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Zhou W, Cao H, Du J, Wang J. All-fiber function devices for twisted lights. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43438-43448. [PMID: 38178437 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Lights carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), also called twisted lights, have been applied in fields of optical manipulation, imaging, quantum communication, and mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) optical communication systems. Traditional approaches for manipulating twisted lights carrying OAM in free space paths such as Q-plates, spiral phase plates (SPPs), and spatial light modulators (SLMs) that are usually affected by diffraction effect and imperfect alignment between different optical components, limiting the practical applications of twisted lights. Here we design, fabricated, and package all-fiber function devices for twisted light carrying OAM such as all-fiber broadband OAM generator, all-fiber OAM (de)multiplexer, all-fiber OAM & WDM coupler, and all-fiber OAM 1 × 2 coupler. Base on coupled mode theory and phase-matching condition, twisted light can be generated and detected by pre-tapered single mode fiber (SMF) fusing with multi-mode fiber (MMF). The results show that the proposed all-fiber function devices for twist light have large working broadband (at least C band), high purity (above 95%), and low insert loss (less than 3 dB). The proposed devices will open a reliable way for twisted light applied in optical fiber communications and optical interconnections.
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2
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Wei D, Wang L, Ma J, He L, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Li Y. Enhanced measurement of tiny rotational angles using conjugate orbital angular momentum modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:33842-33849. [PMID: 37859155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the enhanced experimental measurement of tiny rotational angles using two conjugate OAM modes upon rotation of a Dove prism. The two conjugate OAM modes interfere in a petal-like pattern and the orientation of the pattern depends on the phase difference between the two modes. We propose an accurate method of digital image processing to measure the tiny rotational angles of the Dove prism. In the presence of an imperfect pattern and light path, the measurement precision was enhanced by a factor of l. This scheme has potential applications in high-precision sensing and monitoring of tiny rotation angles.
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Ren H, Maier SA. Nanophotonic Materials for Twisted-Light Manipulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2106692. [PMID: 34716627 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twisted light, an unbounded set of helical spatial modes carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), offers not only fundamental new insights into structured light-matter interactions, but also a new degree of freedom to boost optical and quantum information capacity. However, current OAM experiments still rely on bulky, expensive, and slow-response diffractive or refractive optical elements, hindering today's OAM systems to be largely deployed. In the last decade, nanophotonics has transformed the photonic design and unveiled a diverse range of compact and multifunctional nanophotonic devices harnessing the generation and detection of OAM modes. Recent metasurface devices developed for OAM generation in both real and momentum space, presenting design principle and exemplary devices, are summarized. Moreover, recent development of whispering-gallery-mode-based passive and tunable microcavities, capable of extracting degenerate OAM modes for on-chip vortex emission and lasing, is summarized. In addition, the design principle of different plasmonic devices and photodetectors recently developed for on-chip OAM detection is discussed. Current challenges faced by the nanophotonic field for twisted-light manipulation and future advances to meet these challenges are further discussed. It is believed that twisted-light manipulation in nanophotonics will continue to make significant impact on future development of ultracompact, ultrahigh-capacity, and ultrahigh-speed OAM systems-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Zhi Z, Na Q, Xie Q, Chen B, Li Y, Liu X, Li X, Wang L, Lo G, Song J. On-chip generation of Bessel-Gaussian beam via concentrically distributed grating arrays for long-range sensing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:92. [PMID: 37055386 PMCID: PMC10102187 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bessel beam featured with self-healing is essential to the optical sensing applications in the obstacle scattering environment. Integrated on-chip generation of the Bessel beam outperforms the conventional structure by small size, robustness, and alignment-free scheme. However, the maximum propagation distance (Zmax) provided by the existing approaches cannot support long-range sensing, and thus, it restricts its potential applications. In this work, we propose an integrated silicon photonic chip with unique structures featured with concentrically distributed grating arrays to generate the Bessel-Gaussian beam with a long propagation distance. The spot with the Bessel function profile is measured at 10.24 m without optical lenses, and the photonic chip's operation wavelength can be continuously performed from 1500 to 1630 nm. To demonstrate the functionality of the generated Bessel-Gaussian beam, we also experimentally measure the rotation speeds of a spinning object via the rotational Doppler Effect and the distance through the phase laser ranging principle. The maximum error of the rotation speed in this experiment is measured to be 0.05%, indicating the minimum error in the current reports. By the compact size, low cost, and mass production potential of the integrated process, our approach is promising to readily enable the Bessel-Gaussian beam in widespread optical communication and micro-manipulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhi
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Quanxin Na
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qijie Xie
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Baisong Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yingzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xuetong Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Application, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Guoqiang Lo
- Advance Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Science Park II, 117685, Singapore
| | - Junfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Lu X, Wang M, Zhou F, Heuck M, Zhu W, Aksyuk VA, Englund DR, Srinivasan K. Highly-twisted states of light from a high quality factor photonic crystal ring. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1119. [PMID: 36849526 PMCID: PMC9971168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Twisted light with orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been extensively studied for applications in quantum and classical communications, microscopy, and optical micromanipulation. Ejecting high angular momentum states of a whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonator through a grating-assisted mechanism provides a scalable, chip-integrated solution for OAM generation. However, demonstrated OAM microresonators have exhibited a much lower quality factor (Q) than conventional WGM resonators (by >100×), and an understanding of the limits on Q has been lacking. This is crucial given the importance of Q in enhancing light-matter interactions. Moreover, though high-OAM states are often desirable, the limits on what is achievable in a microresonator are not well understood. Here, we provide insight on these two questions, through understanding OAM from the perspective of mode coupling in a photonic crystal ring and linking it to coherent backscattering between counter-propagating WGMs. In addition to demonstrating high-Q (105 to 106), a high estimated upper bound on OAM ejection efficiency (up to 90%), and high-OAM number (up to l = 60), our empirical model is supported by experiments and provides a quantitative explanation for the behavior of Q and the upper bound of OAM ejection efficiency with l. The state-of-the-art performance and understanding of microresonator OAM generation opens opportunities for OAM applications using chip-integrated technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Mingkang Wang
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Feng Zhou
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA ,grid.94225.38000000012158463XJoint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Mikkel Heuck
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800 Kgs. Denmark
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Dirk R. Englund
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Jian YH, Chow CW. Design and analysis of a compact micro-ring resonator signal emitter to reduce the uniformity-induced phase distortion and crosstalk in orbital angular momentum (OAM) division multiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:810-825. [PMID: 36785130 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To improve the transmission capacity of an optical system, different multiplexing schemes have been proposed, such as optical time division multiplexing (OTDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), polarization division multiplexing (PolDM), spatial division multiplexing (SDM), etc. One kind of SDM technique to boost the capacity is through modifying the spatial phase structure of an optical beam, which is known as the orbital angular momentum (OAM) division multiplexing. Moreover, the OAM signal emitter can be produced by using mature and high-yield silicon photonic (SiPh) technology, without the need of using bulky optical components or expensive spatial light modulator (SLM). The SiPh-based micro-ring resonator is one of the promising OAM signal emitter candidates, since it is simple, compact and easy to fabricate. However, the device performance is highly subjected to the structural design, and the uniformity-induced phase distortion will significantly degrade the purities of OAM beams; hence, introducing severe OAM signal crosstalk during the OAM division multiplexing. In this work, a compact SiPh-based micro-ring resonator type OAM signal emitter with detailed design parameters is presented and the output signal uniformity issue is comprehensively investigated. Two kinds of the structural optimization are performed by adjusting the angular grating width as well as the grating height. The results indicate that a significant improvement in output OAM beam uniformity can be achieved, with the attenuation factor being improved over 88% at the price of acceptable 4 ∼ 5% coupling efficiency reduction. The variations of the transmission and the uniformity induced by the fabrication error are also analyzed.
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Hou T, Chang Q, Long J, Ma P, Zhou P. Design considerations and performance analysis of a fiber laser array system for structuring orbital angular momentum beams: a simulation study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15279-15309. [PMID: 35473253 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of optical orbital angular momentum (OAM), advances in the generation and manipulation of OAM beams have continuously impacted on intriguing applications including optical communication, optical tweezers, and remote sensing. To realize the generation of high-power and fast switchable OAM beams, coherent combining of fiber lasers offers a promising way. Here in this contribution, we comprehensively investigate the coherent fiber laser array system for structuring OAM beams in terms of the design considerations and performance analysis. The performance metric and evaluation method of the laser array system are presented and introduced. Accordingly, the effect of the main sections of the laser array system, namely the high-power laser sources, emitting array configuration, and dynamic control system, on the performance of the output coherently combined OAM beams is evaluated, which reveals the system tolerance of perturbative factors and provides the guidance on system design and optimization. This work could provide beneficial reference on the practical implementation of spatially structuring high-power, fast switchable OAM beams with fiber laser arrays.
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Zhou J, Pu H, Wang Q. Orbital angular momentum mode sorting based on a hybrid radial-angular hybrid lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9703-9713. [PMID: 35299390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes have their phase distribution as exp (jlθ), which resembles the plane wave in the Cartesian coordinates. Like the traditional lens, which can focus the plane wave on the focal plane, the angular lens can focus the OAM beam in the angular domain, albeit with a relatively long tail due to the unsatisfied angular focal condition for the non-ring shape beams. In this paper, a hybrid lens in the angular domain and the radial domain is proposed. The radial lens with the specific radially distributed phase guarantees the angular focal condition is met for the beams with an arbitrary beam waist or radial field distribution, which significantly improves the performance for the OAM modes sorting by the angular lens. The discrimination of the different OAM modes can be achieved efficiently based on such a single optical component, i.e., the proposed hybrid radial-angular lens, with the OAM modes inter-mode crosstalk as 3.7% when the topological charge difference is 3.
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Pi H, Yu W, Yan J, Fang X. Coherent generation of arbitrary first-order Poincaré sphere beams on an Si chip. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7342-7355. [PMID: 35299499 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Generalized vector vortex light beams possess spatially variant polarization states, and higher-order Poincaré spheres represent a powerful analytical tool for analyzing these intriguing and complicated optical fields. For the generation of these vortex beams, a range of different methods have been explored, with an increasing emphasis placed on compact, integrated devices. Here, we demonstrate via numerical simulation, for the first time, an on-chip light emitter that allows for the controllable generation of all points on a first-order Poincaré sphere (FOPS). The FOPS beam generator consists of a waveguide-coupled, nanostructured Si microring resonator that converts two guided, coherent light waves into freely propagating output light. By matching their whispering gallery modes with the nanostructures, the fundamental TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic) input modes produce radial and azimuthal polarizations, respectively. These two linear polarizations can form a pair of eigenstates for the FOPS. Consequently, tuning the phase contrast and the intensity ratio of these two coherent inputs allows for the generation of an arbitrary point on the FOPS. This result indicates a new way for on-chip vector vortex beam generation, which may be applied for integrated optical tweezers and high-capacity optical communications.
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Stepanov IV, Fatkhiev DM, Lyubopytov VS, Kutluyarov RV, Grakhova EP, Neumann N, Khonina SN, Sultanov AK. Wavelength-Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter Based on Silicon Micro-Ring with PN Depletion Diode. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030929. [PMID: 35161673 PMCID: PMC8839632 DOI: 10.3390/s22030929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we propose a design of a wavelength-tunable integrated vortex beam emitter based on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The emitter is implemented using a PN-depletion diode inside a microring resonator with the emitting hole grating that was used to produce a vortex beam. The resonance wavelengths can be shifted due to the refractive index change associated with the free plasma dispersion effect. Obtained numerical modeling results confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach, providing a resonance wavelength shift while maintaining the required topological charge of the emitted vortex beam. It is known that optical vortices got a lot of attention due to extensive telecommunication and biochemical applications, but also, they have revealed some beneficial use cases in sensors. Flexibility in spectral tuning demonstrated by the proposed device can significantly improve the accuracy of sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed device can provide a displacement of the resonance by the value of the free spectral range of the ring resonator, which means the possibility to implement an ultra-fast orbital angular momentum (de)multiplexing or modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Stepanov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Denis M. Fatkhiev
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir S. Lyubopytov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
- Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ruslan V. Kutluyarov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Elizaveta P. Grakhova
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Niels Neumann
- Chair of Radio Frequency and Photonics Engineering, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Svetlana N. Khonina
- Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia;
- Image Processing Systems Institute Branch of the Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Albert K. Sultanov
- School of Photonics Engineering and Research Advances (SPhERA), Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia; (I.V.S.); (R.V.K.); (E.P.G.); (A.K.S.)
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Jiang X, Fan W, Qin C, Chen X. Ultra-Broadband Polarization Conversion Metasurface with High Transmission for Efficient Multi-Functional Wavefront Manipulation in the Terahertz Range. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112895. [PMID: 34835660 PMCID: PMC8624985 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, terahertz (THz) wireless communication has been widely investigated as the future prospect of wireless network architecture. However, most of the natural existing materials are inapplicable for THz devices, which hinder their further development. To promote the integration and channel capacity of the THz wireless communication systems, an ultrabroadband polarization conversion metasurface for efficient multi-functional wavefront manipulation is proposed. The designed metasurface is composed of an arrow-type structure sandwiched by a pair of orthogonal gratings, which can induce the Fabry-Pérot-like cavity for improving the transmission. Simulated results indicate that the transmission coefficient of the cross-polarization metasurface is higher than 90% from 0.73 THz to 2.24 THz, and the corresponding polarization conversion ratio is greater than 99.5%. Moreover, the phase coverage of 0–2π at operation frequency can be easily obtained by altering the geometric parameter of the metasurface. To demonstrate the concept of wavefront manipulation, anomalous refraction, focusing metalens, and vortex beam generation are investigated in detail. All of these applications exhibit a remarkable performance of the proposed metasurface that has great potential in prompting the efficient, broadband and compact systems for THz wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (X.J.); (C.Q.); (X.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (X.J.); (C.Q.); (X.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8888-7607
| | - Chong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (X.J.); (C.Q.); (X.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China; (X.J.); (C.Q.); (X.C.)
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Song H, Zhou H, Zou K, Zhang R, Pang K, Song H, Minoofar A, Su X, Hu N, Liu C, Bock R, Zach S, Tur M, Willner AE. Demonstration of generating a 100 Gbit/s orbital-angular-momentum beam with a tunable mode order over a range of wavelengths using an integrated broadband pixel-array structure. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4765-4768. [PMID: 34598194 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally generate an orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) beam with a tunable mode order over a range of wavelengths utilizing an integrated broadband pixel-array OAM emitter. The emitter is composed of a 3-to-4 coupler, four phase controllers, and a mode convertor. An optical input is split into four waveguides by the coupler. Subsequently, the four waveguide fields are coherently combined and transformed into a free-space OAM beam by the mode convertor. By tuning the phase delay Δφ between the four waveguides using the integrated phase controllers, the OAM order of the generated beam could be changed. Our results show that (a) a single OAM beam with a tunable OAM order (ℓ=-1 or ℓ=+1) is generated with the intermodal power coupling of <-11dB, and (b) in a wavelength range of 6.4 nm, a free-space link of a single 50 Gbaud quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) channel carried by the tunable OAM beam is achieved with a bit error rate below the forward-error-correction threshold. As proof of concept, a 400 Gbit/s OAM-multiplexed and WDM QPSK link is demonstrated with a ∼1-dB OSNR penalty compared with a single-beam link.
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14
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Zhou H, Song H, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Song H, Pang K, Zou K, Liu C, Su X, Hu N, Bock R, Lynn B, Tur M, Willner AE. Modal properties of a beam carrying OAM generated by a circular array of multiple ring-resonator emitters. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4722-4725. [PMID: 34598183 DOI: 10.1364/ol.435916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the modal properties of a beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) generated by a circular array (ring) of multiple micro-ring emitters (rings) analytically and via simulation. In such a "ring-of-rings" structure, N emitters generate N optical vortex beams with the same OAM-order l0 at the same wavelength. The output beam is a coherent combination of the N vortex beams located at different azimuthal positions, having the same radial displacement. We derive an analytical expression for the output optical field and calculate the OAM-order power spectrum of the generated beam. The analytical expression and simulation results show that (1) the OAM spectrum of the output beam composes equidistant OAM spectral components, symmetrically surrounding l0 with a spacing equal to N; (2) the envelope of the OAM spectrum broadens with an increased radius of the circular array or the value of l0; and (3) the OAM components of the generated beam could be tuned either by changing the value of l0, corresponding to different spectrum envelopes, or by adding different linear phase delays to the micro-ring emitters, which does not affect the envelope of the OAM spectrum.
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15
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Hou T, Chang Q, Yu T, Long J, Chang H, Ma P, Su R, Ma Y, Zhou P. Switching the orbital angular momentum state of light with mode sorting assisted coherent laser array system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13428-13440. [PMID: 33985076 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have important implications for future classical and quantum systems. In many applications, controlled switching of the OAM state at high speed is crucial, while accelerating the switching rate presents a long-standing challenge. Here we present a method for flexibly switching the OAM state of light based on a coherent laser array system. In the system, the output structured light beam is tailored by the coherent combination of array elements. By employing an OAM mode sorting assisted phase control subsystem, which continuously performs the optimization algorithm, the dynamic wavefront distortion of the combined OAM beam could be compensated. Meanwhile, our approach allows one to achieve fast states switching of the combined OAM beam via programming the cost function of the algorithm. The results of Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, and the mode purity and power scaling potential of the controllably generated OAM beam are discussed. This theoretical work could be beneficial to the future implementation of rapidly switchable OAM beams at practical output power.
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16
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Chen B, Wei Y, Zhao T, Liu S, Su R, Yao B, Yu Y, Liu J, Wang X. Bright solid-state sources for single photons with orbital angular momentum. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:302-307. [PMID: 33432207 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photons that have a helical phase front, that is, twisted photons, can carry a discrete, in principle, unlimited, but quantized amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM). Hence, twisted single photons constitute a high-dimensional quantum system with information-processing abilities beyond those of two-level single-photon qubits. To date, the generation of single photons carrying OAM has relied on a non-linear process in bulk crystals, for example, spontaneous parametric down-conversion, which limits both the efficiency and the scalability of the source. Here, we present a bright solid-state source of single photons in an OAM superposition state with a single-photon purity of g(2)(0) = 0.115(1) and a collection efficiency of 23(4)%. The mode purity of the single-photon OAM states is further examined via projection measurements. Future developments of integrated quantum photonic devices with pure OAM states as an additional degree of freedom may enable high-dimensional quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beimeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Deep-learning-based high-resolution recognition of fractional-spatial-mode-encoded data for free-space optical communications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2678. [PMID: 33514808 PMCID: PMC7846612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured light with spatial degrees of freedom (DoF) is considered a potential solution to address the unprecedented demand for data traffic, but there is a limit to effectively improving the communication capacity by its integer quantization. We propose a data transmission system using fractional mode encoding and deep-learning decoding. Spatial modes of Bessel-Gaussian beams separated by fractional intervals are employed to represent 8-bit symbols. Data encoded by switching phase holograms is efficiently decoded by a deep-learning classifier that only requires the intensity profile of transmitted modes. Our results show that the trained model can simultaneously recognize two independent DoF without any mode sorter and precisely detect small differences between fractional modes. Moreover, the proposed scheme successfully achieves image transmission despite its densely packed mode space. This research will present a new approach to realizing higher data rates for advanced optical communication systems.
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18
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Yuan J, Dong S, Zhang H, Wu C, Wang L, Xiao L, Jia S. Efficient all-optical modulator based on a periodic dielectric atomic lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:2712-2719. [PMID: 33726462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-optical devices used to process optical signals without electro-optical conversion plays a vital role in the next generation of optical information processing systems. We demonstrate an efficient all-optical modulator that utilizes a periodic dielectric atomic lattice produced in a gas of 85Rb vapor. Four orders of diffraction patterns are observed when a probe laser is passed through the lattice. The frequency shift of the peak of each diffraction order can be tuned by adjusting the control laser power and two-photon detuning, enabling this device to be used as a multi-channel all-optical modulator. Both theoretical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that this modulator can operate over a frequency band extending from about 0 to 60 MHz. This work may pave the way for studying quantum information processing and quantum networking proposed in atomic ensembles.
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19
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Qi H, Lian Z, Fei D, Chen Z, Hu Z. Manipulation of matter with shaped-pulse light field and its applications. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1949390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Qi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenzhong Lian
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dehou Fei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhan Hu
- Advanced Light Field and Modern Medical Treatment Science and Technology Innovation Center of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Sebbag Y, Levy U. Arbitrarily directed emission of integrated cylindrical vector vortex beams by geometric phase engineering. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6779-6782. [PMID: 33325895 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrated cylindrical vector vortex (CVV) emitters have been introduced and studied for their potential applications in classical optics and quantum optics technologies. In this work, we demonstrate that the emission angle of integrated CVV emitters can be engineered by taking advantage of the geometrical phase of a microring resonator. Two methods to superimpose an arbitrary phase profile on top of the integrated emitters are presented and compared. Angled emission of integrated vector vortex beams enables the use of chip-scale emitters for integrated nonlinear optics and for beam steering applications with orbital angular momentum.
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21
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Li JS, Zhang LN. Simple terahertz vortex beam generator based on reflective metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36403-36412. [PMID: 33379734 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an effective way to increase wireless communication capacity. The existing OAM mainly focuses on the optical and microwave frequency domain. In this letter, a reflective metasurface is proposed to generate an OAM vortex wave beam in the terahertz region with different topological charges. Under illumination of a circular polarized wave, the proposed metasurface generates the deflected OAM vortex wave beam with topological charges of l=±1 and l=±2 at a wide terahertz band from 0.3THz to 0.45THz. The OAM beam has a high mode purity that is larger than 90% at 0.4THz. Both theoretical prediction and simulated results verify that the designed metasurface can achieve a terahertz vortex wave beam with different OAM topological charges.
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22
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Wu X, Gao S, Tu J, Shen L, Hao C, Zhang B, Feng Y, Zhou J, Chen S, Liu W, Li Z. Multiple orbital angular momentum mode switching at multi-wavelength in few-mode fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36084-36094. [PMID: 33379711 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mode division multiplexing has attracted great attention because it can potentially overcome the limitation of single-mode fiber traffic capacity. However, it has been challenging to realize multiple modes controlling and switching due to the intrinsic overlap of the modes in the transmission waveguide. As a solution, we propose a cascaded phase-shifted long-period fiber grating (PS-LPFG) based multiple mode switching scheme. Using the PS-LPFGs, the multiple guided orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes selective controlling and switching at multi-wavelength can be achieved in few-mode fibers by regulating the grating resonance condition. In principle, a N × N mode switch matrix can be realized by cascading CN2 gratings, where each grating acts as a mode switch element to achieve a couple selected OAM mode switching and meanwhile the other modes are under nonblocking status. As a proof of the concept, a 2 × 2 mode switching between two OAM modes at different wavelengths based on one PS-LPFG element is demonstrated in our experiments. The switching efficiency of the two modes at two wavelengths 1537nm and 1558nm are ∼98.4% and ∼98.7%, respectively. The proposed multiple OAM mode switch has potential applications in the future hybrid multi-dimensional multiplexing optical fiber communication systems.
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23
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Liu A, Wu M, Zhuang R, Hong J, Wang Q, Ren X. On-chip generation of the reconfigurable orbital angular momentum with high order. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:17957-17965. [PMID: 32679997 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, the generation of an optical vortex beam with high order and reconfigurable orbital angular momentum (OAM) is studied. Multi-waveguide holographic gratings (MWHG) are deployed to generate OAM beams with high order. The generation of the OAM beam with an order l from +4 to +8 is demonstrated by numerical simulations, and the generated OAM order is manipulable and configurable by incident phase. The working bandwidths of the MWHG for different OAM orders are at the level of 40 nm. This work could provide valuable references for practical implementation of OAM in integrated optics.
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24
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Zhu Y, Tan H, Zhou N, Chen L, Wang J, Cai X. Compact high-efficiency four-mode vortex beam generator within the telecom C-band. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1607-1610. [PMID: 32235954 DOI: 10.1364/ol.385878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum have attracted a great deal of attention over the past few years. An integrated vortex beam generator with high efficiency is desirable for wide-ranging applications. Here we demonstrate a highly efficient silicon photonic integrated vortex beam generator based on superposed holographic fork gratings. A metal mirror is used to enhance emission efficiency by reflecting the power leaking down to the substrate back to air. Experimental characterization confirms that the emission efficiency of the generator increases by ${\sim} 5\,{\rm dB}$∼5dB. Moreover, the present device shows preferable features of broadband, polarization diversity, and compact footprint.
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25
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Liu H, Deng H, Deng S, Teng C, Chen M, Yuan L. Vortex Beam Encoded All-Optical Logic Gates Based on Nano-Ring Plasmonic Antennas. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121649. [PMID: 31757019 PMCID: PMC6955695 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vortex beam encoded all-optical logic gates are suggested to be very important in future information processing. However, within current logic devices, only a few are encoded by using vortex beams and, in these devices, some space optical elements with big footprints (mirror, dove prism and pentaprism) are indispensable components, which is not conducive to device integration. In this paper, an integrated vortex beam encoded all-optical logic gate based on a nano-ring plasmonic antenna is proposed. In our scheme, by defining the two circular polarization states of the input vortex beams as the input logic states and the normalized intensity of the plasmonic field at the center of the nano-ring as the output logic states, OR and AND (NOR and NAND) logic gates are realized when two 1st (1st) order vortex beams are chosen as the two input signals; and a NOT logic gate is obtained when one 1st order vortex beam is chosen as the input signal. In addition, by defining the two linear polarization states (x and y polarization) of the input vortex beams as the two input logic states, an XNOR logic gate is realized when two 1st order vortex beams are chosen as the two input signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houquan Liu
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Hongchang Deng
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Shijie Deng
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Libo Yuan
- Photonics Research Center, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (C.T.); (M.C.); (L.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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26
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Hachtel JA, Cho SY, Davidson RB, Feldman MA, Chisholm MF, Haglund RF, Idrobo JC, Pantelides ST, Lawrie BJ. Spatially and spectrally resolved orbital angular momentum interactions in plasmonic vortex generators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:33. [PMID: 30911382 PMCID: PMC6425011 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the near-field electromagnetic interactions that produce optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) is crucial for integrating twisted light into nanotechnology. Here, we examine the cathodoluminescence (CL) of plasmonic vortices carrying OAM generated in spiral nanostructures. The nanospiral geometry defines a photonic local density of states that is sampled by the electron probe in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), thus accessing the optical response of the plasmonic vortex with high spatial and spectral resolution. We map the full spectral dispersion of the plasmonic vortex in spiral structures designed to yield increasing topological charge. Additionally, we fabricate nested nanospirals and demonstrate that OAM from one nanospiral can be coupled to the nested nanospiral, resulting in enhanced luminescence in concentric spirals of like handedness with respect to concentric spirals of opposite handedness. The results illustrate the potential for generating and coupling plasmonic vortices in chiral nanostructures for sensitive detection and manipulation of optical OAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sang-Yeon Cho
- Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
| | - Roderick B. Davidson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Present Address: Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Matthew A. Feldman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Matthew F. Chisholm
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Richard F. Haglund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sokrates T. Pantelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Benjamin J. Lawrie
- Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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27
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Li W, Morgan KS, Li Y, Miller JK, White G, Watkins RJ, Johnson EG. Rapidly tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) system for higher order Bessel beams integrated in time (HOBBIT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:3920-3934. [PMID: 30876016 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.003920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Beams with fast and continuously-tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) have potential applications in classical and quantum optical communications, sensing, and in the study of beam propagation through turbulence. An acousto-optical deflector (AOD) is a sophisticated, well-studied device that continuously and rapidly tunes the deflection angle of an output beam. The log-polar HOBBIT setup can generate beams with OAM by wrapping elliptically shaped Gaussian beams with linear phase tilt to a ring. By combining the linear tilted output from the AOD with the OAM generation capabilities of the HOBBIT system, the generated OAM modes become continuously tunable at high speeds measured on the order of 400 kHz.
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28
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Zhou J, Wu J, Hu Q. Optimal transmission modes under atmosphere turbulence with transmitter/receiver aperture size constraint. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33333-33348. [PMID: 30645486 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an optimal mode set is proposed to maximize the receiving power for free space transmission under atmosphere turbulence with transmitter/receiver aperture size constraint. The optimal beam profiles are evaluated through eigenmode analysis of the Fredholm integral equation, which is mathematically equivalent to the eigen vector analysis of an infinitely large matrix. The matrix is formed by orthonormal basis expansion, and its element is the overlap integral of the orthonormal basis functions and the Fredholm kernel. If circular aperture is implemented, then it is rigorously proven in this work that the eigenmodes possess certain topological charges (i.e., they are the OAM modes). These OAM modes have specific radial beam profiles, which have been optimized to minimize the power loss and the inter-mode crosstalk. While the traditional OAM beams, such as the Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams, suffer significant energy loss and inter-radial-mode crosstalk, the optimized beam profiles will remarkably reduce the penalties.
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29
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Mousavi SF, Nouroozi R. Integrated all-optical wavelength and polarization conversion of orbital angular momentum carrying modes. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:8543-8548. [PMID: 30461921 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.008543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) using higher-order spatial modes such as orbital angular momentum (OAM) through a channelized bandwidth provides enhanced capacity communication systems. An all-optical wavelength converter is a key function in implemented WDM networks to overcome the wavelength contentions. In addition, a polarization converter provides efficient control on the state of polarization for encoded data channels in the optical networks. This paper proposes a novel versatile-designed integrated optical device with Ycut ridge lithium niobate photonic wire configuration that acts as a wavelength or polarization converter for data modulated on OAM. It is schemed in such a way that generates decomposed guided modes with a new wavelength and polarization via cascaded second harmonic generation/difference frequency generation (cSHG/DFG) and type-II DFG nonlinear interactions, respectively, where their desired relative phase is achieved by a linear electro-optical effect in the successive phase shifter part. The low loss ≤0.09 dB/cm, high purity (≥94%), and low voltage (≤4 V) of the high-speed proposed modulator enable its compatible operation in commercial wireless and fiber-based polarization-multiplexed WDM communication systems.
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30
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Zhang J, Sun C, Xiong B, Wang J, Hao Z, Wang L, Han Y, Li H, Luo Y, Xiao Y, Yu C, Tanemura T, Nakano Y, Li S, Cai X, Yu S. An InP-based vortex beam emitter with monolithically integrated laser. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2652. [PMID: 29985405 PMCID: PMC6037758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor devices capable of generating a vortex beam with a specific orbital angular momentum (OAM) order are highly attractive for applications ranging from nanoparticle manipulation, imaging and microscopy to fiber and quantum communications. In this work, an electrically pumped integrated OAM emitter operating at telecom wavelengths is fabricated by monolithically integrating an optical vortex emitter with a distributed feedback laser on the same InGaAsP/InP epitaxial wafer. A single-step dry-etching process is adopted to complete the OAM emitter, equipped with specially designed top gratings. The vortex beam emitted by the integrated device is captured and its OAM mode purity characterized. The integrated OAM emitter eliminates the external laser required by silicon- or silicon-on-insulator-based OAM emitters, thus demonstrating great potential for applications in communication systems and the quantum domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Changzheng Sun
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhibiao Hao
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanjun Han
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Beijing National Research Centre for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chuanqing Yu
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuo Tanemura
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakano
- Integrated Photonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shimao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xinlun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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31
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Chen S, Chen L. LED-based visible light communication for color image and audio transmission utilizing orbital angular momentum superposition modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17300-17311. [PMID: 30119543 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Twisted light has recently gained enormous interest in communication systems ranging from fiber-optic to radio frequency regimes. Thus far, the light-emitting diode (LED) has not yet been exploited for orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding to transmit data, which, however, could open up an opportunity towards a new model of secure indoor communication. Here, by multiplexing and demultiplexing red, green and blue (RGB) twisted beams derived from a white light emitting diode, we build a new visible light communication system with RGB colors serving as independent channels and with OAM superposition modes encoding the information. At the sender, by means of theta-modulation, we use a computer-controlled spatial light modulator to generate two-dimensional holographic gratings to encode a large alphabet with 16 different OAM superposition modes in each RGB channel. At the receiver, based on supervised machine learning, we develop a pattern recognition method to identify the characteristic mode patterns recorded by CCD cameras, and therefore, decoding the information. We succeed in demonstrating the transmission of color images and a piece of audio over a 6-meter indoor link with the fidelity over 96%.
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32
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Xie Z, Lei T, Li F, Qiu H, Zhang Z, Wang H, Min C, Du L, Li Z, Yuan X. Ultra-broadband on-chip twisted light emitter for optical communications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:18001. [PMID: 30839547 PMCID: PMC6060059 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
On-chip twisted light emitters are essential components of orbital angular momentum (OAM) communication devices1, 2. These devices address the growing demand for high-capacity communication systems by providing an additional degree of freedom for wavelength/frequency division multiplexing (WDM/FDM). Although whispering-gallery-mode-enabled OAM emitters have been shown to possess some advantages3, 4, 5, such as compactness and phase accuracy, their inherent narrow bandwidths prevent them from being compatible with WDM/FDM techniques. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-broadband multiplexed OAM emitter that utilizes a novel joint path-resonance phase control concept. The emitter has a micron-sized radius and nanometer-sized features. Coaxial OAM beams are emitted across the entire telecommunication band from 1,450 to 1,650 nm. We applied the emitter to an OAM communication with a data rate of 1.2 Tbit/s assisted by 30-channel optical frequency combs (OFCs). The emitter provides a new solution to further increase capacity in the OFC communication scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haodong Qiu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zecen Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjun Min
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Luping Du
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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33
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Farmani A, Yavarian M, Alighanbari A, Miri M, Sheikhi MH. Tunable graphene plasmonic Y-branch switch in the terahertz region using hexagonal boron nitride with electric and magnetic biasing. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8931-8940. [PMID: 29131174 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A tunable graphene plasmonic Y-branch switch at THz wavelengths is proposed. The effects of magnetic and electric biasing are studied to harness the transmission of the transverse electric and magnetic guided mode resonances. In the structure, hexagonal boron nitride is utilized as a substrate for graphene. The application of hexagonal boron nitride, with the advantages of high mobility and ultralow ohmic loss, introduces a promising alternative substrate for graphene. Analytical and numerical results show that, by slight variation of the doping level in graphene through magnetic and electric biasing, the characteristics of the propagation of the guided mode resonances can be manipulated. A large extinction ratio of 40 dB at a wavelength of 60 μm is obtained. Besides, the proposed switch shows a low insertion loss of about 1 dB and a relatively large optical bandwidth of 1 μm. The electric biasing is of the order of 0.1 mV. Additionally, with the presence of magnetic biasing, a compact switch with a size of 25 μm is achieved. Showing a high extinction ratio, low insertion loss, and compact size, the proposed switch can find potential applications in graphene plasmonics integrated devices.
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34
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Li S, Wang J. Experimental demonstration of optical interconnects exploiting orbital angular momentum array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21537-21547. [PMID: 29041451 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve the transmission capacity and integration level of future optical interconnect systems, we present a communication scheme using orbital angular momentum (OAM) array encoding/decoding. By optimizing the use of space dimension (spatially orthogonal modes and spatial positions), information carried by a single symbol can be greatly improved. Experiment demonstration of 625-element and 1296-element high-base OAM array encoding/decoding by employing an array with 4 spatial locations each with 5 and 6 possible OAM beams are presented. Direct detection and simultaneous multi-OAM demodulation method are used for decoding the encoded OAM arrays. Transmission of data signal and grey-scale image signal under atmospheric turbulence are also evaluated in the experiment.
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35
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Mousavi SF, Nouroozi R, Vallone G, Villoresi P. Integrated optical modulator manipulating the polarization and rotation handedness of Orbital Angular Momentum states. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630486 PMCID: PMC5476591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that the optical channels encoded by Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) are capable candidates for improving the next generation of communication systems. OAM states can enhance the capacity and security of high-dimensional communication channels in both classical and quantum regimes based on optical fibre and free space. Hence, fast and precise control of the beams encoded by OAM can provide their commercial applications in the compatible communication networks. Integrated optical devices are good miniaturized options to perform this issue. This paper proposes a numerically verified integrated high-frequency electro-optical modulator for manipulation of the guided modes encoded in both OAM and polarization states. The proposed modulator is designed as an electro-optically active Lithium Niobate (LN) core photonic wire with silica as its cladding in a LN on Insulator (LNOI) configuration. It consists of two successive parts; a phase shifter to reverse the rotation handedness of the input OAM state and a polarization converter to change the horizontally polarized OAM state to the vertically polarized one. It is shown that all four possible output polarization-OAM encoded states can be achieved with only 6 V and 7 V applied voltages to the electrodes in the two parts of the modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faezeh Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Rahman Nouroozi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Giuseppe Vallone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Padova, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Padova, I-35131, Padova, Italy
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36
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Zhou HL, Fu DZ, Dong JJ, Zhang P, Chen DX, Cai XL, Li FL, Zhang XL. Orbital angular momentum complex spectrum analyzer for vortex light based on the rotational Doppler effect. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16251. [PMID: 30167243 PMCID: PMC6062165 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure the orbital angular momentum (OAM) distribution of vortex light is essential for OAM applications. Although there have been many studies on the measurement of OAM modes, it is difficult to quantitatively and instantaneously measure the power distribution among different OAM modes, let alone measure the phase distribution among them. In this work, we propose an OAM complex spectrum analyzer that enables simultaneous measurements of the power and phase distributions of OAM modes by employing the rotational Doppler effect. The original OAM mode distribution is mapped to an electrical spectrum of beat signals using a photodetector. The power and phase distributions of superimposed OAM beams are successfully retrieved by analyzing the electrical spectrum. We also extend the measurement technique to other spatial modes, such as linear polarization modes. These results represent a new landmark in spatial mode analysis and show great potential for applications in OAM-based systems and optical communication systems with mode-division multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Fu
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Shaanxi Province, Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jian-Ji Dong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Shaanxi Province, Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dong-Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Shaanxi Province, Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Lun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Shaanxi Province, Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Liang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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37
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Li S, Yu W, Meriggi L, Xiao Q, Nong Z, Cai X, Sorel M, Yu S. High-directional vortex beam emitter based on Archimedean spiral adiabatic waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:975-978. [PMID: 28248345 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Integrated devices that emit light beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) are becoming key components for wide-ranging applications. Here we propose and demonstrate a highly directional silicon photonic vortex beam emitter based on a 3-turn Archimedean spiral adiabatic waveguide integrated with an angular grating. Such a compact emitter is capable of generating vortex beams with small divergence angles and high directivity. Various orders of OAM modes can be selectively generated by the emitter at different wavelengths with a side-mode suppression ratio as large as 13.6 dB.
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38
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Forbes A. Controlling light's helicity at the source: orbital angular momentum states from lasers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2015.0436. [PMID: 28069767 PMCID: PMC5247480 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical modes that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) are routinely produced external to the laser cavity and have found a variety of applications, thus increasing the demand for integrated solutions for their production. Yet such modes are notoriously difficult to produce from lasers due to the strict symmetry requirements for their creation, together with the need to break the degeneracy in helicity. Here, we review the progress made since 1992 in producing such twisted light modes directly at the source, from gas to solid-state lasers, bulk to integrated on-chip solutions, through to generic devices for on-demand OAM in both scalar and vector forms.This article is part of the themed issue 'Optical orbital angular momentum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Forbes
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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39
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Zheng S, Wang J. Measuring Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) States of Vortex Beams with Annular Gratings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40781. [PMID: 28094325 PMCID: PMC5240130 DOI: 10.1038/srep40781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of vortex beams is of great importance in diverse applications employing OAM-carrying vortex beams. We present a simple and efficient scheme to measure OAM states (i.e. topological charge values) of vortex beams with annular gratings. The magnitude of the topological charge value is determined by the number of dark fringes after diffraction, and the sign of the topological charge value is distinguished by the orientation of the diffraction pattern. We first theoretically study the diffraction patterns using both annular amplitude and phase gratings. The annular phase grating shows almost 10-dB better diffraction efficiency compared to the annular amplitude grating. We then experimentally demonstrate the OAM states measurement of vortex beams using annular phase grating. The scheme works well even for high-order vortex beams with topological charge value as high as ± 25. We also experimentally show the evolution of diffraction patterns when slightly changing the fractional topological charge value of vortex beam from 0.1 to 1.0. In addition, the proposed scheme shows potential large tolerance of beam alignment during the OAM states measurement of vortex beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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40
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Cicek K, Hu Z, Zhu J, Meriggi L, Li S, Nong Z, Gao S, Zhang N, Wang X, Cai X, Sorel M, Yu S. Integrated optical vortex beam receivers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:28529-28539. [PMID: 27958497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.028529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and ultra-compact integrated optical vortex beam receiver device is presented. The device is based on the coupling between the optical vortex modes and whispering gallery modes in a micro-ring resonator via embedded angular gratings, which provides the selective reception of optical vortex modes with definitive total angular momentum (summation of spin and orbital angular momentum) through the phase matching condition in the coupling process. Experimental characterization confirms the correct detection of the total angular momentum carried by the vortex beams incident on the device. In addition, photonic spin-controlled unidirectional excitation of whispering-gallery modes in the ring receiver is also observed, and utilized to differentiate between left- and right-circular polarizations and therefore unambiguously identify the orbital angular momentum of incident light. Such characteristics provide an effective mode-selective receiver for the eigen-modes in orbital angular momentum fiber transmission where the circularly polarized OAM modes can be used as data communications channels in multiplexed communications or as photonic states in quantum information applications.
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41
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Rui G, Gu B, Cui Y, Zhan Q. Detection of orbital angular momentum using a photonic integrated circuit. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28262. [PMID: 27321916 PMCID: PMC4913297 DOI: 10.1038/srep28262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) state of photons offer an attractive additional degree of freedom that has found a variety of applications. Measurement of OAM state, which is a critical task of these applications, demands photonic integrated devices for improved fidelity, miniaturization, and reconfiguration. Here we report the design of a silicon-integrated OAM receiver that is capable of detecting distinct and variable OAM states. Furthermore, the reconfiguration capability of the detector is achieved by applying voltage to the GeSe film to form gratings with alternate states. The resonant wavelength for arbitrary OAM state is demonstrated to be tunable in a quasi-linear manner through adjusting the duty cycle of the gratings. This work provides a viable approach for the realization of a compact integrated OAM detection device with enhanced functionality that may find important applications in optical communications and information processing with OAM states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Rui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwen Zhan
- Electro-Optics Program, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45410, USA
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42
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Wang Y, Zhao P, Feng X, Xu Y, Cui K, Liu F, Zhang W, Huang Y. Integrated photonic emitter with a wide switching range of orbital angular momentum modes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22512. [PMID: 26936327 PMCID: PMC4776134 DOI: 10.1038/srep22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the nature of infinite dimensionality, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been considered as a new degree of freedom of light and widely expanded the scopes of substantial optical applications such as optical telecommunication, quantum information, particle manipulation and imaging. In recent years, the integrated photonic OAM emitters have been actively investigated due to both compactness and tunability. Essentially, the number of available OAM modes by dynamic switching should be large enough so that the dimensionality of OAM could be explored as much as possible. In this work, an integrated photonic emitter with a wide switching range of OAM modes is theoretically developed, numerically simulated, and experimentally verified. The independence of the micro-ring cavity and the scattering unit provides the flexibility to design the device and optimize the performance. Specifically, the dynamic switching of nine OAM modes (l = −4 ~ 4) with azimuthal polarization has been demonstrated by electrically controlled thermo-optic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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43
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Xiao Q, Klitis C, Li S, Chen Y, Cai X, Sorel M, Yu S. Generation of photonic orbital angular momentum superposition states using vortex beam emitters with superimposed gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3168-3176. [PMID: 26906981 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach to produce photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) superposition states with arbitrary OAM spectrum has been demonstrated. Superposition states between two vector OAM modes have been achieved by integrating a superimposed angular grating in one silicon micro-ring resonator, with each mode having near equal weight. The topological charge difference between the two compositional OAM modes is determined by the difference between the numbers of elements in the two original gratings being superimposed, while the absolute values of the topological charge can be changed synchronously by switching WGM resonant wavelengths. This novel approach provides a scalable and flexible source for the OAM-based quantum information and optical manipulation applications.
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44
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Liu J, Min C, Lei T, Du L, Yuan Y, Wei S, Wang Y, Yuan XC. Generation and detection of broadband multi-channel orbital angular momentum by micrometer-scale meta-reflectarray. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:212-8. [PMID: 26832252 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically demonstrate the generation and detection of broadband multi-channel Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM) by a micrometer-scale meta-reflectarray. The meta-reflectarray composed of patterned silicon bars on a silver ground plane can be designed to realize phase modulation and work as chip-level OAM devices. Compared to traditional methods of OAM generation and detection, our approach shows superiorities of very compact structure size, broadband working wavelength (1250-1750 nm), high diffraction efficiency (~70%), simultaneously handling multiplex OAMs, and tunable reflection angle (0-45°). These fascinating advantages provides great potential applications in photonic integrated devices and systems for high-capacity and multi-channel OAM communication.
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45
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Errando-Herranz C, Niklaus F, Stemme G, Gylfason KB. Low-power microelectromechanically tunable silicon photonic ring resonator add-drop filter. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3556-3559. [PMID: 26258356 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a microelectromechanically (MEMS) tunable photonic ring resonator add-drop filter, fabricated in a simple silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based process. The device uses electrostatic parallel plate actuation to perturb the evanescent field of a silicon waveguide, and achieves a 530 pm resonance wavelength tuning, i.e., more than a fourfold improvement compared to previous MEMS tunable ring resonator add-drop filters. Moreover, our device has a static power consumption below 100 nW, and a tuning rate of -62 pm/V, i.e., the highest reported rate for electrostatic tuning of ring resonator add-drop filters.
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46
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Multiplexed Millimeter Wave Communication with Dual Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Mode Antennas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10148. [PMID: 25988501 PMCID: PMC4437312 DOI: 10.1038/srep10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Communications using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of radio waves have attracted much attention in recent years. In this paper, a novel millimeter-wave dual OAM mode antenna is cleverly designed, using which a 60 GHz wireless communication link with two separate OAM channels is experimentally demonstrated. The main body of the dual OAM antenna is a traveling-wave ring resonator using two feeding ports fed by a 90° hybrid coupler. A parabolic reflector is used to focus the beams. All the antenna components are fabricated by 3D printing technique and the electro-less copper plating surface treatment process. The performances of the antenna, such as S-parameters, near-fields, directivity, and isolation between the two OAM modes are measured. Experimental results show that this antenna can radiate two coaxially propagating OAM modes beams simultaneously. The multiplexing and de-multiplexing are easily realized in the antennas themselves. The two OAM mode channels have good isolation of more than 20 dB, thus ensuring the reliable transmission links at the same time.
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47
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Zhou J. OAM states generation/detection based on the multimode interference effect in a ring core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10247-10258. [PMID: 25969066 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose to generate/detect orbital angular momentum (OAM) states based on the multimode interference (MMI) effect in a piece of ring core fiber. A comprehensive theory for the MMI process inside ring core fibers is presented. The MMI process inside ring core fibers will convert one input image into multiple equally spaced duplicated output images. After phase adjustment by a fixed phase shifter array, these output images will stimulate OAM states in the ring core fiber or in free space. Henceforth, a novel OAM multiplexer/de-multiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) can be realized by a piece of ring core fiber and a fixed phase shifters array.
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48
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Yu S. Potentials and challenges of using orbital angular momentum communications in optical interconnects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3075-87. [PMID: 25836167 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-short- and short-reach optical interconnects are the new high growth applications for optical communications. High capacity density, high spectral efficiency, low cost, low power consumption, and fast configurability are some of the key requirements for potential optical transmission technology candidates. Based on recent progress in orbital angular momentum multiplexed optical transmission and optical device technologies, this paper discusses the potentials and challenges of using orbital angular momentum multiplexing in optical interconnect applications scenarios to meet above requirements.
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