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You Y, Wu X, Yuan H, He Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Min H, Chen J, Li C. Crystalline silica-induced recruitment and immuno-imbalance of CD4 + tissue resident memory T cells promote silicosis progression. Commun Biol 2024; 7:971. [PMID: 39122899 PMCID: PMC11316055 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Occupational crystalline silica (CS) particle exposure leads to silicosis. The burden of CS-associated disease remains high, and treatment options are limited due to vague mechanisms. Here we show that pulmonary CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) accumulate in response to CS particles, mediating the pathogenesis of silicosis. The TRM cells are derived from peripheral lymphocyte recruitment and in situ expansion. Specifically, CD69+CD103+ TRM-Tregs depend more on circulating T cell replenishment. CD69 and CD103 can divide the TRM cells into functionally distinct subsets, mirroring the immuno-balance within CD4+ TRM cells. However, targeting CD103+ TRM-Tregs do not mitigate disease phenotype since the TRM subsets exert immunosuppressive but not pro-fibrotic roles. After identifying pathogenic CD69+CD103- subsets, we highlight IL-7 for their maintenance and function, that present a promising avenue for mitigating silicosis. Together, our findings highlight the distinct role of CD4+ TRM cells in mediating CS-induced fibrosis and provide potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan You
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiulin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Haoyang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yangyang He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
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2
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Lee CY, Clatworthy MR, Withers DR. Decoding changes in tumor-infiltrating leukocytes through dynamic experimental models and single-cell technologies. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38853634 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The ability to characterize immune cells and explore the molecular interactions that govern their functions has never been greater, fueled in recent years by the revolutionary advance of single-cell analysis platforms. However, precisely how immune cells respond to different stimuli and where differentiation processes and effector functions operate remain incompletely understood. Inferring cellular fate within single-cell transcriptomic analyses is now omnipresent, despite the assumptions typically required in such analyses. Recently developed experimental models support dynamic analyses of the immune response, providing insights into the temporal changes that occur within cells and the tissues in which such transitions occur. Here we will review these approaches and discuss how these can be combined with single-cell technologies to develop a deeper understanding of the immune responses that should support the development of better therapeutic options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Yc Lee
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infection Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infection Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Cruz de Casas P, Knöpper K, Dey Sarkar R, Kastenmüller W. Same yet different - how lymph node heterogeneity affects immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:358-374. [PMID: 38097778 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded in the lymphatic system, local lymph nodes are continuously informed about the state of the organs owing to a constant drainage of lymph. The tissue-derived lymph carries products of cell metabolism, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pathogens and circulating immune cells. Notably, there is a growing body of evidence that individual lymph nodes differ from each other in their capacity to generate immune responses. Here, we review the structure and function of the lymphatic system and then focus on the factors that lead to functional heterogeneity among different lymph nodes. We will discuss how lymph node heterogeneity impacts on cellular and humoral immune responses and the implications for vaccination, tumour development and tumour control by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Pieren DKJ, Benítez-Martínez A, Genescà M. Targeting HIV persistence in the tissue. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:69-78. [PMID: 38169333 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature and distribution of the HIV reservoir in tissue of people with HIV remains one of the major obstacles to achieve the elimination of HIV persistence. Challenges include the tissue-specific states of latency and viral persistence, which translates into high levels of reservoir heterogeneity. Moreover, the best strategies to reach and eliminate these reservoirs may differ based on the intrinsic characteristics of the cellular and anatomical reservoir to reach. RECENT FINDINGS While major focus has been undertaken for lymphoid tissues and follicular T helper cells, evidence of viral persistence in HIV and non-HIV antigen-specific CD4 + T cells and macrophages resident in multiple tissues providing long-term protection presents new challenges in the quest for an HIV cure. Considering the microenvironments where these cellular reservoirs persist opens new venues for the delivery of drugs and immunotherapies to target these niches. New tools, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR screenings, mRNA technology or tissue organoids are quickly developing and providing detailed information about the complex nature of the tissue reservoirs. SUMMARY Targeting persistence in tissue reservoirs represents a complex but essential step towards achieving HIV cure. Combinatorial strategies, particularly during the early phases of infection to impact initial reservoirs, capable of reaching and reactivating multiple long-lived reservoirs in the body may lead the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Kaminski A, Hager FT, Kopplin L, Ticconi F, Leufgen A, Vendelova E, Rüttger L, Gasteiger G, Cerovic V, Kastenmüller W, Pabst O, Ugur M. Resident regulatory T cells reflect the immune history of individual lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadj5789. [PMID: 37874251 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they restrict immune activation, prevent autoimmunity, and regulate inflammation. Tregs in nonlymphoid tissues are typically resident, whereas those in lymph nodes (LNs) are considered to recirculate. However, Tregs in LNs are not a homogenous population, and circulation kinetics of different Treg subsets are poorly characterized. Furthermore, whether Tregs can acquire memory T cell properties and persist for extended periods after their activation in LNs is unclear. Here, we used in situ labeling with a stabilized photoconvertible protein to uncover turnover rates of Tregs in LNs in vivo. We found that, whereas most Tregs in LNs recirculate, 10 to 20% are memory-like resident cells that remain in their respective LNs for weeks to months. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that LN-resident cells are a functionally and ontogenetically heterogeneous population and share the same core residency gene signature with conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Resident cells in LNs did not actively proliferate and did not require continuous T cell receptor (TCR) signaling for their residency. However, resident and circulating Tregs had distinct TCR repertoires, and each LN contained exclusive clonal subpopulations of resident Tregs. Our results demonstrate that, similar to conventional T cells, Tregs can form resident memory-like populations in LNs after adaptive immune responses. Specific and local suppression of immune responses by resident Tregs in draining LNs might provide previously unidentified therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of local chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kaminski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabian Tobias Hager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lydia Kopplin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Fabio Ticconi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andrea Leufgen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Emilia Vendelova
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Lennart Rüttger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg 97078, Germany
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6
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Finney GE, Hargrave KE, Pingen M, Purnell T, Todd D, MacDonald F, Worrell JC, MacLeod MKL. Triphasic production of IFN γ by innate and adaptive lymphocytes following influenza A virus infection. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad014. [PMID: 37842651 PMCID: PMC10568397 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent antiviral cytokine that can be produced by many innate and adaptive immune cells during infection. Currently, our understanding of which cells produce IFNγ and where they are located at different stages of an infection is limited. We have used reporter mice to investigate in vivo expression of Ifnγ mRNA in the lung and secondary lymphoid organs during and following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We observed a triphasic production of Ifnγ expression. Unconventional T cells and innate lymphoid cells, particularly NK cells, were the dominant producers of early Ifnγ, while CD4 and CD8 T cells were the main producers by day 10 post-infection. Following viral clearance, some memory CD4 and CD8 T cells continued to express Ifnγ in the lungs and draining lymph node. Interestingly, Ifnγ production by lymph node natural killer (NK), NKT, and innate lymphoid type 1 cells also continued to be above naïve levels, suggesting memory-like phenotypes for these cells. Analysis of the localization of Ifnγ+ memory CD4 and CD8 T cells demonstrated that cytokine+ T cells were located near airways and in the lung parenchyma. Following a second IAV challenge, lung IAV-specific CD8 T cells rapidly increased their expression of Ifnγ while CD4 T cells in the draining lymph node increased their Ifnγ response. Together, these data suggest that Ifnγ production fluctuates based on cellular source and location, both of which could impact subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Finney
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kerrie E Hargrave
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Todd
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Freya MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Hallisey VM, Schwab SR. Get me out of here: Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and T cell exit from tissues during an immune response. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:8-19. [PMID: 37212181 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During an immune response, the duration of T cell residence in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues likely affects T cell activation, differentiation, and memory development. The factors that govern T cell transit through inflamed tissues remain incompletely understood, but one important determinant of T cell exit from tissues is sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. In homeostasis, S1P levels are high in blood and lymph compared to lymphoid organs, and lymphocytes follow S1P gradients out of tissues into circulation using varying combinations of five G-protein coupled S1P receptors. During an immune response, both the shape of S1P gradients and the expression of S1P receptors are dynamically regulated. Here we review what is known, and key questions that remain unanswered, about how S1P signaling is regulated in inflammation and in turn how S1P shapes immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Hallisey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan R Schwab
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Abstract
Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue homeostasis and repair or perform immune regulation. Memory CD4+ T cells are positioned throughout the body and not only protect the tissues from reinfection and cancer, but also participate in allergy, autoimmunity, graft rejection and chronic inflammation. Here we provide updates on our understanding of the longevity, functional heterogeneity, differentiation, plasticity, migration and human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs as well as key technological advances that are facilitating the characterization of memory CD4+ T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Künzli
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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9
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Singh AK, Majumder S, Wang X, Song R, Sun W. Lung Resident Memory T Cells Activated by Oral Vaccination Afford Comprehensive Protection against Pneumonic Yersinia pestis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:259-270. [PMID: 36480265 PMCID: PMC9851976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that resident memory T (TRM) cells formed in tissue after mucosal infection or vaccination are crucial for counteracting reinfection by pathogens. However, whether lung TRM cells activated by oral immunization with Yptb1(pYA5199) play a protective role against pneumonic plague remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that lung CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells significantly accumulated in the lungs of orally Yptb1(pYA5199)-vaccinated mice and dramatically expanded with elevated IL-17A, IFN-γ, and/or TNF-α production after pulmonary Yersinia pestis infection and afforded significant protection. Short-term or long-term treatment of immunized mice with FTY720 did not affect lung TRM cell formation and expansion or protection against pneumonic plague. Moreover, the intratracheal transfer of both lung CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells conferred comprehensive protection against pneumonic plague in naive recipient mice. Lung TRM cell-mediated protection was dramatically abolished by the neutralization of both IFN-γ and IL-17A. Our findings reveal that lung TRM cells can be activated via oral Yptb1(pYA5199) vaccination, and that IL-17A and IFN-γ production play an essential role in adaptive immunity against pulmonary Y. pestis infection. This study highlights an important new target for developing an effective pneumonic plague vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Saugata Majumder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Xiuran Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- Immunology Core at Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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10
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Niebuhr M, Bahreini F, Fähnrich A, Bomholt C, Bieber K, Schmidt E, Ibrahim S, Hammers CM, Kalies K. Analysis of T cell repertoires of CD45RO CD4 T cells in cohorts of patients with bullous pemphigoid: A pilot study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006941. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop over years - starting from a subclinical phenotype to clinically manifest autoimmune disease. The factors that drive this transition are ill-defined. To predict the turning point towards clinical disease and to intervene in the progress of autoimmune-mediated dysfunction, the establishment of new biomarkers is needed. Especially CD4 T cells are crucially involved in autoimmunity: first, during the initiation phase, because they lose their tolerance towards self-peptides, and second, by the subsequent ongoing presentation of self-peptides during the active autoimmune disease. Accordingly, changes in the degree of diversity of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in autoimmunity have been reported. These findings led to the hypothesis that transition from pre-disease to autoimmune disease is associated with an increase of abnormally expanded T cell clones that occupy large portions of the TCR repertoire. In this pilot study, we asked whether the ratio and the diversity of the TCR repertoires of circulating memory (CD45RO) and naïve (CD45RA) CD4 T cells could serve as a predictive factor for the development of autoimmunity. To find out, we analyzed the TCRβ repertoires of memory and naïve CD4 T cells in a small cohort of four gender- and age-matched elderly patients having the autoimmune blistering disease bullous pemphigoid or non-melanoma skin cancers. We found that the extent of clonal expansions in the TCRβ repertoires from the circulating memory and naïve CD4 populations did not differ between the patient groups. This result shows that the diversity of TCR repertoires from peripheral CD4 T cells does not reflect the manifestation of the skin-associated autoimmune disease BP and does not qualify as a prognostic factor. We propose that longitudinal TCR repertoire analysis of younger patients might be more informative.
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11
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Li Z, Tuong ZK, Dean I, Willis C, Gaspal F, Fiancette R, Idris S, Kennedy B, Ferdinand JR, Peñalver A, Cabantous M, Murtuza Baker S, Fry JW, Carlesso G, Hammond SA, Dovedi SJ, Hepworth MR, Clatworthy MR, Withers DR. In vivo labeling reveals continuous trafficking of TCF-1+ T cells between tumor and lymphoid tissue. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210749. [PMID: 35472220 PMCID: PMC9048291 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapies will require a better understanding of how immune cells are recruited and sustained in tumors. Here, we used the photoconversion of the tumor immune cell compartment to identify newly entering lymphocytes, determine how they change over time, and investigate their egress from the tumor. Combining single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry, we found that while a diverse mix of CD8 T cell subsets enter the tumor, all CD8 T cells retained within this environment for more than 72 h developed an exhausted phenotype, revealing the rapid establishment of this program. Rather than forming tumor-resident populations, non-effector subsets, which express TCF-1 and include memory and stem-like cells, were continuously recruited into the tumor, but this recruitment was balanced by concurrent egress to the tumor-draining lymph node. Thus, the TCF-1+ CD8 T cell niche in tumors is highly dynamic, with the circulation of cells between the tumor and peripheral lymphoid tissue to bridge systemic and intratumoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zewen K. Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Isaac Dean
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Willis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fabrina Gaspal
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rémi Fiancette
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suaad Idris
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bethany Kennedy
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Peñalver
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mia Cabantous
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Syed Murtuza Baker
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jeremy W. Fry
- ProImmune Ltd., The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Matthew R. Hepworth
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, the University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David R. Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Files MA, Naqvi KF, Saito TB, Clover TM, Rudra JS, Endsley JJ. Self-adjuvanting nanovaccines boost lung-resident CD4 + T cell immune responses in BCG-primed mice. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35474079 PMCID: PMC9043212 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous vaccine regimens could extend waning protection in the global population immunized with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of peptide nanofibers (PNFs) bearing an Ag85B CD4+ T cell epitope increased the frequency of antigen-specific T cells in BCG-primed mice, including heterogenous populations with tissue resident memory (Trm) and effector memory (Tem) phenotype, and functional cytokine recall. Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells pulsed with Ag85B-bearing PNFs further expanded the frequency and functional repertoire of memory CD4+ T cells. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the adjuvanticity of peptide nanofibers is, in part, due to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns. A single boost with monovalent Ag85B PNF in BCG-primed mice did not reduce lung bacterial burden compared to BCG alone following aerosol Mtb challenge. These findings support the need for novel BCG booster strategies that activate pools of Trm cells with potentially diverse localization, trafficking, and immune function.
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Grants
- R01 AI130278 NIAID NIH HHS
- R21 AI115302 NIAID NIH HHS
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- Predoctoral Fellowship, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
- Predoctoral Fellowship, James W. McLaughlin Endowment, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
- Washington University McKelvey School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Commitment Funds (12-360-94361J)
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Files
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tara M Clover
- Comprehensive Industrial Hygiene Laboratory (CIHL), Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit TWO (NEPMU-2), Department of the Navy, Norfolk, VA, 23551, USA
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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13
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Parga-Vidal L, van Aalderen MC, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Tissue-resident memory T cells in the urogenital tract. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:209-223. [PMID: 35079143 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of T cell memory responses changed drastically with the discovery that specialized T cell memory populations reside within peripheral tissues at key pathogen entry sites. These tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells can respond promptly to an infection without the need for migration, proliferation or differentiation. This rapid and local deployment of effector functions maximizes the ability of TRM cells to eliminate pathogens. TRM cells do not circulate through peripheral tissues but instead form isolated populations in the skin, gut, liver, kidneys, the reproductive tract and other organs. This long-term retention in the periphery might allow TRM cells to fully adapt to the local conditions of their environment and mount customized responses to counter infection and tumour growth in a tissue-specific manner. In the urogenital tract, TRM cells must adapt to a unique microenvironment to confer protection against potential threats, including cancer and infection, while preventing the onset of auto-inflammatory disease. In this Review, we discuss insights into the diversification of TRM cells from other memory T cell lineages, the adaptations of TRM cells to their local environment, and their enhanced capacity to counter infection and tumour growth compared with other memory T cell populations, especially in the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Whitesell JC, Lindsay RS, Olivas-Corral JG, Yannacone SF, Schoenbach MH, Lucas ED, Friedman RS. Islet Lymphocytes Maintain a Stable Regulatory Phenotype Under Homeostatic Conditions and Metabolic Stress. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814203. [PMID: 35145521 PMCID: PMC8821107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and B cells have been identified in human and murine islets, but the phenotype and role of islet lymphocytes is unknown. Resident immune populations set the stage for responses to inflammation in the islets during homeostasis and diabetes. Thus, we sought to identify the phenotype and effector function of islet lymphocytes to better understand their role in normal islets and in islets under metabolic stress. Lymphocytes were located in the islet parenchyma, and were comprised of a mix of naïve, activated, and memory T cell and B cell subsets, with an enrichment for regulatory B cell subsets. Use of a Nur77 reporter indicated that CD8 T cells and B cells both received local antigen stimulus, indicating that they responded to antigens present in the islets. Analysis of effector function showed that islet T cells and B cells produced the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The regulatory phenotype of islet T cells and B cells and their response to local antigenic stimuli remained stable under conditions of metabolic stress in the diet induced obesity (DIO) model. T cells present in human islets retained a similar activated and memory phenotype in non-diabetic and T2D donors. Under steady-state conditions, islet T cells and B cells have a regulatory phenotype, and thus may play a protective role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Whitesell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin S. Lindsay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jessica G. Olivas-Corral
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Seth F. Yannacone
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Mary H. Schoenbach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Erin D. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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15
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Raza T, Qu L, Khokhar WA, Andrews B, Ali A, Tian M. Progress of Wearable and Flexible Electrochemical Biosensors With the Aid of Conductive Nanomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761020. [PMID: 34881233 PMCID: PMC8645837 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive nanomaterials have recently gained a lot of interest due to their excellent physical, chemical, and electrical properties, as well as their numerous nanoscale morphologies, which enable them to be fabricated into a wide range of modern chemical and biological sensors. This study focuses mainly on current applications based on conductive nanostructured materials. They are the key elements in preparing wearable electrochemical Biosensors, including electrochemical immunosensors and DNA biosensors. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene), metals and conductive polymers, which provide a large effective surface area, fast electron transfer rate and high electrical conductivity, are summarized in detail. Conductive polymer nanocomposites in combination with carbon and metal nanoparticles have also been addressed to increase sensor performance. In conclusion, a section on current challenges and opportunities in this growing field is forecasted at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Raza
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Boakye Andrews
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Koenig JFE, Bruton K, Phelps A, Grydziuszko E, Jiménez-Saiz R, Jordana M. Memory Generation and Re-Activation in Food Allergy. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:171-184. [PMID: 34136419 PMCID: PMC8200165 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s284823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the critical role of memory cells in maintaining lifelong food allergies, thereby identifying these cells as therapeutic targets. IgG+ memory B cells replenish pools of IgE-secreting cells upon allergen exposure, which contract thereafter due to the short lifespan of tightly regulated IgE-expressing cells. Advances in the detection and highly dimensional analysis of allergen-specific B and T cells from allergic patients have provided insight on their phenotype and function. The newly identified Th2A and Tfh13 populations represent a leap in our understanding of allergen-specific T cell phenotypes, although how these populations contribute to IgE memory responses remains poorly understood. Within, we discuss the mechanisms by which memory B and T cells are activated, integrating knowledge from human systems and fundamental research. We then focus on memory reactivation, specifically, on the pathways of secondary IgE responses. Throughout, we identify areas of future research which will help identify immunotargets for a transformative therapy for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F E Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Grydziuszko
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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van Gisbergen KPJM, Zens KD, Münz C. T-cell memory in tissues. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1310-1324. [PMID: 33837521 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory equips our immune system to respond faster and more effectively against reinfections. This acquired immunity was originally attributed to long-lived, memory T and B cells with body wide access to peripheral and secondary lymphoid tissues. In recent years, it has been realized that both innate and adaptive immunity to a large degree depends on resident immune cells that act locally in barrier tissues including tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm). Here, we will discuss the phenotype of these Trm in mice and humans, the tissues and niches that support them, and their function, plasticity, and transcriptional control. Their unique properties enable Trm to achieve long-lived immunological memory that can be deposited in nearly every organ in response to acute and persistent infection, and in response to cancer. However, Trm may also induce substantial immunopathology in allergic and autoimmune disease if their actions remain unchecked. Therefore, inhibitory and activating stimuli appear to balance the actions of Trm to ensure rapid proinflammatory responses upon infection and to prevent damage to host tissues under steady state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra D Zens
- Viral Immunobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Stolley JM, Johnston TS, Soerens AG, Beura LK, Rosato PC, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe SP, Langlois RA, Osum KC, Mitchell JS, Masopust D. Retrograde migration supplies resident memory T cells to lung-draining LN after influenza infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151876. [PMID: 32568362 PMCID: PMC7398169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous observations indicate that resident memory T cells (TRM) undergo unusually rapid attrition within the lung. Here we demonstrate that contraction of lung CD8+ T cell responses after influenza infection is contemporized with egress of CD69+/CD103+ CD8+ T cells to the draining mediastinal LN via the lymphatic vessels, which we term retrograde migration. Cells within the draining LN retained canonical markers of lung TRM, including CD103 and CD69, lacked Ly6C expression (also a feature of lung TRM), maintained granzyme B expression, and did not equilibrate among immunized parabiotic mice. Investigations of bystander infection or removal of the TCR from established memory cells revealed that the induction of the TRM phenotype was dependent on antigen recognition; however, maintenance was independent. Thus, local lung infection induces CD8+ T cells with a TRM phenotype that nevertheless undergo retrograde migration, yet remain durably committed to the residency program within the draining LN, where they provide longer-lived regional memory while chronicling previous upstream antigen experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Stolley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrew G Soerens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vineet Joag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sathi P Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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19
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Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Fujiyama T, Honda T. Pathophysiology of Skin Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618897. [PMID: 33633737 PMCID: PMC7901930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin, where they act as alarm-sensor cells or cytotoxic cells. Physiologically, skin TRM cells persist for a long term and can be reactivated upon reinfection with the same antigen, thus serving as peripheral sentinels in the immune surveillance network. CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells are the well-characterized subtype that develops in the epidermis. The local mediators such as interleukin (IL)-15 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are required for the formation of long-lived TRM cell population in skin. Skin TRM cells engage virus-infected cells, proliferate in situ in response to local antigens and do not migrate out of the epidermis. Secondary TRM cell populations are derived from pre-existing TRM cells and newly recruited TRM precursors from the circulation. In addition to microbial pathogens, topical application of chemical allergen to skin causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and amplifies the number of antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells at challenged site. Skin TRM cells are also involved in the pathological conditions, including vitiligo, psoriasis, fixed drug eruption and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The functions of these TRM cells seem to be different, depending on each pathology. Psoriasis plaques are seen in a recurrent manner especially at the originally affected sites. Upon stimulation of the skin of psoriasis patients, the CD8+CD103+CD49a- TRM cells in the epidermis seem to be reactivated and initiate IL-17A production. Meanwhile, autoreactive CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells secreting interferon-γ are present in lesional vitiligo skin. Fixed drug eruption is another disease where skin TRM cells evoke its characteristic clinical appearance upon administration of a causative drug. Intraepidermal CD8+ TRM cells with an effector-memory phenotype resident in the skin lesions of fixed drug eruption play a major contributing role in the development of localized tissue damage. CTCL develops primarily in the skin by a clonal expansion of a transformed TRM cells. CD8+ CTCL with the pagetoid epidermotropic histology is considered to originate from epidermal CD8+ TRM cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of skin TRM biology and their contribution to skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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20
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Resident Memory T Cells and Their Effect on Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040562. [PMID: 33019493 PMCID: PMC7711795 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident memory T (TRM) cells are a unique subset of CD8+ T cells that are present within certain tissues and do not recirculate through the blood. Long term memory establishment and maintenance are dependent on tissue population of memory T cells. They are characterized by dual CD69/CD103 positivity, and play a role in both response to viral infection and local cancer immunosurveillance. Human TRM cells demonstrate the increased expression of adhesion molecules to facilitate tissue retention, have reduced proliferation and produce both regulatory and immune responsive cytokines. TRM cell phenotype is often characterized by a distinct expression profile driven by Runx3, Blimp1, and Hobit transcription factors. The accumulation of TRM cells in tumors is associated with increased survival and response to immunotherapies, including anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4. In this review, we explore potential mechanisms of TRM cell transformation and maintenance, as well as potential applications for the use of TRM cells in both the development of supportive therapies and establishing more accurate prognoses.
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21
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Abstract
The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays critical roles in an immune response. Drugs targeting S1P signaling have been remarkably successful in treatment of multiple sclerosis, and they have shown promise in clinical trials for colitis and psoriasis. One mechanism of these drugs is to block lymphocyte exit from lymph nodes, where lymphocytes are initially activated, into circulation, from which lymphocytes can reach sites of inflammation. Indeed, S1P can be considered a circulation marker, signaling to immune cells to help them find blood and lymphatic vessels, and to endothelial cells to stabilize the vasculature. That said, S1P plays pleiotropic roles in the immune response, and it will be important to build an integrated view of how S1P shapes inflammation. S1P can function so effectively because its distribution is exquisitely tightly controlled. Here we review how S1P gradients regulate immune cell exit from tissues, with particular attention to key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A.L. Baeyens
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;,
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;,
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22
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Szabo PA, Miron M, Farber DL. Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaas9673. [PMID: 30952804 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of T cells resident in diverse tissues has altered our understanding of adaptive immunity to encompass site-specific responses mediated by tissue-adapted memory T cells throughout the body. Here, we discuss the key phenotypic, transcriptional, and functional features of these tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) as established in mouse models of infection and translated to humans by novel tissue sampling approaches. Integration of findings from mouse and human studies may hold the key to unlocking the potential of TRM for promoting tissue immunity and preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Martens R, Permanyer M, Werth K, Yu K, Braun A, Halle O, Halle S, Patzer GE, Bošnjak B, Kiefer F, Janssen A, Friedrichsen M, Poetzsch J, Kohli K, Lueder Y, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Eckert N, Worbs T, Galla M, Förster R. Efficient homing of T cells via afferent lymphatics requires mechanical arrest and integrin-supported chemokine guidance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1114. [PMID: 32111837 PMCID: PMC7048855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we show, using a photo-convertible Dendra-2 reporter, that recently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies. Intra-lymphatic immune cell transfer and live imaging data further show that activated T cells come to an instantaneous arrest mediated passively by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS). Arrested T cells subsequently migrate randomly on the sinus floor independent of both chemokines and integrins. However, chemokine receptors are imperative for guiding cells out of the SCS, and for their subsequent directional translocation towards the T cell zone. By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell time within the SCS and by potentially enhancing T cell sensing of chemokine gradients. Together, these findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that control homing of lymph-derived immune cells. Immune cells mostly enter lymph nodes (LN) from blood circulation, but whether afferent lymphatics contributes to LN entry is unclear. Here, the authors show, using a photo-convertible reporter, that T cells in afferent lymphatics frequently enter LN and become arrested in the subcapsular sinus, with chemokines and integrins further guiding their migration in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Martens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asolina Braun
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Poetzsch
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as a major component of T cell biology. Recent investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of TRMs. Common features have been discovered to distinguish memory T cells residing in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues from their circulating counterparts. Given that most organs and tissues contain a unique microenvironment, local signal-induced tissue-specific features are tightly associated with the differentiation, homeostasis, and protective functions of TRMs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the TRM field with a special emphasis on the interaction between local signals and TRMs in the context of individual tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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25
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Prlic M, Lund JM. Herpes simplex virus-2 dynamics as a probe to measure the extremely rapid and spatially localized tissue-resident T-cell response. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:113-133. [PMID: 30129205 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 infection is characterized by frequent episodic shedding in the genital tract. Expansion in HSV-2 viral load early during episodes is extremely rapid. However, the virus invariably peaks within 18 hours and is eliminated nearly as quickly. A critical feature of HSV-2 shedding episodes is their heterogeneity. Some episodes peak at 108 HSV DNA copies, last for weeks due to frequent viral re-expansion, and lead to painful ulcers, while others only reach 103 HSV DNA copies and are eliminated within hours and without symptoms. Within single micro-environments of infection, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM ) appear to contain infection within a few days. Here, we review components of TRM biology relevant to immune surveillance between HSV-2 shedding episodes and containment of infection upon detection of HSV-2 cognate antigen. We then describe the use of mathematical models to correlate large spatial gradients in TRM density with the heterogeneity of observed shedding within a single person. We describe how models have been leveraged for clinical trial simulation, as well as future plans to model the interactions of multiple cellular subtypes within mucosa, predict the mechanism of action of therapeutic vaccines, and describe the dynamics of 3-dimensional infection environment during the natural evolution of an HSV-2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Tong AA, Forestell B, Murphy DV, Nair A, Allen F, Myers J, Klauschen F, Shen C, Gopal AA, Huang AY, Mandl JN. Regulatory T cells differ from conventional
CD
4
+
T cells in their recirculatory behavior and lymph node transit times. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:787-798. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tong
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | - Benjamin Forestell
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Daniel V Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Aditya Nair
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - Connie Shen
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Angelica A Gopal
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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27
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Ugur M, Mueller SN. T cell and dendritic cell interactions in lymphoid organs: More than just being in the right place at the right time. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:115-128. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milas Ugur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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28
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Buggert M, Nguyen S, Salgado-Montes de Oca G, Bengsch B, Darko S, Ransier A, Roberts ER, Del Alcazar D, Brody IB, Vella LA, Beura L, Wijeyesinghe S, Herati RS, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Kuri-Cervantes L, Sada Japp A, Manne S, Vartanian S, Huffman A, Sandberg JK, Gostick E, Nadolski G, Silvestri G, Canaday DH, Price DA, Petrovas C, Su LF, Vahedi G, Dori Y, Frank I, Itkin MG, Wherry EJ, Deeks SG, Naji A, Reyes-Terán G, Masopust D, Douek DC, Betts MR. Identification and characterization of HIV-specific resident memory CD8 + T cells in human lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/24/eaar4526. [PMID: 29858286 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current paradigms of CD8+ T cell-mediated protection in HIV infection center almost exclusively on studies of peripheral blood, which is thought to provide a window into immune activity at the predominant sites of viral replication in lymphoid tissues (LTs). Through extensive comparison of blood, thoracic duct lymph (TDL), and LTs in different species, we show that many LT memory CD8+ T cells bear phenotypic, transcriptional, and epigenetic signatures of resident memory T cells (TRMs). Unlike their circulating counterparts in blood or TDL, most of the total and follicular HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in LTs also resemble TRMs Moreover, high frequencies of HIV-specific CD8+ TRMs with skewed clonotypic profiles relative to matched blood samples are present in LTs of individuals who spontaneously control HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (elite controllers). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that HIV-specific TRMs are enriched for effector-related immune genes and signatures compared with HIV-specific non-TRMs in elite controllers. Together, these data indicate that previous studies in blood have largely failed to capture the major component of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses resident within LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gonzalo Salgado-Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Genome Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily R Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Del Alcazar
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Bukh Brody
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lalit Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shant Vartanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Austin Huffman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Gregory Nadolski
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maxim G Itkin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Visekruna A, Hartmann S, Sillke YR, Glauben R, Fischer F, Raifer H, Mollenkopf H, Bertrams W, Schmeck B, Klein M, Pagenstecher A, Lohoff M, Jacob R, Pabst O, Bland PW, Luu M, Romero R, Siegmund B, Rajalingam K, Steinhoff U. Intestinal development and homeostasis require activation and apoptosis of diet-reactive T cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1972-1983. [PMID: 30939122 DOI: 10.1172/jci98929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of food antigens on intestinal homeostasis and immune function is poorly understood. Here, we explored the impact of dietary antigens on the phenotype and fate of intestinal T cells. Physiological uptake of dietary proteins generated a highly activated CD44+Helios+CD4+ T cell population predominantly in Peyer patches. These cells are distinct from regulatory T cells and develop independently of the microbiota. Alimentation with a protein-free, elemental diet led to an atrophic small intestine with low numbers of activated T cells, including Tfh cells and decreased amounts of intestinal IgA and IL-10. Food-activated CD44+Helios+CD4+ T cells in the Peyer patches are controlled by the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1. Blocking the PD-1 pathway rescued these T cells from apoptosis and triggered proinflammatory cytokine production, which in IL-10-deficient mice was associated with intestinal inflammation. In support of these findings, our study of patients with Crohn's disease revealed significantly reduced frequencies of apoptotic CD4+ T cells in Peyer patches as compared with healthy controls. These results suggest that apoptosis of diet-activated T cells is a hallmark of the healthy intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hartmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez Sillke
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Florence Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Hartmann Raifer
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Mollenkopf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Core Facility Microarray/Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul William Bland
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maik Luu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Rossana Romero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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30
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Rêgo FD, Fradico JRB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Gontijo CMF. Molecular variants of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis trigger distinct patterns of cytokines and chemokines expression in golden hamster. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:36-45. [PMID: 30576950 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) mainly caused by Leishmania braziliensis is a chronic inflammatory disease widely spread in Brazil. Genetic variant strains of this parasite have been associated with atypical clinical manifestations of CL in an endemic area in Brazil. Furthermore, these strains have presented distinct biological behaviors in golden hamster, suggesting differential activation of the immune response. In the present study we proposed to evaluate the localized immune response in golden hamsters infected with known molecular variant strains of L. braziliensis, in distinct time points post-infection (PI). Detailed analyses of the mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in hamster-skin lesions were performed. Heat map matrix and hierarchical cluster analysis were carried out to segregate the strains due to mRNA expression. Distinct patterns of immune response were found in both time points, more evident in the recent-phase disease (30 days-PI). At this time point, the genetic variant strains expressed high levels of tnfα, il12 and tgfβ whilst the non-variant strain expressed ifnγ, il6, il4, il10, il13 and ccl17. The hierarchical clustering highlights this distinct pattern in which all genetic variant strain was grouped in the cluster I and the non-variant strain grouped into the cluster II. At late-phase disease (60 days-PI) all isolates expressed high levels of il4 and il10. The non-variant strain shown a significant reduced expression of ifnγ, il6, ccl17, and ccl22 whilst distinct patterns were observed for the genetic variant strains. For the first time, a large panel of cytokines and chemokines mRNA-expression was analyzed in experimental trials using golden hamsters as animal model and genetic variant strains of L. braziliensis. Our findings suggest that genetic variant strains of L. braziliensis are able to trigger differential gene expression of cytokines and chemokines in the skin lesion from infected hamsters. The parasite intrinsic ability to activate distinct pathways in the host-parasite interaction may be associated to the large spectrum of clinical manifestation observed in CL-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Jordana Rodrigues Barbosa Fradico
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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31
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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity 2018; 48:202-213. [PMID: 29466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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32
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Understanding Subset Diversity in T Cell Memory. Immunity 2018; 48:214-226. [PMID: 29466754 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets based on phenotypic definitions that connote distinct roles in immunity. Here we consider new developments in the field and focus on how emerging differences between memory cells with respect to their trafficking, metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and longevity may fail to fit into small groups of "memory subsets." Rather, the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum within each of these and other parameters. We discuss how this continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity.
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33
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Ugur M, Kaminski A, Pabst O. Lymph node γδ and αβ CD8 + T cells share migratory properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8986. [PMID: 29895956 PMCID: PMC5997669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During immune responses, T cells differentiate into subsets with different functions and migratory properties. Here we characterize migratory behavior of endogenous αβ CD8+ and γδ T cells in lymph nodes by long-term tracking following in vivo photoconversion. We identified subsets of γδ T cells with distinct circulation kinetics that closely mirrored migratory subsets of αβ CD8+ T cells. Notably, αβ CD8+ and γδ T cells both comprised resident populations which stayed in lymph nodes for 4 weeks without circulation or proliferation. Furthermore, in contrast to the common conception, we observed that central memory αβ CD8+ T cells circulate with slower kinetics than naïve cells. Our results show that, similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells can acquire distinct migratory properties during their development and differentiation and reveal unexpected intricacies of T cell migratory patterns.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Milas Ugur
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Kaminski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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34
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Human Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Are Defined by Core Transcriptional and Functional Signatures in Lymphoid and Mucosal Sites. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2921-2934. [PMID: 28930685 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in mice mediate optimal protective immunity to infection and vaccination, while in humans, the existence and properties of TRMs remain unclear. Here, we use a unique human tissue resource to determine whether human tissue memory T cells constitute a distinct subset in diverse mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We identify a core transcriptional profile within the CD69+ subset of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lung and spleen that is distinct from that of CD69- TEM cells in tissues and circulation and defines human TRMs based on homology to the transcriptional profile of mouse CD8+ TRMs. Human TRMs in diverse sites exhibit increased expression of adhesion and inhibitory molecules, produce both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and have reduced turnover compared with circulating TEM, suggesting unique adaptations for in situ immunity. Together, our results provide a unifying signature for human TRM and a blueprint for designing tissue-targeted immunotherapies.
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35
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Permanyer M, Bošnjak B, Förster R. Dendritic cells, T cells and lymphatics: dialogues in migration and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:173-179. [PMID: 29857205 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells continuously recirculate through lymph vessels en route from peripheral tissues to the blood. Leuyte trafficking into and within lymph vessels is mediated by an interply with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, lymphatic vessels are much more than mere conduits for fluid and immune cell transport. Data accumulating during past several years indicate that LECs support T cell survival, induce tolerance to self-antigens, inhibit exaggerated T cell proliferation during immune response and maintain T cell memory. Reciprocally, leukocytes impact LEC biology: lymphatic vessel permeability depends on DCs while lymphocytes regulate LEC proliferation during inflammation. Altogether, these novel results provide important insights on intimate connections between LECs and leukocytes that contribute to the understanding of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Rahimi RA, Luster AD. Chemokines: Critical Regulators of Memory T Cell Development, Maintenance, and Function. Adv Immunol 2018; 138:71-98. [PMID: 29731007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells are central to orchestrating antigen-specific recall responses in vivo. Compared to naïve T cells, memory T cells respond more quickly to cognate peptide:MHC with a shorter lag time for entering the cell cycle and exerting effector functions. However, it is now well established that this enhanced responsiveness is not the only mechanism whereby memory T cells are better equipped than naïve T cells to rapidly and robustly induce inflammation. In contrast to naïve T cells, memory T cells are composed of distinct subsets with unique trafficking patterns and localizations. Tissue-resident memory T cells persist in previously inflamed tissue and function as first responders to cognate antigen reexposure. In addition, a heterogeneous group of circulating memory T cells augment inflammation by either rapidly migrating to inflamed tissue or responding to cognate antigen within secondary lymphoid organs and producing additional effector T cells. Defining the mechanisms regulating T cell positioning and trafficking and how this influences the development, maintenance, and function of memory T cell subsets is essential to improving vaccine design as well as treatment of immune-mediated diseases. In this chapter, we will review our current knowledge of how chemokines, critical regulators of cell positioning and migration, govern memory T cell biology in vivo. In addition, we discuss areas of uncertainty and future directions for further delineating how T cell localization influences memory T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Rahimi
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Divison of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Gray JI, Westerhof LM, MacLeod MKL. The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T-cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination. Immunology 2018; 154:574-581. [PMID: 29570776 PMCID: PMC6050220 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T-cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T-cells if they are to generate protective immunity. For many diseases, we do not have effective vaccines. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and malaria, which are responsible for many millions of deaths each year across the globe. CD4 T-cells play many different roles during the immune response coordinating the actions of many other cells. In order to harness the diverse protective effects of memory CD4 T-cells, we need to understand how memory CD4 T-cells are generated and how they protect the host. Here we review recent findings on the location of different subsets of memory CD4 T-cells that are found in peripheral tissues (tissue resident memory T-cells) and in the circulation (central and effector memory T-cells). We discuss the generation of these cells, and the evidence that demonstrates how they provide immune protection in animal and human challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Gray
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Lotus M. Westerhof
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- GLAZgo Discovery CentreInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Megan K. L. MacLeod
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Beura LK, Wijeyesinghe S, Thompson EA, Macchietto MG, Rosato PC, Pierson MJ, Schenkel JM, Mitchell JS, Vezys V, Fife BT, Shen S, Masopust D. T Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissues Give Rise to Lymph-Node-Resident Memory T Cells. Immunity 2018; 48:327-338.e5. [PMID: 29466758 PMCID: PMC5828517 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunosurveillance of secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) is performed by central memory T cells that recirculate through blood. Resident memory T (Trm) cells remain parked in nonlymphoid tissues and often stably express CD69. We recently identified Trm cells within SLO, but the origin and phenotype of these cells remains unclear. Using parabiosis of "dirty" mice, we found that CD69 expression is insufficient to infer stable residence of SLO Trm cells. Restimulation of nonlymphoid memory CD8+ T cells within the skin or mucosa resulted in a substantial increase in bona fide Trm cells specifically within draining lymph nodes. SLO Trm cells derived from emigrants from nonlymphoid tissues and shared some transcriptional and phenotypic signatures associated with nonlymphoid Trm cells. These data indicate that nonlymphoid cells can give rise to SLO Trm cells and suggest vaccination strategies by which memory CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance can be regionalized to specific lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marissa G Macchietto
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark J Pierson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven Shen
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Durand A, Audemard-Verger A, Guichard V, Mattiuz R, Delpoux A, Hamon P, Bonilla N, Rivière M, Delon J, Martin B, Auffray C, Boissonnas A, Lucas B. Profiling the lymphoid-resident T cell pool reveals modulation by age and microbiota. Nat Commun 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29302034 PMCID: PMC5754350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being implicated in non-lymphoid tissues, non-recirculating T cells may also exist in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). However, a detailed characterization of this lymphoid-resident T cell pool has not yet been done. Here we show that a substantial proportion of CD4 regulatory (Treg) and memory (Tmem) cells establish long-term residence in the SLOs of specific pathogen-free mice. Of these SLOs, only T cell residence within Peyer's patches is affected by microbiota. Resident CD4 Treg and CD4 Tmem cells from lymph nodes and non-lymphoid tissues share many phenotypic and functional characteristics. The percentage of resident T cells in SLOs increases considerably with age, with S1PR1 downregulation possibly contributing to this altered homeostasis. Our results thus show that T cell residence is not only a hallmark of non-lymphoid tissues, but can be extended to secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durand
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Audemard-Verger
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guichard
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Mattiuz
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Delpoux
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Hamon
- Pierre et Marie Curie Université (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Bonilla
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Rivière
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delon
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Martin
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Auffray
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Boissonnas
- Pierre et Marie Curie Université (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lucas
- Paris Descartes Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.
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Distribution, location, and transcriptional profile of Peyer's patch conventional DC subsets at steady state and under TLR7 ligand stimulation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1412-1430. [PMID: 28378808 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of the mucosal immune response in Peyer's patch (PP) relies on the sampling, processing, and efficient presentation of foreign antigens by dendritic cells (DCs). Among PP DCs, CD11b+ conventional DCs (cDCs) and lysozyme-expressing DCs (LysoDCs) have distinct progenitors and functions but share many cell surface markers. This has previously led to confusion between these two subsets. In addition, another PP DC subset, termed double-negative (DN), remains poorly characterized. Here we show that both DN and CD11b+ cDCs belong to a unique SIRPα+ cDC subset. At steady state, cDCs and TIM-4+ macrophages are mainly located in T-cell zones, i.e., interfollicular regions, whereas a majority of subepithelial phagocytes are monocyte-derived cells, namely, LysoDCs and TIM-4- macrophages. Finally, oral administration of a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand induces at least three TNF-dependent events: (i) migration of dome-associated villus cDCs in interfollicular regions, (ii) increase of CD8α+ interfollicular cDC number, and (iii) activation of both CD11b+ and CD8α+ interfollicular cDCs. The latter is marked by a genetic reprograming leading to the upregulation of type I interferon-stimulated and of both immuno-stimulatory and -inhibitory gene expression.
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Lycke NY, Bemark M. The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: recent developments. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1361-1374. [PMID: 28745325 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous critical functions of which protection against infections and the role for establishing a healthy microbiota appear most important. Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Asrir A, Aloulou M, Gador M, Pérals C, Fazilleau N. Interconnected subsets of memory follicular helper T cells have different effector functions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:847. [PMID: 29018187 PMCID: PMC5635037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells regulate high-affinity antibody production. Memory follicular helper T cells can be local in draining lymphoid organs and circulate in the blood, but the underlying mechanisms of this subdivision are unresolved. Here we show that both memory follicular helper T subsets sustain B-cell responses after reactivation. Local cells promote more plasma cell differentiation, whereas circulating cells promote more secondary germinal centers. In parallel, local memory B cells are homogeneous and programmed to become plasma cells, whereas circulating memory B cells are able to rediversify. Local memory follicular helper T cells have higher affinity T-cell receptors, which correlates with expression of peptide MHC-II at the surface of local memory B cells only. Blocking T-cell receptor-peptide MHC-II interactions induces the release of local memory follicular helper T cells in the circulating compartment. Our studies show that memory follicular helper T localization is highly intertwined with memory B cells, a finding that has important implications for vaccine design.Tfh cells can differentiate into memory cells. Here the authors describe distinct functional and phenotypic profiles of these memory Tfh cells dependent on their anatomical localization to the lymphoid organs or to the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Asrir
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- INSERM, U1043, BP 3028, 31024 Cedex 3, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- INSERM, U1043, BP 3028, 31024 Cedex 3, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Mylène Gador
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- INSERM, U1043, BP 3028, 31024 Cedex 3, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Corine Pérals
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- INSERM, U1043, BP 3028, 31024 Cedex 3, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France.
- INSERM, U1043, BP 3028, 31024 Cedex 3, Toulouse, F-31300, France.
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, F-31300, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31300, France.
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Marriott CL, Dutton EE, Tomura M, Withers DR. Retention of Ag-specific memory CD4 + T cells in the draining lymph node indicates lymphoid tissue resident memory populations. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:860-871. [PMID: 28295233 PMCID: PMC5435927 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several different memory T‐cell populations have now been described based upon surface receptor expression and migratory capabilities. Here we have assessed murine endogenous memory CD4+ T cells generated within a draining lymph node and their subsequent migration to other secondary lymphoid tissues. Having established a model response targeting a specific peripheral lymph node, we temporally labelled all the cells within draining lymph node using photoconversion. Tracking of photoconverted and non‐photoconverted Ag‐specific CD4+ T cells revealed the rapid establishment of a circulating memory population in all lymph nodes within days of immunisation. Strikingly, a resident memory CD4+ T cell population became established in the draining lymph node and persisted for several months in the absence of detectable migration to other lymphoid tissue. These cells most closely resembled effector memory T cells, usually associated with circulation through non‐lymphoid tissue, but here, these cells were retained in the draining lymph node. These data indicate that lymphoid tissue resident memory CD4+ T‐cell populations are generated in peripheral lymph nodes following immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Marriott
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma E Dutton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka-Ohtani University 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi-city, Osaka prefecture, Japan
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Moylan DC, Goepfert PA, Kempf MC, Saag MS, Richter HE, Mestecky J, Sabbaj S. Diminished CD103 (αEβ7) Expression on Resident T Cells from the Female Genital Tract of HIV-Positive Women. Pathog Immun 2017; 1:371-387. [PMID: 28164171 PMCID: PMC5288734 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v1i2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tissue resident memory T cells (TrM) provide an enhanced response against infection at mucosal surfaces, yet their function has not been extensively studied in humans, including the female genital tract (FGT). Methods: Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied TrM cells, defined as CD62L-CCR7-CD103+CD69+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mucosa-derived T cells from healthy and HIV-positive women. Results: We demonstrate that TrM are present in the FGT of healthy and HIV-positive women. The expression of the mucosal retention receptor, CD103, from HIV-positive women was reduced compared to healthy women and was lowest in women with CD4 counts < 500 cells/mm3. Furthermore, CD103 expression on mucosa-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with antigen-specific IFN-γ production by mucosal CD4+ T cells and was inversely correlated with T-bet from CD8+CD103+ mucosa-derived T cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that CD4+ T cells, known to be impaired during HIV-1 infection and necessary for the expression of CD103 in murine models, may play a role in the expression of CD103 on resident T cells from the human FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Moylan
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mirjam-Colette Kempf
- School of Nursing and Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michael S Saag
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Holly E Richter
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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47
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Initiation, Persistence and Exacerbation of Food Allergy. BIRKHÄUSER ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69968-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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48
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Abstract
T cells have crucial roles in protection against infection and cancer. Although the trafficking of memory T cells around the body is integral to their capacity to provide immune protection, studies have shown that specialization of some memory T cells into unique tissue-resident subsets gives the host enhanced regional immunity. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of tissue-resident T cell development and function, revealing mechanisms for enhanced protective immunity that have the potential to influence rational vaccine design. This Review discusses the major advances and the emerging concepts in this field, summarizes what is known about the differentiation and the protective functions of tissue-resident memory T cells in different tissues in the body and highlights key unanswered questions.
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Stankovic S, Harpur CM, Macleod BL, Whitney PG, Gebhardt T, Brooks AG. Limited Internodal Migration of T Follicular Helper Cells after Peripheral Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4892-9. [PMID: 26453747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of CD4 T cells to give rise to specialized T follicular helper cells (TFH) critical to initiating appropriate Ab responses is regulated by environmental cues in lymphoid tissues draining the site of infection. In this study, we used a skin infection with HSV-1 characterized by the successive involvement of interconnected but distinct lymph nodes (LNs), to investigate the anatomical diversification of virus-specific CD4 T cell responses and the migratory capacity of TFH or their precursors. Whereas Th1 effector CD4 T cells expressing peripheral-targeting migration molecules readily migrated from primary to secondary reactive LNs, Bcl6(+) CXCR5(+) PD1(hi) TFH were largely retained at the site of initial activation with little spillover into the downstream LNs involved at later stages of infection. Consistent with this, TFH maintained high-level surface expression of CD69, indicative of impaired migratory capacity. Notably, the biased generation and retention of TFH in primary LNs correlated with a preferential generation of germinal centers at this site. Our results highlight a limited anatomical diversification of TFH responses and germinal center reactions that were imprinted within the first few cell divisions during TFH differentiation in LNs draining the site of initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Harpur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Bethany L Macleod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Torow N, Yu K, Hassani K, Freitag J, Schulz O, Basic M, Brennecke A, Sparwasser T, Wagner N, Bleich A, Lochner M, Weiss S, Förster R, Pabst O, Hornef MW. Active suppression of intestinal CD4(+)TCRαβ(+) T-lymphocyte maturation during the postnatal period. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26195040 PMCID: PMC4518322 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of the mucosal immune system during the postnatal period substantially influences host–microbial interaction and susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases in adult life. The underlying mechanisms are ill defined. Here we show that shortly after birth, CD4 T cells populate preformed lymphoid structures in the small intestine and quickly acquire a distinct transcriptional profile. T-cell recruitment is independent of microbial colonization and innate or adaptive immune stimulation but requires β7 integrin expression. Surprisingly, neonatal CD4 T cells remain immature throughout the postnatal period under homeostatic conditions but undergo maturation and gain effector function on barrier disruption. Maternal SIgA and regulatory T cells act in concert to prevent immune stimulation and maintain the immature phenotype of CD4 T cells in the postnatal intestine during homeostasis. Active suppression of CD4 T-cell maturation during the postnatal period might contribute to prevent auto-reactivity, sustain a broad TCR repertoire and establish life-long immune homeostasis. The mechanisms governing the ontogeny and maturation of the mucosal immune system during the postnatal period are not well understood. Here the authors characterize the homing kinetic, anatomical distribution and maturation of early intestinal CD4 T cells and provide insights into active T-cell suppression during the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Torow
- 1] Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kasra Hassani
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenny Freitag
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Schulz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Brennecke
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Lochner
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School, Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- 1] Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Molecular Medicine RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- 1] Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany [2] Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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