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Chan SW. CRISPR-editing of the virus vector Aedes albopictus cell line C6/36, illustrated by prohibitin 2 gene knockout. MethodsX 2024; 13:102817. [PMID: 39049926 PMCID: PMC11267050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are important virus vectors. We provide a toolkit for CRISPR-Cas9-editing of difficult-to-knockdown gene previously shown to be refractory to siRNA silencing in mosquito cells, which is pivotal in understanding vector biology, vector competence, host-pathogen interactions and in gene annotations. Starting from database searches of Ae. albopictus and the C6/36 cell line whole genome shotgun sequences for the prohibitin 2 (PHB2) gene, primers were designed to confirm the gene sequence in our laboratory-passaged C6/36 cell line for the correct design and cloning of CRISPR RNA into an insect plasmid vector to create a single guide RNA for the PHB2 gene target. After transfection of this plasmid vector into the C6/36 cells, cell clones selected by puromycin and/or limiting dilution were analyzed for insertions and deletions (INDELs) using PCR, sequencing and computational sequence decomposition. From this, we have identified mono-allelic and bi-allelic knockout cell clones. Using a mono-allelic knockout cell clone as an example, we characterized its INDELs by molecular cloning and computational analysis. Importantly, mono-allelic knockout was sufficient to reduce >80 % of PHB2 expression, which led to phenotypic switching and the propensity to form foci but was insufficient to affect growth rate or to inhibit Zika virus infection.•We provide a toolkit for CRISPR-Cas9-editing of the virus vector, Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell line•We validate this using a difficult-to-knockdown gene prohibitin 2•This toolkit is pivotal in understanding vector biology, vector competence, host-pathogen interactions and in gene annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Wan Chan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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2
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Ramphal Y, Tegally H, San JE, Reichmuth ML, Hofstra M, Wilkinson E, Baxter C, de Oliveira T, Moir M. Understanding the Transmission Dynamics of the Chikungunya Virus in Africa. Pathogens 2024; 13:605. [PMID: 39057831 PMCID: PMC11279734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) poses a significant global public health concern, especially in Africa. Since its first isolation in Tanzania in 1953, CHIKV has caused recurrent outbreaks, challenging healthcare systems in low-resource settings. Recent outbreaks in Africa highlight the dynamic nature of CHIKV transmission and the challenges of underreporting and underdiagnosis. Here, we review the literature and analyse publicly available cases, outbreaks, and genomic data, providing insights into the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and transmission dynamics of CHIKV in Africa. Our analyses reveal the circulation of geographically distinct CHIKV genotypes, with certain regions experiencing a disproportionate burden of disease. Phylogenetic analysis of sporadic outbreaks in West Africa suggests repeated emergence of the virus through enzootic spillover, which is markedly different from inferred transmission dynamics in East Africa, where the virus is often introduced from Asian outbreaks, including the recent reintroduction of the Indian Ocean lineage from the Indian subcontinent to East Africa. Furthermore, there is limited evidence of viral movement between these two regions. Understanding the history and transmission dynamics of outbreaks is crucial for effective public health planning. Despite advances in surveillance and research, diagnostic and surveillance challenges persist. This review and secondary analysis highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance, research, and collaboration to mitigate the burden of CHIKV in Africa and improve public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajna Ramphal
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Marije Hofstra
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monika Moir
- Centre for Epidemic Response Innovation (CERI), School for Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (Y.R.); (H.T.); (M.H.); (E.W.); (C.B.)
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3
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Hamilton MM, Webb EM, Peterson MC, Patel G, Porto M, Orekov T, Erasmus JH, Finneyfrock B, Cook A, Auguste AJ, Kar S. Comparative pathogenesis of three Mayaro virus genotypes in the cynomolgus macaque. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38995674 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is considered an emerging threat to public health with epidemic potential. Phylogenetic studies show the existence of three MAYV genotypes. In this study, we provide a preliminary analysis of the pathogenesis of all three MAYV genotypes in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca facicularis, Mauritian origin). Significant MAYV-specific RNAemia and viremia were detected during acute infection in animals challenged intravenously with the three MAYV genotypes, and strong neutralizing antibody responses were observed. MAYV RNA was detected at high levels in lymphoid tissues, joint muscle and synovia over 1 month after infection, suggesting that this model could serve as a promising tool in studying MAYV-induced chronic arthralgia, which can persist for years. Significant leucopenia was observed across all MAYV genotypes, peaking with RNAemia. Notable differences in the severity of acute RNAemia and composition of cytokine responses were observed among the three MAYV genotypes. Our model showed no outward signs of clinical disease, but several major endpoints for future MAYV pathology and intervention studies are described. Disruptions to normal blood cell counts and cytokine responses were markedly distinct from those observed in macaque models of CHIKV infection, underlining the importance of developing non-human primate models specific to MAYV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Webb
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Krambrich J, Mihalič F, Gaunt MW, Bohlin J, Hesson JC, Lundkvist Å, de Lamballerie X, Li C, Shi W, Pettersson JHO. The evolutionary and molecular history of a chikungunya virus outbreak lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012349. [PMID: 39058744 PMCID: PMC11305590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2018-2019, Thailand experienced a nationwide spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), with approximately 15,000 confirmed cases of disease reported. Here, we investigated the evolutionary and molecular history of the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype to determine the origins of the 2018-2019 CHIKV outbreak in Thailand. This was done using newly sequenced clinical samples from travellers returning to Sweden from Thailand in late 2018 and early 2019 and previously published genome sequences. Our phylogeographic analysis showed that before the outbreak in Thailand, the Indian Ocean lineage (IOL) found within the ESCA, had evolved and circulated in East Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia for about 15 years. In the first half of 2017, an introduction occurred into Thailand from another South Asian country, most likely Bangladesh, which subsequently developed into a large outbreak in Thailand with export to neighbouring countries. Based on comparative phylogenetic analyses of the complete CHIKV genome and protein modelling, we identified several mutations in the E1/E2 spike complex, such as E1 K211E and E2 V264A, which are highly relevant as they may lead to changes in vector competence, transmission efficiency and pathogenicity of the virus. A number of mutations (E2 G205S, Nsp3 D372E, Nsp2 V793A), that emerged shortly before the outbreak of the virus in Thailand in 2018 may have altered antibody binding and recognition due to their position. This study not only improves our understanding of the factors contributing to the epidemic in Southeast Asia, but also has implications for the development of effective response strategies and the potential development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Krambrich
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Filip Mihalič
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jon Bohlin
- Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny C. Hesson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Biologisk Myggkontroll, Nedre Dalälvens Utvecklings AB, Gysinge, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille University—IRD 190—Inserm 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Cixiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - John H.-O. Pettersson
- Department of Medical Science, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Zini N, Ávila MHT, Cezarotti NM, Parra MCP, Banho CA, Sacchetto L, Negri AF, Araújo E, Bittar C, Milhin BHGDA, Miranda Hernandes V, Dutra KR, Trigo LA, Cecílio da Rocha L, Alves da Silva R, Celestino Dutra da Silva G, Fernanda Pereira Dos Santos T, de Carvalho Marques B, Lopes Dos Santos A, Augusto MT, Mistrão NFB, Ribeiro MR, Pinheiro TM, Maria Izabel Lopes Dos Santos T, Avilla CMS, Bernardi V, Freitas C, Gandolfi FDA, Ferraz Júnior HC, Perim GC, Gomes MC, Garcia PHC, Rocha RS, Galvão TM, Fávaro EA, Scamardi SN, Rogovski KS, Peixoto RL, Benfatti L, Cruz LT, Chama PPDF, Oliveira MT, Watanabe ASA, Terzian ACB, de Freitas Versiani A, Dibo MR, Chiaravalotti-Neto F, Weaver SC, Estofolete CF, Vasilakis N, Nogueira ML. Cryptic circulation of chikungunya virus in São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil, 2015-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012013. [PMID: 38484018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has spread across Brazil with varying incidence rates depending on the affected areas. Due to cocirculation of arboviruses and overlapping disease symptoms, CHIKV infection may be underdiagnosed. To understand the lack of CHIKV epidemics in São José do Rio Preto (SJdRP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil, we evaluated viral circulation by investigating anti-CHIKV IgG seroconversion in a prospective study of asymptomatic individuals and detecting anti-CHIKV IgM in individuals suspected of dengue infection, as well as CHIKV presence in Aedes mosquitoes. The opportunity to assess two different groups (symptomatic and asymptomatic) exposed at the same geographic region aimed to broaden the possibility of identifying the viral circulation, which had been previously considered absent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on a prospective population study model and demographic characteristics (sex and age), we analyzed the anti-CHIKV IgG seroconversion rate in 341 subjects by ELISA over four years. The seroprevalence increased from 0.35% in the first year to 2.3% after 3 years of follow-up. Additionally, we investigated 497 samples from a blood panel collected from dengue-suspected individuals during the 2019 dengue outbreak in SJdRP. In total, 4.4% were positive for anti-CHIKV IgM, and 8.6% were positive for IgG. To exclude alphavirus cross-reactivity, we evaluated the presence of anti-Mayaro virus (MAYV) IgG by ELISA, and the positivity rate was 0.3% in the population study and 0.8% in the blood panel samples. In CHIKV and MAYV plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), the positivity rate for CHIKV-neutralizing antibodies in these ELISA-positive samples was 46.7%, while no MAYV-neutralizing antibodies were detected. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed CHIKV genotype ECSA in São José do Rio Preto, SP. Finally, mosquitoes collected to complement human surveillance revealed CHIKV positivity of 2.76% of A. aegypti and 9.09% of A. albopictus (although it was far less abundant than A. aegypti) by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest cryptic CHIKV circulation in SJdRP detected by continual active surveillance. These low levels, but increasing, of viral circulation highlight the possibility of CHIKV outbreaks, as there is a large naïve population. Improved knowledge of the epidemiological situation might aid in outbreaks prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Zini
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Henrique Tavares Ávila
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Morbi Cezarotti
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maisa Carla Pereira Parra
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecília Artico Banho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Sacchetto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Francesli Negri
- Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria de Saúde de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Araújo
- Department of Strategic Coordination of Health Surveillance, Secretary of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Instituto de Biociências, Letras & Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Gonçalves de Aguiar Milhin
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Miranda Hernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Rocha Dutra
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Agopian Trigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cecílio da Rocha
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Celestino Dutra da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires Fernanda Pereira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Carvalho Marques
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andresa Lopes Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tayar Augusto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Franco Bueno Mistrão
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Rocha Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tauyne Menegaldo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayza Maria Izabel Lopes Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarita Maria Secco Avilla
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Instituto de Biociências, Letras & Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria Bernardi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flora de Andrade Gandolfi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio Correa Ferraz Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Camilotti Perim
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirella Cezare Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Carrilho Garcia
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sborghi Rocha
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayna Manfrin Galvão
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Aparecida Fávaro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Noah Scamardi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Sanmartin Rogovski
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Luiz Peixoto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Benfatti
- Laboratório de Investigação de Microrganismos, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mânlio Tasso Oliveira
- Laboratório de Retrovirologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aripuanã Sakurada Aranha Watanabe
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia e Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Bernardes Terzian
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alice de Freitas Versiani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margareth Regina Dibo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Scott Cameron Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cassia Fernanda Estofolete
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Base, FUNFARME, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Hospital de Base, FUNFARME, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Souza WM, Ribeiro GS, de Lima ST, de Jesus R, Moreira FR, Whittaker C, Sallum MAM, Carrington CV, Sabino EC, Kitron U, Faria NR, Weaver SC. Chikungunya: a decade of burden in the Americas. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 30:100673. [PMID: 38283942 PMCID: PMC10820659 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In the Americas, one decade following its emergence in 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) continues to spread and cause epidemics across the region. To date, 3.7 million suspected and laboratory-confirmed chikungunya cases have been reported in 50 countries or territories in the Americas. Here, we outline the current status and epidemiological aspects of chikungunya in the Americas and discuss prospects for future research and public health strategies to combat CHIKV in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Shirlene T.S. de Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Filipe R.R. Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christine V.F. Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Hakim MS, Annisa L, Aman AT. The evolution of chikungunya virus circulating in Indonesia: Sequence analysis of the orf2 gene encoding the viral structural proteins. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:781-790. [PMID: 36774411 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused several major epidemics globally, including in Indonesia. Although significant progress has been achieved in understanding the epidemiology and genotype circulation of CHIKV in Indonesia, the evolution of Indonesian CHIKV isolates is poorly understood. Thus, our study aimed to perform phylogenetic and mutation analyses of the orf2 gene encoding its viral structural protein to improve our understanding of CHIKV evolution in Indonesia. Complete orf2 gene sequences encoding the viral structural proteins of Indonesian-derived CHIKV were downloaded from GenBank until August 31, 2022. Various bioinformatics tools were employed to perform phylogenetic and mutation analyses of the orf2 gene. We identified 76 complete sequences of orf2 gene of CHIKV isolates originally derived from Indonesia. Maximum likelihood trees demonstrated that the majority (69/76, 90.8%) of Indonesian-derived CHIKV isolates belonged to the Asian genotype, while seven isolates (9.2%) belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. The Indonesian-derived CHIKV isolates were calculated to be originated in Indonesia around 95 years ago (1927), with 95% highest posterior density (HPD) ranging from 1910 to 1942 and a nucleotide substitution rate of 5.07 × 10-4 (95% HPD: 3.59 × 10-4 to 6.67 × 10-4). Various synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions were identified in the C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1 genes. Most importantly, the E1-A226V mutation, which has been reported to increase viral adaptation in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, was present in all ECSA isolates. To our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive research analyzing the mutation and evolution of Indonesian-derived CHIKV based on complete sequences of the orf2 genes encoding its viral structural proteins. Our results clearly showed a dynamic evolution of CHIKV circulating in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Luthvia Annisa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Abu T Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Su L, Lou X, Yan H, Yang Z, Mao H, Yao W, Sun Y, Pan J, Zhang Y. Importation of a novel Indian Ocean lineage carrying E1-K211E and E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2019. Virus Genes 2023; 59:693-702. [PMID: 37468826 PMCID: PMC10499945 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is widespread. In Zhejiang province, China, CHIKV infection is often associated with travelers from tropical and subtropical countries. In the present study, three CHIKV isolates from serum samples of travelers in Zhejiang province in 2019 were sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed to study their molecular characteristics. Sequence analysis showed that the non-structural protein and the structural protein had 37 and 28 amino acid mutations, respectively; no mutation site was found at the E1-A226 residue, which could increase the adaptability of CHIKV to Aedes albopictus. All three samples carried two mutations, namely, E1-K211E and E2-V264A, which were introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these three CHIKVs were Indian Ocean lineage of the East Africa/Central/South Africa genotype (ECSA) and that the MF773566 strain from Bangladesh (Australia/Bangladesh 2017) had the closest evolutionary relationship. The three CHICKs imported into Zhejiang province in 2019 belonged to the ECSA genotype and had multiple amino acid variation sites. The variation in the three samples provides a certain reference for the subsequent research on CHIKV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Hao Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Zhangnv Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Wenwu Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Junhang Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 China
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9
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Xavier J, Alcantara LCJ, Fonseca V, Lima M, Castro E, Fritsch H, Oliveira C, Guimarães N, Adelino T, Evaristo M, Rodrigues ES, Santos EV, de La-Roque D, de Moraes L, Tosta S, Neto A, Rosewell A, Mendonça AF, Leite A, Vasconcelos A, Silva de Mello AL, Vasconcelos B, Montalbano CA, Zanluca C, Freitas C, de Albuquerque CFC, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Santos CS, Dos Santos CA, Gonçalves CCM, Teixeira D, Neto DFL, Cabral D, de Oliveira EC, Noia Maciel EL, Pereira FM, Iani F, de Carvalho FP, Andrade G, Bezerra G, de Castro Lichs GG, Pereira GC, Barroso H, Franz HCF, Ferreira H, Gomes I, Riediger IN, Rodrigues I, de Siqueira IC, Silva J, Rico JM, Lima J, Abrantes J, do Nascimento JPM, Wasserheit JN, Pastor J, de Magalhães JJF, Luz KG, Lima Neto LG, Frutuoso LCV, da Silva LB, Sena L, de Sousa LAF, Pereira LA, Demarchi L, Câmara MCB, Astete MG, Almiron M, Lima M, Umaki Zardin MCS, Presibella MM, Falcão MB, Gale M, Freire N, Marques N, de Moura NFO, Almeida Da Silva PE, Rabinowitz P, da Cunha RV, Trinta KS, do Carmo Said RF, Kato R, Stabeli R, de Jesus R, Hans Santos R, Kashima S, Slavov SN, Andrade T, Rocha T, Carneiro T, Nardy V, da Silva V, Carvalho WG, Van Voorhis WC, Araujo WN, de Filippis AMB, Giovanetti M. Increased interregional virus exchange and nucleotide diversity outline the expansion of chikungunya virus in Brazil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4413. [PMID: 37479700 PMCID: PMC10362057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and reemergence of mosquito-borne diseases in Brazil such as yellow fever, zika, chikungunya, and dengue have had serious impacts on public health. Concerns have been raised due to the rapid dissemination of the chikungunya virus across the country since its first detection in 2014 in Northeast Brazil. In this work, we carried out on-site training activities in genomic surveillance in partnership with the National Network of Public Health Laboratories that have led to the generation of 422 chikungunya virus genomes from 12 Brazilian states over the past two years (2021-2022), a period that has seen more than 312 thousand chikungunya fever cases reported in the country. These genomes increased the amount of available data and allowed a more comprehensive characterization of the dispersal dynamics of the chikungunya virus East-Central-South-African lineage in Brazil. Tree branching patterns revealed the emergence and expansion of two distinct subclades. Phylogeographic analysis indicated that the northeast region has been the leading hub of virus spread towards other regions. Increased frequency of C > T transitions among the new genomes suggested that host restriction factors from the immune system such as ADAR and AID/APOBEC deaminases might be driving the genetic diversity of the chikungunya virus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joilson Xavier
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Vagner Fonseca
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson Castro
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hegger Fritsch
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Guimarães
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Talita Adelino
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Laise de Moraes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Stephane Tosta
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adelino Neto
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Piaui, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Alexander Rosewell
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Leite
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Camila Zanluca
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carla Freitas
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cleiton S Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalane Teixeira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Daniel F L Neto
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Diego Cabral
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Ethel L Noia Maciel
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Iani
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Bezerra
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Glauco Carvalho Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Haline Barroso
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Hivylla Ferreira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Iago Gomes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacilane Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jayra Abrantes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Judith N Wasserheit
- Department of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Pastor
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jurandy J F de Magalhães
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Natal, Brazil
- Universidade de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Brazil
| | | | | | - Livia C V Frutuoso
- Coordenação Geral das Arboviroses, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Ludmila Sena
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Demarchi
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Magaly C B Câmara
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maricelia Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Melissa B Falcão
- Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Naishe Freire
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nelson Marques
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Noely F O de Moura
- Coordenação Geral das Arboviroses, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Rivaldo V da Cunha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen S Trinta
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Kato
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stabeli
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Kashima
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav N Slavov
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research Development, CDC, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamires Andrade
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Themis Rocha
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Thiago Carneiro
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Nardy
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University of Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Fernández D, Yun R, Zhou J, Parise PL, Mosso-González C, Villasante-Tezanos A, Weaver SC, Pando-Robles V, Aguilar PV. Differential Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes to Infection by Mayaro Virus Strains. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:115-122. [PMID: 37253447 PMCID: PMC10323988 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) belonging to the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. In recent years, the geographic distribution of MAYV may have expanded north from South and Central America into the Caribbean Islands. Although Haemagogus janthinomys is considered the main vector for MAYV, the virus has also been isolated from other mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti, a widespread species that serves as the main vector for highly epidemic viruses. Given the possible expansion and outbreaks of MAYV in Latin America, it is possible that MAYV might be adapting to be efficiently transmitted by urban vectors. Therefore, to investigate this possibility, we evaluated the vector competence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes to transmit MAYV isolated during a year of low or high MAYV transmission. Adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were orally infected with the MAYV strains, and the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were calculated to evaluate their vector competence. Overall, we found higher infection, dissemination, and transmission rates in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes infected with the strain isolated during a MAYV outbreak, whereas low/no transmission was detected with the strain isolated during a year of low MAYV activity. Our results confirmed that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are competent vectors for the emergent MAYV. Our data suggest that strains isolated during MAYV outbreaks might be better fit to infect and be transmitted by urban vectors, raising serious concern about the epidemic potential of MAYV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fernández
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ruimei Yun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pierina L. Parise
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clemente Mosso-González
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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11
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Yao Z, Ramachandran S, Huang S, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Wohlschlegel JA, Li MMH. Chikungunya virus glycoproteins transform macrophages into productive viral dissemination vessels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542714. [PMID: 37398144 PMCID: PMC10312455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite their role as innate sentinels, macrophages are cellular reservoirs for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a highly pathogenic arthropod-borne alphavirus that has caused unprecedented epidemics worldwide. Here, we took interdisciplinary approaches to elucidate the CHIKV determinants that subvert macrophages into virion dissemination vessels. Through comparative infection using chimeric alphaviruses and evolutionary selection analyses, we discovered for the first time that CHIKV glycoproteins E2 and E1 coordinate efficient virion production in macrophages with the domains involved under positive selection. We performed proteomics on CHIKV-infected macrophages to identify cellular proteins interacting with the precursor and/or mature forms of viral glycoproteins. We uncovered two E1-binding proteins, signal peptidase complex subunit 3 (SPCS3) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3k), with novel inhibitory activities against CHIKV production. These results highlight how CHIKV E2 and E1 have been evolutionarily selected for viral dissemination likely through counteracting host restriction factors, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sangeetha Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serina Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody M H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Xavier J, Alcantara L, Fonseca V, Lima M, Castro E, Fritsch H, Oliveira C, Guimarães N, Adelino T, Evaristo M, Rodrigues ES, Santos EV, de La-Roque D, de Moraes L, Tosta S, Neto A, Rosewell A, Mendonça AF, Leite A, Vasconcelos A, Silva de Mello AL, Vasconcelos B, Montalbano CA, Zanluca C, Freitas C, de Albuquerque CFC, Duarte dos Santos CN, Santos CS, dos Santos CA, Maymone Gonçalves CC, Teixeira D, Neto DFL, Cabral D, de Oliveira EC, Noia Maciel EL, Pereira FM, Iani F, de Carvalho FP, Andrade G, Bezerra G, de Castro Lichs GG, Pereira GC, Barroso H, Ferreira Franz HC, Ferreira H, Gomes I, Riediger IN, Rodrigues I, de Siqueira IC, Silva J, Rico JM, Lima J, Abrantes J, do Nascimento JPM, Wasserheit JN, Pastor J, de Magalhães JJF, Luz KG, Lima Neto LG, Frutuoso LCV, da Silva LB, Sena L, de Sousa LAF, Pereira LA, Demarchi L, Câmara MCB, Astete MG, Almiron M, Lima M, Umaki Zardin MCS, Presibella MM, Falcão MB, Gale M, Freire N, Marques N, de Moura NFO, Almeida Da Silva PE, Rabinowitz P, da Cunha RV, Trinta KS, do Carmo Said RF, Kato R, Stabeli R, de Jesus R, Santos RH, Haddad SK, Slavov SN, Andrade T, Rocha T, Carneiro T, Nardy V, da Silva V, Carvalho WG, Van Voorhis WC, Araujo WN, de Filippis AM, Giovanetti M. Increased interregional virus exchange and nucleotide diversity outline the expansion of the chikungunya virus ECSA lineage in Brazil. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.28.23287733. [PMID: 37034611 PMCID: PMC10081416 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.23287733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and reemergence of mosquito-borne diseases in Brazil such as Yellow Fever, Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue have had serious impacts on public health. Concerns have been raised due to the rapid dissemination of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) across the country since its first detection in 2014 in Northeast Brazil. Faced with this scenario, on-site training activities in genomic surveillance carried out in partnership with the National Network of Public Health Laboratories have led to the generation of 422 CHIKV genomes from 12 Brazilian states over the past two years (2021-2022), a period that has seen more than 312 thousand chikungunya fever cases reported in the country. These new genomes increased the amount of available data and allowed a more comprehensive characterization of the dispersion dynamics of the CHIKV East-Central-South-African (ECSA) lineage in Brazil. Tree branching patterns revealed the emergence and expansion of two distinct subclades. Phylogeographic analysis indicated that the northeast region has been the leading hub of virus spread towards other regions. Increased frequency of C>T transitions among the new genomes suggested that host restriction factors from the immune system such as ADAR and AID/APOBEC deaminases might be driving CHIKV ECSA lineage genetic diversity in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joilson Xavier
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alcantara
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Correspondence: , &
| | - Vagner Fonseca
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Brazil
| | - Emerson Castro
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Brazil
| | - Hegger Fritsch
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Guimarães
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Brazil
| | - Talita Adelino
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Laise de Moraes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Stephane Tosta
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adelino Neto
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Piaui, Brazil
| | - Alexander Rosewell
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Camila Zanluca
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carla Freitas
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel F. L. Neto
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Diego Cabral
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Iani
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iago Gomes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacilane Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jayra Abrantes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia Pastor
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jurandy J. F. de Magalhães
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Brazil
- Universidade de Pernambuco Campus Serra Talhada
| | | | | | | | | | - Ludmila Sena
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Demarchi
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melissa B. Falcão
- Secretaria de Saúde de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, USA
| | - Naishe Freire
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, USA
| | | | - Karen S. Trinta
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Kato
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stabeli
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
| | | | | | - Svetoslav N. Slavov
- Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research Development, CDC, Butantan Institute, Brazil
| | | | - Themis Rocha
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Nardy
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana M.B. de Filippis
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Correspondence: , &
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University of Campus Bio-Medico, Italy
- Correspondence: , &
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Cereghino C, Roesch F, Carrau L, Hardy A, Ribeiro-Filho HV, Henrion-Lacritick A, Koh C, Marano JM, Bates TA, Rai P, Chuong C, Akter S, Vallet T, Blanc H, Elliott TJ, Brown AM, Michalak P, LeRoith T, Bloom JD, Marques RE, Saleh MC, Vignuzzi M, Weger-Lucarelli J. The E2 glycoprotein holds key residues for Mayaro virus adaptation to the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010491. [PMID: 37018377 PMCID: PMC10109513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to mosquito vectors suited for transmission in urban settings is a major driver in the emergence of arboviruses. To better anticipate future emergence events, it is crucial to assess their potential to adapt to new vector hosts. In this work, we used two different experimental evolution approaches to study the adaptation process of an emerging alphavirus, Mayaro virus (MAYV), to Ae. aegypti, an urban mosquito vector of many other arboviruses. We identified E2-T179N as a key mutation increasing MAYV replication in insect cells and enhancing transmission after escaping the midgut of live Ae. aegypti. In contrast, this mutation decreased viral replication and binding in human fibroblasts, a primary cellular target of MAYV in humans. We also showed that MAYV E2-T179N generates reduced viremia and displays less severe tissue pathology in vivo in a mouse model. We found evidence in mouse fibroblasts that MAYV E2-T179N is less dependent on the Mxra8 receptor for replication than WT MAYV. Similarly, exogenous expression of human apolipoprotein receptor 2 and Mxra8 enhanced WT MAYV replication compared to MAYV E2-T179N. When this mutation was introduced in the closely related chikungunya virus, which has caused major outbreaks globally in the past two decades, we observed increased replication in both human and insect cells, suggesting E2 position 179 is an important determinant of alphavirus host-adaptation, although in a virus-specific manner. Collectively, these results indicate that adaptation at the T179 residue in MAYV E2 may result in increased vector competence-but coming at the cost of optimal replication in humans-and may represent a first step towards a future emergence event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Cereghino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ferdinand Roesch
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucía Carrau
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Helder V. Ribeiro-Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annabelle Henrion-Lacritick
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey M. Marano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Bates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Truitt J. Elliott
- Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (GBCB), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Research and Informatics, University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Brown
- Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (GBCB), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States of America
- Center for One Health Research, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, Untied States of Ameria
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3569, Paris, France
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Henderson Sousa F, Ghaisani Komarudin A, Findlay-Greene F, Bowolaksono A, Sasmono RT, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Evolution and immunopathology of chikungunya virus informs therapeutic development. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049804. [PMID: 37014125 PMCID: PMC10110403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging global threat identified in more than 60 countries across continents. The risk of CHIKV transmission is rising due to increased global interactions, year-round presence of mosquito vectors, and the ability of CHIKV to produce high host viral loads and undergo mutation. Although CHIKV disease is rarely fatal, it can progress to a chronic stage, during which patients experience severe debilitating arthritis that can last from several weeks to months or years. At present, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs for CHIKV disease, and treatment is primarily symptomatic. This Review provides an overview of CHIKV pathogenesis and explores the available therapeutic options and the most recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies against CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amalina Ghaisani Komarudin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Fern Findlay-Greene
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - R. Tedjo Sasmono
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Peter G. Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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Valentine JC, Yee DA. Ontogenetic Changes in Nutrients and Stoichiometry in the Invasive Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:235-238. [PMID: 36394132 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A variety of physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes occur throughout the life cycle of mosquitoes, which can be correlated with a shift from the aquatic to terrestrial environment. Aedes albopictus Skuse is an abundant invasive species from Asia that was introduced into the Americas in the 1980's and is responsible for transmitting several important human disease-causing pathogens. How physiological and anatomical changes within each instar and throughout the developmental stages are related to changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels are an unexplored area of mosquito ecology. We hypothesized that these changes as well as stoichiometry (C:N) would vary with instar stage and larval diet. Cohorts of larvae were grown in three different diets: animal only (crickets), plant only (red maple leaves), and a mixture containing both types. Larval instars (1st-4th), pupae, and adults were raised in each diet and were separately analyzed for nutrient content (%C, %N) and stoichiometry (C:N). Significant changes in nutrient values occurred across the life cycle, with C:N values being lower in early instars versus adults or pupae, especially in animal only or mixed diets; few differences were detected in %C or %N across ontogeny. This knowledge may lead to a better understanding of mosquito ecology and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Valentine
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Donald A Yee
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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Hakim MS, Annisa L, Gazali FM, Aman AT. The origin and continuing adaptive evolution of chikungunya virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2443-2455. [PMID: 35987965 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the responsible agent of chikungunya fever, a debilitating arthritic disease in humans. CHIKV is endemic in Africa and Asia, although transmission cycles are considerably different on these continents. Before 2004, CHIKV had received little attention, since it was only known to cause localised outbreaks in a limited region with no fatalities. However, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV has caused serious global health problems and shown its potential to become a significant viral threat in the future. Unexpectedly, the reemergence is more rapid and is geographically more extensive, especially due to increased intensity of global travel systems or failure to contain mosquito populations. Another important factor is the successful adaptation of CHIKV to a new vector, the Aedes albopictus mosquito. Ae. albopictus survives in both temperate and tropical climates, thus facilitating CHIKV expansion to non-endemic regions. The continuous spread and transmission of CHIKV pose challenges for the development of effective vaccines and specific antiviral therapies. In this review, we discuss the biology and origin of CHIKV in Africa as well as its subsequent expansion to other parts of the world. We also review the transmission cycle of CHIKV and its continuing adaptation to its mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts. More-complete understanding of the continuous evolution of CHIKV may help in predicting the emergence of CHIKV strains with possibly greater transmission efficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Luthvia Annisa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Faris M Gazali
- Master Program in Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu T Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Mendes Dos Santos MA, Dias LS, Ramirez Pavon JA, Viniski AE, Campos Souza CL, Pepato MA, Correa de Azevedo V, Teixeira Nunes MR, Slhessarenko RD. Regional mutations in CHIKV-ECSA genomes and detection of other viruses in the serum of acute febrile patients by a metagenomic approach in Mato Grosso, Central-Western Brazil, 2018. Virology 2022; 576:18-29. [PMID: 36126430 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mato Grosso (MT) State is part of central western Brazil and has a tropical permissive environment that favors arbovirus outbreaks. A metagenomic approach was used to identify viral genomes in seven pools of serum from patients (n=65) with acute febrile disease. Seven chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genomes were determined, showing four amino acid changes found only in CHIKV genomes obtained in MT since 2018: nsP2:T31I, nsP3: A388V, E3:T201I and E3:H57R, in addition to other mutations in E1, nsP2 and nsP4. Six parvovirus B19 (B19V) genotype I genomes (4771-5131 nt) showed four aa alterations (NS1:N473D, R579Q; VP1:I716T; and 11 kDa:V44A) compared to most similar B19V from the USA. Coinfection between CHIKV and B19V was evidenced in 22/65 (33.8%) patients by RT‒PCR and PCR, respectively. Other viruses found in these pools include human pegivirus C, torque teno virus 3, an unclassified TTV and torque teno mini virus. Metagenomics represents a useful approach to detect viruses in the serum of acute febrile patients suspected of arbovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Adriano Mendes Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Dias
- Curso de Graduação em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Janeth Aracely Ramirez Pavon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Viniski
- Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso, Secretaria Estadoual de Saúde, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Andrey Pepato
- Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso, Secretaria Estadoual de Saúde, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Hospital Universitário Júlio Muller, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Dezengrini Slhessarenko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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18
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Dahl E, Öborn L, Sjöberg V, Lundkvist Å, Hesson JC. Vertical Transmission of Sindbis Virus in Culex Mosquitoes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091915. [PMID: 36146722 PMCID: PMC9504956 DOI: 10.3390/v14091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission (VT) is a phenomenon of vector-borne diseases where a pathogen is transferred from an infected arthropod mother to her offspring. For mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses, VT is commonly viewed as rare; however, both field and experimental studies report on vertical transmission efficiency to a notably varying degree. It is likely that this reflects the different experimental methods used to test vertical transmission efficiency as well as differences between virus–vector combinations. There are very few investigations of the VT of an alphavirus in a Culex vector. Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that utilizes Culex species as main vectors both in the summer transmission season and for its persistence over the winter period in northern latitudes. In this study, we investigated the vertical transmission of the SINV in Culex vectors, both in the field and in experimental settings. The detection of SINV RNA in field-collected egg rafts and emerging adults shows that vertical transmission takes place in the field. Experimentally infected females gave rise to adult offspring containing SINV RNA at emergence; however, three to four weeks after emergence none of the offspring contained SINV RNA. This study shows that vertical transmission may be connected to SINV’s ability to persist throughout northern winters and also highlights many aspects of viral replication that need further study.
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Zou M, Su C, Li T, Zhang J, Li D, Luan N, Ma D, Liu J, Sun Q, Peng X, Liu H. Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Among Febrile Dengue Fever–Like Patients in Xishuangbanna, Southwestern Part of China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:914289. [PMID: 35832380 PMCID: PMC9271616 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.914289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been recently reported during dengue fever epidemics. However, the infection of CHIKV is often neglected due to its misdiagnosis as dengue virus (DENV) infection. In the summer of 2019 when dengue fever was epidemic, we collected 697 serum samples from febrile dengue fever–like patients in Xishuangbanna, southwestern part of China. DENV RNA was detectable in 99.42% of these patients. Notably, 88 patients (12.62%) showed the presence of CHIKV RNA, among which 86 patients were co-infected with DENV and CHIKV. We sequenced and analyzed the full genome of CHIKV virus in four out of 88 samples (two CHIKV infected and two co-infected). The results suggested that the four strains were all Asian genotype and had the highest homology (99.4%) with the SZ1239 strain (accession number MG664851) isolated in 2012 and possibly introduced from Indonesia. Further comparison with the conserved sequences in the whole genome of 47 strains of CHIKV showed that there were 13 and 15 amino acid mutants in structural proteins and non-structural proteins, respectively. The previously reported adaptive mutations of E2-W64R, E2-I211T, E2-K233E, E1-A98T, and E1-K211E occurred in the four strains of this study. In conclusion, this study reports a co-infection of CHIKV during the DENV epidemic in the city Xishuangbanna, 2019. Molecular epidemiology revealed that CHIKV identified in this study was indigenous and belongs to Asian lineage with lineage-specific mutations and some reported adaptive mutations, which is distinct from the recently reported CHIKV (East/Central/South African) in Ruili, the city next to Xishuangbanna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyan Su
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Joint Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Cross-border Transmission Disease, People’s Hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Daiying Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Dehong Ma
- Joint Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Cross-border Transmission Disease, People’s Hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqi Liu,
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Human pathogenic RNA viruses establish noncompeting lineages by occupying independent niches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121335119. [PMID: 35639694 PMCID: PMC9191635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121335119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic viruses are endemic in humans and cause a broad variety of diseases, but what is their potential for causing new pandemics? We show that most human pathogenic RNA viruses form multiple, cocirculating lineages with low turnover rates. These lineages appear to be largely noncompeting and occupy distinct epidemiological niches that are not regionally or seasonally defined, and their persistence appears to stem from limited outbreaks in small communities so that only a small fraction of the global susceptible population is infected at any time. However, due to globalization, interaction and competition between lineages might increase, potentially leading to increased diversification and pathogenicity. Thus, endemic viruses appear to merit global attention with respect to the prevention of future pandemics. Many pathogenic viruses are endemic among human populations and can cause a broad variety of diseases, some potentially leading to devastating pandemics. How virus populations maintain diversity and what selective pressures drive population turnover is not thoroughly understood. We conducted a large-scale phylodynamic analysis of 27 human pathogenic RNA viruses spanning diverse life history traits, in search of unifying trends that shape virus evolution. For most virus species, we identify multiple, cocirculating lineages with low turnover rates. These lineages appear to be largely noncompeting and likely occupy semiindependent epidemiological niches that are not regionally or seasonally defined. Typically, intralineage mutational signatures are similar to interlineage signatures. The principal exception are members of the family Picornaviridae, for which mutations in capsid protein genes are primarily lineage defining. Interlineage turnover is slower than expected under a neutral model, whereas intralineage turnover is faster than the neutral expectation, further supporting the existence of independent niches. The persistence of virus lineages appears to stem from limited outbreaks within small communities, so that only a small fraction of the global susceptible population is infected at any time. As disparate communities become increasingly connected through globalization, interaction and competition between lineages might increase as well, which could result in changing selective pressures and increased diversification and/or pathogenicity. Thus, in addition to zoonotic events, ongoing surveillance of familiar, endemic viruses appears to merit global attention with respect to the prevention or mitigation of future pandemics.
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Luciferase Immunosorbent Assay Based on Multiple E Antigens for the Detection of Chikungunya Virus-Specific IgG Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0149621. [PMID: 35311573 PMCID: PMC9045172 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01496-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is still circulating in some parts of the world, and mutated strains have emerged, making it easier for the virus to spread among humans. With the continuous variation of CHIKV, its antigen variation leads to the decline of detection ability.
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors to vertebrate hosts. The surface of the virion contains 80 glycoprotein spikes embedded in the membrane, and these spikes mediate attachment to the host cell and initiate viral fusion. Each spike consists of a trimer of E2-E1 heterodimers. These heterodimers interact at the following two interfaces: (i) the intradimer interactions between E2 and E1 of the same heterodimer and (ii) the interdimer interactions between E2 of one heterodimer and E1 of the adjacent heterodimer (E1'). We hypothesized that the interdimer interactions are essential for trimerization of the E2-E1 heterodimers into a functional spike. In this work, we made a mutant virus (chikungunya piggyback [CPB]) where we replaced six interdimeric residues in the E2 protein of Sindbis virus (wild-type [WT] SINV) with those from the E2 protein from chikungunya virus and studied its effect in both mammalian and mosquito cell lines. CPB produced fewer infectious particles in mammalian cells than in mosquito cells, relative to WT SINV. When CPB virus was purified from mammalian cells, particles showed reduced amounts of glycoproteins relative to the capsid protein and contained defects in particle morphology compared with virus derived from mosquito cells. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we determined that the spikes of CPB had a different conformation than WT SINV. Last, we identified two revertants, E2-H333N and E1-S247L, that restored particle growth and assembly to different degrees. We conclude the interdimer interface is critical for spike trimerization and is a novel target for potential antiviral drug design. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses, which can cause disease when spread to humans by mosquitoes, have been classified as emerging pathogens, with infections occurring worldwide. The spikes on the surface of the alphavirus particle are absolutely required for the virus to enter a new host cell and initiate an infection. Using a structure-guided approach, we made a mutant virus that alters spike assembly in mammalian cells but not mosquito cells. This finding is important because it identifies a region in the spike that could be a target for antiviral drug design.
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Jourdain F, de Valk H, Noël H, Paty MC, L’Ambert G, Franke F, Mouly D, Desenclos JC, Roche B. Estimating chikungunya virus transmission parameters and vector control effectiveness highlights key factors to mitigate arboviral disease outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010244. [PMID: 35245304 PMCID: PMC8896662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes have greatly expanded their geographic range in recent decades. They are considered emerging public health threats throughout the world, including Europe. Therefore, public health authorities must be prepared by quantifying the potential magnitude of virus transmission and the effectiveness of interventions. Methodology We developed a mathematical model with a vector-host structure for chikungunya virus transmission and estimated model parameters from epidemiological data of the two main autochthonous chikungunya virus transmission events that occurred in Southern France, in Montpellier (2014) and in Le Cannet-des-Maures (2017). We then performed simulations of the model using these estimates to forecast the magnitude of the foci of transmission as a function of the response delay and the moment of virus introduction. Conclusions The results of the different simulations underline the relative importance of each variable and can be useful to stakeholders when designing context-based intervention strategies. The findings emphasize the importance of, and advocate for early detection of imported cases and timely biological confirmation of autochthonous cases to ensure timely vector control measures, supporting the implementation and the maintenance of sustainable surveillance systems. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses have expanded their geographic range during recent decades and are now considered emerging threats in temperate areas. In particular, autochthonous transmissions of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have regularly been observed in Europe since 2010. The increase in international travel and trade appear to be major factors, encouraging both a circulation of these viruses on a global scale and the dispersion of one of their main vectors, Aedes albopictus. This trend is likely to increase significantly in the future and improved preparedness and response strategies are essential to manage these emerging risks. In this respect of decision support, we developed a mathematical model for CHIKV transmission. We first estimated key model parameters of CHIKV transmission and vector control effectiveness, using data from the two main CHIKV transmission events which have already occurred in mainland France. The model was then used to forecast the magnitude of outbreaks as a function of the delay in implementing control measures, and from the moment of virus introduction during the mosquito vector season. This work will help provide stakeholders in public health with a greater understanding of the dynamics of CHIKV transmission, and with evidence for the implementation of sustainable surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Jourdain
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Saint-Maurice, France
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Henriette de Valk
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Harold Noël
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Claire Paty
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Grégory L’Ambert
- Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication du littoral méditerranéen (EID Méditerranée), Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Franke
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), regional office Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur-Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Mouly
- Santé publique France (French National Public Health Agency), regional office Occitanie, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Rueda JC, Arcos-Burgos M, Santos AM, Martin-Arsanios D, Villota-Erazo C, Reyes V, Bernal-Macías S, Peláez-Ballestas I, Cardiel MH, Londono J. Human Genetic Host Factors and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:654395. [PMID: 35252226 PMCID: PMC8888679 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.654395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family that causes acute arthropathy in humans. It is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted initially by the Aedes (Ae) aegypti and after 2006's epidemic in La Reunion by Ae albopictus due to an adaptive mutation of alanine for valine in the position 226 of the E1 glycoprotein genome (A226V). The first isolated cases of CHIKV were reported in Tanzania, however since its arrival to the Western Hemisphere in 2013, the infection became a pandemic. After a mosquito bite from an infected viremic patient the virus replicates eliciting viremia, fever, rash, myalgia, arthralgia, and arthritis. After the acute phase, CHIKV infection can progress to a chronic stage where rheumatic symptoms can last for several months to years. Although there is a great number of studies on the pathogenesis of CHIKV infection not only in humans but also in animal models, there still gaps in the proper understanding of the disease. To this date, it is unknown why a percentage of patients do not develop clinical symptoms despite having been exposed to the virus and developing an adaptive immune response. Also, controversy stills exist on the pathogenesis of chronic joint symptoms. It is known that host immune response to an infectious disease is reflected on patient's symptoms. At the same time, it is now well-established that host genetic variation is an important component of the varied onset, severity, and outcome of infectious disease. It is essential to understand the interaction between the aetiological agent and the host to know the chronic sequelae of the disease. The present review summarizes the current findings on human host genetics and its relationship with immune response in CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Rueda
- Faculty of Medicine and Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M. Santos
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Daniel Martin-Arsanios
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Catalina Villota-Erazo
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Viviana Reyes
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Santiago Bernal-Macías
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - John Londono
- Grupo de Espondiloartropatías, Rheumatology Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: John Londono
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Spread of a Novel Indian Ocean Lineage Carrying E1-K211E/E2-V264A of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020354. [PMID: 35208808 PMCID: PMC8878743 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, which originated in Kenya, spread to the Indian ocean and the Indian subcontinent, and then expanded through Southeast Asia in the previous decade. It carried an adaptive mutation E1-A226V, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. However, the IOL CHIKV of the most recent outbreaks during 2016–2020 in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, Thailand, and Kenya lacked E1-A226V but carried E1-K211E and E2-V264A. Recent CHIKV genome sequences of the Maldives and Thailand were determined, and their phylogenetic relationships were further investigated together with IOL sequences reported in 2004–2020 in the database. The results showed that the ancestral IOLs diverged to a sub-lineage E1-K211E/E2-V264A, probably in India around 2008, and caused sporadic outbreaks in India during 2010–2015 and in Kenya in 2016. The massive expansion of this new sub-lineage occurred after the acquisition of E1-I317V in other neighboring and remote regions in 2014–2020. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree indicated that independent clades formed according to the geographical regions and introduction timing. The present results using all available partial or full sequences of the recent CHIKVs emphasized the dynamics of the IOL sub-lineages in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Africa.
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Maeda AY, Nogueira JS, Campos KR, Camargo CH, da Silva Vasami FG, Arvigo APB, Santos MBN, Abbud A, Sacchi CT. Circulation of Chikungunya virus East-Central-South African genotype during the 2020-21 outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chikungunya Virus’ High Genomic Plasticity Enables Rapid Adaptation to Restrictive A549 Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020282. [PMID: 35215875 PMCID: PMC8879786 DOI: 10.3390/v14020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus that has spread globally during the last two decades. The virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos and is thus capable of replicating in both human and mosquito cells. CHIKV has a broad tropism in vivo, capable of replicating in various tissues and cell types but largely excluding blood cells. This was reflected in vitro by a broad array of adherent cell lines supporting CHIKV infection. One marked exception to this general rule is the resistance of the lung cancer-derived A549 cell line to CHIKV infection. We verified that A549 cells were restrictive to infection by multiple alphaviruses while being completely permissive to flavivirus infection. The adaptive growth of a primary CHIKV strain through multiple passages allowed the emergence of a CHIKV strain that productively infected A549 cells while causing overt cytopathic effects and without a fitness cost for replication in otherwise CHIKV-susceptible cells. Whole genome sequencing of polyclonal and monoclonal preparations of the adapted virus showed that a limited number of mutations consistently emerged in both structural (2 mutations in E2) and non-structural proteins (1 mutation in nsP1 and 1 mutation in nsP2). The introduction of the adaptive mutations, individually or in combinations, into a wild-type molecular clone of CHIKV allowed us to determine the relative contributions of the mutations to the new phenotype. We found that the mutations in the E2 envelope protein and non-structural proteins contributed significantly to the acquired phenotype. The nsP mutations were introduced in a split-genome trans-replicase assay to monitor their effect on viral genome replication efficiency. Interestingly, neither mutation supported increased viral genomic replication in either Vero or A549 cells.
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Rodríguez-Aguilar ED, Martínez-Barnetche J, González-Bonilla CR, Tellez-Sosa JM, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MH. Genetic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Chikungunya Infections in Mexico during the Outbreak of 2014-2016. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010070. [PMID: 35062275 PMCID: PMC8779743 DOI: 10.3390/v14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever. Three CHIKV genotypes have been identified: West African, East-Central-South African and Asian. In 2014, CHIKV was detected for the first time in Mexico, accumulating 13,569 confirmed cases in the following three years. Studies on the molecular diversification of CHIKV in Mexico focused on limited geographic regions or investigated only one structural gene of the virus. To describe the dynamics of this outbreak, we analyzed 309 serum samples from CHIKV acute clinical cases from 15 Mexican states. Partial NSP3, E1, and E2 genes were sequenced, mutations were identified, and their genetic variability was estimated. The evolutionary relationship with CHIKV sequences sampled globally were analyzed. Our sequences grouped with the Asian genotype within the Caribbean lineage, suggesting that the Asian was the only circulating genotype during the outbreak. Three non-synonymous mutations (E2 S248F and NSP3 A437T and L451F) were present in our sequences, which were also identified in sequences of the Caribbean lineage and in one Philippine sequence. Based on the phylogeographic analysis, the viral spread was reconstructed, suggesting that after the introduction through the Mexican southern border (Chiapas), CHIKV dispersed to neighboring states before reaching the center and north of the country through the Pacific Ocean states and Quintana Roo. This is the first viral phylogeographic reconstruction in Mexico characterizing the CHIKV outbreak across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D. Rodríguez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.D.R.-A.); (J.M.-B.); (J.M.T.-S.); (R.A.-R.)
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.D.R.-A.); (J.M.-B.); (J.M.T.-S.); (R.A.-R.)
| | | | - Juan M. Tellez-Sosa
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.D.R.-A.); (J.M.-B.); (J.M.T.-S.); (R.A.-R.)
| | - Rocío Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.D.R.-A.); (J.M.-B.); (J.M.T.-S.); (R.A.-R.)
| | - Mario H. Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.D.R.-A.); (J.M.-B.); (J.M.T.-S.); (R.A.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1-777-3293087 (ext. 1109)
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Lineage Divergence and Vector-Specific Adaptation Have Driven Chikungunya Virus onto Multiple Adaptive Landscapes. mBio 2021; 12:e0273821. [PMID: 34749526 PMCID: PMC8576524 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02738-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the adaptation of Indian Ocean lineage (IOL) chikungunya virus (CHIKV) strains for Aedes albopictus transmission was mediated by an E1-A226V substitution, followed by either a single substitution in E2 or synergistic substitutions in the E2 and E3 envelope glycoproteins. Here, we examined whether Asian lineage strains, including those that descended from the 2014 Caribbean introduction, are likely to acquire these A. albopictus-adaptive E2 substitutions. Because Asian lineage strains cannot adapt through the E1-A226V substitution due to an epistatic constraint, we first determined that the beneficial effect of these E2 mutations in IOL strains is independent of E1-A226V. We then introduced each of these E2 adaptive mutations into the Asian lineage backbone to determine if they improve infectivity for A. albopictus. Surprisingly, our results indicated that in the Asian lineage backbone, these E2 mutations significantly decreased CHIKV fitness in A. albopictus. Furthermore, we tested the effects of these mutations in Aedes aegypti and observed different results from those in A. albopictus, suggesting that mosquito species-specific factors that interact with the envelope proteins are involved in vector infection efficiency. Overall, our results indicate that the divergence between Asian lineage and IOL CHIKVs has led them onto different adaptive landscapes with differing potentials to expand their vector host range. IMPORTANCE Since its introduction into the Caribbean in October 2013, CHIKV has rapidly spread to almost the entire neotropical region. However, its potential to further spread globally, including into more temperate climates, depends in part on its ability to be transmitted efficiently by Aedes albopictus, which can survive colder winters than A. aegypti. We examined in an Asian lineage backbone A. albopictus-adaptive mutations that arose from 2005 to 2009 in Indian Ocean lineage (IOL) strains. Our results predict that the Asian CHIKV lineage now in the Americas will not readily adapt for enhanced A. albopictus transmission via the same mechanisms or adaptive mutations used previously by IOL strains. The vector species- and CHIKV lineage-specific effects caused by adaptive CHIKV envelope glycoprotein substitutions may elucidate our understanding of the mechanisms of mosquito infection and spread.
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Genetic characterization of chikungunya virus isolates from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected during a recent outbreak in Bangkok, Thailand. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3387-3398. [PMID: 34623503 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that is transmitted to humans through the bite of female Aedes mosquitoes. CHIKV infection has become a major public health concern worldwide, as it has a significant impact on the healthcare system. Since 2004, the virus has emerged in Africa and subsequently spread to countries located near the Indian Ocean, including India, and to Europe, the Americas, and Asia. In Thailand, a large CHIKV outbreak occurred during 2008-2009 and was caused by a virus originating from the east/central/south African (ECSA) CHIKV genotype. Since then, the ECSA genotype of CHIKV has continued to circulate and has caused sporadic cases in different areas in Thailand. Approximately 20,000 reported cases have been confirmed by the Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2020. However, the causes of this CHIKV re-emergence remain unclear. To obtain a better understanding of CHIKV circulation during the recent outbreak in Bangkok, Thailand, complete genome analysis of CHIKV isolates from field-caught mosquitoes collected in outbreak areas was performed. A total of 28 Ae. aegypti samples (21 females and 7 males) were collected, and individual mosquitoes were used for CHIKV detection and isolation. Eleven of 28 (39.29%) female and three of 28 (10.71%) male mosquitoes were positive for CHIKV by E1 nested RT-PCR. Four CHIKV isolates were successfully isolated from four female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Based on complete genome analysis, several amino acid substitutions were identified in the protein coding region. The E1:K211E and E2:V264A mutations in the background of the E1:226A mutation were observed in all four CHIKV isolates. An important observation was the presence of one amino acid substitution, leading to an E1:K245R change. This mutation was found in all four CHIKV isolates from mosquitoes in this study and in Thai patients described previously. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the four CHIKV isolates belonged to the Indian Ocean clade of the ECSA genotype. The results obtained in this study provide detailed information on the molecular characteristics and evolution of currently circulating CHIKV strains in Thailand, which are useful for developing prevention and control strategies.
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Schneider CA, Calvo E, Peterson KE. Arboviruses: How Saliva Impacts the Journey from Vector to Host. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179173. [PMID: 34502092 PMCID: PMC8431069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses, referred to collectively as arboviruses, infect millions of people worldwide each year and have the potential to cause severe disease. They are predominately transmitted to humans through blood-feeding behavior of three main groups of biting arthropods: ticks, mosquitoes, and sandflies. The pathogens harbored by these blood-feeding arthropods (BFA) are transferred to animal hosts through deposition of virus-rich saliva into the skin. Sometimes these infections become systemic and can lead to neuro-invasion and life-threatening viral encephalitis. Factors intrinsic to the arboviral vectors can greatly influence the pathogenicity and virulence of infections, with mounting evidence that BFA saliva and salivary proteins can shift the trajectory of viral infection in the host. This review provides an overview of arbovirus infection and ways in which vectors influence viral pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on how saliva and salivary gland extracts from the three dominant arbovirus vectors impact the trajectory of the cellular immune response to arbovirus infection in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Schneider
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Karin E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Franz S, Pott F, Zillinger T, Schüler C, Dapa S, Fischer C, Passos V, Stenzel S, Chen F, Döhner K, Hartmann G, Sodeik B, Pessler F, Simmons G, Drexler JF, Goffinet C. Human IFITM3 restricts chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus infection and is susceptible to virus-mediated counteraction. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000909. [PMID: 34078739 PMCID: PMC8200292 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict membrane fusion and virion internalization of several enveloped viruses. The role of IFITM proteins during alphaviral infection of human cells and viral counteraction strategies are insufficiently understood. Here, we characterized the impact of human IFITMs on the entry and spread of chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus and provide first evidence for a CHIKV-mediated antagonism of IFITMs. IFITM1, 2, and 3 restricted infection at the level of alphavirus glycoprotein-mediated entry, both in the context of direct infection and cell-to-cell transmission. Relocalization of normally endosomal IFITM3 to the plasma membrane resulted in loss of antiviral activity. rs12252-C, a naturally occurring variant of IFITM3 that may associate with severe influenza in humans, restricted CHIKV, MAYV, and influenza A virus infection as efficiently as wild-type IFITM3 Antivirally active IFITM variants displayed reduced cell surface levels in CHIKV-infected cells involving a posttranscriptional process mediated by one or several nonstructural protein(s) of CHIKV. Finally, IFITM3-imposed reduction of specific infectivity of nascent particles provides a rationale for the necessity of a virus-encoded counteraction strategy against this restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Franz
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Pott
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Dapa
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vânia Passos
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Stenzel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an arbovirus disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of Togaviridae family. Transmission follows a human-mosquito-human cycle starting with a mosquito bite. Subsequently, symptoms develop after 2-6 days of incubation, including high fever and severe arthralgia. The disease is self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks. However, chronic disease can last up to several years with persistent polyarthralgia. Overlapping symptoms and common vector with dengue and malaria present many challenges for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. CHIKF was reported in India in 1963 for the first time. After a period of quiescence lasting up to 32 years, CHIKV re-emerged in India in 2005. Currently, every part of the country has become endemic for the disease with outbreaks resulting in huge economic and productivity losses. Several mutations have been identified in circulating strains of the virus resulting in better adaptations or increased fitness in the vector(s), effective transmission, and disease severity. CHIKV evolution has been a significant driver of epidemics in India, hence, the need to focus on proper surveillance, and implementation of prevention and control measure in the country. Presently, there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals available; however, India has initiated several efforts in this direction including traditional medicines. In this review, we present the current status of CHIKF in India.
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Mori A, Pomari E, Deiana M, Perandin F, Caldrer S, Formenti F, Mistretta M, Orza P, Ragusa A, Piubelli C. Molecular techniques for the genomic viral RNA detection of West Nile, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya arboviruses: a narrative review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:591-612. [PMID: 33910444 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1924059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Molecular technology has played an important role in arboviruses diagnostics. PCR-based methods stand out in terms of sensitivity, specificity, cost, robustness, and accessibility, and especially the isothermal amplification (IA) method is ideal for field-adaptable diagnostics in resource-limited settings (RLS).Areas covered: In this review, we provide an overview of the various molecular methods for West Nile, Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya. We summarize literature works reporting the assessment and use of in house and commercial assays. We describe limitations and challenges in the usage of methods and opportunities for novel approaches such as NNext-GenerationSequencing (NGS).Expert opinion: The rapidity and accuracy of differential diagnosis is essential for a successful clinical management, particularly in co-circulation area of arboviruses. Several commercial diagnostic molecular assays are available, but many are not affordable by RLS and not usable as Point-of-care/Point-of-need (POC/PON) such as RReal-TimeRT-PCR, Array-based methods and NGS. In contrast, the IA-based system fits better for POC/PON but it is still not ideal for the multiplexing detection system. Improvement in the characterization and validation of current molecular assays is needed to optimize their translation to the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mori
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Caldrer
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Formenti
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Manuela Mistretta
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Orza
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ragusa
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
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Pontremoli C, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Alternation between taxonomically divergent hosts is not the major determinant of flavivirus evolution. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab040. [PMID: 33976907 PMCID: PMC8093920 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses display diverse epidemiological and ecological features. Tick-borne and mosquito-borne flaviviruses (TBFV and MBFV, respectively) are important human pathogens that alternate replication in invertebrate vectors and vertebrate hosts. The Flavivirus genus also includes insect-specific viruses (ISFVs) and viruses with unknown invertebrate hosts. It is generally accepted that viruses that alternate between taxonomically different hosts evolve slowly and that the evolution of MBFVs and TBFVs is dominated by strong constraints, with limited episodes of positive selection. We exploited the availability of flavivirus genomes to test these hypotheses and to compare their rates and patterns of evolution. We estimated the substitution rates of CFAV and CxFV (two ISFVs) and, by taking into account the time-frame of measurement, compared them with those of other flaviviruses. Results indicated that CFAV and CxFV display relatively different substitution rates. However, these data, together with estimates for single-host members of the Flaviviridae family, indicated that MBFVs do not display relatively slower evolution. Conversely, TBFVs displayed some of lowest substitution rates among flaviviruses. Analysis of selective patterns over longer evolutionary time-frames confirmed that MBFVs evolve under strong purifying selection. Interestingly, TBFVs and ISFVs did not show extremely different levels of constraint, although TBFVs alternate among hosts, whereas ISFVs do not. Additional results showed that episodic positive selection drove the evolution of MBFVs, despite their high constraint. Positive selection was also detected on two branches of the TBFVs phylogeny that define the seabird clade. Thus, positive selection was much more common during the evolution of arthropod-borne flaviviruses than previously thought. Overall, our data indicate that flavivirus evolutionary patterns are complex and most likely determined by multiple factors, not limited to the alternation between taxonomically divergent hosts. The frequency of both positive and purifying selection, especially in MBFVs, suggests that a minority of sites in the viral polyprotein experience weak constraint and can evolve to generate new viral phenotypes and possibly promote adaptation to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan 20121, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini 23842, Italy
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36
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Badar N, Ikram A, Salman M, Alam MM, Umair M, Arshad Y, Mushtaq N, Mirza HA, Ahad A, Yasin MT, Qazi J. Epidemiology of Chikungunya virus isolates 2016-2018 in Pakistan. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6124-6131. [PMID: 33755229 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus, which has infected millions of people in Africa, Asia, Americas, and Europe since it remerged in India and Indian Ocean regions in 2005-2006. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and evolutionary changes in CHIKV from 2016 to 2018 in Pakistan. Blood specimens were collected and processed following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Trioplex Protocol. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of complete coding sequence of representative isolates from the CHIKV outbreak was carried out during December 2016 to July 2018, a total of 1549 samples were received, out of which 50% (n = 774) were found positive for CHIKV RNA. Mean age of chikungunya positive patients was 31.8 ± 15.7 years and most affected were between 21 and 40 years of age. The Pakistan CHIKV strains clustered with the Indian Ocean sublineage of East/Central/South African with cocirculation of some variants In the structural proteins region, two noteworthy changes (A226V and D284E) were observed in the membrane fusion glycoprotein E1. Key substitutions in the neutralizing epitopes site and a few changes indicative of adaptive to other insect cells were also detected in Pakistani strains. This study provides the emerging trend of CHIKV in the country for early identification of potential variants of high virulence and preventive measures for vector borne disease especially in the endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Badar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Arshad
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Mushtaq
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Ahmad Mirza
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Javaria Qazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Khongwichit S, Chansaenroj J, Thongmee T, Benjamanukul S, Wanlapakorn N, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y. Large-scale outbreak of Chikungunya virus infection in Thailand, 2018-2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247314. [PMID: 33690657 PMCID: PMC7946318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2018 and 2019, the incidence of chikungunya was approximately 15,000 cases across 60 provinces in Thailand. Here, the clinical presentations in chikungunya, emergent pattern, and genomic diversity of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causing this massive outbreak were demonstrated. A total of 1,806 sera samples from suspected cases of chikungunya were collected from 13 provinces in Thailand, and samples were tested for the presence of CHIKV RNA, IgG, and IgM using real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), commercial immunoassay (rapid test). The phylogenetic tree of CHIKV whole-genome and CHIKV E1 were constructed using the maximum-likelihood method. CHIKV infection was confirmed in 547 (42.2%) male and 748 (57.8%) female patients by positive real-time PCR results and/or CHIKV IgM antibody titers. Unsurprisingly, CHIKV RNA was detected in >80% of confirmed cases between 1 and 5 days after symptom onset, whereas anti-CHIKV IgM was detectable in >90% of cases after day 6. Older age was clearly one of the risk factors for the development of arthralgia in infected patients. Although phylogenetic analysis revealed that the present CHIKV Thailand strain of 2018–2020 belongs to the East, Central, and Southern African (ECSA) genotype similar to the CHIKV strains that caused outbreaks during 2008–2009 and 2013, all present CHIKV Thailand strains were clustered within the recent CHIKV strain that caused an outbreak in South Asia. Interestingly, all present CHIKV Thailand strains possess two mutations, E1-K211E, and E2-V264A, in the background of E1-226A. These mutations are reported to be associated with virus-adapted Aedes aegypti. Taken together, it was likely that the present CHIKV outbreak in Thailand occurred as a result of the importation of the CHIKV strain from South Asia. Understanding with viral genetic diversity is essential for epidemiological study and may contribute to better disease management and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Khongwichit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanunrat Thongmee
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (YP); (CC)
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (YP); (CC)
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Liu J, Liu Y, Shan C, Nunes BTD, Yun R, Haller SL, Rafael GH, Azar SR, Andersen CR, Plante K, Vasilakis N, Shi PY, Weaver SC. Role of mutational reversions and fitness restoration in Zika virus spread to the Americas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:595. [PMID: 33500409 PMCID: PMC7838395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged from obscurity in 2013 to spread from Asia to the South Pacific and the Americas, where millions of people were infected, accompanied by severe disease including microcephaly following congenital infections. Phylogenetic studies have shown that ZIKV evolved in Africa and later spread to Asia, and that the Asian lineage is responsible for the recent epidemics in the South Pacific and Americas. However, the reasons for the sudden emergence of ZIKV remain enigmatic. Here we report evolutionary analyses that revealed four mutations, which occurred just before ZIKV introduction to the Americas, represent direct reversions of previous mutations that accompanied earlier spread from Africa to Asia and early circulation there. Our experimental infections of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, human cells, and mice using ZIKV strains with and without these mutations demonstrate that the original mutations reduced fitness for urban, human-amplifed transmission, while the reversions restored fitness, increasing epidemic risk. These findings include characterization of three transmission-adaptive ZIKV mutations, and demonstration that these and one identified previously restored fitness for epidemic transmission soon before introduction into the Americas. The initial mutations may have followed founder effects and/or drift when the virus was introduced decades ago into Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Liu
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Bruno T D Nunes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Ruimei Yun
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sherry L Haller
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Grace H Rafael
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sasha R Azar
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Clark R Andersen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kenneth Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Population bottlenecks and founder effects: implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:184-195. [PMID: 33432235 PMCID: PMC7798019 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) involves infection and replication in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Nearly all arboviruses are RNA viruses with high mutation frequencies, which leaves them vulnerable to genetic drift and fitness losses owing to population bottlenecks during vector infection, dissemination from the midgut to the salivary glands and transmission to the vertebrate host. However, despite these bottlenecks, they seem to avoid fitness declines that can result from Muller's ratchet. In addition, founder effects that occur during the geographic introductions of human-amplified arboviruses, including chikungunya virus and Zika virus, can affect epidemic and endemic circulation, as well as virulence. In this Review, we discuss the role of genetic drift following population bottlenecks and founder effects in arboviral evolution and spread, and the emergence of human disease.
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Khan BA, Saifullah, Lail A, Khan S. Sub-genomic analysis of Chikungunya virus E2 mutations in Pakistani isolates potentially modulating B-cell & T-Cell immune response. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 37:93-98. [PMID: 33437257 PMCID: PMC7794161 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.1.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmitted to the humans through Aedes species of the mosquitoes. In December 2016, a severe outbreak reported from Pakistan. However, there is no vaccine or anti-viral treatment currently available so host immune response against CHIKV gained significant interest. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the mutations in CHIKV E2 region of currently circulating Pakistani strains & determine their potential immunogenicity in Pakistani population. Methods: It was a cross sectional study in which a total of 60 CHIKV PCR positive samples were collected from Molecular Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi during November 2017 to February 2018. CHIKV E2 gene was amplified by PCR & sequenced. Sequences were analyzed by using bioinformatic tools followed by epitope prediction in E2 sequences by In-silico immunoinformatic approach. Results: Several single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified in Pakistani isolates with six novel mutations in E2 sequences. Immunoinformatic analyses showed more proteasomal sites, CTL & B-Cell epitopes in Pakistani strains with respect to S27 prototype with 69.4% population coverage against these epitopes in Pakistan. The study also identified key mutations responsible for generation of unique epitopes and HLA restriction in Pakistani isolates. The strain specific mutations revealed the current outbreak was caused by ESCA.IOL lineage of CHIKV. Conclusion: The evolution of E2 protein in Pakistani strains has increased its immunogenicity in comparison to ancestral s27 strain. The identification of most immunogenic and conserved epitopes with high population coverage has high potential to be used in vaccine development against these local strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmed Khan
- Bilal Ahmed Khan, M.Phil. Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan, Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saifullah
- Dr. Saifullah, Ph.D. Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amanullah Lail
- Dr. Amanullah Lail, FCPS. Department of Pediatrics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Khan
- Prof. Dr. Saeed Khan, Ph.D. Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Eyase F, Langat S, Berry IM, Mulwa F, Nyunja A, Mutisya J, Owaka S, Limbaso S, Ofula V, Koka H, Koskei E, Lutomiah J, Jarman RG, Sang R. Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241754. [PMID: 33156857 PMCID: PMC7647060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Eyase
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Biotechnology Research-Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Solomon Langat
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis Mulwa
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albert Nyunja
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mutisya
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Owaka
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Limbaso
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Ofula
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen Koka
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Koskei
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research-Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Moscona A. Chikungunya infection: de-linking replication from symptomatology reveals the central role of muscle. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1099-1101. [PMID: 32039916 DOI: 10.1172/jci134746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arbovirus, endemic in many parts of the world, that is spread by travelers and adapts to new mosquito vectors that live in temperate climates. CHIKV replicates in many host tissues and initially causes a self-limiting febrile illness similar to dengue. However, in 30%-40% of cases, CHIKV also causes long-term painful and debilitating muscle and joint pain, the pathogenesis of which remains unknown. In this issue of the JCI, Lentscher et al. engineered a skeletal muscle-restricted CHIKV to show that while musculoskeletal disease requires viral replication in affected muscle, muscular pathology is mediated by host immunological factors. These findings de-link viral replication and disease symptoms, illuminate the virus-host interplay in CHIKV symptomatology, and raise the possibility that immune modulation is a therapeutic option. The results also highlight possible solutions to existing vaccine barriers and provide insights that may apply to other viral diseases.
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43
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Jones JE, Le Sage V, Lakdawala SS. Viral and host heterogeneity and their effects on the viral life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 19:272-282. [PMID: 33024309 PMCID: PMC7537587 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the viral replication cycle is envisioned as a single, well-defined loop with four major steps: attachment and entry into a target cell, replication of the viral genome, maturation of viral proteins and genome packaging into infectious progeny, and egress and dissemination to the next target cell. However, for many viruses, a growing body of evidence points towards extreme heterogeneity in each of these steps. In this Review, we reassess the major steps of the viral replication cycle by highlighting recent advances that show considerable variability during viral infection. First, we discuss heterogeneity in entry receptors, followed by a discussion on error-prone and low-fidelity polymerases and their impact on viral diversity. Next, we cover the implications of heterogeneity in genome packaging and assembly on virion morphology. Last, we explore alternative egress mechanisms, including tunnelling nanotubes and host microvesicles. In summary, we discuss the implications of viral phenotypic, morphological and genetic heterogeneity on pathogenesis and medicine. This Review highlights common themes and unique features that give nuance to the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Le Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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44
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Kuo L, Jaeger AS, Banker EM, Bialosuknia SM, Mathias N, Payne AF, Kramer LD, Aliota MT, Ciota AT. Reversion to ancestral Zika virus NS1 residues increases competence of Aedes albopictus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008951. [PMID: 33052957 PMCID: PMC7588074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both mosquito species-specific differences and virus strain -specific differences impact vector competence. Previous results in our laboratory with individual populations of N. American mosquitoes support studies suggesting Aedes aegypti are more competent than Ae. albopictus for American Zika virus (ZIKV) strains and demonstrate that U.S. Ae. albopictus have higher competence for an ancestral Asian ZIKV strain. A982V, an amino acid substitution in the NS1 gene acquired prior to the American outbreak, has been shown to increase competence in Ae. aegypti. We hypothesized that variability in the NS1 could therefore contribute to species-specific differences and developed a reverse genetics system based on a 2016 ZIKV isolate from Honduras (ZIKV-WTic) to evaluate the phenotypic correlates of individual amino acid substitutions. In addition to A982V, we evaluated G894A, which was acquired during circulation in the Americas. Reversion of 982 and 894 to ancestral residues increased infectivity, transmissibility and viral loads in Ae. albopictus but had no effect on competence or replication in Ae. aegypti. In addition, while host cell-specific differences in NS1 secretion were measured, with significantly higher secretion in mammalian cells relative to mosquito cells, strain-specific differences in secretion were not detected, despite previous reports. These results demonstrate that individual mutations in NS1 can influence competence in a species-specific manner independent of differences in NS1 secretion and further indicate that ancestral NS1 residues confer increased competence in Ae. albopictus. Lastly, experimental infections of Ifnar1-/- mice demonstrated that these NS1 substitutions can influence viral replication in the host and, specifically, that G894A could represent a compensatory change following a fitness loss from A982V with some viral genetic backgrounds. Together these data suggest a possible role for epistatic interactions in ZIKV fitness in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts and demonstrate that strains with increased transmission potential in U.S. Ae. albopictus could emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Kuo
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elyse M. Banker
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Bialosuknia
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Mathias
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
| | - Anne F. Payne
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
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45
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Noval MG, Rodriguez-Rodriguez BA, Rangel MV, Stapleford KA. Evolution-Driven Attenuation of Alphaviruses Highlights Key Glycoprotein Determinants Regulating Viral Infectivity and Dissemination. Cell Rep 2020; 28:460-471.e5. [PMID: 31291581 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of arbovirus transmission and pathogenesis is essential to develop strategies for treatment and prevention. We previously took an in vivo evolution-based approach and identified the chikungunya virus E1 glycoprotein residue 80 to play a critical role in viral transmission and pathogenesis. In this study, we address the genetic conservation and function of position 80 and demonstrate that this residue is a key determinant in alphavirus infectivity and dissemination through modulation of viral fusion and cholesterol dependence. In addition, in studying the evolution of position 80, we identified a network of glycoprotein residues, including epidemic determinants, that regulate virus dissemination and infectivity. These studies underscore the importance of taking evolution-based approaches to not only identify key viral determinants driving arbovirus transmission and pathogenesis but also to uncover fundamental aspects of arbovirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Noval
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Margarita V Rangel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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46
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Azar SR, Campos RK, Bergren NA, Camargos VN, Rossi SL. Epidemic Alphaviruses: Ecology, Emergence and Outbreaks. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1167. [PMID: 32752150 PMCID: PMC7464724 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, the emergence/reemergence of arthropod-borne zoonotic agents has been a growing public health concern. In particular, agents from the genus Alphavirus pose a significant risk to both animal and human health. Human alphaviral disease presents with either arthritogenic or encephalitic manifestations and is associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality. Unfortunately, there are presently no vaccines or antiviral measures approved for human use. The present review examines the ecology, epidemiology, disease, past outbreaks, and potential to cause contemporary outbreaks for several alphavirus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | | | - Vidyleison N. Camargos
- Host-Microorganism Interaction Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
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47
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Zika circulation, congenital syndrome, and current guidelines: making sense of it all for the traveller. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:381-389. [PMID: 31305494 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zika virus (ZIKV) swept through the Americas and led to recognition of its neurotropism. Zika circulation elsewhere in the world, nonvector transmission including maternal-fetal/sexual/transfusion routes, and additional reports on congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been published. RECENT FINDINGS In 2018-2019, ZIKV transmission occurred in Cuba, India, and is suspected to appear sporadically in other countries. Maternal-fetal ZIKV transmission appears to occur in about 26% of ZIKV-infected pregnant women. The US ZIKV Pregnancy and Infant Registry identified 6% of live births to have at least one ZIKV-associated birth defect; 9% had at least one neurodevelopmental abnormality; 1% had both. Infectious virus was rarely isolated from semen of ZIKV-infected male patients beyond day 38 after symptom onset. Brazilian blood donations had low ZIKV prevalence in 2015-2016; in the United States, screening donations was cost-effective only in the high mosquito season in Puerto Rico. SUMMARY ZIKV transmission continues; many countries with competent mosquitoes are at risk. Transmission can occur without detection where surveillance is poor and laboratory capacity limited. Travelers are important sentinels. Variations exist among ZIKV strains and Aedes mosquitoes that influence competence for transmission. Maternal-fetal transmission results in significant rates of abnormality. Identification of infectious virus in semen clarifies sexual transmission risk, with updated recommendations for preconception planning. ZIKV neurotropism requires further research and long-term follow-up.
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48
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Cunha MS, Costa PAG, Correa IA, de Souza MRM, Calil PT, da Silva GPD, Costa SM, Fonseca VWP, da Costa LJ. Chikungunya Virus: An Emergent Arbovirus to the South American Continent and a Continuous Threat to the World. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32670231 PMCID: PMC7332961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of epidemic concern, transmitted by Aedes ssp. mosquitoes, and is the etiologic agent of a febrile and incapacitating arthritogenic illness responsible for millions of human cases worldwide. After major outbreaks starting in 2004, CHIKV spread to subtropical areas and western hemisphere coming from sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Even though CHIKV disease is self-limiting and non-lethal, more than 30% of the infected individuals will develop chronic disease with persistent severe joint pain, tenosynovitis, and incapacitating polyarthralgia that can last for months to years, negatively impacting an individual's quality of life and socioeconomic productivity. The lack of specific drugs or licensed vaccines to treat or prevent CHIKV disease associated with the global presence of the mosquito vector in tropical and temperate areas, representing a possibility for CHIKV to continually spread to different territories, make this virus an agent of public health burden. In South America, where Dengue virus is endemic and Zika virus was recently introduced, the impact of the expansion of CHIKV infections, and co-infection with other arboviruses, still needs to be estimated. In Brazil, the recent spread of the East/Central/South Africa (ECSA) and Asian genotypes of CHIKV was accompanied by a high morbidity rate and acute cases of abnormal disease presentation and severe neuropathies, which is an atypical outcome for this infection. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about CHIKV epidemics, clinical manifestations of the human disease, the basic concepts and recent findings in the mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction, and CHIKV-induced chronic disease for both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. We aim to stimulate scientific debate on how the characterization of replication, host-cell interactions, and the pathogenic potential of the new epidemic viral strains can contribute as potential developments in the virology field and shed light on strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luciana J. da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fu JYL, Chua CL, Vythilingam I, Sulaiman WYW, Wong HV, Chan YF, Sam IC. An amino acid change in nsP4 of chikungunya virus confers fitness advantage in human cell lines rather than in Aedes albopictus. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1541-1553. [PMID: 31613205 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused large-scale epidemics of fever, rash and arthritis since 2004. This unprecedented re-emergence has been associated with mutations in genes encoding structural envelope proteins, providing increased fitness in the secondary vector Aedes albopictus. In the 2008-2013 CHIKV outbreaks across Southeast Asia, an R82S mutation in non-structural protein 4 (nsP4) emerged early in Malaysia or Singapore and quickly became predominant. To determine whether this nsP4-R82S mutation provides a selective advantage in host cells, which may have contributed to the epidemic, the fitness of infectious clone-derived CHIKV with wild-type nsP4-82R and mutant nsP4-82S were compared in Ae. albopictus and human cell lines. Viral infectivity, dissemination and transmission in Ae. albopictus were not affected by the mutation when the two variants were tested separately. In competition, the nsP4-82R variant showed an advantage over nsP4-82S in dissemination to the salivary glands, but only in late infection (10 days). In human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and embryonic kidney (HEK-293T) cell lines coinfected at a 1 : 1 ratio, wild-type nsP4-82R virus was rapidly outcompeted by nsP4-82S virus as early as one passage (3 days). In conclusion, the nsP4-R82S mutation provides a greater selective advantage in human cells than in Ae. albopictus, which may explain its apparent natural selection during CHIKV spread in Southeast Asia. This is an unusual example of a naturally occurring mutation in a non-structural protein, which may have facilitated epidemic transmission of CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Yin Ling Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chong Long Chua
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Vern Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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50
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Eastwood G, Sang RC, Lutomiah J, Tunge P, Weaver SC. Sylvatic Mosquito Diversity in Kenya-Considering Enzootic Ecology of Arboviruses in an Era of Deforestation. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060342. [PMID: 32503123 PMCID: PMC7349089 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As new and re-emerging vector-borne diseases are occurring across the world, East Africa represents an interesting location, being the origin of several arboviruses with a history of urbanization and global spread. Rapid expansion of urban populations and alteration of natural habitats creates the opportunity for arboviruses to host-switch from wild, sylvatic hosts or vectors into urban transmission affecting human populations. Although mosquito surveillance regularly takes place in urban areas of Kenya, for example identifying vectors of dengue virus or malaria viruses, little work has been carried out to determine the distribution and abundance of sylvatic vectors. Here, we describe the mosquito vector species and diversity collected at twelve forest habitats of rural Kenya. We conducted arbovirus screening of over 14,082 mosquitoes (47 species, 11 genera) as 1520 pools, and detected seven viruses (six bunyaviruses, and one flavivirus-bunyavirus co-infection) isolated from pools of Aedes dentatus,Anopheles funestus, Culex annulioris, and Cx. vansomereni. Awareness of sylvatic vector species and their location is a critical part of understanding the ecological foci and enzootic cycling of pathogens that may be of concern to public, animal or wildlife health. As natural ecosystems come under anthropogenic pressures, such knowledge can inform us of the One Health potential for spillover or spillback leading to outbreaks, and assist in vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Eastwood
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-655-7462
| | - Rosemary C. Sang
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya; (R.C.S.); (J.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya; (R.C.S.); (J.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Philip Tunge
- Centre for Viral Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya; (R.C.S.); (J.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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