1
|
Cagnoni AJ, Massaro M, Cutine AM, Gimeno A, Pérez-Sáez JM, Manselle Cocco MN, Maller SM, Di Lella S, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ardá A, Rabinovich GA, Mariño KV. Exploring galectin interactions with human milk oligosaccharides and blood group antigens identifies BGA6 as a functional galectin-4 ligand. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107573. [PMID: 39009340 PMCID: PMC11367503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins (Gals), a family of multifunctional glycan-binding proteins, have been traditionally defined as β-galactoside binding lectins. However, certain members of this family have shown selective affinity toward specific glycan structures including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and blood group antigens. In this work, we explored the affinity of human galectins (particularly Gal-1, -3, -4, -7, and -12) toward a panel of oligosaccharides including HMOs and blood group antigens using a complementary approach based on both experimental and computational techniques. While prototype Gal-1 and Gal-7 exhibited differential affinity for type I versus type II Lac/LacNAc residues and recognized fucosylated neutral glycans, chimera-type Gal-3 showed high binding affinity toward poly-LacNAc structures including LNnH and LNnO. Notably, the tandem-repeat human Gal-12 showed preferential recognition of 3-fucosylated glycans, a unique feature among members of the galectin family. Finally, Gal-4 presented a distinctive glycan-binding activity characterized by preferential recognition of specific blood group antigens, also validated by saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. Particularly, we identified oligosaccharide blood group A antigen tetraose 6 (BGA6) as a biologically relevant Gal-4 ligand, which specifically inhibited interleukin-6 secretion induced by this lectin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These findings highlight unique determinants underlying specific recognition of HMOs and blood group antigens by human galectins, emphasizing the biological relevance of Gal-4-BGA6 interactions, with critical implications in the development and regulation of inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Massaro
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabela M Cutine
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan M Pérez-Sáez
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Montana N Manselle Cocco
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián M Maller
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Di Lella
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic & Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, Leioa, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Programa de Glicoinmunología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Instituto de Tecnología (INTEC), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tao M, Yang L, Zhao C, Zhao M, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Mu W. Implementation of a Quorum-Sensing System for Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of Lacto- N-neotetraose in Engineered Escherichia coli MG1655. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7179-7186. [PMID: 38520358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), a prominent neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), serves as a pivotal structural element in complex HMO biosynthesis. Given its promising health effects for infants, the biosynthesis of LNnT is garnering greater interest. Using a previously engineered strain as a chassis, a highly effective LNnT producer was constructed. First, LNnT synthesis in Escherichia coli MG1655 was achieved by introducing β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase LgtA and β1,4-galactosyltransferase CpsIaJ, coupled with the optimization of enzyme expression levels using various promoters. Subsequently, ugd underwent disruption, and the galE gene was enhanced by replacing its promoter with PJ23119 or Ptac. Then, a lux-type quorum sensing (QS) system was applied to achieve varied metabolic regulation. Additionally, systematic optimization of the QS promoters was conducted to further improve the LNnT titer in the shake flask. Finally, the extracellular titer of LNnT was 20.33 g/L, accompanied by a productivity of 0.41 g/L/h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- Bloomature Biotechnology Corporation, Limited, Beijing 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poddar S, Roy R, Kar P. Elucidating the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens and their interactions with the rotavirus spike protein through computational lens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37909470 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the conformational dynamics of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and their interactions with the VP8* domain of four rotavirus genotypes (P[4], P[6], P[19], and P[11]) utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water. Our study revealed distinct changes in the dynamic behavior of the same glycan due to linkage variations. We observed that LNFPI HBGA having a terminal β linkage shows two dominant conformations after complexation, whereas only one was obtained for LNFPI with a terminal α linkage. Interestingly, both variants displayed a single dominant structure in the free state. Similarly, LNT and LNnT show a shift in their dihedral linkage profile between their two terminal monosaccharides because of a change in the linkage from β(1-3) to β(1-4). The molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) calculations yielded the highest binding affinity for LNFPI(β)/P[6] (-13.93 kcal/mol) due to the formation of numerous hydrogen bonds between VP8* and HBGAs. LNnT binds more strongly to P[11] (-12.88 kcal/mol) than LNT (-4.41 kcal/mol), suggesting a single change in the glycan linkage might impact its binding profile significantly. We have also identified critical amino acids and monosaccharides (Gal and GlcNAc) that contributed significantly to the protein-ligand binding through the per-residue decomposition of binding free energy. Moreover, we found that the interaction between the same glycan and different protein receptors within the same rotavirus genogroup influenced the micro-level dynamics of the glycan. Overall, our study helps a deeper understanding of the H-type HBGA and rotavirus spike protein interaction.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang L, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent progress in health effects and biosynthesis of lacto- N-tetraose, the most dominant core structure of human milk oligosaccharide. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6802-6811. [PMID: 36744615 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2175197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are a group of complex carbohydrates highly abundant in human milk, have been recognized as critical functional biomolecules for infant health. Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is one of the most abundant HMO members and the most dominant core structure of HMO. The promising physiological effects of LNT have been well documented, including prebiotic property, antiadhesive antimicrobial activity, and antiviral effect. Its safety has been evaluated and it has been commercially added to infant formula as a functional ingredient. Because of great commercial importance of LNT, increasing attention has been paid to its highly efficient biological production. In particular, microbial synthesis based on metabolic engineering displays obvious advantages in large-scale production of LNT. This review contains important information about the recent progress in physiological effects, safety evaluation, and biosynthesis of LNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raev S, Amimo J, Saif L, Vlasova A. Intestinal mucin-type O-glycans: the major players in the host-bacteria-rotavirus interactions. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2197833. [PMID: 37020288 PMCID: PMC10078158 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2197833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes severe diarrhea in young children and animals worldwide. Several glycans terminating in sialic acids (SAs) and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) surface have been recognized to act as attachment sites for RV. IECs are protected by the double layer of mucus of which O-glycans (including HBGAs and SAs) are a major organic component. Luminal mucins, as well as bacterial glycans, can act as decoy molecules removing RV particles from the gut. The composition of the intestinal mucus is regulated by complex O-glycan-specific interactions among the gut microbiota, RV and the host. In this review, we highlight O-glycan-mediated interactions within the intestinal lumen prior to RV attachment to IECs. A better understanding of the role of mucus is essential for the development of alternative therapeutic tools including the use of pre- and probiotics to control RV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - J.O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L.J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - A.N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu M, Li M, Miao M, Zhang T. Engineering Escherichia coli for the High-Titer Biosynthesis of Lacto- N-tetraose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8704-8712. [PMID: 35731707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), a member of the human milk oligosaccharides family, has received widespread attention because of its importance in infant health. We constructed a whole-cell biotransformation method in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) for high-titer LNT synthesis. The approach was performed by using a systematic design and metabolic engineering based on the metabolic pathway of LNT. The lgtA (encoding β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase) and wbgO (encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase) genes were introduced into the engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) to construct an LNT-producing starting strain B1 (0.22 g/L). Then, the genes related to the LNT metabolic pathway were screened in two vectors to evaluate LNT synthesis. The lgtA-wbgO and galE-galT-galK genes were overexpressed through the two-plasmid system in E. coli BL21(DE3). The titer of LNT (3.42 g/L) had a gain of 14.55 times compared with that of B1. Furthermore, the ugd gene, which was associated with the UDP-Gal bypass pathway, was inactivated to further improve LNT production in shake-flask cultivation (4.14 g/L). The final fed-batch cultivation of the engineered strain produced 31.56 g/L of LNT. This study provided a strategy for the effective production of LNT in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu L, Salmen W, Sankaran B, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Novel fold of rotavirus glycan-binding domain predicted by AlphaFold2 and determined by X-ray crystallography. Commun Biol 2022; 5:419. [PMID: 35513489 PMCID: PMC9072675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The VP8* domain of spike protein VP4 in group A and C rotaviruses, which cause epidemic gastroenteritis in children, exhibits a conserved galectin-like fold for recognizing glycans during cell entry. In group B rotavirus, which causes significant diarrheal outbreaks in adults, the VP8* domain (VP8*B) surprisingly lacks sequence similarity with VP8* of group A or group C rotavirus. Here, by using the recently developed AlphaFold2 for ab initio structure prediction and validating the predicted model by determining a 1.3-Å crystal structure, we show that VP8*B exhibits a novel fold distinct from the galectin fold. This fold with a β-sheet clasping an α-helix represents a new fold for glycan recognition based on glycan array screening, which shows that VP8*B recognizes glycans containing N-acetyllactosamine moiety. Although uncommon, our study illustrates how evolution can incorporate structurally distinct folds with similar functionality in a homologous protein within the same virus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Glycomics and Molecular Interactions Core (EGMIC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Glycomics and Molecular Interactions Core (EGMIC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang P, Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent Advances on Lacto- N-neotetraose, a Commercially Added Human Milk Oligosaccharide in Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4534-4547. [PMID: 35385279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as the important prebiotics and display many unique health effects for infants. Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), an abundant HMO, attracts increasing attention because of its unique beneficial effects to infants and great commercial importance. It occurs in all groups of human milk, but the concentration generally decreases gradually with the lactation period. It has superior prebiotic property for infants, and its other health effects have also been verified, including being immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, preventing necrotizing enterocolitis, antiadhesive antimicrobials, antiviral activity, and promoting maturation of intestinal epithelial cells. Safety evaluation and clinical trial studies suggest that LNnT is safe and well-tolerant for infants. It has been commercially added as a functional ingredient in infant formula. LNnT can be synthesized via chemical, enzymatic, or cell factory approachs, among which the metabolic engineering-based cell factory synthesis is considered to be the most practical and effective. In this article, the occurrence and physiological effects of LNnT were reviewed in detail, the safety evaluation and regulation status of LNnT were described, various approaches to LNnT synthesis were comprehensively summarized and compared, and the future perspectives of LNnT-related studies were provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ranshing S, Ganorkar N, Ramji S, Gopalkrishna V. Complete genomic analysis of uncommon G12P[11] rotavirus causing a nosocomial outbreak of acute diarrhea in the newborns in New Delhi, India. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2613-2623. [PMID: 34811775 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the major causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children, but in neonates, RV infections are generally nosocomial in origin and mostly asymptomatic. However, there have been infrequent reports of nosocomial outbreaks of clinical disease in this population. In this study, we describe uncommon RV genotype; G12P[11] associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in New Delhi, North India. Full-genome analyses of the pathogenic G12P[11] strain was carried out to map the genotype constellation and further to explore the variations in the antigenic epitopes on the immunodominant VP7 and VP4 proteins, the amino acid sequences were compared with neonatal strains; ROTAVAC® (G9P[11]) and asymptomatic G12P[11] and also other G/P-type matched strains. The study revealed G12-P[11]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 human Wa-like genotype constellation and highlights evidence of gene reassortment. No significant differences were observed in the sequences of structural (except VP3) and nonstructural encoding genes of G12P[11] strains recovered from symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. Presence of additional N-linked glycosylation site was noted in the G12 strains, as a consequence of a change from Asp→Asn at amino acid position 238. Interestingly, only two and four amino acids substitution within the 7-1a and 8-1 antigenic epitope were observed, respectively, compared with asymptomatic G12P[11] strain. The study emphasizes the importance of close monitoring of RV outbreaks in neonates for early alarming of novel strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Ranshing
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nital Ganorkar
- Enteric Viruses Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Siddarth Ramji
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Babji S, Sindhu KN, Selvarajan S, Ramani S, Venugopal S, Khakha SA, Hemavathy P, Ganesan SK, Giri S, Reju S, Gopalakrishnan K, Ninan B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Srikanth P, Kang G. Persistence of G10P[11] neonatal rotavirus infections in southern India. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104989. [PMID: 34607240 PMCID: PMC8556361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neonatal rotavirus infections are predominantly caused by distinct genotypes restricted to this age-group and are mostly asymptomatic. Method: Stool samples from neonates admitted for >48 h in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Vellore (2014–2015) and Chennai (2015–2016) in southern India, and from neonates born at hospitals in Vellore but not admitted to NICUs (2015–2016) were tested for rotavirus by ELISA and genotyped by hemi-nested RT-PCR. Results: Of 791 neonates, 150 and 336 were recruited from Vellore and Chennai NICUs, and 305 were born in five hospitals in Vellore. Positivity rates in the three settings were 49.3% (74/150), 29.5% (99/336) and 54% (164/305), respectively. G10P[11] was the commonly identified genotype in 87.8% (65/74), 94.9% (94/99) and 98.2% (161/164) of the neonates in Vellore and Chennai NICUs, and those born at Vellore hospitals, respectively. Neonates delivered by lower segment cesarian section (LSCS) at Vellore hospitals, not admitted to NICUs, had a significantly higher odds of acquiring rotavirus infection compared to those delivered vaginally [p = 0.002, OR = 2.4 (1.4–4.3)]. Conclusions: This report demonstrates the persistence of G10P[11] strain in Vellore and Chennai, indicating widespread neonatal G10P[11] strain in southern India and their persistence over two decades, leading to interesting questions about strain stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Sribal Selvarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Srinivasan Venugopal
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Shainey Alokit Khakha
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Priya Hemavathy
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Ganesan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sudhabharathi Reju
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Krithika Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Binu Ninan
- Department of Neonatology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections at University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain
| | - Padma Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Y, Li Z, Luo G, Wu H, Zhang W, Mu W. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Efficient Biosynthesis of Lacto- N-tetraose Using a Novel β-1,3-Galactosyltransferase from Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11342-11349. [PMID: 34436880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) attract considerable interest in recent years because of their particular role in infant health. Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), one of the most abundant HMOs, has been commercially added in the infant formula as a functional fortifier. In this study, a novel LNT-producing β-1,3-galactosyltransferase (β-1,3-GalT) from Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans was screened from 14 putative candidates, and a highly LNT-producing metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain was constructed based on a previously constructed lacto-N-triose II (LNT II)-producing strain, by strengthening UDP-galactose synthesis and introduction of P. ferrooxidans β-1,3-GalT. The engineered strain produced 3.11 and 25.49 g/L LNT in shake-flask and fed-batch cultivation, with the molar conversion ratio of LNT II to LNT of 88.15 and 85.09%, respectively. The productivity and specific yield of LNT in fed-batch cultivation were measured to be 0.61 g/L·h and 0.76 g/g dry cell weight, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest LNT yield ever reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:515-536. [PMID: 34586868 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems for viruses, the technology used to generate gene-engineered recombinant viruses from artificial genes, enable the study of the roles of the individual nucleotides and amino acids of viral genes and proteins in infectivity, replication, and pathogenicity. The successful development of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus in 1981 accelerated the establishment of protocols for other RNA viruses important for human health. Despite multiple efforts, rotavirus (RV), which causes severe gastroenteritis in infants, was refractory to reverse genetics analysis, and the first complete reverse genetics system for RV was established in 2017. This novel technique involves use of the fusogenic protein FAST (fusion-associated small transmembrane) derived from the bat-borne Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, which induces massive syncytium formation. Co-transfection of a FAST-expressing plasmid with complementary DNAs encoding RV genes enables rescue of recombinant RV. This review focuses on methodological insights into the reverse genetics system for RV and discusses applications and potential improvements to this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; ,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hill DR, Chow JM, Buck RH. Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:3364. [PMID: 34684364 PMCID: PMC8539508 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachael H. Buck
- Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (D.R.H.); (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Human Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Systems to Study Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091791. [PMID: 34578372 PMCID: PMC8473093 DOI: 10.3390/v13091791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HuRVAs) are highly important causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. A lack of reliable and reproducible reverse genetics systems for HuRVAs has limited a proper understanding of HuRVA biology and also the rational design of live-attenuated vaccines. Since the development of the first reverse genetics system for RVAs (partially plasmid-based reverse genetics system) in 2006, there have been many efforts with the goal of generating infectious recombinant HuRVAs entirely from cloned cDNAs. However, the establishment of a HuRVA reverse genetics system was very challenging until 2019. This review article provides an overview of the historical background of the recent development of long-awaited HuRVA reverse genetics systems, beginning with the generation of recombinant human-simian reassortant RVAs with the aid of a helper virus in 2006 and the generation of recombinant animal (simian) RVAs in a helper virus-free manner in 2017, and culminating in the generation of recombinant HuRVAs entirely from plasmid cDNAs in 2019. Notably, the original HuRVA reverse genetics system has already been optimized to increase the efficiency of virus generation. Although the application of HuRVA reverse genetics systems has only just been initiated, these technologies will help to answer HuRVA research questions regarding viral replication and pathogenicity that could not be addressed before, and to develop next-generation vaccines and intestine-specific rotaviral vectors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Efficient biosynthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose by a novel β-1,4-galactosyltransferase from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans NUM4039. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109912. [PMID: 34670186 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) is a unique tetrasaccharide naturally occurring in human milk, as an important member of human milk oligosaccharides. Because of promising beneficial effects, it has been commercially added as a functional fortifier in infant formula. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (β-1,4-GalT) catalyzes LNnT biosynthesis from uridine 5'-diphospho-galactose (UDP-Gal) to lacto-N-triose II (LNT II). There have been only two LNnT-producing bacterial β-1,4-GalTs, including the ones from Neisseria meningitidis and Histophilus somni. In this study, a novel LNnT-producing β-1,4-GalT was identified from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The enzyme was easily overexpressed in E. coli in soluble form. It displayed much higher transglycosylation versus hydrolysis activity, indicating its great potential in LNnT biosynthesis. The enzyme produced 13 mM LNnT from 20 mM LNT II and 60 mM UDP-Gal, with the yield of 65 % on LNT II and very low level of UDP-Gal hydrolysis. Therefore, it could be considered as a good candidate for the practical LNnT production.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu Y, Luo G, Wan L, Meng J, Lee SY, Mu W. Physiological effects, biosynthesis, and derivatization of key human milk tetrasaccharides, lacto- N-tetraose, and lacto- N-neotetraose. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:578-596. [PMID: 34346270 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1944973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have recently attracted ever-increasing interest because of their versatile physiological functions. In HMOs, two tetrasaccharides, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), constitute the essential components, each accounting 6% (w/w) of total HMOs. Also, they serve as core structures for fucosylation and sialylation, generating functional derivatives and elongation generating longer chains of core structures. LNT, LNnT, and their fucosylated and/or sialylated derivatives account for more than 30% (w/w) of total HMOs. For derivatization, LNT and LNnT can be modified into a series of complex fucosylated and/or sialylated HMOs by transferring fucose residues at α1,2-, α1,3-, and α1,3/4-linkage and/or sialic acid residues at α2,3- and α2,6-linkage. Such structural diversity allows these HMOs to possess great commercial value and an application potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we first elaborate the physiological functions of these tetrasaccharides and derivatives. Next, we extensively review recent developments in the biosynthesis of LNT, LNnT, and their derivatives in vitro and in vivo by employing advanced enzymatic reaction systems and metabolic engineering strategies. Finally, future perspectives in the synthesis of these HMOs using enzymatic and metabolic engineering approaches are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiawei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun X, Li D, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition of Rotavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:658029. [PMID: 34307449 PMCID: PMC8296142 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.658029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is an important pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in young humans and animals. Attachment to the host receptor is a crucial step for the virus infection. The recent advances in illustrating the interactions between RV and glycans promoted our understanding of the host range and epidemiology of RVs. VP8*, the distal region of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4, played a critical role in the glycan recognition. Group A RVs were classified into different P genotypes based on the VP4 sequences and recognized glycans in a P genotype-dependent manner. Glycans including sialic acid, gangliosides, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and mucin cores have been reported to interact with RV VP8*s. The glycan binding specificities of VP8*s of different RV genotypes have been studied. Here, we mainly discussed the structural basis for the interactions between RV VP8*s and glycans, which provided molecular insights into the receptor recognition and host tropism, offering new clues to the design of RV vaccine and anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Human group A rotavirus P[25] VP8* specifically binds to A-type histo-blood group antigen. Virology 2021; 555:56-63. [PMID: 33453651 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. While P[8] and P[4] are the most prevalent RV genotypes in humans, other genotypes are also reported in human infections occasionally, including human P[25]. The glycan binding and structural characteristics of human P[25] were explored in our study. Human P[25] VP8* recognized type A histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) in the glycan microarray/oligosaccharide binding assay and could specifically hemagglutinate type A blood cells. Moreover, the P[25] VP8* structure was determined at 2.6 Å, revealing a similar conformation and a conserved putative glycan binding site as that of P[14] VP8*. This study provided further knowledge of the glycan binding and structural features of P[25] RV VP8*, promoting our understanding of the infection, prevalence, and host range of the P[III] RVs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang JX, Chen LN, Zhang CJ, Zhou HL, Zhang YH, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Qiu C, Ma JC, Zhao YL, Zhong W, Tan M, Jiang X, Wang SM, Wang XY. Genetic susceptibility to rotavirus infection in Chinese children: a population-based case-control study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:1803-1810. [PMID: 33295824 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1835121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, while histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are believed to be host attachment and susceptibility factors of RVs. A large case-control study nested in a population-based diarrhea surveillance targeting children <5 y of age was performed in rural Hebei province, north China. Saliva and serum samples were collected from all participants to determine HBGA phenotyping, FUT2 mutations, and RV IgG antibody titers. A logistic model was employed to assess the association between host HBGA secretor status and risk of RV infection. Among 235 RV cases and 680 non-diarrhea controls studied, 82.4% of participants were IgG positive by an average age of 77 months. Out of the 235 RV cases, 216 (91.9%) were secretors, whereas the secretor rate was 76.3% in the non-diarrhea controls, resulted in an adjusted OR of 3.0 (95%CI: 1.9-4.7, P < .0001) between the two groups. Our population-based case-control study indicated a strong association between host HBGA secretor status and risk of RV infection in Chinese children. The high prevalence of Lewis-positive secretor status strongly suggests that Chinese children may be genetically susceptible to current co-circulating RV strains, and thus, a universal childhood immunization program against RV disease should be successful in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Can-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Hao
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Chen Ma
- Vaccine Clinical Research Institute,Hebei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhao
- Vaccine Clinical Research Institute,Hebei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, OH, USA
| | - Song-Mei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Sun X, Dang L, Li D, Qi J, Wang M, Chai W, Zhang Q, Wang H, Bai R, Tan M, Duan Z. Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition in Globally Predominant Human P[8] Rotavirus. Virol Sin 2020; 35:156-170. [PMID: 31620994 PMCID: PMC7198667 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Recent studies showed that glycans such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as cell attachment factors affecting RV host susceptibility and prevalence. P[8] is the predominant RV genotype in humans, but the structural basis of how P[8] RVs interact with glycan ligands remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the interactions between P[8] VP8*s and glycans which showed that VP8*, the RV glycan binding domain, recognized both mucin core 2 and H type 1 antigens according to the ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assays. Importantly, we determined the structural basis of P[8] RV-glycans interaction from the crystal structures of a Rotateq P[8] VP8* in complex with core 2 and H type 1 glycans at 1.8 Å and 2.3 Å, respectively, revealing a common binding pocket and similar binding mode. Structural and sequence analysis demonstrated that the glycan binding site is conserved among RVs in the P[II] genogroup, while genotype-specific amino acid variations determined different glycan binding preference. Our data elucidated the detailed structural basis of the interactions between human P[8] RVs and different host glycan factors, shedding light on RV infection, epidemiology, and development of anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Dang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Dandi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruixia Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhehaote, 010059, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu S, Ahmed LU, Stuckert MR, McGinnis KR, Liu Y, Tan M, Huang P, Zhong W, Zhao D, Jiang X, Kennedy MA. Molecular basis of P[II] major human rotavirus VP8* domain recognition of histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008386. [PMID: 32208455 PMCID: PMC7122821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial cell attachment of rotavirus (RV) to specific cell surface glycan receptors, which is the essential first step in RV infection, is mediated by the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4. Recently, human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors or attachment factors for human RV strains. RV strains in the P[4] and P[8] genotypes of the P[II] genogroup share common recognition of the Lewis b (Leb) and H type 1 antigens, however, the molecular basis of receptor recognition by the major human P[8] RVs remains unknown due to lack of experimental structural information. Here, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based titration experiments and NMR-derived high ambiguity driven docking (HADDOCK) methods to elucidate the molecular basis for P[8] VP8* recognition of the Leb (LNDFH I) and type 1 HBGAs. We also used X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular details underlying P[6] recognition of H type 1 HBGAs. Unlike P[6]/P[19] VP8*s that recognize H type 1 HBGAs in a binding surface composed of an α-helix and a β-sheet, referred as the “βα binding site”, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s bind Leb HBGAs in a previously undescribed pocket formed by the edges of two β-sheets, referred to as the “ββ binding site”. Importantly, the P[8] and P[4] VP8*s retain binding capability to non-Leb type 1 HBGAs using the βα binding site. The presence of two distinct binding sites for Leb and non-Leb HBGA glycans in the P[8] and P[4] VP8* domains suggests host-pathogen co-evolution under structural and functional adaptation of RV pathogens to host glycan polymorphisms. Assessment and understanding of the precise impact of this co-evolutionary process in determining RV host ranges and cross-species RV transmission should facilitate improved RV vaccine development and prediction of future RV strain emergence and epidemics. Rotaviruses (RV)s are the main cause of severe diarrhea in humans and animals. Significant advances in understanding RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology have been made after discovering that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host cell receptors or attachment factors. While different RV strains are known to have distinct binding preferences for HBGA receptor ligands, their molecular basis in controlling strain-specific host ranges remains unclear. In this study, we used solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular-level details for interactions of the human P[8] and P[6] RV VP8* domains with their HBGA receptors ligands. The distinct binding patterns observed between these major human RVs and their respective glycan ligands provide insight into the evolutionary relationships between different P[II] genotypes that ultimately determine host ranges, disease burden, zoonosis and epidemiology, which may impact future strategies for development of vaccines to protect against RV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luay U. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Robert Stuckert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristen Rose McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (MAK)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ranshing SS, Cherian SS, Agarwal MS, Jagtap AS, Patil CM, Gopalkrishna V. Full genome based sequence and structural characterization of an unusual group A rotavirus G12P[11] isolated from neonates in Pune, western India. Vaccine 2020; 38:2275-2291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
25
|
Gao C, Wei M, McKitrick TR, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins. Front Chem 2019; 7:833. [PMID: 31921763 PMCID: PMC6923789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans and glycan binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) are essential components in almost every aspect of immunology. Investigations of the interactions between glycans and GBPs have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of these fundamental immunological processes. In order to better study the glycan-GBP interactions, microscope glass slide-based glycan microarrays were conceived and proved to be an incredibly useful and successful tool. A variety of methods have been developed to better present the glycans so that they mimic natural presentations. Breakthroughs in chemical biology approaches have also made available glycans with sophisticated structures that were considered practically impossible just a few decade ago. Glycan microarrays provide a wealth of valuable information in immunological studies. They allow for discovery of detailed glycan binding preferences or novel binding epitopes of known endogenous immune receptors, which can potentially lead to the discovery of natural ligands that carry the glycans. Glycan microarrays also serve as a platform to discover new GBPs that are vital to the process of infection and invasion by microorganisms. This review summarizes the construction strategies and the immunological applications of glycan microarrays, particularly focused on those with the most comprehensive sets of glycan structures. We also review new methods and technologies that have evolved. We believe that glycan microarrays will continue to benefit the growing research community with various interests in the field of immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Influence of histo blood group antigen expression on susceptibility to enteric viruses and vaccines. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 32:445-452. [DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
27
|
Cummings RD. "Stuck on sugars - how carbohydrates regulate cell adhesion, recognition, and signaling". Glycoconj J 2019; 36:241-257. [PMID: 31267247 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the fundamental biological processes by which complex carbohydrates expressed on cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids and in secretions of cells promote cell adhesion and signaling. We have also explored processes by which animal pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites adhere to glycans of animal cells and initiate disease. Glycans important in cell signaling and adhesion, such as key O-glycans, are essential for proper animal development and cellular differentiation, but they are also involved in many pathogenic processes, including inflammation, tumorigenesis and metastasis, and microbial and parasitic pathogenesis. The overall hypothesis guiding these studies is that glycoconjugates are recognized and bound by a growing class of proteins called glycan-binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) expressed by all types of cells. There is an incredible variety and diversity of GBPs in animal cells involved in binding N- and O-glycans, glycosphingolipids, and proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycans. We have specifically studied such molecular determinants recognized by selectins, galectins, and many other C-type lectins, involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation in human tissues, lymphocyte trafficking, adhesion of human viruses to human cells, structure and immunogenicity of glycoproteins on the surfaces of human parasites. We have also explored the molecular basis of glycoconjugate biosynthesis by exploring the enzymes and molecular chaperones required for correct protein glycosylation. From these studies opportunities for translational biology have arisen, involving production of function-blocking antibodies, anti-glycan specific antibodies, and synthetic glycoconjugates, e.g. glycosulfopeptides, that specifically are recognized by GBPs. This invited short review is based in part on my presentation for the IGO Award 2019 given by the International Glycoconjugate Organization in Milan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Unraveling the role of the secretor antigen in human rotavirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007865. [PMID: 31226167 PMCID: PMC6609034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading agent causing acute gastroenteritis in young children, with the P[8] genotype accounting for more than 80% of infections in humans. The molecular bases for binding of the VP8* domain from P[8] VP4 spike protein to its cellular receptor, the secretory H type-1 antigen (Fuc-α1,2-Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; H1), and to its precursor lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc; LNB) have been determined. The resolution of P[8] VP8* crystal structures in complex with H1 antigen and LNB and site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that both glycans bind to the P[8] VP8* protein through a binding pocket shared with other members of the P[II] genogroup (i.e.: P[4], P[6] and P[19]). Our results show that the L-fucose moiety from H1 only displays indirect contacts with P[8] VP8*. However, the induced conformational changes in the LNB moiety increase the ligand affinity by two-fold, as measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), providing a molecular explanation for the different susceptibility to rotavirus infection between secretor and non-secretor individuals. The unexpected interaction of P[8] VP8* with LNB, a building block of type-1 human milk oligosaccharides, resulted in inhibition of rotavirus infection, highlighting the role and possible application of this disaccharide as an antiviral. While key amino acids in the H1/LNB binding pocket were highly conserved in members of the P[II] genogroup, differences were found in ligand affinities among distinct P[8] genetic lineages. The variation in affinities were explained by subtle structural differences induced by amino acid changes in the vicinity of the binding pocket, providing a fine-tuning mechanism for glycan binding in P[8] rotavirus. The interaction of viruses with host glycans has become an important topic in the study of enteric virus infectivity. This interaction modulates several aspects of the viral cycle, including viral attachment, which in most cases depends on the host glycobiology dictated by the secretor and Lewis genotypes. The capacity to synthesize secretory type-I antigen H (fucose-α1,2-galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; H1) at the mucosae, dictated by the presence of one or two functional copies of the fucosyl-transferase FUT2 gene (secretor status), has been clearly linked to infectivity in important enteric viruses such as the noroviruses. However, a big controversy existed about the contribution of H1 antigen to infection in the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children (rotavirus). It has not been until recently that epidemiological data evidenced a diminished incidence of rotavirus in non-secretor individuals unable to produce H1. In the present manuscript we offer the evidence that P[8] RV bind H1 via a binding site common for the P[II] RV genogroup and that the H1 precursor lacto-N-biose (galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine; LNB) is also bound to this pocket with diminished affinity. The P[8] VP8* structures show a marginal role for the L-fucose moiety from H1 in protein interaction. However, its presence provides conformational changes in the LNB moiety that increase the affinity of VP8* for the H1 ligand and would account for a stronger RV binding to mucosa in individuals expressing H1 (secretors). We thus offer a mechanistic explanation for the different incidence of P[8] RV infection in different secretor phenotypes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Generation of Infectious Recombinant Human Rotaviruses from Just 11 Cloned cDNAs Encoding the Rotavirus Genome. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02207-18. [PMID: 30728265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02207-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of recombinant group A rotaviruses (RVAs) entirely from cloned cDNAs has been described only for a single animal RVA strain, simian SA11-L2. We recently developed an optimized RVA reverse genetics system based on only RVA cDNAs (11-plasmid system), in which the concentration of cDNA plasmids containing the NSP2 and NSP5 genes is 3- or 5-fold increased in relation to that of the other plasmids. Based on this approach, we generated a recombinant human RVA (HuRVA)-based monoreassortant virus containing the VP4 gene of the simian SA11-L2 virus using the 11-plasmid system. In addition to this monoreassortant virus, authentic HuRVA (strain KU) was also generated with the 11-plasmid system with some modifications. Our results demonstrate that the 11-plasmid system involving just RVA cDNAs can be used for the generation of recombinant HuRVA and recombinant HuRVA-based reassortant viruses.IMPORTANCE Human group A rotavirus (HuRVA) is a leading pathogen causing severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. In this paper, we describe the generation of recombinant HuRVA (strain KU) from only 11 cloned cDNAs encoding the HuRVA genome by reverse genetics. The growth properties of the recombinant HuRVA were similar to those of the parental RVA, providing a powerful tool for better understanding of HuRVA replication and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the ability to manipulate the genome of HuRVAs "to order" will be useful for next-generation vaccine production for this medically important virus and for the engineering of clinical vectors expressing any foreign genes.
Collapse
|
30
|
The 13th International Double-Stranded RNA Virus Symposium, Houffalize, Belgium, 24 to 28 September 2018. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01964-18. [PMID: 30723139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01964-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triennial International Double-Stranded RNA Virus Symposium, this year organized by J. Matthijnssens, J. S. L. Parker, P. Danthi, and P. Van Damme in Belgium, gathered over 200 scientists to discuss novel observations and hypotheses in the field. The keynote lecture on functional interactions of bacteria and viruses in the gut microbiome was presented by Julie Pfeiffer. Workshops were held on viral diversity, molecular epidemiology, molecular virology, immunity and pathogenesis, virus structure, the viral use and abuse of cellular pathways, and applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virology. The establishment of a plasmid only-based reverse genetics system for rotaviruses by several Japanese research groups in 2017 has now been reproduced by various other research groups and was discussed in detail. The visualization of dsRNA virus replication steps in living cells received much attention. Mechanisms of the cellular innate immune response to virus infection and of viral pathogenesis were explored. Knowledge of the gut microbiome's influence on specific immune responses has increased rapidly, also due to the availability of relevant animal models of virus infection. The method of cryo-electron microscopic (cryo-EM) tomography has elucidated various asymmetric structures in viral particles. The use of orthoreoviruses for oncolytic virotherapy was critically assessed. The application of llama-derived single chain nanobodies for passive immunotherapy was considered attractive. In a satellite symposium the introduction, impact and further developments of rotavirus vaccines were reviewed. The Jean Cohen Lecturer of this meeting was Harry B. Greenberg, who presented aspects of his research on rotaviruses over a period of more than 40 years. He was also interviewed at the meeting by Vincent Racaniello for the 513th session of This Week in Virology.
Collapse
|
31
|
[Reverse genetics of rotaviruses: Generation of recombinant human rotaviruses from just 11 cDNAs encoding the rotavirus genome]. Uirusu 2019; 69:1-12. [PMID: 32938889 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for animal rotavirus was established very recently. We improved the reverse genetics system to generate recombinant rotavirus by transfecting only 11 T7 plasmids for its 11 genes under the condition of increasing the ratio (3- or 5-fold) of the cDNA plasmids for NSP2 and NSP5 genes (11-plasmid system). Utilizing this highly efficient system, we engineered the first infectious recombinant rotaviruses harboring fluorescent (EGFP and mCherry) protein genes. In addition to these recombinant animal viruses, the first infectious recombinant human rotavirus (strain KU (G1P[8])) was also generated with the 11-plasmid system with some modifications. The availability of recombinant human rotaviruses will provide a genetic platform for a better understanding of the replication, pathogenicity, and other biological characteristics of this medically important virus and enable the rational development of next-generation human rotavirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Structural Insights into Rotavirus Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:45-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
33
|
Xia M, Huang P, Sun C, Han L, Vago FS, Li K, Zhong W, Jiang W, Klassen JS, Jiang X, Tan M. Bioengineered Norovirus S 60 Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10665-10682. [PMID: 30234973 PMCID: PMC6261714 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Homotypic interactions of viral capsid proteins are common, driving viral capsid self-formation. By taking advantage of such interactions of the norovirus shell (S) domain that naturally builds the interior shells of norovirus capsids, we have developed a technology to produce 60-valent, icosahedral S60 nanoparticles through the E. coli system. This has been achieved by several modifications to the S domain, including an R69A mutation to destruct an exposed proteinase cleavage site and triple cysteine mutations (V57C/Q58C/S136C) to establish inter-S domain disulfide bonds for enhanced inter-S domain interactions. The polyvalent S60 nanoparticle with 60 exposed S domain C-termini offers an ideal platform for antigen presentation, leading to enhanced immunogenicity to the surface-displayed antigens for vaccine development. This was proven by constructing a chimeric S60 nanoparticle displaying 60 rotavirus (RV) VP8* proteins, the major RV-neutralizing antigen. These S60-VP8* particles are easily produced and elicited high IgG response in mice toward the displayed VP8* antigens. The mouse antisera after immunization with the S60-VP8* particles exhibited high blockades against RV VP8* binding to its glycan ligands and high neutralizing activities against RV infection in culture cells. The three-dimensional structures of the S60 and S60-VP8* particles were studied. Furthermore, the S60 nanoparticle can display other antigens, supporting the notion that the S60 nanoparticle is a multifunctional vaccine platform. Finally, the intermolecular disulfide bond approach may be used to stabilize other viral-like particles to display foreign antigens for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank S. Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Human milk oligosaccharides, milk microbiome and infant gut microbiome modulate neonatal rotavirus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5010. [PMID: 30479342 PMCID: PMC6258677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal rotavirus infections are predominantly asymptomatic. While an association with gastrointestinal symptoms has been described in some settings, factors influencing differences in clinical presentation are not well understood. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we show that a complex interplay between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), milk microbiome, and infant gut microbiome impacts neonatal rotavirus infections. Validating in vitro studies where HMOs are not decoy receptors for neonatal strain G10P[11], population studies show significantly higher levels of Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), and 6'-siallylactose (6'SL) in milk from mothers of rotavirus-positive neonates with gastrointestinal symptoms. Further, these HMOs correlate with abundance of Enterobacter/Klebsiella in maternal milk and infant stool. Specific HMOs also improve the infectivity of a neonatal strain-derived rotavirus vaccine. This study provides molecular and translational insight into host factors influencing neonatal rotavirus infections and identifies maternal components that could promote the performance of live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hu L, Sankaran B, Laucirica DR, Patil K, Salmen W, Ferreon ACM, Tsoi PS, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ferreon JC, Prasad BVV. Glycan recognition in globally dominant human rotaviruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2631. [PMID: 29980685 PMCID: PMC6035239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause life-threatening diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. Recent biochemical and epidemiological studies underscore the importance of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) as both cell attachment and susceptibility factors for the globally dominant P[4], P[6], and P[8] genotypes of human RVs. How these genotypes interact with HBGA is not known. Here, our crystal structures of P[4] and a neonate-specific P[6] VP8*s alone and in complex with H-type I HBGA reveal a unique glycan binding site that is conserved in the globally dominant genotypes and allows for the binding of ABH HBGAs, consistent with their prevalence. Remarkably, the VP8* of P[6] RVs isolated from neonates displays subtle structural changes in this binding site that may restrict its ability to bind branched glycans. This provides a structural basis for the age-restricted tropism of some P[6] RVs as developmentally regulated unbranched glycans are more abundant in the neonatal gut. Human rotaviruses (RV) bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) for attachment, but how different viral genotypes interact with HBGA isn’t known. Here, Hu et al. report crystal structures of a prevalent and a neonate-specific RV in complex with HBGA and provide insights into glycan recognition and age-restricted tropism of RVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Laucirica
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Phoebe S Tsoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Josephine C Ferreon
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Glycan Binding Specificity and Mechanism of Human and Porcine P[6]/P[19] Rotavirus VP8*s. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00538-18. [PMID: 29720519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00538-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs), which cause severe gastroenteritis in infants and children, recognize glycan ligands in a genotype-dependent manner via the distal VP8* head of the spike protein VP4. However, the glycan binding mechanisms remain elusive for the P[II] genogroup RVs, including the widely prevalent human RVs (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) and a rare P[19] RV. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s and found that the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s could commonly interact with mucin core 2, which may play an important role in RV evolution and cross-species transmission. We determined the first P[6] VP8* structure, as well as the complex structures of human P[19] VP8*, with core 2 and lacto-N-tetraose (LNT). A glycan binding site was identified in human P[19] VP8*. Structural superimposition and sequence alignment revealed the conservation of the glycan binding site in the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s. Our data provide significant insight into the glycan binding specificity and glycan binding mechanism of the P[II] genogroup RV VP8*s, which could help in understanding RV evolution, transmission, and epidemiology and in vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses (RVs), belonging to the family Reoviridae, are double-stranded RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in children and animals worldwide. Depending on the phylogeny of the VP8* sequences, P[6] and P[19] RVs are grouped into genogroup II, together with P[4] and P[8], which are widely prevalent in humans. In this study, we characterized the glycan binding specificities of human and porcine P[6]/P[19] RV VP8*s, determined the crystal structure of P[6] VP8*, and uncovered the glycan binding pattern in P[19] VP8*, revealing a conserved glycan binding site in the VP8*s of P[II] genogroup RVs by structural superimposition and sequence alignment. Our data suggested that mucin core 2 may play an important role in P[II] RV evolution and cross-species transmission. These data provide insight into the cell attachment, infection, epidemiology, and evolution of P[II] genogroup RVs, which could help in developing control and prevention strategies against RVs.
Collapse
|
37
|
Human Group C Rotavirus VP8*s Recognize Type A Histo-Blood Group Antigens as Ligands. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00442-18. [PMID: 29593033 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00442-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group/species C rotaviruses (RVCs) have been identified as important pathogens of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children, family-based outbreaks, as well as animal infections. However, little is known regarding their host-specific interaction, infection, and pathogenesis. In this study, we performed serial studies to characterize the function and structural features of a human G4P[2] RVC VP8* that is responsible for the host receptor interaction. Glycan microarrays demonstrated that the human RVC VP8* recognizes type A histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which was confirmed by synthetic glycan-/saliva-based binding assays and hemagglutination of red blood cells, establishing a paradigm of RVC VP8*-glycan interactions. Furthermore, the high-resolution crystal structure of the human RVC VP8* was solved, showing a typical galectin-like structure consisting of two β-sheets but with significant differences from cogent proteins of group A rotaviruses (RVAs). The VP8* in complex with a type A trisaccharide displays a novel ligand binding site that consists of a particular set of amino acid residues of the C-D, G-H, and K-L loops. RVC VP8* interacts with type A HBGAs through a unique mechanism compared with that used by RVAs. Our findings shed light on the host-virus interaction and the coevolution of RVCs and will facilitate the development of specific antivirals and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Group/species C rotaviruses (RVCs), members of Reoviridae family, infect both humans and animals, but our knowledge about the host factors that control host susceptibility and specificity is rudimentary. In this work, we characterized the glycan binding specificity and structural basis of a human RVC that recognizes type A HBGAs. We found that human RVC VP8*, the rotavirus host ligand binding domain that shares only ∼15% homology with the VP8* domains of RVAs, recognizes type A HBGA at an as-yet-unknown glycan binding site through a mechanism distinct from that used by RVAs. Our new advancements provide insights into RVC-cell attachment, the critical step of virus infection, which will in turn help the development of control and prevention strategies against RVs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ramani S. Multidisciplinary Studies on Rotavirus-Human Milk Oligosaccharide Interactions. Breastfeed Med 2018; 13:S9-S10. [PMID: 29624419 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29074.sjr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu Y, Xu S, Woodruff AL, Xia M, Tan M, Kennedy MA, Jiang X. Structural basis of glycan specificity of P[19] VP8*: Implications for rotavirus zoonosis and evolution. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006707. [PMID: 29136651 PMCID: PMC5705156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of specific cell surface glycans, mediated by the VP8* domain of the spike protein VP4, is the essential first step in rotavirus (RV) infection. Due to lack of direct structural information of virus-ligand interactions, the molecular basis of ligand-controlled host ranges of the major human RVs (P[8] and P[4]) in P[II] genogroup remains unknown. Here, through characterization of a minor P[II] RV (P[19]) that can infect both animals (pigs) and humans, we made an important advance to fill this knowledge gap by solving the crystal structures of the P[19] VP8* in complex with its ligands. Our data showed that P[19] RVs use a novel binding site that differs from the known ones of other genotypes/genogroups. This binding site is capable of interacting with two types of glycans, the mucin core and type 1 histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) with a common GlcNAc as the central binding saccharide. The binding site is apparently shared by other P[II] RVs and possibly two genotypes (P[10] and P[12]) in P[I] as shown by their highly conserved GlcNAc-interacting residues. These data provide strong evidence of evolutionary connections among these human and animal RVs, pointing to a common ancestor in P[I] with a possible animal host origin. While the binding properties to GlcNAc-containing saccharides are maintained, changes in binding to additional residues, such as those in the polymorphic type 1 HBGAs may occur in the course of RV evolution, explaining the complex P[II] genogroup that mainly causes diseases in humans but also in some animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shenyuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAK); (XJ)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAK); (XJ)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shanker S, Hu L, Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Venkataram Prasad BV. Structural features of glycan recognition among viral pathogens. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:211-218. [PMID: 28591681 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recognition and binding to host glycans present on cellular surfaces is an initial and critical step in viral entry. Diverse families of host glycans such as histo-blood group antigens, sialoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are recognized by viruses. Glycan binding determines virus-host specificity, tissue tropism, pathogenesis and potential for interspecies transmission. Viruses including noroviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza, and papillomaviruses have evolved novel strategies to bind specific glycans often in a strain-specific manner. Structural studies have been instrumental in elucidating the molecular determinants of these virus-glycan interactions, aiding in developing vaccines and antivirals targeting this key interaction. Our review focuses on these key structural aspects of virus-glycan interactions, particularly highlighting the different strain-specific strategies employed by viruses to bind host glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejesh Shanker
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiang X, Liu Y, Tan M. Histo-blood group antigens as receptors for rotavirus, new understanding on rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine strategy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e22. [PMID: 28400594 PMCID: PMC5457676 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of the two rotavirus (RV) vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) in many countries endorses a live attenuated vaccine approach against RVs. However, the lower efficacies of both vaccines in many low- and middle-income countries indicate a need to improve the current RV vaccines. The recent discovery that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as potential receptors has significantly advanced our understanding of RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology, providing important new insights into the performances of current RV vaccines in different populations and emphasizing a P-type-based vaccine approach. New understanding of RV diversity and evolution also raises a fundamental question about the ‘Jennerian' approach, which needs to be addressed for future development of live attenuated RV vaccines. Alternative approaches to develop safer and more cost-effective subunit vaccines against RVs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Glycan Specificity of P[19] Rotavirus and Comparison with Those of Related P Genotypes. J Virol 2016; 90:9983-9996. [PMID: 27558427 PMCID: PMC5068545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The P[19] genotype belongs to the P[II] genogroup of group A rotaviruses (RVs). However, unlike the other P[II] RVs, which mainly infect humans, P[19] RVs commonly infect animals (pigs), making P[19] unique for the study of RV diversity and host ranges. Through in vitro binding assays and saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we found that P[19] could bind mucin cores 2, 4, and 6, as well as type 1 histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). The common sequences of these glycans serve as minimal binding units, while additional residues, such as the A, B, H, and Lewis epitopes of the type 1 HBGAs, can further define the binding outcomes and therefore likely the host ranges for P[19] RVs. This complex binding property of P[19] is shared with the other three P[II] RVs (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) in that all of them recognized the type 1 HBGA precursor, although P[4] and P[8], but not P[6], also bind to mucin cores. Moreover, while essential for P[4] and P[8] binding, the addition of the Lewis epitope blocked P[6] and P[19] binding to type 1 HBGAs. Chemical-shift NMR of P[19] VP8* identified a ligand binding interface that has shifted away from the known RV P-genotype binding sites but is conserved among all P[II] RVs and two P[I] RVs (P[10] and P[12]), suggesting an evolutionary connection among these human and animal RVs. Taken together, these data are important for hypotheses on potential mechanisms for RV diversity, host ranges, and cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE In this study, we found that our P[19] strain and other P[II] RVs recognize mucin cores and the type 1 HBGA precursors as the minimal functional units and that additional saccharides adjacent to these units can alter binding outcomes and thereby possibly host ranges. These data may help to explain why some P[II] RVs, such as P[6] and P[19], commonly infect animals but rarely humans, while others, such as the P[4] and P[8] RVs, mainly infect humans and are predominant over other P genotypes. Elucidation of the molecular bases for strain-specific host ranges and cross-species transmission of these human and animal RVs is important to understand RV epidemiology and disease burden, which may impact development of control and prevention strategies against RV gastroenteritis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Functional and Structural Characterization of P[19] Rotavirus VP8* Interaction with Histo-blood Group Antigens. J Virol 2016; 90:9758-9765. [PMID: 27535055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01566-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) of species A (RVA) are a major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been reported to interact with human RVA VP8* proteins. Human P[19] is a rare P genotype of porcine origin that infects humans sporadically. The functional and structural characteristics of P[19] VP8* interaction with HBGAs are unknown. In this study, we expressed and purified the VP8* proteins of human and porcine P[19] RVs. In oligosaccharide and saliva binding assays, P[19] VP8* proteins showed obvious binding to A-, B-, and O-type saliva samples irrespective of the secretor status, implying broad binding patterns. However, they did not display specific binding to any of the oligosaccharides tested. In addition, we solved the structure of human P[19] VP8* at 2.4 Å, which revealed a typical galectin-like fold. The structural alignment demonstrated that P[19] VP8* was most similar to that of P[8], which was consistent with the phylogenetic analysis. Structure superimposition revealed the basis for the lack of binding to the oligosaccharides. Our study indicates that P[19] RVs may bind to other oligosaccharides or ligands and may have the potential to spread widely among humans. Thus, it is necessary to place the prevalence and evolution of P[19] RVs under surveillance. IMPORTANCE Human P[19] is a rare P genotype of porcine origin. Based on phylogenetic analysis of VP8* sequences, P[19] was classified in the P[II] genogroup, together with P[4], P[6], and P[8], which have been reported to interact with HBGAs in a genotype-dependent manner. In this study, we explored the functional and structural characteristics of P[19] VP8* interaction with HBGAs. P[19] VP8* showed binding to A-, B-, and O-type saliva samples, as well as saliva of nonsecretors. This implies that P[19] has the potential to spread among humans with a broad binding range. Careful attention should be paid to the evolution and prevalence of P[19] RVs. Furthermore, we solved the structure of P[19] VP8*. Structure superimposition indicated that P[19] may bind to other oligosaccharides or ligands using potential binding sites, suggesting that further investigation of the specific cell attachment factors is warranted.
Collapse
|
45
|
P[8] and P[4] Rotavirus Infection Associated with Secretor Phenotypes Among Children in South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34591. [PMID: 27708367 PMCID: PMC5052604 DOI: 10.1038/srep34591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are known to recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as a host ligand that is believed to play an important role in rotavirus host susceptibility and host range. In this study, paired fecal and saliva samples collected from children with viral gastroenteritis, as well as paired serum and saliva samples collected from the general population in south China were studied to evaluate potential association between rotavirus infections and human HBGA phenotypes. Rotavirus was detected in 75 (28%) of 266 fecal samples and P[8] rotaviruses were found to be the predominant genotype. The HBGA phenotypes of the rotavirus-infected children were determined through their saliva samples. Secretor statuses were found to correlate with the risk of rotavirus infection and all P[8]/P[4] rotavirus infected children were secretors. Accordingly, recombinant VP8* proteins of the P[8]/P[4] rotaviruses bound saliva samples from secretor individuals. Furthermore, correlation between serum P[8]/P[4]-specific IgG and host Lewis and secretor phenotypes has been found among 206 studied serum samples. Our study supported the association between rotavirus infection and the host HBGA phenotypes, which would help further understanding of rotavirus host range and epidemiology.
Collapse
|
46
|
Binding specificity of P[8] VP8* proteins of rotavirus vaccine strains with histo-blood group antigens. Virology 2016; 495:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
47
|
Xia M, Wei C, Wang L, Cao D, Meng XJ, Jiang X, Tan M. Development and evaluation of two subunit vaccine candidates containing antigens of hepatitis E virus, rotavirus, and astrovirus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25735. [PMID: 27194006 PMCID: PMC4872161 DOI: 10.1038/srep25735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotavirus (RV), and astrovirus (AstV) are important pathogens that transmit through a common fecal-oral route, causing hepatitis (HEV) and gastroenteritis (RV and AstV) respectively in humans. In this study, we developed and evaluated two subunit vaccine candidates that consisted of the same protruding or spike protein antigens of the three viruses in two formats, a fusion of the three antigens into one molecule (fused vaccine) vs. a mixture of the three free antigens together (mixed vaccine). Both vaccines were easily made via E. coli expression system. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the fused vaccine elicited significantly higher antibody responses against the three viral antigens than those induced by the mixed vaccine. In addition, the mouse post-immune antisera of the fused vaccine revealed significantly higher neutralizing titers against HEV infection in cell culture, as well as significantly higher 50% blocking titers (BT50) against RV VP8-HBGA receptor interactions than those of the post-immune antisera after immunization of the mixed vaccine. Thus, the fused vaccine is a promising trivalent vaccine candidate against HEV, RV, and AstV, which is worth for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chao Wei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ramani S, Hu L, Venkataram Prasad B, Estes MK. Diversity in Rotavirus-Host Glycan Interactions: A "Sweet" Spectrum. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:263-273. [PMID: 28090561 PMCID: PMC5042371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with cellular glycans is a critical initial step in the pathogenesis of many infectious agents. Technological advances in glycobiology have expanded the repertoire of studies delineating host glycan-pathogen interactions. For rotavirus, the VP8* domain of the outer capsid spike protein VP4 is known to interact with cellular glycans. Sialic acid was considered the key cellular attachment factor for rotaviruses for decades. Although this is true for many rotavirus strains causing infections in animals, glycan array screens show that many human rotavirus strains bind nonsialylated glycoconjugates, called histo-blood group antigens, in a strain-specific manner. The expression of histo-blood group antigens is determined genetically and is regulated developmentally. Variations in glycan binding between different rotavirus strains are biologically relevant and provide new insights into multiple aspects of virus pathogenesis such as interspecies transmission, host range restriction, and tissue tropism. The genetics of glycan expression may affect susceptibility to different rotavirus strains and vaccine viruses, and impact the efficacy of rotavirus vaccination in different populations. A multidisciplinary approach to understanding rotavirus-host glycan interactions provides molecular insights into the interaction between microbial pathogens and glycans, and opens up new avenues to translate findings from the bench to the human population.
Collapse
Key Words
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycans
- HBGA, histo-blood group antigen
- HIE, human intestinal enteroid
- Histo-Blood Group Antigens
- LNT, lacto-N-tetraose
- LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose
- LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine
- Le, Lewis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid
- Neu5Gc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- RBC, red blood cell
- Rotavirus
- Sia
- Sia, sialic acid
- VP, viral protein
- VP8*
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sasirekha Ramani, PhD, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030. fax: (713) 798-3586.Department of Molecular Virology and MicrobiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas 77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|