonic modes of a planar cavity, containing a birefringent organic microcrystal (perylene) and exhibiting emergent optical activity. This experiment, performed at room temperature and at visible wavelength, establishes the potential of organic materials for implementing non-magnetic and low-cost topological photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Olivier Bleu
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, 300072, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 100048, Beijing, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, 300072, Tianjin, China.
| | - Dmitry Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231, Paris, France.
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8
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Lekenta K, Król M, Mirek R, Łempicka K, Stephan D, Mazur R, Morawiak P, Kula P, Piecek W, Lagoudakis PG, Piętka B, Szczytko J. Tunable optical spin Hall effect in a liquid crystal microcavity. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:74. [PMID: 30323926 PMCID: PMC6177461 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The spin Hall effect, a key enabler in the field of spintronics, underlies the capability to control spin currents over macroscopic distances. The effect was initially predicted by D'Yakonov and Perel1 and has been recently brought to the foreground by its realization in paramagnetic metals by Hirsch2 and in semiconductors3 by Sih et al. Whereas the rapid dephasing of electrons poses severe limitations to the manipulation of macroscopic spin currents, the concept of replacing fermionic charges with neutral bosons such as photons in stratified media has brought some tangible advances in terms of comparatively lossless propagation and ease of detection4-7. These advances have led to several manifestations of the spin Hall effect with light, ranging from semiconductor microcavities8,9 to metasurfaces10. To date the observations have been limited to built-in effective magnetic fields that underpin the formation of spatial spin currents. Here we demonstrate external control of spin currents by modulating the splitting between transverse electric and magnetic fields in liquid crystals integrated in microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lekenta
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Król
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Mirek
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Łempicka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Stephan
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Mazur
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Morawiak
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kula
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Piecek
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pavlos G. Lagoudakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Novaya St.,100, Skolkovo, 143025 Russian Federation
| | - Barbara Piętka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Dominici L, Carretero-González R, Gianfrate A, Cuevas-Maraver J, Rodrigues AS, Frantzeskakis DJ, Lerario G, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Kevrekidis PG, Sanvitto D. Interactions and scattering of quantum vortices in a polariton fluid. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1467. [PMID: 29654228 PMCID: PMC5899148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum vortices, the quantized version of classical vortices, play a prominent role in superfluid and superconductor phase transitions. However, their exploration at a particle level in open quantum systems has gained considerable attention only recently. Here we study vortex pair interactions in a resonant polariton fluid created in a solid-state microcavity. By tracking the vortices on picosecond time scales, we reveal the role of nonlinearity, as well as of density and phase gradients, in driving their rotational dynamics. Such effects are also responsible for the split of composite spin–vortex molecules into elementary half-vortices, when seeding opposite vorticity between the two spinorial components. Remarkably, we also observe that vortices placed in close proximity experience a pull–push scenario leading to unusual scattering-like events that can be described by a tunable effective potential. Understanding vortex interactions can be useful in quantum hydrodynamics and in the development of vortex-based lattices, gyroscopes, and logic devices. Superfluid flow around a vortex is quantized so that vortices become discrete, particle-like defects, with interactions mediated by the surrounding fluid. Here, the authors use a polariton system to experimentally investigate the behavior and scattering of vortices in a two-component superfluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Ricardo Carretero-González
- Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Group, Computational Sciences Research Center, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7720, USA
| | - Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Jesús Cuevas-Maraver
- Grupo de Física No Lineal, Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS), Edificio Celestino Mutis. Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Augusto S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia/CFP, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dimitri J Frantzeskakis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens, 15784, Greece
| | - Giovanni Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Panayotis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,INFN Sezione di Lecce, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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10
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Jimenez-Garcia J, Rodriguez P, Guillet T, Ackemann T. Spontaneous Formation of Vector Vortex Beams in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers with Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:113902. [PMID: 28949217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous emergence of vector vortex beams with nonuniform polarization distribution is reported in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with frequency-selective feedback. Antivortices with a hyperbolic polarization structure and radially polarized vortices are demonstrated. They exist close to and partially coexist with vortices with uniform and nonuniform polarization distributions characterized by four domains of pairwise orthogonal polarization. The spontaneous formation of these nontrivial structures in a simple, nearly isotropic VCSEL system is remarkable and the vector vortices are argued to have solitonlike properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Jimenez-Garcia
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - T Guillet
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - T Ackemann
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland, United Kingdom
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11
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Twist of generalized skyrmions and spin vortices in a polariton superfluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14926-14931. [PMID: 27965393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the spin vortices and skyrmions coherently imprinted into an exciton-polariton condensate on a planar semiconductor microcavity. We demonstrate that the presence of a polarization anisotropy can induce a complex dynamics of these structured topologies, leading to the twist of their circuitation on the Poincaré sphere of polarizations. The theoretical description of the results carries the concept of generalized quantum vortices in two-component superfluids, which are conformal with polarization loops around an arbitrary axis in the pseudospin space.
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12
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Zhang SJ, Lin SS, Li XQ, Liu XY, Wu HA, Xu WL, Wang P, Wu ZQ, Zhong HK, Xu ZJ. Opening the band gap of graphene through silicon doping for the improved performance of graphene/GaAs heterojunction solar cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:226-232. [PMID: 26646647 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06345k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted increasing interest due to its remarkable properties. However, the zero band gap of monolayered graphene limits it's further electronic and optoelectronic applications. Herein, we have synthesized monolayered silicon-doped graphene (SiG) with large surface area using a chemical vapor deposition method. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that the silicon atoms are doped into graphene lattice at a doping level of 2.7-4.5 at%. Electrical measurements based on a field effect transistor indicate that the band gap of graphene has been opened via silicon doping without a clear degradation in carrier mobility, and the work function of SiG, deduced from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, was 0.13-0.25 eV larger than that of graphene. Moreover, when compared with the graphene/GaAs heterostructure, SiG/GaAs exhibits an enhanced performance. The performance of 3.4% silicon doped SiG/GaAs solar cell has been improved by 33.7% on average, which was attributed to the increased barrier height and improved interface quality. Our results suggest that silicon doping can effectively engineer the band gap of monolayered graphene and SiG has great potential in optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Zhang
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - S S Lin
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - X Q Li
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - X Y Liu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - H A Wu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - W L Xu
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - P Wang
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Z Q Wu
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - H K Zhong
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Z J Xu
- College of Microelectronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China and College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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13
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Dufferwiel S, Li F, Cancellieri E, Giriunas L, Trichet AAP, Whittaker DM, Walker PM, Fras F, Clarke E, Smith JM, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Spin Textures of Exciton-Polaritons in a Tunable Microcavity with Large TE-TM Splitting. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:246401. [PMID: 26705642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.246401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report an extended family of spin textures of zero-dimensional exciton-polaritons spatially confined in tunable open microcavity structures. The transverse-electric-transverse-magnetic (TE-TM) splitting, which is enhanced in the open cavity structures, leads to polariton eigenstates carrying quantized spin vortices. Depending on the strength and anisotropy of the cavity confining potential and of the TE-TM induced splitting, which can be tuned via the excitonic or photonic fractions, the exciton-polariton emissions exhibit either spin-vortex-like patterns or linear polarization, in good agreement with theoretical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dufferwiel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - L Giriunas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A A P Trichet
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D M Whittaker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - F Fras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- IPCMS UMR 7504, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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14
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Dominici L, Petrov M, Matuszewski M, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Colas D, Cancellieri E, Silva Fernández B, Bramati A, Gigli G, Kavokin A, Laussy F, Sanvitto D. Real-space collapse of a polariton condensate. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8993. [PMID: 26634817 PMCID: PMC4686858 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcavity polaritons are two-dimensional bosonic fluids with strong nonlinearities, composed of coupled photonic and electronic excitations. In their condensed form, they display quantum hydrodynamic features similar to atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, such as long-range coherence, superfluidity and quantized vorticity. Here we report the unique phenomenology that is observed when a pulse of light impacts the polariton vacuum: the fluid which is suddenly created does not splash but instead coheres into a very bright spot. The real-space collapse into a sharp peak is at odd with the repulsive interactions of polaritons and their positive mass, suggesting that an unconventional mechanism is at play. Our modelling devises a possible explanation in the self-trapping due to a local heating of the crystal lattice, that can be described as a collective polaron formed by a polariton condensate. These observations hint at the polariton fluid dynamics in conditions of extreme intensities and ultrafast times.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M. Petrov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - M. Matuszewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D. Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M. De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D. Colas
- Física Teorica de la Materia Condensada, UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Paris 6, ÉNS et CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - B. Silva Fernández
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Física Teorica de la Materia Condensada, UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Paris 6, ÉNS et CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G. Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi”, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 St Petersburg, Russia
- CNR-SPIN, Tor Vergata, viale del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - F. Laussy
- Física Teorica de la Materia Condensada, UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Russian Quantum Center, Moscow Region, 143025 Skolkovo, Russia
| | - D. Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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15
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Boulier T, Terças H, Solnyshkov DD, Glorieux Q, Giacobino E, Malpuech G, Bramati A. Vortex chain in a resonantly pumped polariton superfluid. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9230. [PMID: 25784592 PMCID: PMC4363862 DOI: 10.1038/srep09230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are light-matter mixed states interacting via their exciton fraction. They can be excited, manipulated, and detected using all the versatile techniques of modern optics. An exciton-polariton gas is therefore a unique platform to study out-of-equilibrium interacting quantum fluids. In this work, we report the formation of a ring-shaped array of same sign vortices after injection of angular momentum in a polariton superfluid. The angular momentum is injected by a ℓ = 8 Laguerre-Gauss beam. In the linear regime, a spiral interference pattern containing phase defects is visible. In the nonlinear (superfluid) regime, the interference disappears and eight vortices appear, minimizing the energy while conserving the quantized angular momentum. The radial position of the vortices evolves in the region between the two pumps as a function of the density. Hydrodynamic instabilities resulting in the spontaneous nucleation of vortex-antivortex pairs when the system size is sufficiently large confirm that the vortices are not constrained by interference when nonlinearities dominate the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Boulier
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H. Terças
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - D. D. Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Q. Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Giacobino
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G. Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - A. Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
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16
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A new type of half-quantum circulation in a macroscopic polariton spinor ring condensate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2676-81. [PMID: 25730875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424549112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of coherent circulation in a macroscopic Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons in a ring geometry. Because they are spinor condensates, half-quanta are allowed in where there is a phase rotation of π in connection with a polarization vector rotation of π around a closed path. This half-quantum behavior is clearly seen in the experimental observations of the polarization rotation around the ring. In our ring geometry, the half-quantum state that we see is one in which the handedness of the spin flips from one side of the ring to the other side in addition to the rotation of the linear polarization component; such a state is allowed in a ring geometry but will not occur in a simply connected geometry. This state is lower in energy than a half-quantum state with no change of the spin direction and corresponds to a superposition of two different elementary half-quantum states. The direction of circulation of the flow around the ring fluctuates randomly between clockwise and counterclockwise from one shot to the next; this fluctuation corresponds to spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the system. This type of macroscopic polariton ring condensate allows for the possibility of direct control of the circulation to excite higher quantized states and the creation of Josephson junction tunneling barriers.
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17
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Dall R, Fraser MD, Desyatnikov AS, Li G, Brodbeck S, Kamp M, Schneider C, Höfling S, Ostrovskaya EA. Creation of orbital angular momentum states with chiral polaritonic lenses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:200404. [PMID: 25432029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlled transfer of orbital angular momentum to an exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensate spontaneously created under incoherent, off resonant excitation conditions is a long-standing challenge in the field of microcavity polaritonics. We demonstrate, experimentally and theoretically, a simple and efficient approach to the generation of nontrivial orbital angular momentum states by using optically induced potentials-chiral polaritonic lenses. These lenses are produced by a structured optical pump with a spatial distribution of intensity that breaks the chiral symmetry of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dall
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia and AMPL, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michael D Fraser
- Quantum Functional System Research Group, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Anton S Desyatnikov
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Guangyao Li
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sebastian Brodbeck
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Elena A Ostrovskaya
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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