1
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Libet PA, Yakovlev EV, Kryuchkov NP, Simkin IV, Sapelkin AV, Yurchenko SO. Tunable colloidal spinners: Active chirality and hydrodynamic interactions governed by rotating external electric fields. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:044903. [PMID: 39056393 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rotational dynamics of microparticles in liquids have a wide range of applications, including chemical microreactors, biotechnologies, microfluidic devices, tunable heat and mass transfer, and fundamental understanding of chiral active soft matter which refers to systems composed of particles that exhibit a handedness in their rotation, breaking mirror symmetry at the microscopic level. Here, we report on the study of two effects in colloids in rotating electric fields: (i) the rotation of individual colloidal particles in rotating electric field and related to that (ii) precession of pairs of particles. We show that the mechanism responsible for the rotation of individual particles is related to the time lag between the external field applied to the particle and the particle polarization. Using numerical simulations and experiments with silica particles in a water-based solvent, we prove that the observed rotation of particle pairs and triplets is governed by the tunable rotation of individual particles and can be explained and described by the action of hydrodynamic forces. Our findings demonstrate that colloidal suspensions in rotating electric fields, under some conditions, represent a novel class of chiral soft active matter-tunable colloidal spinners. The experiments and the corresponding theoretical framework we developed open novel prospects for future studies of these systems and for their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Libet
- Centre for Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor V Yakovlev
- Centre for Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita P Kryuchkov
- Centre for Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Simkin
- Centre for Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V Sapelkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, England
| | - Stanislav O Yurchenko
- Centre for Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Siebers F, Bebon R, Jayaram A, Speck T. Collective Hall current in chiral active fluids: Coupling of phase and mass transport through traveling bands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320256121. [PMID: 38941276 PMCID: PMC11228510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320256121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Active fluids composed of constituents that are constantly driven away from thermal equilibrium can support spontaneous currents and can be engineered to have unconventional transport properties. Here, we report the emergence of (meta)stable traveling bands in computer simulations of aligning circle swimmers. These bands are different from polar flocks and, through coupling phase with mass transport, induce a bulk particle current with a component perpendicular to the propagation direction, thus giving rise to a collective Hall (or Magnus) effect. Traveling bands require sufficiently small orbits and undergo a discontinuous transition into a synchronized state with transient polar clusters for large orbital radii. Within a minimal hydrodynamic theory, we show that the bands can be understood as nondispersive soliton solutions fully accounting for the numerically observed properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Siebers
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin Bebon
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ashreya Jayaram
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Yang Q, Jiang M, Picano F, Zhu L. Shaping active matter from crystalline solids to active turbulence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2874. [PMID: 38570495 PMCID: PMC11258367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Active matter drives its constituent agents to move autonomously by harnessing free energy, leading to diverse emergent states with relevance to both biological processes and inanimate functionalities. Achieving maximum reconfigurability of active materials with minimal control remains a desirable yet challenging goal. Here, we employ large-scale, agent-resolved simulations to demonstrate that modulating the activity of a wet phoretic medium alone can govern its solid-liquid-gas phase transitions and, subsequently, laminar-turbulent transitions in fluid phases, thereby shaping its emergent pattern. These two progressively emerging transitions, hitherto unreported, bring us closer to perceiving the parallels between active matter and traditional matter. Our work reproduces and reconciles seemingly conflicting experimental observations on chemically active systems, presenting a unified landscape of phoretic collective dynamics. These findings enhance the understanding of long-range, many-body interactions among phoretic agents, offer new insights into their non-equilibrium collective behaviors, and provide potential guidelines for designing reconfigurable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maoqiang Jiang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Francesco Picano
- Department of Industrial Engineering and CISAS "G. Colombo", University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lailai Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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McNeill J, Mallouk TE. Acoustically Powered Nano- and Microswimmers: From Individual to Collective Behavior. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:424-440. [PMID: 38144701 PMCID: PMC10740144 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoscopic particles that swim autonomously and self-assemble under the influence of chemical fuels and external fields show promise for realizing systems capable of carrying out large-scale, predetermined tasks. Different behaviors can be realized by tuning swimmer interactions at the individual level in a manner analogous to the emergent collective behavior of bacteria and mammalian cells. However, the limited toolbox of weak forces with which to drive these systems has made it difficult to achieve useful collective functions. Here, we review recent research on driving swimming and particle self-organization using acoustic fields, which offers capabilities complementary to those of the other methods used to power microswimmers. With either chemical or acoustic propulsion (or a combination of the two), understanding individual swimming mechanisms and the forces that arise between individual particles is a prerequisite to harnessing their interactions to realize collective phenomena and macroscopic functionality. We discuss here the ingredients necessary to drive the motion of microscopic particles using ultrasound, the theory that describes that behavior, and the gaps in our understanding. We then cover the combination of acoustically powered systems with other cross-compatible driving forces and the use of ultrasound in generating collective behavior. Finally, we highlight the demonstrated applications of acoustically powered microswimmers, and we offer a perspective on the state of the field, open questions, and opportunities. We hope that this review will serve as a guide to students beginning their work in this area and motivate others to consider research in microswimmers and acoustic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey
M. McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Shi XQ, Cheng F, Chaté H. Extreme Spontaneous Deformations of Active Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:108301. [PMID: 37739375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that two-dimensional crystals made of active particles can experience extremely large spontaneous deformations without melting. Using particles mostly interacting via pairwise repulsive forces, we show that such active crystals maintain long-range bond order and algebraically decaying positional order, but with an exponent η not limited by the 1/3 bound given by the (equilibrium) KTHNY theory. We rationalize our findings using linear elastic theory and show the existence of two well-defined effective temperatures quantifying respectively large-scale deformations and bond-order fluctuations. The root of these phenomena lies in the sole time-persistence of the intrinsic axes of particles, and they should thus be observed in many different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Qing Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fu Cheng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hugues Chaté
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
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6
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Modin A, Ben Zion MY, Chaikin PM. Hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling in asynchronous optically driven micro-rotors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4114. [PMID: 37433767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vortical flows of rotating particles describe interactions ranging from molecular machines to atmospheric dynamics. Yet to date, direct observation of the hydrodynamic coupling between artificial micro-rotors has been restricted by the details of the chosen drive, either through synchronization (using external magnetic fields) or confinement (using optical tweezers). Here we present a new active system that illuminates the interplay of rotation and translation in free rotors. We develop a non-tweezing circularly polarized beam that simultaneously rotates hundreds of silica-coated birefringent colloids. The particles rotate asynchronously in the optical torque field while freely diffusing in the plane. We observe that neighboring particles orbit each other with an angular velocity that depends on their spins. We derive an analytical model in the Stokes limit for pairs of spheres that quantitatively explains the observed dynamics. We then find that the geometrical nature of the low Reynolds fluid flow results in a universal hydrodynamic spin-orbit coupling. Our findings are of significance for the understanding and development of far-from-equilibrium materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Modin
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 726 Broadway Avenue, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Matan Yah Ben Zion
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 726 Broadway Avenue, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and the Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Paul M Chaikin
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics, New York University, 726 Broadway Avenue, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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7
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Shen Z, Lintuvuori JS. Collective Flows Drive Cavitation in Spinner Monolayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:188202. [PMID: 37204910 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.188202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic interactions can give rise to a collective motion of rotating particles. This, in turn, can lead to coherent fluid flows. Using large scale hydrodynamic simulations, we study the coupling between these two in spinner monolayers at weakly inertial regime. We observe an instability, where the initially uniform particle layer separates into particle void and particle rich areas. The particle void region corresponds to a fluid vortex, and it is driven by a surrounding spinner edge current. We show that the instability originates from a hydrodynamic lift force between the particle and fluid flows. The cavitation can be tuned by the strength of the collective flows. It is suppressed when the spinners are confined by a no-slip surface, and multiple cavity and oscillating cavity states are observed when the particle concentration is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyi Shen
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juho S Lintuvuori
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
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8
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McNeill JM, Choi YC, Cai YY, Guo J, Nadal F, Kagan CR, Mallouk TE. Three-Dimensionally Complex Phase Behavior and Collective Phenomena in Mixtures of Acoustically Powered Chiral Microspinners. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7911-7919. [PMID: 37022928 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of dynamic self-organization of small building blocks is fundamental to the emergent function of living systems and is characteristic of their out-of-equilibrium homeostasis. The ability to control the interactions of synthetic particles in large groups could lead to the realization of analogous macroscopic robotic systems with microscopic complexity. Rotationally induced self-organization has been observed in biological systems and modeled theoretically, but studies of fast, autonomously moving synthetic rotors remain rare. Here, we report switchable, out-of-equilibrium hydrodynamic assembly and phase separation in suspensions of acoustically powered chiral microspinners. Semiquantitative modeling suggests that three-dimensionally (3D) complex spinners interact through viscous and weakly inertial (streaming) flows. The interactions between spinners were studied over a range of densities to construct a phase diagram, which included gaseous dimer pairing at low density, collective rotation and multiphase separation at intermediate densities, and ultimately jamming at high density. The 3D chirality of the spinners leads to self-organization in parallel planes, forming a three-dimensionally hierarchical system that goes beyond the 2D systems that have so far been modeled computationally. Dense mixtures of spinners and passive tracer particles also show active-passive phase separation. These observations are consistent with recent theoretical predictions of the hydrodynamic coupling between rotlets generated by autonomous spinners and provide an exciting experimental window to the study of colloidal active matter and microrobotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yun Chang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jiacen Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - François Nadal
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Cherie R Kagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Chen Y, Wang L, Zhang TH. Tunable collective dynamics of ellipsoidal Quincke particles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:512-518. [PMID: 36541151 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Collective behaviors in active systems become dramatically complicated in the presence of chirality. In this study, we show that ellipsoidal Quincke particles driven by an electric field exhibit flexible and tunable chirality because of the tilting of the spinning axis. As the tilting torque decreases with the increase of angular speed, the motion of individual particles transforms from localized circle motion to global rolling. However, because of the anisotropic shape and the resulting anisotropic polar interactions, it is dynamically easier for ellipsoids to bind and form rotating structures rather than to align their velocities. In dense systems, the suppression of velocity aligning produces transient dense clusters which produce dynamic heterogeneity. The formation and dissociation of dense clusters prohibit the emergence of large-scale collective motions and limit the amplitude of density fluctuations. These findings demonstrate that collective dynamics and thus the scale of density fluctuations in active systems with tunable chirality can be well controlled. This has potential applications in exploring disordered hyperuniform states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tian Hui Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
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10
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Yang S, Wang Q, Jin D, Du X, Zhang L. Probing Fast Transformation of Magnetic Colloidal Microswarms in Complex Fluids. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19025-19037. [PMID: 36367748 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly transformed morphology of natural swarms enables fast response to environmental changes. Artificial microswarms can reconfigure their swarm patterns like natural swarms, which have drawn extensive attention due to their active adaptability in complex environments. However, as a prerequisite for biomedical applications of microswarms in confined environments, achieving on-demand control of pattern transformation rates remains a challenge. In this work, we report a strategy for optimizing pattern transformation rates of colloidal microswarms by coordinating the inner interactions. The influences of magnetic field parameters on pattern transformation rates are theoretically and experimentally studied, which elucidates the mechanism for optimal transformation rate control. The feasibility of the strategy is then validated in viscous Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian biofluids. Moreover, the strategy is further validated in dynamic flow environments, exhibiting a promising future for practical applications in targeted delivery tasks with an optimal pattern transformation manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhou Du
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
- Multi-Scale Medical Robotics Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong999077, People's Republic of China
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11
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Leyva SG, Stoop RL, Pagonabarraga I, Tierno P. Hydrodynamic synchronization and clustering in ratcheting colloidal matter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4546. [PMID: 35675407 PMCID: PMC9177066 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ratchet transport systems are widespread in physics and biology; however, the effect of the dispersing medium in the collective dynamics of these out-of-equilibrium systems has been often overlooked. We show that, in a traveling wave magnetic ratchet, long-range hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) produce a series of remarkable phenomena on the transport and assembly of interacting Brownian particles. We demonstrate that HIs induce the resynchronization with the traveling wave that emerges as a "speed-up" effect, characterized by a net raise of the translational speed, which doubles that of single particles. When competing with dipolar forces and the underlying substrate symmetry, HIs promote the formation of clusters that grow perpendicular to the driving direction. We support our findings both with Langevin dynamics and with a theoretical model that accounts for the fluid-mediated interactions. Our work illustrates the role of the dispersing medium on the dynamics of driven colloidal matter and unveils the growing process and cluster morphologies above a periodic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi G. Leyva
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ralph L. Stoop
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, INUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Hokmabad BV, Nishide A, Ramesh P, Krüger C, Maass CC. Spontaneously rotating clusters of active droplets. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2731-2741. [PMID: 35319552 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01795k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the emergence of spontaneously rotating clusters in active emulsions. Ensembles of self-propelling droplets sediment and then self-organise into planar, hexagonally ordered clusters which hover over the container bottom while spinning around the plane normal. This effect exists for symmetric and asymmetric arrangements of isotropic droplets and is therefore not caused by torques due to geometric asymmetries. We found, however, that individual droplets exhibit a helical swimming mode in a small window of intermediate activity in a force-free bulk medium. We show that by forming an ordered cluster, the droplets cooperatively suppress their chaotic dynamics and turn the transient instability into a steady rotational state. We analyse the collective rotational dynamics as a function of droplet activity and cluster size and further propose that the stable collective rotation in the cluster is caused by a cooperative coupling between the rotational modes of individual droplets in the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Vajdi Hokmabad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Akinori Nishide
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Exploratory Research, R&D group, Hitachi Ltd., Higashi-Koigakubo 1-280, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Prashanth Ramesh
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Corinna C Maass
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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13
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Guzmán E, Martínez-Pedrero F, Calero C, Maestro A, Ortega F, Rubio RG. A broad perspective to particle-laden fluid interfaces systems: from chemically homogeneous particles to active colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 302:102620. [PMID: 35259565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Particles adsorbed to fluid interfaces are ubiquitous in industry, nature or life. The wide range of properties arising from the assembly of particles at fluid interface has stimulated an intense research activity on shed light to the most fundamental physico-chemical aspects of these systems. These include the mechanisms driving the equilibration of the interfacial layers, trapping energy, specific inter-particle interactions and the response of the particle-laden interface to mechanical perturbations and flows. The understanding of the physico-chemistry of particle-laden interfaces becomes essential for taking advantage of the particle capacity to stabilize interfaces for the preparation of different dispersed systems (emulsions, foams or colloidosomes) and the fabrication of new reconfigurable interface-dominated devices. This review presents a detailed overview of the physico-chemical aspects that determine the behavior of particles trapped at fluid interfaces. This has been combined with some examples of real and potential applications of these systems in technological and industrial fields. It is expected that this information can provide a general perspective of the topic that can be exploited for researchers and technologist non-specialized in the study of particle-laden interfaces, or for experienced researcher seeking new questions to solve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Materia Condensada, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Pedrero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carles Calero
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando Maestro
- Centro de Fı́sica de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Materia Condensada, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón G Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Materia Condensada, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Hyperuniformity and phase enrichment in vortex and rotor assemblies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:804. [PMID: 35145099 PMCID: PMC8831603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensembles of particles rotating in a two-dimensional fluid can exhibit chaotic dynamics yet develop signatures of hidden order. Such rotors are found in the natural world spanning vastly disparate length scales — from the rotor proteins in cellular membranes to models of atmospheric dynamics. Here we show that an initially random distribution of either driven rotors in a viscous membrane, or ideal vortices with minute perturbations, spontaneously self assemble into a distinct arrangement. Despite arising from drastically different physics, these systems share a Hamiltonian structure that sets geometrical conservation laws resulting in prominent structural states. We find that the rotationally invariant interactions isotropically suppress long-wavelength fluctuations — a hallmark of a disordered hyperuniform material. With increasing area fraction, the system orders into a hexagonal lattice. In mixtures of two co-rotating populations, the stronger population will gain order from the other and both will become phase enriched. Finally, we show that classical 2D point vortex systems arise as exact limits of the experimentally accessible microscopic membrane rotors, yielding a new system through which to study topological defects. Rotor-like dynamics is observed in many natural systems, from the rotor proteins in cellular membranes to atmospheric models. Here, the authors uncover geometrical conservation laws that limit distribution of driven rotors in a membrane or a soap film and allow to predict their structural states.
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15
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Wang W, Gardi G, Malgaretti P, Kishore V, Koens L, Son D, Gilbert H, Wu Z, Harwani P, Lauga E, Holm C, Sitti M. Order and information in the patterns of spinning magnetic micro-disks at the air-water interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0685. [PMID: 35030013 PMCID: PMC8759740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of the Shannon entropy to study the relationship between information and structures has yielded insights into molecular and material systems. However, the difficulty in directly observing and manipulating atoms and molecules hampers the ability of these systems to serve as model systems for further exploring the links between information and structures. Here, we use, as a model experimental system, hundreds of spinning magnetic micro-disks self-organizing at the air-water interface to generate various spatiotemporal patterns with varying degrees of order. Using the neighbor distance as the information-bearing variable, we demonstrate the links among information, structure, and interactions. We establish a direct link between information and structure without using explicit knowledge of interactions. Last, we show that the Shannon entropy by neighbor distances is a powerful observable in characterizing structural changes. Our findings are relevant for analyzing natural self-organizing systems and for designing collective robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gaurav Gardi
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Paolo Malgaretti
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Vimal Kishore
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Lyndon Koens
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donghoon Son
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hunter Gilbert
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zongyuan Wu
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dong Chuan Road 800, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Palak Harwani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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16
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Maitra A, Lenz M, Voituriez R. Chiral Active Hexatics: Giant Number Fluctuations, Waves, and Destruction of Order. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:238005. [PMID: 33337208 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.238005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active materials, composed of internally driven particles, have properties that are qualitatively distinct from matter at thermal equilibrium. However, the most spectacular departures from equilibrium phase behavior are thought to be confined to systems with polar or nematic asymmetry. In this Letter, we show that such departures are also displayed by more symmetric phases such as hexatics if, in addition, the constituent particles have chiral asymmetry. We show that chiral active hexatics whose rotation rate does not depend on density have giant number fluctuations. If the rotation rate depends on density, the giant number fluctuations are suppressed due to a novel orientation-density sound mode with a linear dispersion which propagates even in the overdamped limit. However, we demonstrate that beyond a finite but large length scale, a chirality and activity-induced relevant nonlinearity invalidates the predictions of the linear theory and destroys the hexatic order. In addition, we show that activity modifies the interactions between defects in the active chiral hexatic phase, making them nonmutual. Finally, to demonstrate the generality of a chiral active hexatic phase we show that it results from the melting of chiral active crystals in finite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananyo Maitra
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Martin Lenz
- LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Voituriez
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, F-75005, Paris, France
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17
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Shen Z, Lintuvuori JS. Two-Phase Crystallization in a Carpet of Inertial Spinners. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:228002. [PMID: 33315446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.228002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of torque driven spherical spinners settled on a surface, and demonstrate that hydrodynamic interactions at finite Reynolds numbers can lead to a concentration dependent and nonuniform crystallization. At semidilute concentrations, we observe a rapid formation of a uniform hexagonal structure in the spinner monolayer. We attribute this to repulsive hydrodynamic interactions created by the secondary flow of the spinning particles. Increasing the surface coverage leads to a state with two coexisting spinner densities. The uniform hexagonal structure deviates into a high density crystalline structure surrounded by a continuous lower density hexatically ordered state. We show that this phase separation occurs due to a nonmonotonic hydrodynamic repulsion, arising from a concentration dependent spinning frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyi Shen
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
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18
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Zhang B, Sokolov A, Snezhko A. Reconfigurable emergent patterns in active chiral fluids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4401. [PMID: 32879308 PMCID: PMC7468299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Active fluids comprised of autonomous spinning units injecting energy and angular momentum at the microscopic level represent a promising platform for active materials design. The complexity of the accessible dynamic states is expected to dramatically increase in the case of chiral active units. Here, we use shape anisotropy of colloidal particles to introduce chiral rollers with activity-controlled curvatures of their trajectories and spontaneous handedness of their motion. By controlling activity through variations of the energizing electric field, we reveal emergent dynamic phases, ranging from a gas of spinners to aster-like vortices and rotating flocks, with either polar or nematic alignment of the particles. We demonstrate control and reversibility of these dynamic states by activity. Our findings provide insights into the onset of spatial and temporal coherence in a broad class of active chiral systems, both living and synthetic, and hint at design pathways for active materials based on self-organization and reconfigurability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Andrey Sokolov
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.
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19
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Han K, Kokot G, Das S, Winkler RG, Gompper G, Snezhko A. Reconfigurable structure and tunable transport in synchronized active spinner materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz8535. [PMID: 32219171 PMCID: PMC7083621 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ensembles of actuated colloids are excellent model systems to explore emergent out-of-equilibrium structures, complex collective dynamics, and design rules for the next generation materials. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic microparticles suspended at an air-water interface and energized by an external rotating magnetic field spontaneously form dynamic ensembles of synchronized spinners in a certain range of the excitation field parameters. Each spinner generates strong hydrodynamic flows, and collective interactions of the multiple spinners promote a formation of dynamic lattices. On the basis of experiments and simulations, we reveal structural transitions from liquid to nearly crystalline states in this novel active spinner material and demonstrate that dynamic spinner lattices are reconfigurable, capable of self-healing behavior and that the transport of embedded inert cargo particles can be remotely tuned by the parameters of the external excitation field. Our findings provide insights into the behavior of active spinner materials with reconfigurable structural order and tunable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koohee Han
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Gašper Kokot
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering (NAISE), Engineering Science and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shibananda Das
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Roland G. Winkler
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author.
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20
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Yang X, Ren C, Cheng K, Zhang HP. Robust boundary flow in chiral active fluid. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:022603. [PMID: 32168608 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.022603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We perform experiments on an active chiral fluid system of self-spinning rotors in a confining boundary. Along the boundary, actively rotating rotors collectively drive a unidirectional material flow. We systematically vary rotor density and boundary shape; boundary flow robustly emerges under all conditions. Flow strength initially increases then decreases with rotor density (quantified by area fraction ϕ); peak strength appears around a density ϕ=0.65. Boundary curvature plays an important role: flow near a concave boundary is stronger than that near a flat or convex boundary in the same confinements. Our experimental results in all cases can be reproduced by a continuum theory with single free fitting parameter, which describes the frictional property of the boundary. Our results support the idea that boundary flow in active chiral fluid is topologically protected; such robust flow can be used to develop materials with novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenyang Ren
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kangjun Cheng
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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21
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Oppenheimer N, Stein DB, Shelley MJ. Rotating Membrane Inclusions Crystallize Through Hydrodynamic and Steric Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:148101. [PMID: 31702169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that rotating membrane inclusions can crystallize due to combined hydrodynamic and steric interactions. Alone, steric repulsion of unconfined particles, even with thermal fluctuations, does not lead to crystallization, nor do rotational hydrodynamic interactions which allow only a marginally stable lattice. Hydrodynamic interactions enable particles to explore states inaccessible to a nonrotational system, yet, unlike Brownian motion, Hamiltonian conservation confines the ensemble which, when combined with steric interactions, anneals into a stable crystal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Oppenheimer
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - David B Stein
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
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22
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Howison T, Hughes J, Giardina F, Iida F. Physics driven behavioural clustering of free-falling paper shapes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217997. [PMID: 31242203 PMCID: PMC6594606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many complex physical systems exhibit a rich variety of discrete behavioural modes. Often, the system complexity limits the applicability of standard modelling tools. Hence, understanding the underlying physics of different behaviours and distinguishing between them is challenging. Although traditional machine learning techniques could predict and classify behaviour well, typically they do not provide any meaningful insight into the underlying physics of the system. In this paper we present a novel method for extracting physically meaningful clusters of discrete behaviour from limited experimental observations. This method obtains a set of physically plausible functions that both facilitate behavioural clustering and aid in system understanding. We demonstrate the approach on the V-shaped falling paper system, a new falling paper type system that exhibits four distinct behavioural modes depending on a few morphological parameters. Using just 49 experimental observations, the method discovered a set of candidate functions that distinguish behaviours with an error of 2.04%, while also aiding insight into the physical phenomena driving each behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Howison
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josie Hughes
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Giardina
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Harvard, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Fumiya Iida
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Reichhardt CJO, Reichhardt C. Disordering, clustering, and laning transitions in particle systems with dispersion in the Magnus term. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:012606. [PMID: 30780381 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.012606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We numerically examine a two-dimensional system of repulsively interacting particles with dynamics that are governed by both a damping term and a Magnus term. The magnitude of the Magnus term has one value for half of the particles and a different value for the other half of the particles. In the absence of a driving force, the particles form a triangular lattice, while when a driving force is applied, we find that there is a critical drive above which a Magnus-induced disordering transition can occur even if the difference in the Magnus term between the two particle species is as small as one percent. The transition arises due to the different Hall angles of the two species, which causes their motion to decouple at the critical drive. At higher drives, the disordered state can undergo both species and density phase separation into a density-modulated stripe that is oriented perpendicular to the driving direction. We observe several additional phases that occur as a function of drive and Magnus force disparity, including a variety of density-modulated diagonal-laned phases. In general, we find a much richer variety of states compared to systems of oppositely driven overdamped Yukawa particles. We discuss the implications of our work for skyrmion systems, where we predict that even for small skyrmion dispersities, a drive-induced disordering transition can occur along with clustering phases and pattern-forming states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J O Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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24
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Vaccari L, Molaei M, Leheny RL, Stebe KJ. Cargo carrying bacteria at interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5643-5653. [PMID: 29943791 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The displacements of ensembles of colloids at the interface between oil and suspensions of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14ΔpelA indicate enhanced colloid mobilities and apparently diffusive motion driven by interactions with the bacteria. However, inspection of individual trajectories of ∼500 particles reveals prolonged, directed displacements inconsistent with purely hydrodynamic interactions between swimming bacteria and colloids. Analysis of the properties of colloid paths indicates trajectories can be sorted into four distinct categories, including diffusive, persistent, curly, and mixed trajectory types. Non-diffusive trajectories are the norm, comprising 2/3 of the observed trajectories. Imaging of colloids in the interface reveals anisotropic assemblies formed by colloids decorated with one or more adhered bacteria that drive the colloids along these paths. The trajectories and enhanced transport result from individual colloids being moved as cargo by these adhered bacteria. The implications of these structures and open questions for interfacial transport are discussed and related to the active colloid literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Vaccari
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Shen Z, Fischer TM, Farutin A, Vlahovska PM, Harting J, Misbah C. Blood Crystal: Emergent Order of Red Blood Cells Under Wall-Confined Shear Flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:268102. [PMID: 30004752 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.268102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Driven or active suspensions can display fascinating collective behavior, where coherent motions or structures arise on a scale much larger than that of the constituent particles. Here, we report numerical simulations and an analytical model revealing that deformable particles and, in particular, red blood cells (RBCs) assemble into regular patterns in a confined shear flow. The pattern wavelength concurs well with our experimental observations. The order is of a pure hydrodynamic and inertialess origin, and it emerges from a subtle interplay between (i) hydrodynamic repulsion by the bounding walls that drives deformable cells towards the channel midplane and (ii) intercellular hydrodynamic interactions that can be attractive or repulsive depending on cell-cell separation. Various crystal-like structures arise depending on the RBC concentration and confinement. Hardened RBCs in experiments and rigid particles in simulations remain disordered under the same conditions where deformable RBCs form regular patterns, highlighting the intimate link between particle deformability and the emergence of order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyi Shen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas M Fischer
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratory for Red Cell Rheology, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - Alexander Farutin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Math, Northwestern University, Evanston 60208, USA
| | - Jens Harting
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Fürther Strasse 248, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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26
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Furukawa A, Tateno M, Tanaka H. Physical foundation of the fluid particle dynamics method for colloid dynamics simulation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3738-3747. [PMID: 29700543 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloid dynamics is significantly influenced by many-body hydrodynamic interactions mediated by a suspending fluid. However, theoretical and numerical treatments of such interactions are extremely difficult. To overcome this situation, we developed a fluid particle dynamics (FPD) method [H. Tanaka and T. Araki, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 35, 3523], which is based on two key approximations: (i) a colloidal particle is treated as a highly viscous particle and (ii) the viscosity profile is described by a smooth interfacial profile function. Approximation (i) makes our method free from the solid-fluid boundary condition, significantly simplifying the treatment of many-body hydrodynamic interactions while satisfying the incompressible condition without the Stokes approximation. Approximation (ii) allows us to incorporate an extra degree of freedom in a fluid, e.g., orientational order and concentration, as an additional field variable. Here, we consider two fundamental problems associated with these approximations. One is the introduction of thermal noise and the other is the incorporation of coupling of the colloid surface with an order parameter introduced into a fluid component, which is crucial when considering colloidal particles suspended in a complex fluid. Here, we show that our FPD method makes it possible to simulate colloid dynamics properly while including full hydrodynamic interactions, inertia effects, incompressibility, thermal noise, and additional degrees of freedom of a fluid, which may be relevant for wide applications in colloidal and soft matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Furukawa
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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27
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Martínez-Pedrero F, Tierno P. Advances in colloidal manipulation and transport via hydrodynamic interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 519:296-311. [PMID: 29505991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we highlight many recent advances in the field of micromanipulation of colloidal particles using hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), namely solvent mediated long-range interactions. At the micrsocale, the hydrodynamic laws are time reversible and the flow becomes laminar, features that allow precise manipulation and control of colloidal matter. We focus on different strategies where externally operated microstructures generate local flow fields that induce the advection and motion of the surrounding components. In addition, we review cases where the induced flow gives rise to hydrodynamic bound states that may synchronize during the process, a phenomenon essential in different systems such as those that exhibit self-assembly and swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez-Pedrero
- Departamento de Química-Física I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - P Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, IN(2)UB, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Martinez-Pedrero F, Navarro-Argemí E, Ortiz-Ambriz A, Pagonabarraga I, Tierno P. Emergent hydrodynamic bound states between magnetically powered micropropellers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9379. [PMID: 29387795 PMCID: PMC5786442 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), namely, solvent-mediated long-range interactions between dispersed particles, play a crucial role in the assembly and dynamics of many active systems, from swimming bacteria to swarms of propelling microrobots. We experimentally demonstrate the emergence of long-living hydrodynamic bound states between model microswimmers at low Reynolds numbers. A rotating magnetic field forces colloidal hematite microparticles to translate at a constant and frequency-tunable speed close to a bounding plane in a viscous fluid. At high driving frequency, HIs dominate over magnetic dipolar ones, and close propelling particles couple into bound states by adjusting their translational speed to optimize the transport of the pair. The physical system is described by considering the HIs with the boundary surface and the effect of gravity, providing an excellent agreement with the experimental data for all the range of parameters explored. Moreover, we show that in dense suspensions, these bound states can be extended to one-dimensional arrays of particles assembled by the sole HIs. Our results manifest the importance of the boundary surface in the interaction and dynamics of confined propelling microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martinez-Pedrero
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloy Navarro-Argemí
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Ortiz-Ambriz
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lasuanne, Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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29
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Kokot G, Das S, Winkler RG, Gompper G, Aranson IS, Snezhko A. Active turbulence in a gas of self-assembled spinners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12870-12875. [PMID: 29158382 PMCID: PMC5724263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710188114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal particles subject to an external periodic forcing exhibit complex collective behavior and self-assembled patterns. A dispersion of magnetic microparticles confined at the air-liquid interface and energized by a uniform uniaxial alternating magnetic field exhibits dynamic arrays of self-assembled spinners rotating in either direction. Here, we report on experimental and simulation studies of active turbulence and transport in a gas of self-assembled spinners. We show that the spinners, emerging as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking of clock/counterclockwise rotation of self-assembled particle chains, generate vigorous vortical flows at the interface. An ensemble of spinners exhibits chaotic dynamics due to self-generated advection flows. The same-chirality spinners (clockwise or counterclockwise) show a tendency to aggregate and form dynamic clusters. Emergent self-induced interface currents promote active diffusion that could be tuned by the parameters of the external excitation field. Furthermore, the erratic motion of spinners at the interface generates chaotic fluid flow reminiscent of 2D turbulence. Our work provides insight into fundamental aspects of collective transport in active spinner materials and yields rules for particle manipulation at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gašper Kokot
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Shibananda Das
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Roland G Winkler
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Igor S Aranson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439;
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30
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Nonequilibrium fluctuations of lipid membranes by the rotating motor protein F 1F 0-ATP synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11291-11296. [PMID: 29073046 PMCID: PMC5664490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of biological membranes is constantly remodeled and maintained out of equilibrium by active proteins. The functional capacity of membrane deformation is mainly determined by the mechanical interplay between protein activity and bending elasticity. In our experiments, we find that ATP synthase, a rotating membrane protein that synthesizes the biochemical energy in cells through proton-pumping activity across the membrane, promotes localized nonequilibrium membrane fluctuations when reconstituted in giant lipid vesicles. The large membrane deformations emerge from the pumping action of rotating proteins clustered at specific emplacements in the membrane. Our results pave the way to new experimental realizations to explore the collective effects of rotating ATP synthases and their possible biological implications for biomembrane organization and protein functionality. ATP synthase is a rotating membrane protein that synthesizes ATP through proton-pumping activity across the membrane. To unveil the mechanical impact of this molecular active pump on the bending properties of its lipid environment, we have functionally reconstituted the ATP synthase in giant unilamellar vesicles and tracked the membrane fluctuations by means of flickering spectroscopy. We find that ATP synthase rotates at a frequency of about 20 Hz, promoting large nonequilibrium deformations at discrete hot spots in lipid vesicles and thus inducing an overall membrane softening. The enhanced nonequilibrium fluctuations are compatible with an accumulation of active proteins at highly curved membrane sites through a curvature−protein coupling mechanism that supports the emergence of collective effects of rotating ATP synthases in lipid membranes.
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31
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Wang W, Giltinan J, Zakharchenko S, Sitti M. Dynamic and programmable self-assembly of micro-rafts at the air-water interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602522. [PMID: 28560332 PMCID: PMC5443645 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic self-assembled material systems constantly consume energy to maintain their spatiotemporal structures and functions. Programmable self-assembly translates information from individual parts to the collective whole. Combining dynamic and programmable self-assembly in a single platform opens up the possibilities to investigate both types of self-assembly simultaneously and to explore their synergy. This task is challenging because of the difficulty in finding suitable interactions that are both dissipative and programmable. We present a dynamic and programmable self-assembling material system consisting of spinning at the air-water interface circular magnetic micro-rafts of radius 50 μm and with cosinusoidal edge-height profiles. The cosinusoidal edge-height profiles not only create a net dissipative capillary repulsion that is sustained by continuous torque input but also enable directional assembly of micro-rafts. We uncover the layered arrangement of micro-rafts in the patterns formed by dynamic self-assembly and offer mechanistic insights through a physical model and geometric analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate programmable self-assembly and show that a 4-fold rotational symmetry encoded in individual micro-rafts translates into 90° bending angles and square-based tiling in the assembled structures of micro-rafts. We anticipate that our dynamic and programmable material system will serve as a model system for studying nonequilibrium dynamics and statistical mechanics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joshua Giltinan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Svetlana Zakharchenko
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding author.
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32
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Jiang H, Ding H, Pu M, Hou Z. Emergence of collective dynamical chirality for achiral active particles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:836-841. [PMID: 28067390 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of collective dynamical chirality (CDC) at mesoscopic scales plays a key role in many formation processes of chiral structures in nature, which may also provide possible routines for people to fabricate complex chiral architectures. So far, most of the reported CDCs have been found in systems of active objects with individual structure chirality or/and dynamical chirality, and whether CDC can arise from simple and achiral units is still an attractive mystery. Here, we report a spontaneous formation of CDC in a system of both dynamically and structurally achiral particles motivated by active motion of cells adhered onto a substrate. Active motion, confinement and hydrodynamic interaction are found to be the three key factors. Detailed analysis shows that the system can support abundant collective dynamical behaviors, including rotating droplets, rotating bubbles, CDC oscillations, arrays of collective rotations, and interesting transitions such as chirality transition, structure transition and state reentrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Huai Ding
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Mingfeng Pu
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Department of Chemical Physics & Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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33
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Guzmán-Lastra F, Kaiser A, Löwen H. Fission and fusion scenarios for magnetic microswimmer clusters. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13519. [PMID: 27874006 PMCID: PMC5121419 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission and fusion processes of particle clusters occur in many areas of physics and chemistry from subnuclear to astronomic length scales. Here we study fission and fusion of magnetic microswimmer clusters as governed by their hydrodynamic and dipolar interactions. Rich scenarios are found that depend crucially on whether the swimmer is a pusher or a puller. In particular a linear magnetic chain of pullers is stable while a pusher chain shows a cascade of fission (or disassembly) processes as the self-propulsion velocity is increased. Contrarily, magnetic ring clusters show fission for any type of swimmer. Moreover, we find a plethora of possible fusion (or assembly) scenarios if a single swimmer collides with a ringlike cluster and two rings spontaneously collide. Our predictions are obtained by computer simulations and verifiable in experiments on active colloidal Janus particles and magnetotactic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Guzmán-Lastra
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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34
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Spatiotemporal order and emergent edge currents in active spinner materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12919-12924. [PMID: 27803323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609572113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Collections of interacting, self-propelled particles have been extensively studied as minimal models of many living and synthetic systems from bird flocks to active colloids. However, the influence of active rotations in the absence of self-propulsion (i.e., spinning without walking) remains less explored. Here, we numerically and theoretically investigate the behavior of ensembles of self-spinning dimers. We find that geometric frustration of dimer rotation by interactions yields spatiotemporal order and active melting with no equilibrium counterparts. At low density, the spinning dimers self-assemble into a triangular lattice with their orientations phase-locked into spatially periodic phases. The phase-locked patterns form dynamical analogs of the ground states of various spin models, transitioning from the three-state Potts antiferromagnet at low densities to the striped herringbone phase of planar quadrupoles at higher densities. As the density is raised further, the competition between active rotations and interactions leads to melting of the active spinner crystal. Emergent edge currents, whose direction is set by the chirality of the active spinning, arise as a nonequilibrium signature of the transition to the active spinner liquid and vanish when the system eventually undergoes kinetic arrest at very high densities. Our findings may be realized in systems ranging from liquid crystal and colloidal experiments to tabletop realizations using macroscopic chiral grains.
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35
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Yeo K, Lushi E, Vlahovska PM. Dynamics of inert spheres in active suspensions of micro-rotors. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5645-5652. [PMID: 27265340 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inert particles suspended in active fluids of self-propelled particles are known to often exhibit enhanced diffusion and novel coherent structures. Here we numerically investigate the dynamical behavior and self-organization in a system consisting of passive and actively rotating spheres of the same size. The particles interact through direct collisions and the fluid flows generated as they move. In the absence of passive particles, three states emerge in a binary mixture of spinning spheres depending on particle fraction: a dilute gas-like state where the rotors move chaotically, a phase-separated state where like-rotors move in lanes or vortices, and a jammed state where crystals continuously assemble, melt and move (K. Yeo, E. Lushi, and P. M. Vlahovska, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2015, 114, 188301). Passive particles added to the rotor suspension modify the system dynamics and pattern formation: while states identified in the pure active suspension still emerge, they occur at different densities and mixture proportions. The dynamical behavior of the inert particles is also non-trivially dependent on the system composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongmin Yeo
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
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36
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Elasticity-induced force reversal between active spinning particles in dense passive media. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11325. [PMID: 27112961 PMCID: PMC4853433 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-organization of active particles is governed by their dynamic effective interactions. Such interactions are controlled by the medium in which such active agents reside. Here we study the interactions between active agents in a dense non-active medium. Our system consists of actuated, spinning, active particles embedded in a dense monolayer of passive, or non-active, particles. We demonstrate that the presence of the passive monolayer alters markedly the properties of the system and results in a reversal of the forces between active spinning particles from repulsive to attractive. The origin of such reversal is due to the coupling between the active stresses and elasticity of the system. This discovery provides a mechanism for the interaction between active agents in complex and structured media, opening up opportunities to tune the interaction range and directionality via the mechanical properties of the medium. Physics out-of-equilibrium is necessary to understand a variety of interactions, for example in biological systems. Here, the authors show that the interactions between non-Brownian active spinning particles can change from repulsive to attractive depending on the properties of the surrounding passive medium.
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37
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Snezhko A. Complex collective dynamics of active torque-driven colloids at interfaces. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Sabrina S, Spellings M, Glotzer SC, Bishop KJM. Coarsening dynamics of binary liquids with active rotation. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8409-8416. [PMID: 26345231 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01753j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Active matter comprised of many self-driven units can exhibit emergent collective behaviors such as pattern formation and phase separation in both biological (e.g., mussel beds) and synthetic (e.g., colloidal swimmers) systems. While these behaviors are increasingly well understood for ensembles of linearly self-propelled "particles", less is known about the collective behaviors of active rotating particles where energy input at the particle level gives rise to rotational particle motion. A recent simulation study revealed that active rotation can induce phase separation in mixtures of counter-rotating particles in 2D. In contrast to that of linearly self-propelled particles, the phase separation of counter-rotating fluids is accompanied by steady convective flows that originate at the fluid-fluid interface. Here, we investigate the influence of these flows on the coarsening dynamics of actively rotating binary liquids using a phenomenological, hydrodynamic model that combines a Cahn-Hilliard equation for the fluid composition with a Navier-Stokes equation for the fluid velocity. The effect of active rotation is introduced though an additional force within the Navier-Stokes equations that arises due to gradients in the concentrations of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotating particles. Depending on the strength of active rotation and that of frictional interactions with the stationary surroundings, we observe and explain new dynamical behaviors such as "active coarsening" via self-generated flows as well as the emergence of self-propelled "vortex doublets". We confirm that many of the qualitative behaviors identified by the continuum model can also be found in discrete, particle-based simulations of actively rotating liquids. Our results highlight further opportunities for achieving complex dissipative structures in active materials subject to distributed actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Sabrina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Matthew Spellings
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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39
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Li S, Jiang H, Hou Z. Effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the crystallization of passive and active colloidal systems. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5712-5718. [PMID: 26081556 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00768b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of hydrodynamic interactions (HI) on the crystallization of a two-dimensional suspension of colloidal particles have been investigated, by applying a multiscale simulation method combining multiparticle collision dynamics for solvent particles with standard molecular dynamics for the colloids. For a passive system, we find that HI slightly shifts the freezing point to a smaller density, while the equilibrium structure remains nearly unchanged for a given global order parameter. For an active system, however, HI can significantly shift the freezing density to a higher value and the freezing transition becomes more continuous compared to its passive counterpart. This HI-induced shift becomes more remarkable with increasing propelling force. In addition, HI may also enhance the structural heterogeneities in an active system. For both passive and active systems, it is shown that HI can accelerate the relaxation process to their final steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscales, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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40
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Yeo K, Lushi E, Vlahovska PM. Collective dynamics in a binary mixture of hydrodynamically coupled microrotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:188301. [PMID: 26001020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.188301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study, numerically, the collective dynamics of self-rotating nonaligning particles by considering a monolayer of spheres driven by constant clockwise or counterclockwise torques. We show that hydrodynamic interactions alter the emergence of large-scale dynamical patterns compared to those observed in dry systems. In dilute suspensions, the flow stirred by the rotors induces clustering of opposite-spin rotors, while at higher densities same-spin rotors phase separate. Above a critical rotor density, dynamic hexagonal crystals form. Our findings underscore the importance of inclusion of the many-body, long-range hydrodynamic interactions in predicting the phase behavior of active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongmin Yeo
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Enkeleida Lushi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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