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Sartori P, Yadav RS, del Barrio J, DeSimone A, Sánchez‐Somolinos C. Photochemically Induced Propulsion of a 4D Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomer Biomimetic Swimmer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308561. [PMID: 38590131 PMCID: PMC11220691 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Underwater organisms exhibit sophisticated propulsion mechanisms, enabling them to navigate fluid environments with exceptional dexterity. Recently, substantial efforts have focused on integrating these movements into soft robots using smart shape-changing materials, particularly by using light for their propulsion and control. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including slow response times and the need of powerful light beams to actuate the robot. This last can result in unintended sample heating and potentially necessitate tracking specific actuation spots on the swimmer. To tackle these challenges, new azobenzene-containing photopolymerizable inks are introduced, which can be processed by extrusion printing into liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) elements of precise shape and morphology. These LCEs exhibit rapid and significant photomechanical response underwater, driven by moderate-intensity ultraviolet (UV) and green light, being the actuation mechanism predominantly photochemical. Inspired by nature, a biomimetic four-lapped ephyra-like LCE swimmer is printed. The periodically illumination of the entire swimmer with moderate-intensity UV and green light, induces synchronous lappet bending toward the light source and swimmer propulsion away from the light. The platform eliminates the need of localized laser beams and tracking systems to monitor the swimmer's motion through the fluid, making it a versatile tool for creating light-fueled robotic LCE free-swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sartori
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC‐Universidad de ZaragozaDepartamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaZaragoza50009Spain
| | - Rahul Singh Yadav
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC‐Universidad de ZaragozaDepartamento de Química OrgánicaZaragoza50009Spain
| | - Jesús del Barrio
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC‐Universidad de ZaragozaDepartamento de Química OrgánicaZaragoza50009Spain
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- The BioRobotics InstituteScuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPisa56127Italy
- SISSA‐Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi AvanzatiTrieste34136Italy
| | - Carlos Sánchez‐Somolinos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC‐Universidad de ZaragozaDepartamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaZaragoza50009Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y NanomedicinaInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIZaragoza50018Spain
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2
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You Y, Golestani YM, Broer DJ, Yang T, Zhou G, Selinger RLB, Yuan D, Liu D. Transforming patterned defects into dynamic poly-regional topographies in liquid crystal oligomers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3178-3186. [PMID: 38666445 PMCID: PMC11216033 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
We create high-aspect-ratio dynamic poly-regional surface topographies in a coating of a main-chain liquid crystal oligomer network (LCON). The topographies form at the topological defects in the director pattern organized in an array which are controlled by photopatterning of the alignment layer. The defect regions are activated by heat and/or light irradiation to form reversible topographic structures. Intrinsically, the LCON is rubbery and sensitive to temperature changes, resulting in shape transformations. We further advanced such system to make it light-responsive by incorporating azobenzene moieties. Actuation reduces the molecular order of the LCON coating that remains firmly adhered to the substrate which gives directional shear stresses around the topological defects. The stresses relax by deforming the surfaces by forming elevations or indents, depending on the type of defects. The formed topographies exhibit various features, including two types of protrusions, ridges and valleys. These poly-regional structures exhibit a large modulation amplitude of close to 60%, which is 6 times larger than the ones formed in liquid crystal networks (LCNs). After cooling or by blue light irradiation, the topographies are erased to the initial flat surface. A finite element method (FEM) model is adopted to simulate structures of surface topographies. These dynamic surface topographies with multilevel textures and large amplitude expand the application range, from haptics, controlled cell growth, to intelligent surfaces with adjustable adhesion and tribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin You
- Joint Research Lab of Devices Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Youssef M Golestani
- Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Tinghong Yang
- Joint Research Lab of Devices Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Joint Research Lab of Devices Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Robin L B Selinger
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Dong Yuan
- Joint Research Lab of Devices Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Danqing Liu
- Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven 5612AE, The Netherlands
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3
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Peeketi AR, Joseph E, Swaminathan N, Annabattula RK. Photo-activated dynamic isomerization induced large density changes in liquid crystal polymers: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:104902. [PMID: 38465687 DOI: 10.1063/5.0187320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the physics underpinning the light-induced density changes caused by the dynamic trans-cis-trans isomerization cycles of azo-mesogens embedded in a liquid crystal polymer network, an intriguing experimental observation reported in the literature. We employ two approaches, cyclic and probabilistic switching of isomers, to simulate dynamic isomerization. The cyclic switching of isomers confirms that dynamic isomerization can lead to density changes at specific switch-time intervals. The probabilistic switching approach further deciphers the physics behind the non-monotonous relation between density reduction and light intensities observed in experiments. Light intensity variations in experiments are accounted for in simulations by varying the trans-cis and cis-trans isomerization probabilities. The simulations show that an optimal combination of these two probabilities results in a maximum density reduction, corroborating the experimental observations. At such an optimal combination of probabilities, the dynamic trans-cis-trans isomerization cycles occur at a specific frequency, causing significant distortion in the polymer network, resulting in a maximum density reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Reddy Peeketi
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Edwin Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Narasimhan Swaminathan
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ratna Kumar Annabattula
- Center for Soft and Biological Matter, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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4
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Li S, Aizenberg M, Lerch MM, Aizenberg J. Programming Deformations of 3D Microstructures: Opportunities Enabled by Magnetic Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:1008-1019. [PMID: 38148997 PMCID: PMC10749463 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic structures that undergo controlled movement are crucial building blocks for developing new technologies applicable to robotics, healthcare, and sustainable self-regulated materials. Yet, programming motion is nontrivial, and particularly at the microscale it remains a fundamental challenge. At the macroscale, movement can be controlled by conventional electric, pneumatic, or combustion-based machinery. At the nanoscale, chemistry has taken strides in enabling molecularly fueled movement. Yet in between, at the microscale, top-down fabrication becomes cumbersome and expensive, while bottom-up chemical self-assembly and amplified molecular motion does not reach the necessary sophistication. Hence, new approaches that converge top-down and bottom-up methods and enable motional complexity at the microscale are urgently needed. Synthetic anisotropic materials (e.g., liquid crystalline elastomers, LCEs) with encoded molecular anisotropy that are shaped into arbitrary geometries by top-down fabrication promise new opportunities to implement controlled actuation at the microscale. In such materials, motional complexity is directly linked to the built-in molecular anisotropy that can be "activated" by external stimuli. So far, encoding the desired patterns of molecular directionality has relied mostly on either mechanical or surface alignment techniques, which do not allow the decoupling of molecular and geometric features, severely restricting achievable material shapes and thus limiting attainable actuation patterns, unless complex multimaterial constructs are fabricated. Electromagnetic fields have recently emerged as possible alternatives to provide 3D control over local anisotropy, independent of the geometry of a given 3D object. The combination of magnetic alignment and soft lithography, in particular, provides a powerful platform for the rapid, practical, and facile production of microscale soft actuators with field-defined local anisotropy. Recent work has established the feasibility of this approach with low magnetic field strengths (in the lower mT range) and comparably simple setups used for the fabrication of the microactuators, in which magnetic fields can be engineered through arrangement of permanent magnets. This workflow gives access to microstructures with unusual spatial patterning of molecular alignment and has enabled a multitude of nontrivial deformation types that would not be possible to program by any other means at the micron scale. A range of "activating" stimuli can be used to put these structures in motion, and the type of the trigger plays a key role too: directional and dynamic stimuli (such as light) make it possible to activate the patterned anisotropic material locally and transiently, which enables one to achieve and further program motional complexity and communication in microactuators. In this Account, we will discuss recent advances in magnetic alignment of molecular anisotropy and its use in soft lithography and related fabrication approaches to create LCE microactuators. We will examine how design choices-from the molecular to the fabrication and the operational levels-control and define the achievable LCE deformations. We then address the role of stimuli in realizing the motional complexity and how one can engineer feedback within and communication between microactuator arrays fabricated by soft lithography. Overall, we outline emerging strategies that make possible a completely new approach to designing for desired sets of motions of active, microscale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucong Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Aizenberg
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael M. Lerch
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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5
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von Seggern N, Oehlsen N, Moudrakovski I, Stegbauer L. Photomodulation of the Mechanical Properties and Photo-Actuation of Chitosan-Based Thin Films Modified with an Azobenzene-Derivative. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2308939. [PMID: 38037759 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A sophisticated comprehension of the impacts of photoisomerization and photothermal phenomena on biogenic and responsive materials can provide a guiding framework for future applications. Herein, the procedure to manufacture homogeneous chitosan-based smart thin films are reported by incorporating the light-responsive azobenzene-derivative Sodium-4-[(4-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)diazen-yl]-benzenesulfonate (TEGABS) in the biopolymer through electrostatic interactions. When irradiated with UV-light the TEGABS/chitosan films show a biresponse, comprising the E→Z photoisomerization with a half-life of 13 - 20 h and the light-induced evaporation of residual moisture leading to an increase in the reduced indentation modulus (up to 49%) and hardness. Freestanding films of TEGABS/chitosan show actuation up to 13° while irradiated with UV-light. This work shows the potential of biogenic polysaccharides in the design of biresponsive materials with photomodulated mechanical properties and unveils the link between the humidity of the environment, residual moisture, and the photomodulation of the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils von Seggern
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nina Oehlsen
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Now at: Biogenic engineering materials, Tu Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linus Stegbauer
- Bioinspired Structural Material Chemistry, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Now at: Biogenic engineering materials, Tu Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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6
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Ube T, Suka I, Ogikubo S, Hashimoto G, Suda M, Yamamoto HM, Ikeda T. Inducing Motions of Polymers in Liquid Nitrogen with Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306402. [PMID: 37867200 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials that show macroscopic deformation in response to external stimuli are feasible for novel soft actuators including microactuators. Incorporation of photochromic moieties, such as azobenzenes, into polymer networks enables macroscopic deformation under irradiation with light through photoisomerization. Under cryogenic conditions, however, it has been difficult to induce macroscopic deformation as polymers lose their soft nature due to the severe restrictions of molecular motions. Here, activation of molecular motions and macroscopic deformation in liquid nitrogen only with light for polymers containing photochromic moieties is reported. Photoinduced bending of polymer networks with normal azobenzenes in liquid nitrogen is enabled by preliminary UV irradiation at room temperature to produce cis-isomers. To realize photoinduced deformation directly in liquid nitrogen, polymer networks are functionalized with bridged azobenzenes, which exist as cis-isomers in thermodynamic equilibrium. The films with bridged azobenzenes exhibit reversible photoisomerization and bending upon irradiation with light in liquid nitrogen without the need of preliminary irradiation, implying that the change in conformation of polymer chains can be isothermally induced even under cryogenic conditions. Achievement of flexible motions under cryogenic conditions through isothermal processes will greatly expand the operating temperature range of soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ube
- Research & Development Initiative, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ikumi Suka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Shunya Ogikubo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Gaku Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masayuki Suda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | | | - Tomiki Ikeda
- Research & Development Initiative, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
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7
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Schultzke S, Scheuring N, Puylaert P, Lehmann M, Staubitz A. A Photomechanical Film in which Liquid Crystal Design Shifts the Absorption into the Visible Light Range. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302692. [PMID: 37661584 PMCID: PMC10602558 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymer networks (LCN) with azobenzene monomers bend reversibly under UV-light irradiation, combining photomechanical and photothermal effects. However, the harmful nature of UV-light limits their use in biology and soft robotics. Although visible light-absorbing tetra-ortho-fluoro-substituted azobenzenes exist, liquid crystalline monomers have never been prepared. Previously, such azobenzenes were added as photoactive additives (up to 10%) to otherwise passive liquid crystalline polymer networks. In this work, a molecular design of a liquid crystalline, polymerizable azobenzene switchable by visible light is presented. The monomer assembles in a highly fluid nematic phase, but polymerizes in a layered smectic C phase. The films are produced solely from the monomer without additional liquid crystalline components and are actuated with visible light. Bending experiments in air and under water differentiate photomechanical and photothermal effects. Remarkably, a 60 µm splay aligned film maintains its deformation for hours, slowly reverting over days. Monomer liquid crystallinity is characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and polarized optical microscopy (POM); polymer films are analyzed using WAXS and DSC on a homogeneously aligned film. The synthetic procedure is high yielding and polymer film fabrication is scalable, which enables the use of safe and efficient photomechanical LCNs in soft robotics, engineering and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schultzke
- University of BremenInstitute for Analytical and Organic ChemistryLeobener Straße 7D‐28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenMAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesBibliothekstraße 1D‐28359BremenGermany
| | - Nikolai Scheuring
- University of WürzburgInstitute of Organic ChemistryAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Pim Puylaert
- University of BremenInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyLeobener Straße 7D‐28359‐BremenGermany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- University of WürzburgInstitute of Organic ChemistryAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of BremenInstitute for Analytical and Organic ChemistryLeobener Straße 7D‐28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenMAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesBibliothekstraße 1D‐28359BremenGermany
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8
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Skačej G, Querciagrossa L, Zannoni C. On the Effects of Different trans and cis Populations in Azobenzene Liquid Crystal Elastomers: A Monte Carlo Investigation. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:5805-5815. [PMID: 37588085 PMCID: PMC10426334 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate main-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) formed by photoresponsive azobenzene units with different populations of trans and cis conformers (from fully trans to fully cis). We study their macroscopic properties as well as their molecular organization using extensive Monte Carlo simulations of a simple coarse-grained model where the trans and cis conformers are represented by soft-core biaxial Gay-Berne particles with size and interaction energy parameters obtained by fitting a bare bone azobenzene moiety represented at atomistic level. We find that increasing the fraction of cis conformers, as could be obtained by near-UV irradiation, shifts the nematic-isotropic transition to a lower temperature, consistently with experiment, while generating internal stress in a clamped sample. An analysis of pair distributions shows that the immediate surroundings of a bent cis molecule are slightly less dense and more orientationally disordered in comparison with that of a trans conformer. Comparing nematic and smectic LCEs, actuation in the smectic phase proved less effective, disrupting the smectic layers to some extent but preserving orientational order of the azobenzene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Skačej
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lara Querciagrossa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- CINECA, Via Magnanelli 6/3, I-40033 Casalecchio di Reno, Italy
| | - Claudio Zannoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Ceamanos L, Mulder DJ, Kahveci Z, López-Valdeolivas M, Schenning APHJ, Sánchez-Somolinos C. Photomechanical response under physiological conditions of azobenzene-containing 4D-printed liquid crystal elastomer actuators. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:4083-4094. [PMID: 37092961 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft and mechanically responsive actuators hold the promise to revolutionize the design and manufacturing of devices in the areas of microfluidics, soft robotics and biomedical engineering. In many of these applications, the actuators need to operate in a wet environment that can strongly affect their performance. In this paper, we report on the photomechanical response in a biological buffer of azobenzene-containing liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)-based actuators, prepared by four-dimensional (4D) printing. Although the photothermal contribution to the photoresponse is largely cancelled by the heat withdrawing capacity of the employed buffer, a significant photoinduced reversible contraction, in the range of 7% of its initial length, has been achieved under load, taking just a few seconds to reach half of the maximum contraction. Effective photomechanical work performance under physiological conditions has, therefore, been demonstrated in the 4D-printed actuators. Advantageously, the photomechanical response is not sensitive to salts present in the buffer differently to hydrogels with responses highly dependent on the fluid composition. Our work highlights the capabilities of photomechanical actuators, created using 4D printing, when operating under physiological conditions, thus showing their potential for application in the microfluidics and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ceamanos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Dirk J Mulder
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zehra Kahveci
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - María López-Valdeolivas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Zhan Y, Broer DJ, Liu D. Perspiring Soft Robotics Skin Constituted by Dynamic Polarity-Switching Porous Liquid Crystal Membrane. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211143. [PMID: 36608160 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secretion of functional fluids is essential for affecting surface properties in ecosystems. The existing polymer membranes that mimic human skin functions are limited to secreting, either apolar or polar, liquid. However, the development of membranes that grant exchange liquid with different polarities remains a grand challenge. This process is prohibited by the mismatch of the polarity between the carrier polymer and the loaded liquid. To conquer this limitation, an innovative strategy is reported to dynamically switch the polarity of the porous membrane, thereby empowering the exchange of apolar liquid with polar liquid and vice versa. This approach incorporates a benzoic acid derivative into the original apolar polymer network. The benzoic acid dimerizes and forms hydrogen bonds, which supports the molecular alignment, but can be broken into the ionic state when subjected to alkaline treatment, changing the polarity of themembrane. Consequently, the apolar liquid can be replaced with a more polar one. This polar liquid is ejected upon safe-dose UV illumination from the membrane. Reabsorption occurs on demand by illumination of visible light or when left in contact with the membrane, spontaneously in the dark. Based on this, the consumed membrane is replenished with the same or different exchanging liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612AE, The Netherlands
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11
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Luminous Self-Assembled Fibers of Azopyridines and Quantum Dots Enabled by Synergy of Halogen Bond and Alkyl Chain Interactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238165. [PMID: 36500259 PMCID: PMC9739974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a simple approach for the fabrication of luminous self-assembled fibers based on halogen-bonded azopyridine complexes and oleic acid-modified quantum dots (QDs) is reported. The QDs uniformly align on the edge of the self-assembled fibers through the formation of van der Waals force between the alkyl chain of oleic acid on the QD surface and the alkyl chain of the halogen-bonded complexes, 15Br or 15I. Furthermore, the intermolecular interaction mechanism was elucidated by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This approach results in retention of the fluorescence properties of the QDs in the fibers. In addition, the bromine-bonded fibers can be assembled into tailored directional fibers upon evaporation of the solvent (tetrahydrofuran) when using capillaries via the capillary force. Interestingly, the mesogenic properties of the halogen-bonded complexes are preserved in the easily prepared halogen-bonded fluorescent fibers; this provides new insight into the design of functional self-assembly materials.
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12
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Kusters GLA, Storm C, van der Schoot P. Controlled gel expansion through colloid oscillation. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:044609. [PMID: 36397475 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.044609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We model the behavior of a single colloid embedded in a cross-linked polymer gel, immersed in a viscous background fluid. External fields actuate the particle into a periodic motion, which deforms the embedding matrix and creates a local microcavity, containing the particle and any free volume created by its motion. This cavity exists only as long as the particle is actuated and, when present, reduces the local density of the material, leading to swelling. We show that the model exhibits rich resonance features, but is overall characterized by clear scaling laws at low and high driving frequencies, and a pronounced resonance at intermediate frequencies. Our model predictions suggest that both the magnitude and position of the resonance can be varied by varying the material's elastic modulus or cross-linking density, whereas the local viscosity primarily has a dampening effect. Our work implies appreciable free-volume generation is possible by dispersing a collection of colloids in the medium, even at the level of a simple superposition approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido L A Kusters
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Liu X, Liu Y. Opto‐regulation for the 2D to 3D transformation of a liquid crystal network membrane. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China
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14
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van Raak RJH, Broer DJ. Biomimetic Liquid Crystal Cilia and Flagella. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071384. [PMID: 35406258 PMCID: PMC9003437 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are a vital part of many organisms. Protozoa such as paramecia rely on the collective and coordinated beating of tubular cilia or flagella for their transport, while mammals depend on the ciliated linings of their bronchia and female reproductive tracts for the continuity of breathing and reproduction, respectively. Over the years, man has attempted to mimic these natural cilia using synthetic materials such as elastomers doped with magnetic particles or light responsive liquid crystal networks. In this review, we will focus on the progress that has been made in mimicking natural cilia and flagella using liquid crystal polymers. We will discuss the progress that has been made in mimicking natural cilia and flagella with liquid crystal polymers using techniques such as fibre drawing, additive manufacturing, or replica moulding, where we will put additional focus on the emergence of asymmetrical and out-of-plane motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J. H. van Raak
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Devices Integrated Responsive Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ji Y, Yang B, Cai F, Yu H. Regulate Surface Topography of Liquid‐Crystalline Polymer by External Stimuli. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Bowen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Feng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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16
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Astam MO, Zhan Y, Slot TK, Liu D. Active Surfaces Formed in Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22697-22705. [PMID: 35142206 PMCID: PMC9136844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in animating materials to develop dynamic surfaces. These dynamic surfaces can be utilized for advanced applications, including switchable wetting, friction, and lubrication. Dynamic surfaces can also improve existing technologies, for example, by integrating self-cleaning surfaces on solar cells. In this Spotlight on Applications, we describe our most recent advances in liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) dynamic surfaces, focusing on substrate-based topographies and dynamic porous networks. We discuss our latest insights in the mechanisms of deformation with the "free volume" principle. We illustrate the scope of LCN technology through various examples of photo-/electropatterning, free-volume channeling, oscillating/programmable network distortion, and porous LCNs. Finally, we close by discussing prominent applications of LCNs and their outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert O. Astam
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Zhan
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry K. Slot
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven AE 5612, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE
Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National
Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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17
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Duffy D, Javed M, Abdelrahman MK, Ware TH, Warner M, Biggins JS. Metric mechanics with nontrivial topology: Actuating irises, cylinders, and evertors. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:065004. [PMID: 35030939 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers contract along their director on heating and recover on cooling, offering great potential as actuators and artificial muscles. If a flat sheet is programed with a spatially varying director pattern, then it will actuate into a curved surface, allowing the material to act as a strong machine such as a grabber or lifter. Here we study the actuation of programed annular sheets which, owing to their central hole, can sidestep constraints on area and orientation. We systematically catalog the set of developable surfaces encodable via axisymmetric director patterns and uncover several qualitatively new modes of actuation, including cylinders, irises, and everted surfaces in which the inner boundary becomes the outer boundary after actuation. We confirm our designs with a combination of experiments and numerics. Many of our actuators can reattain their initial inner or outer radius upon completing actuation, making them particularly promising, as they can avoid potentially problematic stresses in their activated state even when fixed onto a frame or pipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Duffy
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - M Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M K Abdelrahman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - T H Ware
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M Warner
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - J S Biggins
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhang YS, Wang ZQ, Lin JD, Yang PC, Lee CR. Light-Switching Surface Wettability of Chiral Liquid Crystal Networks by Dynamic Change in Nanoscale Topography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100736. [PMID: 34837422 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nano- and microscale morphology endows surfaces that play conspicuous roles in natural or artificial objects with unique functions. Surfaces with dynamic regulating features capable of switching the structures, patterns, and even dimensions of their surface profiles can control friction and wettability, thus having potential applications in antibacterial, haptics, and fluid dynamics. Here, a freestanding film with light-switchable surface based on cholesteric liquid crystal networks is presented to translate 2D flat plane into a 3D nanometer-scale topography. The wettability of the interface can be controlled by hiding or revealing the geometrical features of the surfaces with light. This reversible dynamic actuation is obtained through the order parameter change of the periodic cholesteric organization under a photoalignment procedure and lithography-free mode. Complex tailored structures can be used to encrypt tactile information and improve wettability by predesigning the orientation distribution of liquid crystal director. This rapid switching nanoprecision smart surface provides a novel platform for artificial skin, optics, and functional coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Song Zhang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Qun Wang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jia-De Lin
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rong Lee
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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19
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Park JE, Won S, Cho W, Kim JG, Jhang S, Lee JG, Wie JJ. Fabrication and applications of stimuli‐responsive micro/nanopillar arrays. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyoung Won
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Woongbi Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Saebohm Jhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyeong Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Wie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea
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20
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Mizuno H, Hashimoto K, Shigenobu K, Kokubo H, Ueno K, Watanabe M. Direct Observation of Photo-Induced Reversible Sol-Gel Transition in Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Containing an Azobenzene Ionic Liquid. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100091. [PMID: 33851443 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using atomic force microscopy, the photo-induced reversible changes in a block copolymer self-assembly containing an azobenzene ionic liquid, which undergoes sol-gel transition is directly observed. This is the first report on the sol-gel transition of an ABA-type block copolymer consisting of upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type A blocks in a photoresponsive ionic liquid mixture. The sol-gel transition is accompanied by an order-to-disorder structural change, which subsequently induces a change in the ionic conductivity. Surprisingly, the photo-induced ionic conductivity and rheological changes occurs rapidly (≈30 s) despite the dense (≈80 wt%) polymeric system. The rapid structural change is probably attributable to the fast diffusion of the ionic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Hashimoto
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shigenobu
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kokubo
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
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21
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Liu B, Yang T, Mu X, Mai Z, Li H, Wang Y, Zhou G. Smart Supramolecular Self-Assembled Nanosystem: Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:448. [PMID: 33578814 PMCID: PMC7916626 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a liquid crystal (LC) state, specific orientations and alignments of LC molecules produce outstanding anisotropy in structure and properties, followed by diverse optoelectronic functions. Besides organic LC molecules, other nonclassical components, including inorganic nanomaterials, are capable of self-assembling into oriented supramolecular LC mesophases by non-covalent interactions. Particularly, huge differences in size, shape, structure and properties within these components gives LC supramolecules higher anisotropy and feasibility. Therefore, hydrogen bonds have been viewed as the best and the most common option for supramolecular LCs, owing to their high selectivity and directionality. In this review, we summarize the newest advances in self-assembled structure, stimulus-responsive capability and application of supramolecular hydrogen-bonded LC nanosystems, to provide novel and immense potential for advancing LC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Mu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijian Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.L.); (T.Y.); (X.M.); (Z.M.); (G.Z.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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22
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Wang J, Huang S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu M, Yu H. Hydrogen Bond Enhances Photomechanical Swing of Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Bilayer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6585-6596. [PMID: 33512986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical swing is common in nature, such as sound waves, wingbeat of birds, and heartbeat, which is important to convert input energy into continuous motion. Here, we report a photodriven swing actuator composed of commercially available polyimide (Kapton) and azobenzene-containing liquid-crystalline polymers. The liquid-crystalline polymers act as the photoactive layer, which were synthesized by copolymerization of one benzenecarboxylic acid-containing monomer (M6BCOOH) and one azobenzene-containing monomer (M6ABOC2) with different molar ratios. The Kapton layer with a high elastic modulus is photoinert and functions as the substrate layer. After thermal annealing, the film displays chaotic swing under continuous irradiation of actinic light. Interestingly, the swing amplitude is greatly enhanced by the existence of supramolecular hydrogen bonding in liquid-crystalline polymer films. It is the introduction of M6BCOOH to the copolymer that accelerates the trans-cis photoisomerization rate of azobenzenes. Also, it forms a hydrogen bond as physical crosslinking sites, enabling the polymer film to work as a whole. Thus, it enhances the driving force for photomechanical deformation. Moreover, it improves the elastic modulus of the photoactive layer and modulates the swing behavior of the bilayer strip. More importantly, the formation of a hydrogen bond in the form of acidic dimers has a spatial confinement effect, extending the timescale of photodriven swing. The photomechanical self-vibration of the bilayer film can be ascribed to the combination of the photoisomerization process of azobenzenes with the local photosoftening effect of liquid-crystalline polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Waste, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Waste, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Waste, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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23
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Ryabchun A, Lancia F, Katsonis N. Light-Fueled Nanoscale Surface Waving in Chiral Liquid Crystal Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4777-4784. [PMID: 33428396 PMCID: PMC7844818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and micro-actuating systems are promising for application in microfluidics, haptics, tunable optics, and soft robotics. Surfaces capable to change their topography at the nano- and microscale on demand would allow control over wettability, friction, and surface-driven particle motility. Here, we show that light-responsive cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) networks undergo a waving motion of their surface topography upon irradiation with light. These dynamic surfaces are fabricated with a maskless one-step procedure, relying on the liquid crystal alignment in periodic structures upon application of a weak electric field. The geometrical features of the surfaces are controlled by tuning the pitch of the liquid crystal. Pitch control by confinement allows engineering one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) structures that wave upon light exposure. This work demonstrates the potential that self-organizing systems might have for engineering dynamic materials, and harnessing the functionality of molecules to form dynamic surfaces, with nanoscale precision over their waving motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Lancia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Kusters GLA, Verheul IP, Tito NB, van der Schoot P, Storm C. Dynamical Landau-de Gennes theory for electrically-responsive liquid crystal networks. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:042703. [PMID: 33212707 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal networks combine the orientational order of liquid crystals with the elastic properties of polymer networks, leading to a vast application potential in the field of responsive coatings, e.g., for haptic feedback, self-cleaning surfaces, and static and dynamic pattern formation. Recent experimental work has further paved the way toward such applications by realizing the fast and reversible surface modulation of a liquid crystal network coating upon in-plane actuation with an AC electric field [Liu, Tito, and Broer, Nat. Commun. 8, 1526 (2017)10.1038/s41467-017-01448-w]. Here, we construct a Landau-type theory for electrically-responsive liquid crystal networks and perform molecular dynamics simulations to explain the findings of these experiments and inform on rational design strategies. Qualitatively, the theory agrees with our simulations and reproduces the salient experimental features. We also provide a set of testable predictions: the aspect ratio of the nematogens, their initial orientational order when cross-linked into the polymer network, and the cross-linking fraction of the network all increase the plasticization time required for the film to macroscopically deform. We demonstrate that the dynamic response to oscillating electric fields is characterized by two resonances, which can likewise be influenced by varying these parameters, providing an experimental handle to fine-tune device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido L A Kusters
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Inge P Verheul
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul van der Schoot
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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25
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Ceamanos L, Kahveci Z, López-Valdeolivas M, Liu D, Broer DJ, Sánchez-Somolinos C. Four-Dimensional Printed Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators with Fast Photoinduced Mechanical Response toward Light-Driven Robotic Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44195-44204. [PMID: 32885661 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Remote light exposure of photoresponsive liquid crystalline polymers has drawn great attention over the last years as an attractive strategy to generate mechanical work with high spatial resolution. To tailor these materials into practical engineering devices, it is of key importance to gain control over their morphology and thus precisely program their mechanical response, which must also be fast and relevant in magnitude. In this communication, we report the four-dimensional (4D) printing of azobenzene-containing liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) that respond to light. During extrusion of the LCE precursor, mesogen orientation is defined by the needle's moving direction enabling a precise definition of the director, which is later fixed by photopolymerization. Fast mechanical responses have been observed in these 4D printed LCE elements when excited with ultraviolet (UV) light. These 4D printed elements lift objects many times heavier than their own weight, demonstrating a capacity to produce effective work. Photochemical and photothermal contributions to the deformation and force have been identified. Advantageously, the use of blue and UV light excitation enables adjustment of generated forces that can be maintained even in the dark and can be released by light excitation or temperature. The demonstrated ability to generate light-responsive elements quickly delivering sufficient work paves the way for implementing remotely addressed mechanical functions to future soft robotics and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ceamanos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Zehra Kahveci
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - María López-Valdeolivas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Danqing Liu
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Broer
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Ohzono T, Norikane Y, Saed MO, Terentjev EM. Light-Driven Dynamic Adhesion on Photosensitized Nematic Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31992-31997. [PMID: 32609481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), the internal mechanical loss increases around the nematic-isotropic phase transition and remains high all through the nematic phase, originating from the internal orientational relaxation related to the so-called "soft elasticity". Because the viscoelastic dissipation of the materials affects their adhesion properties, the nematic-isotropic phase transition can cause dramatic changes in the adhesion strength. Although the phase transitions can generally be induced by heat, here, we demonstrate the light-driven transition in dynamic adhesion in dye-doped nematic LCE. The special dye is chosen to efficiently generate local heat on light absorption. The adhesion strength is lowered with fine tunability depending on the light power, which governs the effective local temperature and through that the viscoelastic damping of the system. We demonstrate the light-assisted dynamic control of adhesion in a 90°-peel test and in pick-and-release of objects, which may lead to the development of stimuli-responsive adhesive systems with fine spatio-temporal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ohzono
- Research Institute for Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- Research Institute for Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mohand O Saed
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Eugene M Terentjev
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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27
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Goulet-Hanssens A, Eisenreich F, Hecht S. Enlightening Materials with Photoswitches. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905966. [PMID: 31975456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating molecular photoswitches into various materials provides unique opportunities for controlling their properties and functions with high spatiotemporal resolution using remote optical stimuli. The great and largely still untapped potential of these photoresponsive systems has not yet been fully exploited due to the fundamental challenges in harnessing geometrical and electronic changes on the molecular level to modulate macroscopic and bulk material properties. Herein, progress made during the past decade in the field of photoswitchable materials is highlighted. After pointing to some general design principles, materials with an increasing order of the integrated photoswitchable units are discussed, spanning the range from amorphous settings over surfaces/interfaces and supramolecular ensembles, to liquid crystalline and crystalline phases. Finally, some potential future directions are pointed out in the conclusion. In view of the exciting recent achievements in the field, the future emergence and further development of light-driven and optically programmable (inter)active materials and systems are eagerly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goulet-Hanssens
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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28
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Broer DJ. On the History of Reactive Mesogens: Interview with Dirk J. Broer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905144. [PMID: 31867734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prof. Dirk Broer is among the pioneers and most active researchers in the field of stimuli-responsive liquid crystal (LC) networks. He is the inventor of reactive mesogens, a class of materials with far-reaching implications in liquid-crystal photonics and in the triumph of LC-based shape-shifting polymers. Together with his team, Prof. Broer continuously produces innovative solutions for controlling and programming new functions into soft responsive materials. Through this Interview, it is our great pleasure to gain insights into his personal views on both the past and the future, and to learn about the historical turns that led to the development of reactive mesogens as well as his vision on where the field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Broer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, SFD group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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29
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van der Kooij H, Broer DJ, Liu D, Sprakel J. Electroplasticization of Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19927-19937. [PMID: 32267679 PMCID: PMC7193546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Shape-shifting liquid crystal networks (LCNs) can transform their morphology and properties in response to external stimuli. These active and adaptive polymer materials can have impact in a diversity of fields, including haptic displays, energy harvesting, biomedicine, and soft robotics. Electrically driven transformations in LCN coatings are particularly promising for application in electronic devices, in which electrodes are easily integrated and allow for patterning of the functional response. The morphing of these coatings, which are glassy in the absence of an electric field, relies on a complex interplay between polymer viscoelasticity, liquid crystal order, and electric field properties. Morphological transformations require the material to undergo a glass transition that plasticizes the polymer sufficiently to enable volumetric and shape changes. Understanding how an alternating current can plasticize very stiff, densely cross-linked networks remains an unresolved challenge. Here, we use a nanoscale strain detection method to elucidate this electric-field-induced devitrification of LCNs. We find how a high-frequency alternating field gives rise to pronounced nanomechanical changes at a critical frequency, which signals the electrical glass transition. Across this transition, collective motion of the liquid crystal molecules causes the network to yield from within, leading to network weakening and subsequent nonlinear expansion. These results unambiguously prove the existence of electroplasticization. Fine-tuning the induced emergence of plasticity will not only enhance the surface functionality but also enable more efficient conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne
M. van der Kooij
- Physical Chemistry
and Soft Matter, Wageningen University &
Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of
Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of
Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry
and Soft Matter, Wageningen University &
Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Yang B, Cai F, Huang S, Yu H. Athermal and Soft Multi‐Nanopatterning of Azopolymers: Phototunable Mechanical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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31
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Yang B, Cai F, Huang S, Yu H. Athermal and Soft Multi‐Nanopatterning of Azopolymers: Phototunable Mechanical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4035-4042. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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32
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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33
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Pang X, Lv JA, Zhu C, Qin L, Yu Y. Photodeformable Azobenzene-Containing Liquid Crystal Polymers and Soft Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904224. [PMID: 31595576 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodeformable liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) that adapt their shapes in response to light have aroused a dramatic growth of interest in the past decades, since light as a stimulus enables the remote control and diverse deformations of materials. This review focuses on the growing research on photodeformable LCPs, including their basic actuation mechanisms, the various deformation modes, the newly designed molecular structures, and the improvement of processing techniques. Special attention is devoted to the novel molecular structures of LCPs, which allow for easy processing and alignment. The soft actuators with various deformation modes such as bending, twisting, and rolling in response to light are also covered with the emphasis on their photo-induced bionic functions. Potential applications in energy harvesting, self-cleaning surfaces, sensors, and photo-controlled microfluidics are further illustrated. The existing challenges and future directions are discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Pang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiu-An Lv
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chongyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lang Qin
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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34
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Liu L, Broer DJ, Onck PR. Travelling waves on photo-switchable patterned liquid crystal polymer films directed by rotating polarized light. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8040-8050. [PMID: 31595940 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature employs travelling waves to generate propulsion of fluids, cells and organisms. This has inspired the development of responsive material systems based on different external triggers. Especially light-actuation is suitable because of its remote control and scalability, but often complex, moving light sources are required. Here, we developed a method that only requires flood exposure by rotating the linear polarization of light to generate propagating surface waves on azobenzene-modified liquid crystalline polymer films. We built a photomechanical computational model that accounts for the attenuation of polarized light and trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene. A non-uniform in-plane distribution of the liquid crystal molecules allows for the generation of travelling surface waves whose amplitude, speed and direction can be controlled through the intensity, rotation direction and rotation speed of the linear polarization of a light source. Our method opens new avenues for motion control based on light-responsive topographical transformations for application in microfluidic lab-on-chip systems and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Micromechanics of Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Technology University of Eindhoven, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Micromechanics of Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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35
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Guo Y, Lee J, Son J, Ahn SK, Carrillo JMY, Sumpter BG. Decoding Liquid Crystal Oligomer Phase Transitions: Toward Molecularly Engineered Shape Changing Materials. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jinha Son
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jan-Michael Y. Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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36
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van der Kooij HM, Semerdzhiev SA, Buijs J, Broer DJ, Liu D, Sprakel J. Morphing of liquid crystal surfaces by emergent collectivity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3501. [PMID: 31383859 PMCID: PMC6683186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal surfaces can undergo topographical morphing in response to external cues. These shape-shifting coatings promise a revolution in various applications, from haptic feedback in soft robotics or displays to self-cleaning solar panels. The changes in surface topography can be controlled by tailoring the molecular architecture and mechanics of the liquid crystal network. However, the nanoscopic mechanisms that drive morphological transitions remain unclear. Here, we introduce a frequency-resolved nanostrain imaging method to elucidate the emergent dynamics underlying field-induced shape-shifting. We show how surface morphing occurs in three distinct stages: (i) the molecular dipoles oscillate with the alternating field (10-100 ms), (ii) this leads to collective plasticization of the glassy network (~1 s), (iii) culminating in actuation of the topography (10-100 s). The first stage appears universal and governed by dielectric coupling. By contrast, yielding and deformation rely on a delicate balance between liquid crystal order, field properties and network viscoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M van der Kooij
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Slav A Semerdzhiev
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Buijs
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612, AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612, AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Cao A, van Raak RJH, Broer DJ. Light-regulated molecular diffusion in a liquid crystal network. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4737-4742. [PMID: 31140536 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photo-responsive liquid crystal polymer networks offer promising means to generate useful functional devices, but many of them focus on their mechanical response so as to generate surface features or shape change. Here, we investigate the photomechanical effect of the polymer network for molecular transport purposes. Dual wavelength illumination of an azobenzene-functionalized cholesteric liquid crystal polymer film produces excess free volume within the film, which results in an accelerated molecular diffusion through the film. Moreover, the polarization of the UV light exposure on the cholesteric network plays an important role in a remarkable enhancement of molecular diffusion. When linearly polarized UV light rotates along with the twist of the helical axis of the cholesteric polymer, excess free volume forms sequentially from the diffusion network toward the dry network in the polymer. It works in concert with the concentration gradient of the diffusant and greatly improves the diffusion through the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Cao
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel J H van Raak
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands and SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Devices Intergrated Responsive Materials, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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38
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Babakhanova G, Yu H, Chaganava I, Wei QH, Shiller P, Lavrentovich OD. Controlled Placement of Microparticles at the Water-Liquid Crystal Elastomer Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15007-15013. [PMID: 30912438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlled placement of microparticles is of prime importance in production of microscale superstructures. In this work, we demonstrate the remote control of microparticle placement using a photoactivated surface profile of a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) coating. We employ light-responsive LCEs with preimposed patterns of molecular orientation (director) in the plane of coating. Upon UV illumination, these in-plane director distortions translate into deterministic topographic change of the LCE coating. Microparticles placed at the interface between the LCE coating and water, guided by gravity, gather at the bottom of photoinduced troughs. The effect is reversible: when the substrates are irradiated with visible light, the coatings become flat and the microparticle arrays disorganize again. The proposed noncontact manipulation of particles by photoactivated LCEs may be useful in development of drug delivery or tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irakli Chaganava
- Institute of Cybernetics of Georgian Technical University , Tbilisi 0186 , Georgia
- Georgian State Teaching University of Physical Education and Sport , Tbilisi 0162 , Georgia
| | | | - Paul Shiller
- Civil Engineering-Timken Engineered Surface Laboratory , The University of Akron , Akron 44325 , United States
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40
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Pang W, Xue J, Pang H. A High Energy Density Azobenzene/Graphene Oxide Hybrid with Weak Nonbonding Interactions for Solar Thermal Storage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5224. [PMID: 30914751 PMCID: PMC6435660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating photochromic chromophores into polymer composites provides the possibility of a reversible photoswitch of the intrinsic properties of these materials. In this paper we report a route to attach azobenzene (AZO) moiety covalently to graphene oxide (GO) to create chromophore/graphene oxide (AZO-GO) hybrid, in which GO is both part of the chromophore and the template. Due to the high grafting density of AZO moiety and the low mass of the novel structure, the hybrid is a potential solar thermal storage material with high energy density of about 240 Wh·kg-1. It is found that C-H···π interaction between the cis-AZO chromophores and the aromatic rings of the substrate induces collective electronic modifications of GO at critical percentage of cis-isomers and reduce the thermal barrier of π-π* transition of the chromophores directly, which results in two sections of first-order reactions during the photoisomerization of trans- to cis-hybrid and also thermally stabilizes the cis-hybrid. Our findings demonstrate that high-performance AZO-GO hybrid can be manipulated by optimizing intermolecular nonbonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Pang
- National Joint Engineering Laboratory of optical conversion materials and technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jijun Xue
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hua Pang
- National Joint Engineering Laboratory of optical conversion materials and technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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41
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Ma S, Li X, Huang S, Hu J, Yu H. A Light‐Activated Polymer Composite Enables On‐Demand Photocontrolled Motion: Transportation at the Liquid/Air Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2655-2659. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shudeng Ma
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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42
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Ma S, Li X, Huang S, Hu J, Yu H. A Light‐Activated Polymer Composite Enables On‐Demand Photocontrolled Motion: Transportation at the Liquid/Air Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shudeng Ma
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of EducationPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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43
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Donovan BR, Matavulj VM, Ahn SK, Guin T, White TJ. All-Optical Control of Shape. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805750. [PMID: 30417450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a unique class of anisotropic materials capable of undergoing large-scale, macroscopic deformations when exposed to light. Here, surface-aligned, azobenzene-functionalized LCEs are prepared via a radical-mediated, thiol-acrylate chain transfer reaction. A long-lived, macroscopic shape deformation is realized in an LCE composed with an o-fluorinated azobenzene (oF-azo) monomer. Under UV irradiation, the oF-azo LCE exhibits a persistent shape deformation for >72 h. By contrasting the photomechanical response of the oF-azo LCE to analogs prepared from classical and m-fluorinated azobenzene derivatives, the origin of the persistent deformation is clearly attributed to the underlying influence of positional functionalization on the kinetics of cis→trans isomerization. Informed by these studies and enabled by the salient features of light-induced deformations, oF-azo LCEs are demonstrated to undergo all-optical control of shape deformation and shape restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Donovan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Valentina M Matavulj
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Tyler Guin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Beavercreek, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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44
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Huang Z, Qi P, Liu Y, Chai C, Wang Y, Song A, Hao J. Ionic-surfactants-based thermotropic liquid crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15256-15281. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionic surfactants can be combined with various functional groups through electrostatic interaction, resulting in a series of thermotropic liquid crystals (TLCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Chunxiao Chai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Aixin Song
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan
- China
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45
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Chidanguro T, Ghimire E, Liu CH, Simon YC. Polymersomes: Breaking the Glass Ceiling? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802734. [PMID: 30369045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer vesicles, also known as polymersomes, have garnered a lot of interest even before the first report of their fabrication in the mid-1990s. These capsules have found applications in areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics and cellular models, and are made via the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, predominantly with soft, rubbery hydrophobic segments. Comparatively, and despite their remarkable impermeability, glassy polymersomes (GPs) have been less pervasive due to their rigidity, lack of biodegradability and more restricted fabrication strategies. GPs are now becoming more prominent, thanks to their ability to undergo stable shape-change (e.g., into non-spherical morphologies) as a response to a predetermined trigger (e.g., light, solvent). The basics of block copolymer self-assembly with an emphasis on polymersomes and GPs in particular are reviewed here. The principles and advantages of shape transformation of GPs as well as their general usefulness are also discussed, together with some of the challenges and opportunities currently facing this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuka Chidanguro
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Elina Ghimire
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Cheyenne H Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
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46
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Wang D, Yan Q, Zhong F, Li Y, Fu M, Meng L, Huang Y, Li L. Counterion-Induced Nanosheet-to-Nanofilament Transition of Lyotropic Bent-Core Liquid Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13006-13013. [PMID: 30299966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The smart flexibility of phase transitions in liquid crystals (LCs) makes them suitable for various applications and is an important research field in contemporary science, engineering, and technology. Unlike most reports focused on bent-core LCs in the thermotropic situation, in our present study, we designed and synthesized a fully rigid bent-core molecule with the sulfonic acid group replacing conventional flexible chains. A rich variety of counterion-induced supramolecular LC phase behaviors have been systematically investigated. It was found that the smectic phase with nanosheets tends to transform to the hexagonal phase with nanofilaments when the protons of the sulfonic acid group are partially replaced by alkali metal ions. The experimental results show that the nanoaggregate and phase transition are controlled by the displacing ratio of alkali metal ions rather than the molecular concentration. Another interesting feature is that the achiral bent-core molecules self-assemble into columns by helical stacking and present macroscopic chirality, indicating that spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking occurs in the columnar phase. The fully rigid bent-core molecules reveal surprisingly hierarchical molecular self-assemblies with the smectic-to-hexagonal phase transition, which was not previously observed in supramolecular complexes. The findings will provide new possibilities for applications in LC-based photonic devices, biosystem switches, and supramolecular actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research , Tsinghua University , Hefei 230088 , China
| | - Qi Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Fei Zhong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yahui Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Ming Fu
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research , Tsinghua University , Hefei 230088 , China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Youju Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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Reconfigurable photoactuator through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal effects. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4148. [PMID: 30297774 PMCID: PMC6175871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A reconfigurable actuator is a stimuli-responsive structure that can be programmed to adapt different shapes under identical stimulus. Reconfigurable actuators that function without control circuitry and are fueled remotely are in great demand to devise adaptive soft robotic devices. Yet, obtaining fast and reliable reconfiguration remains a grand challenge. Here we report a facile fabrication pathway towards reconfigurability, through synergistic use of photochemical and photothermal responses in light-active liquid crystal polymer networks. We utilize azobenzene photoisomerization to locally control the cis-isomer content and to program the actuator response, while subsequent photothermal stimulus actuates the structure, leading to shape morphing. We demonstrate six different shapes reconfigured from one single actuator under identical illumination conditions, and a light-fueled smart gripper that can be commanded to either grip and release or grip and hold an object after ceasing the illumination. We anticipate this work to enable all-optical control over actuator performance, paving way towards reprogrammable soft micro-robotics.
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48
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Seki T. A Wide Array of Photoinduced Motions in Molecular and Macromolecular Assemblies at Interfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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49
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Wang W, Timonen JVI, Carlson A, Drotlef DM, Zhang CT, Kolle S, Grinthal A, Wong TS, Hatton B, Kang SH, Kennedy S, Chi J, Blough RT, Sitti M, Mahadevan L, Aizenberg J. Multifunctional ferrofluid-infused surfaces with reconfigurable multiscale topography. Nature 2018; 559:77-82. [PMID: 29942075 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developing adaptive materials with geometries that change in response to external stimuli provides fundamental insights into the links between the physical forces involved and the resultant morphologies and creates a foundation for technologically relevant dynamic systems1,2. In particular, reconfigurable surface topography as a means to control interfacial properties3 has recently been explored using responsive gels4, shape-memory polymers5, liquid crystals6-8 and hybrid composites9-14, including magnetically active slippery surfaces12-14. However, these designs exhibit a limited range of topographical changes and thus a restricted scope of function. Here we introduce a hierarchical magneto-responsive composite surface, made by infiltrating a ferrofluid into a microstructured matrix (termed ferrofluid-containing liquid-infused porous surfaces, or FLIPS). We demonstrate various topographical reconfigurations at multiple length scales and a broad range of associated emergent behaviours. An applied magnetic-field gradient induces the movement of magnetic nanoparticles suspended in the ferrofluid, which leads to microscale flow of the ferrofluid first above and then within the microstructured surface. This redistribution changes the initially smooth surface of the ferrofluid (which is immobilized by the porous matrix through capillary forces) into various multiscale hierarchical topographies shaped by the size, arrangement and orientation of the confining microstructures in the magnetic field. We analyse the spatial and temporal dynamics of these reconfigurations theoretically and experimentally as a function of the balance between capillary and magnetic pressures15-19 and of the geometric anisotropy of the FLIPS system. Several interesting functions at three different length scales are demonstrated: self-assembly of colloidal particles at the micrometre scale; regulated flow of liquid droplets at the millimetre scale; and switchable adhesion and friction, liquid pumping and removal of biofilms at the centimetre scale. We envision that FLIPS could be used as part of integrated control systems for the manipulation and transport of matter, thermal management, microfluidics and fouling-release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andreas Carlson
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cathy T Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Kolle
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison Grinthal
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tak-Sing Wong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Joshua Chi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Thomas Blough
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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50
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Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Responsive Thermotropic Liquid Crystals Based on Azobenzene. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of new thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) containing azobenzene units was synthesized. The structures of the compounds were characterized by means of NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Their mesomorphic behaviors were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). Based on the POM and DSC measurements, the optical properties of the Razo-ester were tested using UV-vis spectroscopy. The azobenzene side chain displayed a strong ability to influence the formation of thermotropic LCs.
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