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Pabst G, Heerklotz H. After the gold rush: Getting far from the shallow in studying asymmetric membranes. Biophys J 2024; 123:2355-2357. [PMID: 38902925 PMCID: PMC11365099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pabst
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; BIOSS Signaling Research Center, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Shaydakov ME, Diaz JA, Eklöf B, Lurie F. Venous valve hypoxia as a possible mechanism of deep vein thrombosis: a scoping review. INT ANGIOL 2024; 43:309-322. [PMID: 38864688 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.24.05170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been explained by an interplay between a changed blood composition, vein wall alteration, and blood flow abnormalities. A comprehensive investigation of these components of DVT pathogenesis has substantially promoted our understanding of thrombogenesis in the venous system. Meanwhile, the process of DVT initiation remains obscure. This systematic review aims to collect, analyze, and synthesize the published evidence to propose hypoxia as a possible trigger of DVT. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION An exhaustive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databased including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies pertinent to the research hypothesis. The search was aimed at exploring the connection between hypoxia, reoxygenation, and the initiation of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The following key words were used: "deep vein thrombosis," "venous thrombosis," "venous thromboembolism," "hypoxia," "reoxygenation," "venous valve," and "venous endothelium." Reviews, case reports, editorials, and letters were excluded. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Based on the systematic search outcome, 156 original papers relevant to the issue were selected for detailed review. These studies encompassed a range of experimental and observational clinical research, focusing on various aspects of DVT, including the anatomical, physiological, and cellular bases of the disease. A number of studies suggested limitations in the traditional understanding of Virchow's triad as an acceptable explanation for DVT initiation. Emerging evidence points to more complex interactions and additional factors that may be critical in the early stages of thrombogenesis. The role of venous valves has been recognized but remains underappreciated, with several studies indicating that these sites may act as primary loci for thrombus formation. A collection of studies describes the effects of hypoxia on venous endothelial cells at the cellular and molecular levels. Hypoxia influences several pathways that regulate endothelial cell permeability, inflammatory response, and procoagulation activity, underpinning the endothelial dysfunction noted in DVT. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia of the venous valve may serve as an independent hypothesis to outline the DVT triggering process. Further research projects in this field may discover new molecular pathways responsible for the disease and suggest new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Shaydakov
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburg, PA, USA -
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Division of Surgical Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Fedor Lurie
- Jobst Vascular Institute, ProMedica Health System, Toledo, OH, USA
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3
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Norris AC, Mansueto AJ, Jimenez M, Yazlovitskaya EM, Jain BK, Graham TR. Flipping the script: Advances in understanding how and why P4-ATPases flip lipid across membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119700. [PMID: 38382846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are a family of transmembrane enzymes that translocate lipid substrates from the outer to the inner leaflet of biological membranes and thus create an asymmetrical distribution of lipids within membranes. On the cellular level, this asymmetry is essential for maintaining the integrity and functionality of biological membranes, creating platforms for signaling events and facilitating vesicular trafficking. On the organismal level, this asymmetry has been shown to be important in maintaining blood homeostasis, liver metabolism, neural development, and the immune response. Indeed, dysregulation of P4-ATPases has been linked to several diseases; including anemia, cholestasis, neurological disease, and several cancers. This review will discuss the evolutionary transition of P4-ATPases from cation pumps to lipid flippases, the new lipid substrates that have been discovered, the significant advances that have been achieved in recent years regarding the structural mechanisms underlying the recognition and flipping of specific lipids across biological membranes, and the consequences of P4-ATPase dysfunction on cellular and physiological functions. Additionally, we emphasize the requirement for additional research to comprehensively understand the involvement of flippases in cellular physiology and disease and to explore their potential as targets for therapeutics in treating a variety of illnesses. The discussion in this review will primarily focus on the budding yeast, C. elegans, and mammalian P4-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mariana Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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4
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Pabst G, Keller S. Exploring membrane asymmetry and its effects on membrane proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:333-345. [PMID: 38355393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plasma membranes utilize free energy to maintain highly asymmetric, non-equilibrium distributions of lipids and proteins between their two leaflets. In this review we discuss recent progress in quantitative research enabled by using compositionally controlled asymmetric model membranes. Both experimental and computational studies have shed light on the nuanced mechanisms that govern the structural and dynamic coupling between compositionally distinct bilayer leaflets. This coupling can increase the membrane bending rigidity and induce order - or lipid domains - across the membrane. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that integral membrane proteins not only respond to asymmetric lipid distributions but also exhibit intriguing asymmetric properties themselves. We propose strategies to advance experimental research, aiming for a deeper, quantitative understanding of membrane asymmetry, which carries profound implications for cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pabst
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sandro Keller
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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5
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Birtles D, Abbas W, Lee J. Bis(Monoacylglycero)Phosphate Promotes Membrane Fusion Facilitated by the SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Domain. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2675-2683. [PMID: 38466655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a critical component of the viral lifecycle. For SARS-CoV-2, fusion is facilitated by the spike glycoprotein and can take place via either the plasma membrane or the endocytic pathway. The fusion domain (FD), which is found within the spike glycoprotein, is primarily responsible for the initiation of fusion as it embeds itself within the target cell's membrane. A preference for SARS-CoV-2 to fuse at low pH akin to the environment of the endocytic pathway has already been established; however, the impact of the target cell's lipid composition on the FD has yet to be explored. Here, we have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 FD preferentially initiates fusion at the late endosomal membrane over the plasma membrane, on the basis of lipid composition alone. A positive, fusogenic relationship with anionic lipids from the plasma membrane (POPS: 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine) and endosomal membrane (BMP: bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate) was established, with a large preference demonstrated for the latter. When comparing the binding affinity and secondary structure of the FD in the presence of different anionic lipids, little deviation was evident while the charge was maintained. However, it was discovered that BMP had a subtle, negative impact on lipid packing in comparison to that of POPS. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between lipid packing and the fusogenecity of the SARS-CoV-2 FD was witnessed. In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 FD preferentially initiates fusion at a membrane resembling that of the late endosomal compartment, predominately due to the presence of BMP and its impact on lipid packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Birtles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
| | - Wafa Abbas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
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6
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Dziura D, Dziura M, Marquardt D. Studying lipid flip-flop in asymmetric liposomes using 1H NMR and TR-SANS. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:295-328. [PMID: 38971604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The specific spatial and temporal distribution of lipids in membranes play a crucial role in determining the biochemical and biophysical properties of the system. In nature, the asymmetric distribution of lipids is a dynamic process with ATP-dependent lipid transporters maintaining asymmetry, and passive transbilayer diffusion, that is, flip-flop, counteracting it. In this chapter, two probe-free techniques, 1H NMR and time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, are described in detail as methods of investigating lipid flip-flop rates in synthetic liposomes that have been generated with an asymmetric bilayer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Maksymilian Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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Leomil FC, Stephan M, Pramanik S, Riske KA, Dimova R. Bilayer Charge Asymmetry and Oil Residues Destabilize Membranes upon Poration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4719-4731. [PMID: 38373285 PMCID: PMC10919074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Transmembrane asymmetry is ubiquitous in cells, particularly with respect to lipids, where charged lipids are mainly restricted to one monolayer. We investigate the influence of anionic lipid asymmetry on the stability of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), minimal plasma membrane models. To quantify asymmetry, we apply the fluorescence quenching assay, which is often difficult to reproduce, and caution in handling the quencher is generally underestimated. We first optimize this assay and then apply it to GUVs prepared with the inverted emulsion transfer protocol by using increasing fractions of anionic lipids restricted to one leaflet. This protocol is found to produce highly asymmetric bilayers but with ∼20% interleaflet mixing. To probe the stability of asymmetric versus symmetric membranes, we expose the GUVs to porating electric pulses and monitor the fraction of destabilized vesicles. The pulses open macropores, and the GUVs either completely recover or exhibit leakage or bursting/collapse. Residual oil destabilizes porated membranes, and destabilization is even more pronounced in asymmetrically charged membranes. This is corroborated by the measured pore edge tension, which is also found to decrease with increasing charge asymmetry. Using GUVs with imposed transmembrane pH asymmetry, we confirm that poration-triggered destabilization does not depend on the approach used to generate membrane asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda
S. C. Leomil
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14776 Potsdam, Germany
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Universidade Federal
de São Paulo, São
Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mareike Stephan
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14776 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shreya Pramanik
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14776 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karin A. Riske
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Universidade Federal
de São Paulo, São
Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14776 Potsdam, Germany
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Clarke RJ. Electrostatic switch mechanisms of membrane protein trafficking and regulation. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1967-1985. [PMID: 38192346 PMCID: PMC10771482 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid-protein interactions are normally classified as either specific or general. Specific interactions refer to lipid binding to specific binding sites within a membrane protein, thereby modulating the protein's thermal stability or kinetics. General interactions refer to indirect effects whereby lipids affect membrane proteins by modulating the membrane's physical properties, e.g., its fluidity, thickness, or dipole potential. It is not widely recognized that there is a third distinct type of lipid-protein interaction. Intrinsically disordered N- or C-termini of membrane proteins can interact directly but nonspecifically with the surrounding membrane. Many peripheral membrane proteins are held to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane via a cooperative combination of two forces: hydrophobic anchoring and electrostatic attraction. An acyl chain, e.g., myristoyl, added post-translationally to one of the protein's termini inserts itself into the lipid matrix and helps hold peripheral membrane proteins onto the membrane. Electrostatic attraction occurs between positively charged basic amino acid residues (lysine and arginine) on one of the protein's terminal tails and negatively charged phospholipid head groups, such as phosphatidylserine. Phosphorylation of either serine or tyrosine residues on the terminal tails via regulatory protein kinases allows for an electrostatic switch mechanism to control trafficking of the protein. Kinase action reduces the positive charge on the protein's tail, weakening the electrostatic attraction and releasing the protein from the membrane. A similar mechanism regulates many integral membrane proteins, but here only electrostatic interactions are involved, and the electrostatic switch modulates protein activity by altering the stabilities of different protein conformational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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9
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Schütz GJ, Pabst G. The asymmetric plasma membrane-A composite material combining different functionalities?: Balancing Barrier Function and Fluidity for Effective Signaling. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300116. [PMID: 37712937 PMCID: PMC11475564 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
One persistent puzzle in the life sciences is the asymmetric lipid composition of the cellular plasma membrane: while the exoplasmic leaflet is enriched in lipids carrying predominantly saturated fatty acids, the cytoplasmic leaflet hosts preferentially lipids with (poly-)unsaturated fatty acids. Given the high energy requirements necessary for cells to maintain this asymmetry, the question naturally arises regarding its inherent benefits. In this paper, we propose asymmetry to represent a potential solution for harmonizing two conflicting requirements for the plasma membrane: first, the need to build a barrier for the uncontrolled influx or efflux of substances; and second, the need to form a fluid and dynamic two-dimensional substrate for signaling processes. We hence view here the plasma membrane as a composite material, where the exoplasmic leaflet is mainly responsible for the functional integrity of the barrier and the cytoplasmic leaflet for fluidity. We reinforce the validity of the proposed mechanism by presenting quantitative data from the literature, along with multiple examples that bolster our model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Pabst
- BiophysicsInstitute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB)NAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed GrazGrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth—University of GrazGrazAustria
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10
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Tomishige N, Bin Nasim M, Murate M, Pollet B, Didier P, Godet J, Richert L, Sako Y, Mély Y, Kobayashi T. HIV-1 Gag targeting to the plasma membrane reorganizes sphingomyelin-rich and cholesterol-rich lipid domains. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7353. [PMID: 37990014 PMCID: PMC10663554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lipid envelope has been reported to be enriched with host cell sphingomyelin and cholesterol, the molecular mechanism of the enrichment is not well understood. Viral Gag protein plays a central role in virus budding. Here, we report the interaction between Gag and host cell lipids using different quantitative and super-resolution microscopy techniques in combination with specific probes that bind endogenous sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Our results indicate that Gag in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane colocalizes with the outer leaflet sphingomyelin-rich domains and cholesterol-rich domains, enlarges sphingomyelin-rich domains, and strongly restricts the mobility of sphingomyelin-rich domains. Moreover, Gag multimerization induces sphingomyelin-rich and cholesterol-rich lipid domains to be in close proximity in a curvature-dependent manner. Our study suggests that Gag binds, coalesces, and reorganizes pre-existing lipid domains during assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nario Tomishige
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Maaz Bin Nasim
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Motohide Murate
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Brigitte Pollet
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Godet
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Watanabe H, Hanashima S, Yano Y, Yasuda T, Murata M. Passive Translocation of Phospholipids in Asymmetric Model Membranes: Solid-State 1H NMR Characterization of Flip-Flop Kinetics Using Deuterated Sphingomyelin and Phosphatidylcholine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15189-15199. [PMID: 37729012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Although lateral and inter-leaflet lipid-lipid interactions in cell membranes play roles in maintaining asymmetric lipid bilayers, the molecular basis of these interactions is largely unknown. Here, we established a method to determine the distribution ratio of phospholipids between the outer and inner leaflets of asymmetric large unilamellar vesicles (aLUVs). The trimethylammonium group, (CH3)3N+, in the choline headgroup of N-palmitoyl-sphingomyelin (PSM) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) gave rise to a relatively sharp signal in magic-angle spinning solid-state 1H NMR (MAS-ss-1H NMR). PSM and DOPC have the same headgroup structure, but one phospholipid was selectively observed by deuterating the trimethylammonium group of the other phospholipid. The addition of Pr3+ to the medium surrounding aLUVs selectively shifted the chemical shift of the (CH3)3N+ group in the outer leaflet from that in the inner leaflet, which allowed estimation of the inter-leaflet distribution ratio of the unlabeled lipid in aLUVs. Using this method, we evaluated the translocation of PSM and DOPC between the outer and inner leaflets of the cholesterol-containing aLUVs, with PSM and DOPC mostly distributed in the outer and inner leaflets, respectively, immediately after aLUV preparation; their flip and flop rates were approximately 2.7 and 6.4 × 10-6 s-1, respectively. During the passive symmetrization of aLUVs, the lipid translocation rate was decreased due to changes in the membrane order, probably through the formation of the registered liquid-ordered domains. Comparison of the result with that of symmetric LUVs revealed that lipid asymmetry may not significantly affect the lipid translocation rates, while the lateral lipid-lipid interaction may be a dominant factor in lipid translocation under these conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering the effects of lateral lipid interactions within the same leaflet on lipid flip-flop rates when evaluating the asymmetry of phospholipids in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Yo Yano
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Willet AH, Wos M, Igarashi MG, Ren L, Turner LA, Gould KL. Elevated levels of sphingolipid MIPC in the plasma membrane disrupt the coordination of cell growth with cell wall formation in fission yeast. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010987. [PMID: 37792890 PMCID: PMC10578601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling cell wall expansion with cell growth is a universal challenge faced by walled organisms. Mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe css1, which encodes a PM inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C, prevent cell wall expansion but not synthesis of cell wall material. To probe how Css1 modulates cell wall formation we used classical and chemical genetics coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry. We found that elevated levels of the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway's final product, mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC), specifically correlated with the css1-3 phenotype. We also found that an apparent indicator of sphingolipids and a sterol biosensor accumulated at the cytosolic face of the PM at cell tips and the division site of css1-3 cells and, in accord, the PM in css1-3 was less dynamic than in wildtype cells. Interestingly, disrupting the protein glycosylation machinery recapitulated the css1-3 phenotype and led us to investigate Ghs2, a glycosylated PM protein predicted to modify cell wall material. Disrupting Ghs2 function led to aberrant cell wall material accumulation suggesting Ghs2 is dysfunctional in css1-3. We conclude that preventing an excess of MIPC in the S. pombe PM is critical to the function of key PM-localized proteins necessary for coupling growth with cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina H. Willet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Marcin Wos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Maya G. Igarashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Liping Ren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Lesley A. Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States of America
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Khalaji A, Yancheshmeh FB, Farham F, Khorram A, Sheshbolouki S, Zokaei M, Vatankhah F, Soleymani-Goloujeh M. Don't eat me/eat me signals as a novel strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20507. [PMID: 37822610 PMCID: PMC10562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stands as one of the prominent global causes of death, with its incidence burden continuously increasing, leading to a substantial rise in mortality rates. Cancer treatment has seen the development of various strategies, each carrying its drawbacks that can negatively impact the quality of life for cancer patients. The challenge remains significant within the medical field to establish a definitive cancer treatment that minimizes complications and limitations. In the forthcoming years, exploring new strategies to surmount the failures in cancer treatment appears to be an unavoidable pursuit. Among these strategies, immunology-based ones hold substantial promise in combatting cancer and immune-related disorders. A particular subset of this approach identifies "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in cancer cells, contrasting them with their counterparts in non-cancerous cells. This distinction could potentially mark a significant breakthrough in treating diverse cancers. By delving into signal transduction and engineering novel technologies that utilize distinct "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals, a valuable avenue may emerge for advancing cancer treatment methodologies. Macrophages, functioning as vital components of the immune system, regulate metabolic equilibrium, manage inflammatory disorders, oversee fibrosis, and aid in the repair of injuries. However, in the context of tumor cells, the overexpression of "Don't eat me" signals like CD47, PD-L1, and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), an anti-phagocytic subunit of the primary histocompatibility complex class I, enables these cells to evade macrophages and proliferate uncontrollably. Conversely, the presentation of an "eat me" signal, such as Phosphatidylserine (PS), along with alterations in charge and glycosylation patterns on the cellular surface, modifications in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) epitopes, and the exposure of Calreticulin and PS on the outer layer of the plasma membrane represent universally observed changes on the surface of apoptotic cells, preventing phagocytosis from causing harm to adjacent non-tumoral cells. The current review provides insight into how signaling pathways and immune cells either stimulate or obstruct these signals, aiming to address challenges that may arise in future immunotherapy research. A potential solution lies in combination therapies targeting the "eat me" and "Don't eat me" signals in conjunction with other targeted therapeutic approaches. This innovative strategy holds promise as a novel avenue for the future treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Khalaji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatereh Baharlouei Yancheshmeh
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Khorram
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shiva Sheshbolouki
- Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Vatankhah
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soleymani-Goloujeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Eigenfeld M, Wittmann L, Kerpes R, Schwaminger S, Becker T. Quantification methods of determining brewer's and pharmaceutical yeast cell viability: accuracy and impact of nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:3201-3213. [PMID: 37083758 PMCID: PMC10287788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
For industrial processes, a fast, precise, and reliable method of determining the physiological state of yeast cells, especially viability, is essential. However, an increasing number of processes use magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for yeast cell manipulation, but their impact on yeast cell viability and the assay itself is unclear. This study tested the viability of Saccharomyces pastorianus ssp. carlsbergensis and Pichia pastoris by comparing traditional colourimetric, high-throughput, and growth assays with membrane fluidity. Results showed that methylene blue staining is only reliable for S. pastorianus cells with good viability, being erroneous in low viability (R2 = 0.945; [Formula: see text] = 5.78%). In comparison, the fluorescence microscopy-based assay of S. pastorianus demonstrated a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.991 at [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] = 2.50%) and flow cytometric viability determination using carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), enabling high-throughput analysis of representative cell numbers; R2 = 0.972 ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] = 3.89%). Membrane fluidity resulted in a non-linear relationship with the viability of the yeast cells ([Formula: see text]). We also determined similar results using P. pastoris yeast. In addition, we demonstrated that MNPs affected methylene blue staining by overestimating viability. The random forest model has been shown to be a precise method for classifying nanoparticles and yeast cells and viability differentiation in flow cytometry by using CFDA. Moreover, CFDA and membrane fluidity revealed precise results for both yeasts, also in the presence of nanoparticles, enabling fast and reliable determination of viability in many experiments using MNPs for yeast cell manipulation or separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Eigenfeld
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Science, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonie Wittmann
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland Kerpes
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Science, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwaminger
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Neue Stiftingtalstr. 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Becker
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Science, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
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15
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Chaisson EH, Heberle FA, Doktorova M. Building Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers for Molecular Dynamics Simulations: What Methods Exist and How to Choose One? MEMBRANES 2023; 13:629. [PMID: 37504995 PMCID: PMC10384462 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The compositional asymmetry of biological membranes has attracted significant attention over the last decade. Harboring more differences from symmetric membranes than previously appreciated, asymmetric bilayers have proven quite challenging to study with familiar concepts and techniques, leaving many unanswered questions about the reach of the asymmetry effects. One particular area of active research is the computational investigation of composition- and number-asymmetric lipid bilayers with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Offering a high level of detail into the organization and properties of the simulated systems, MD has emerged as an indispensable tool in the study of membrane asymmetry. However, the realization that results depend heavily on the protocol used for constructing the asymmetric bilayer models has sparked an ongoing debate about how to choose the most appropriate approach. Here we discuss the underlying source of the discrepant results and review the existing methods for creating asymmetric bilayers for MD simulations. Considering the available data, we argue that each method is well suited for specific applications and hence there is no single best approach. Instead, the choice of a construction protocol-and consequently, its perceived accuracy-must be based primarily on the scientific question that the simulations are designed to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Chaisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - Frederick A. Heberle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | - Milka Doktorova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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16
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Campos Muñiz C, Fernández Perrino FJ. Evolution of the Concepts of Architecture and Supramolecular Dynamics of the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:547. [PMID: 37367751 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) has undergone important conceptual changes during the history of scientific research, although it is undoubtedly a cellular organelle that constitutes the first defining characteristic of cellular life. Throughout history, the contributions of countless scientists have been published, each one of them with an enriching contribution to the knowledge of the structure-location and function of each structural component of this organelle, as well as the interaction between these and other structures. The first published contributions on the plasmatic membrane were the transport through it followed by the description of the structure: lipid bilayer, associated proteins, carbohydrates bound to both macromolecules, association with the cytoskeleton and dynamics of these components.. The data obtained experimentally from each researcher were represented in graphic configurations, as a language that facilitates the understanding of cellular structures and processes. This paper presents a review of some of the concepts and models proposed about the plasma membrane, emphasizing the components, the structure, the interaction between them and the dynamics. The work is illustrated with resignified 3D diagrams to visualize the changes that occurred during the history of the study of this organelle. Schemes were redrawn in 3D from the original articles...
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Muñiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Francisco José Fernández Perrino
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
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17
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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18
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Feigenson GW, Enoki TA. Nano-scale domains in the plasma membrane are like macroscopic domains in asymmetric bilayers. Biophys J 2023; 122:925-930. [PMID: 36380589 PMCID: PMC10111217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfavorable lipid-lipid pairwise interactions between HiTm and LowTm lipids drive liquid-disordered (Ld) + liquid-ordered (Lo) phase separation. Large size of phase domains is opposed by lipid dipole repulsions, which are more significant compared with the pairwise interactions for naturally abundant LowTm lipids such as palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine. During the nano-to-macro domain size transition, no lipid phase transition occurs, and measured properties of Ld + Lo nanodomains are found to be essentially the same as those of macrodomains. Use of macrodomains in mixtures to model cell plasma membranes (PM) is helpful, enabling study by optical microscopy. Use of asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles to model a PM reveals that ordered phase domains in one leaflet induce ordered domains in an otherwise uniform phase in the apposing leaflet that models a cytoplasmic leaflet. Because macro and nano phase properties are so similar, we conclude that a cell PM that has nano-scale Ld + Lo phase domains in the exoplasmic leaflet is likely to induce nano-scale ordered domains in the cytoplasmic leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Feigenson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University - Ithaca, Ithaca, New York.
| | - Thais A Enoki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University - Ithaca, Ithaca, New York
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19
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The enemy within: lipid asymmetry in intracellular parasite-host interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:67-79. [PMID: 36820809 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic pathogens with an intracellular parasitic lifestyle are shielded from extracellular threats during replication and growth. In addition to many nutrients, parasites scavenge host cell lipids to establish complex membrane structures inside their host cells. To counteract the disturbance of the host cell plasma membrane they have evolved strategies to regulate phospholipid asymmetry. In this review, the function and importance of lipid asymmetry in the interactions of intracellular protozoan parasites with the target and immune cells of the host are highlighted. The malaria parasite Plasmodium infects red blood cells and extensively refurbishes these terminally differentiated cells. Cholesterol depletion and an altered intracellular calcium ion homeostasis can lead to disruption in erythrocyte membrane asymmetry and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). Binding to the PS receptor on monocytes and macrophages results in phagocytosis and destruction of infected erythrocytes. Leishmania parasites display apoptotic mimicry by actively enhancing PS exposure on their surface to trigger increased infection of macrophages. In extracellular Toxoplasma gondii a P4-type ATPase/CDC50 co-chaperone pair functions as a flippase important for exocytosis of specialised secretory organelles. Identification and functional analysis of parasite lipid-translocating proteins, i.e. flippases, floppases, and scramblases, will be central for the recognition of the molecular mechanisms of parasite/host interactions. Ultimately, a better understanding of parasitic diseases, host immunity, and immune escape by parasites require more research on the dynamics of phospholipid bilayers of parasites and the infected host cell.
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20
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Al Badri YN, Chaw CS, Elkordy AA. Insights into Asymmetric Liposomes as a Potential Intervention for Drug Delivery Including Pulmonary Nanotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010294. [PMID: 36678922 PMCID: PMC9867527 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposome-based drug delivery systems are nanosized spherical lipid bilayer carriers that can encapsulate a broad range of small drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs) and large drug molecules (peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids). They have unique characteristics, such as a self-assembling bilayer vesicular structure. There are several FDA-approved liposomal-based medicines for treatment of cancer, bacterial, and viral infections. Most of the FDA-approved liposomal-based therapies are in the form of conventional "symmetric" liposomes and they are administered mainly by injection. Arikace® is the first and only FDA-approved liposomal-based inhalable therapy (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension) to treat only adults with difficult-to-treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease as a combinational antibacterial treatment. To date, no "asymmetric liposomes" are yet to be approved, although asymmetric liposomes have many advantages due to the asymmetric distribution of lipids through the liposome's membrane (which is similar to the biological membranes). There are many challenges for the formulation and stability of asymmetric liposomes. This review will focus on asymmetric liposomes in contrast to conventional liposomes as a potential clinical intervention drug delivery system as well as the formulation techniques available for symmetric and asymmetric liposomes. The review aims to renew the research in liposomal nanovesicle delivery systems with particular emphasis on asymmetric liposomes as future potential carriers for enhancing drug delivery including pulmonary nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1915152576; Fax: +44-(0)-1915153405
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21
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Gulshan K. Crosstalk Between Cholesterol, ABC Transporters, and PIP2 in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:353-377. [PMID: 36988888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The lowering of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an easily achievable and highly reliable modifiable risk factor for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), as validated by the unparalleled success of statins in the last three decades. However, the 2021 American Heart Association (AHA) statistics show a worrying upward trend in CVD deaths, calling into question the widely held belief that statins and available adjuvant therapies can fully resolve the CVD problem. Human biomarker studies have shown that indicators of inflammation, such as human C-reactive protein (hCRP), can serve as a reliable risk predictor for CVD, independent of all traditional risk factors. Oxidized cholesterol mediates chronic inflammation and promotes atherosclerosis, while anti-inflammatory therapies, such as an anti-interleukin-1 beta (anti-IL-1β) antibody, can reduce CVD in humans. Cholesterol removal from artery plaques, via an athero-protective reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, can dampen inflammation. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a role in RCT by promoting adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated cholesterol efflux from arterial macrophages. Cholesterol crystals activate the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, leading to IL-1β release in a PIP2-dependent fashion. PIP2 thus is a central player in CVD pathogenesis, serving as a critical link between cellular cholesterol levels, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and inflammasome-induced IL-1β release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Gulshan
- College of Sciences and Health Professions, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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22
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Plant transbilayer lipid asymmetry and the role of lipid flippases. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 7:21-29. [PMID: 36562347 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many biological membranes present an asymmetric lipid distribution between the two leaflets that is known as the transbilayer lipid asymmetry. This asymmetry is essential for cell survival and its loss is related to apoptosis. In mammalian and yeast cells, ATP-dependent transport of lipids to the cytosolic side of the biological membranes, carried out by so-called lipid flippases, contributes to the transbilayer lipid asymmetry. Most of these lipid flippases belong to the P4-ATPase protein family, which is also present in plants. In this review, we summarize the relatively scarce literature concerning the presence of transbilayer lipid asymmetry in different plant cell membranes and revise the potential role of lipid flippases of the P4-ATPase family in generation and/or maintenance of this asymmetry.
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23
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Jain BK, Wagner AS, Reynolds TB, Graham TR. Lipid Transport by Candida albicans Dnf2 Is Required for Hyphal Growth and Virulence. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0041622. [PMID: 36214556 PMCID: PMC9670988 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common cause of human mucosal yeast infections, and invasive candidiasis can be fatal. Antifungal medications are limited, but those targeting the pathogen cell wall or plasma membrane have been effective. Therefore, virulence factors controlling membrane biogenesis are potential targets for drug development. P4-ATPases contribute to membrane biogenesis by selecting and transporting specific lipids from the extracellular leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the bilayer to generate lipid asymmetry. A subset of heterodimeric P4-ATPases, including Dnf1-Lem3 and Dnf2-Lem3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transport phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and the sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer). GlcCer is a critical lipid for Candida albicans polarized growth and virulence, but the role of GlcCer transporters in virulence has not been explored. Here, we show that the Candida albicans Dnf2 (CaDnf2) requires association with CaLem3 to form a functional transporter and flip fluorescent derivatives of GlcCer, PC, and PE across the plasma membrane. Mutation of conserved substrate-selective residues in the membrane domain strongly abrogates GlcCer transport and partially disrupts PC transport by CaDnf2. Candida strains harboring dnf2-null alleles (dnf2ΔΔ) or point mutations that disrupt substrate recognition exhibit defects in yeast-to-hypha growth transition, filamentous growth, and virulence in systemically infected mice. The influence of CaDNF1 deletion on the morphological phenotypes is negligible, although the dnf1ΔΔ dnf2ΔΔ strain was less virulent than the dnf2ΔΔ strain. These results indicate that the transport of GlcCer and/or PC by plasma membrane P4-ATPases is important for the pathogenicity of Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawik K. Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd R. Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Sabet FK, Bahrami A, Bahrami AH. Compartmentalizing and sculpting nanovesicles by phase-separated aqueous nanodroplets. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32035-32045. [PMID: 36380920 PMCID: PMC9642337 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05855c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Phase-separated liquid droplets inside giant vesicles have been intensely studied as biomimetic model systems to understand cellular microcompartmentation and molecular crowding and sorting. On the nanoscale, however, how aqueous nanodroplets interact with and shape nanovesicles is poorly understood. We perform coarse-grained molecular simulations to explore the architecture of compartmentalized nanovesicles by phase-separated aqueous nanodroplets, and their morphological evolution under osmotic deflation. We show that phase separation of a biphasic liquid mixture can form both stable two-compartment and meta-stable multi-compartment nanovesicles. We identify morphological transitions of stable two-compartment nanovesicles between tube, sheet and cup morphologies, characterized by membrane asymmetry and phase-separation propensity between the aqueous phases. We demonstrate that the formation of local sheets and in turn cup-shaped nanovesicles is promoted by negative line tensions resulting from large separation propensities, an exclusive nanoscale phenomenon which is not expected for larger vesicles where energetic contributions of the line tensions are dominated by those of the membrane tensions. Despite their instability, we observe long-lived multi-compartment nanovesicles, such as nanotubules and branched tubules, whose prolonged lifetime is attributed to interfacial tensions and membrane asymmetry. Aqueous nanodroplets can thus form novel membrane nanostructures, crucial for cellular processes and forming cellular organelles on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazemi Sabet
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran North Kargar St. 14399-57131 Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Bahrami
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran North Kargar St. 14399-57131 Tehran Iran
| | - Amir H Bahrami
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
- Living Matter Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization 37077 Göttingen Germany
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25
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Varma M, Deserno M. Distribution of cholesterol in asymmetric membranes driven by composition and differential stress. Biophys J 2022; 121:4001-4018. [PMID: 35927954 PMCID: PMC9674969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lipid membranes of eukaryotic cells are asymmetric, which means the two leaflets differ in at least one physical property, such as lipid composition or lateral stress. Maintaining this asymmetry is helped by the fact that ordinary phospholipids rarely transition between leaflets, but cholesterol is an exception: its flip-flop times are in the microsecond range, so that its distribution between leaflets is determined by a chemical equilibrium. In particular, preferential partitioning can draw cholesterol into a more saturated leaflet, and phospholipid number asymmetry can force it out of a compressed leaflet. Combining highly coarse-grained membrane simulations with theoretical modeling, we investigate how these two driving forces play against each other until cholesterol's chemical potential is equilibrated. The theory includes two coupled elastic sheets and a Flory-Huggins mixing free energy with a χ parameter. We obtain a relationship between χ and the interaction strength between cholesterol and lipids in either of the two leaflets, and we find that it depends, albeit weakly, on lipid number asymmetry. The differential stress measurements under various asymmetry conditions agree with our theoretical predictions. Using the two kinds of asymmetries in combination, we find that it is possible to counteract the phospholipid number bias, and the resultant stress in the membrane, via the control of cholesterol mixing in the leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Varma
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Markus Deserno
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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26
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Motlaq VF, Adlmann FA, Hernández VA, Vorobiev A, Wolff M, Bergström LM. Dissolution mechanism of supported phospholipid bilayer in the presence of amphiphilic drug investigated by neutron reflectometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183976. [PMID: 35662645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence and interaction of the ionizable amphiphilic drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) on a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) phospholipid bilayer supported on a silica surface have been investigated using a combination of neutron reflectometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Adding AMT solutions with concentrations 3, 12, and 50 mM leaves the lipid bilayer mainly intact and we observe most of the AMT molecules attached to the head-group region of the outer bilayer leaflet. Virtually no AMT penetrates into the hydrophilic head-group region of the inner leaflet close to the silica surface. By adding 200 mM AMT solution, the lipid bilayer dissolved entirely, indicating a threshold concentration for the solubilization of the bilayer by AMT. The observed threshold concentration is consistent with the observation that various bilayer structures abruptly transform into mixed AMT-DOPC micelles beyond a certain AMT-DOPC composition. Based on our experimental observations, we suggest that the penetration of drug into the phospholipid bilayer, and subsequent solubilization of the membrane, follows a two-step mechanism with the outer leaflet being removed prior to the inner leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Forooqi Motlaq
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 547, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F A Adlmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 547, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V Agmo Hernández
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 547, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Vorobiev
- Division for Materials Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Wolff
- Division for Materials Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L M Bergström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 547, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Abstract
While it has long been established that cell membranes are complex assemblies of proteins and bilayer-forming lipids, the inherent mobility and wide-ranging heterogeneity of the lipids have limited our ability to understand cell-membrane structure at a molecular level. Consequently, little is yet known about the protein-lipid and lipid-lipid interplay that exists in situ. The present study exploits the regular architecture of a cholinergic cell membrane to determine how the phospholipid and cholesterol organization is influenced by the protein surfaces and by differences in cholesterol concentration between the two leaflets. Lipids in the leaflet containing the most cholesterol form an ordered sterol-hydrocarbon “skin.” This hitherto unobserved hydrophobic-core structure has far-reaching implications in terms of how cholesterol-rich membranes are constructed and function. Cell membranes are complex assemblies of proteins and lipids making transient or long-term associations that have yet to be characterized at a molecular level. Here, cryo-electron microscopy is applied to determine how phospholipids and cholesterol arrange between neighboring proteins (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) of Torpedo cholinergic membrane. The lipids exhibit distinct properties in the two leaflets of the bilayer, influenced by the protein surfaces and by differences in cholesterol concentration. In the outer leaflet, the lipids show no consistent motif away from the protein surfaces, in keeping with their assumed fluidity. In the inner leaflet, where the cholesterol concentration is higher, the lipids organize into extensive close-packed linear arrays. These arrays are built from the sterol groups of cholesterol and the initial saturated portions of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains. Together, they create an ordered ∼7 Å-thick “skin” within the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. The packing of lipids in the arrays appears to bear a close relationship to the linear cholesterol arrays that form crystalline monolayers at the air-water interface.
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28
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhang H, Yan J, Xu P, Wu P, Wu S, Bai C. Mechanism Study of Proteins under Membrane Environment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070694. [PMID: 35877897 PMCID: PMC9322369 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including molecule transport across membranes, cell communication, and signal transduction. Approximately 60% of known drug targets are membrane proteins. There is a significant need to deeply understand the working mechanism of membrane proteins in detail, which is a challenging work due to the lack of available membrane structures and their large spatial scale. Membrane proteins carry out vital physiological functions through conformational changes. In the current study, we utilized a coarse-grained (CG) model to investigate three representative membrane protein systems: the TMEM16A channel, the family C GPCRs mGlu2 receptor, and the P4-ATPase phospholipid transporter. We constructed the reaction pathway of conformational changes between the two-end structures. Energy profiles and energy barriers were calculated. These data could provide reasonable explanations for TMEM16A activation, the mGlu2 receptor activation process, and P4-ATPase phospholipid transport. Although they all belong to the members of membrane proteins, they behave differently in terms of energy. Our work investigated the working mechanism of membrane proteins and could give novel insights into other membrane protein systems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Honghui Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Junfang Yan
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Peiyi Xu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Song Wu
- South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518116, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (C.B.)
| | - Chen Bai
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.Y.); (P.X.)
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Chenzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310005, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (C.B.)
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29
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Nakahara H, Hagimori M, Mukai T, Shibata O. Interplay of long-chain tetrazine derivatives and biomembrane components at the air-water interface. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:021303. [PMID: 38505415 PMCID: PMC10903492 DOI: 10.1063/5.0083352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tetrazine (Tz) is an emerging bioorthogonal ligand that is expected to have applications (e.g., bioimaging) in chemistry and chemical biology. In this review, we highlight the interactions of reduced tetrazine (rTz) derivatives insoluble in aqueous media with biological membrane constituents or their related lipids, such as dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylglycerol, palmitoyl-sphingomyelin, and cholesterol in the Langmuir monolayer state at the air-water interface. The two-component interaction was thermodynamically elucidated by measuring the surface pressure (π) and molecular area (A) isotherms. The monolayer miscibility between the two components was analyzed using the excess Gibbs energy of mixing and two-dimensional phase diagram. The phase behavior of the binary monolayers was studied using the Brewster angle, fluorescence, and atomic force microscopy. This study discusses the affinities of the rTz moieties for the hydrophilic groups of the lipids used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Nakahara
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Masayori Hagimori
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyubancho, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Osamu Shibata
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
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30
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Frewein MPK, Piller P, Semeraro EF, Batchu KC, Heberle FA, Scott HL, Gerelli Y, Porcar L, Pabst G. Interdigitation-Induced Order and Disorder in Asymmetric Membranes. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:407-421. [PMID: 35471665 PMCID: PMC9581838 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the transleaflet coupling of compositionally asymmetric liposomes in the fluid phase. The vesicles were produced by cyclodextrin-mediated lipid exchange and contained dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in the inner leaflet and different mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as milk sphingomyelin (MSM) in the outer leaflet. In order to jointly analyze the obtained small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data, we adapted existing models of trans-bilayer structures to measure the overlap of the hydrocarbon chain termini by exploiting the contrast of the terminal methyl ends in X-ray scattering. In all studied systems, the bilayer-asymmetry has large effects on the lipid packing density. Fully saturated mixed-chain PCs interdigitate into the DPPC-containing leaflet and evoke disorder in one or both leaflets. The long saturated acyl chains of MSM penetrate even deeper into the opposing leaflet, which in turn has an ordering effect on the whole bilayer. These results are qualitatively understood in terms of a balance of entropic repulsion of fluctuating hydrocarbon chain termini and van der Waals forces, which is modulated by the interdigitation depth. Monounsaturated PCs in the outer leaflet also induce disorder in DPPC despite vestigial or even absent interdigitation. Instead, the transleaflet coupling appears to emerge here from a matching of the inner leaflet lipids to the larger lateral lipid area of the outer leaflet lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz P K Frewein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble, France.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulina Piller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Enrico F Semeraro
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Haden L Scott
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Shull Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yuri Gerelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Georg Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Field of Excellence BioHealth, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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31
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Dieudonné T, Herrera SA, Laursen MJ, Lejeune M, Stock C, Slimani K, Jaxel C, Lyons JA, Montigny C, Pomorski TG, Nissen P, Lenoir G. Autoinhibition and regulation by phosphoinositides of ATP8B1, a human lipid flippase associated with intrahepatic cholestatic disorders. eLife 2022; 11:75272. [PMID: 35416773 PMCID: PMC9045818 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases flip lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet, thus maintaining lipid asymmetry in eukaryotic cell membranes. Mutations in several human P4-ATPase genes are associated with severe diseases, for example in ATP8B1 causing progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, a rare inherited disorder progressing toward liver failure. ATP8B1 forms a binary complex with CDC50A and displays a broad specificity to glycerophospholipids, but regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report functional studies and the cryo-EM structure of the human lipid flippase ATP8B1-CDC50A at 3.1 Å resolution. We find that ATP8B1 is autoinhibited by its N- and C-terminal tails, which form extensive interactions with the catalytic sites and flexible domain interfaces. Consistently, ATP hydrolysis is unleashed by truncation of the C-terminus, but also requires phosphoinositides, most markedly phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-phosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3), and removal of both N- and C-termini results in full activation. Restored inhibition of ATP8B1 truncation constructs with a synthetic peptide mimicking the C-terminal segment further suggests molecular communication between N- and C-termini in the autoinhibition and demonstrates that the regulatory mechanism can be interfered with by exogenous compounds. A recurring (G/A)(Y/F)AFS motif of the C-terminal segment suggests that this mechanism is employed widely across P4-ATPase lipid flippases in plasma membrane and endomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Dieudonné
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sara Abad Herrera
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Maylis Lejeune
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charlott Stock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kahina Slimani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Jaxel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joseph A Lyons
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cédric Montigny
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guillaume Lenoir
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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32
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Yang S, Leong J, Wang Y, Sim R, Tan KH, Chua YH, Tan N, Lee ALZ, Tay J, Yang YY. Drug-free neutrally charged polypeptide nanoparticles as anticancer agents. J Control Release 2022; 345:464-474. [PMID: 35331785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic synthetic anticancer polymers and peptides have attracted increasing attention for advancing cancer treatment without causing drug resistance development. To circumvent in vivo instability and toxicity caused by cationic charges of the anticancer polymers/peptides, we report, for the first time, a nanoparticulate delivery system self-assembled from a negatively charged pH-sensitive polypeptide poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-graft-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride and a cationic anticancer polypeptide guanidinium-functionalized poly(ʟ-lysine) (PLL-Gua) via electrostatic interaction. The formation of nanoparticles (Gua-NPs) neutralized the positive charges of PLL-Gua. Both PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs killed cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced cell death via apoptosis. Confocal microscopic studies demonstrated that PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs readily entered cancer cells, and Gua-NPs were taken up by the cells via endocytosis. Notably, Gua-NPs and PLL-Gua exhibited similar in vitro anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 and resistant MCF-7/ADR. PLL-Gua and Gua-NPs also induced similar morphological changes in MCF-7/ADR cells compared to MCF-7 cells, further indicating their ability to bypass drug resistance mechanisms in the MCF-7/ADR cells. More importantly, Gua-NPs with higher LD50 and enhanced tumor accumulation significantly inhibited tumor growth with negligible side effects in vivo. Our findings shed light on the in vivo delivery of anticancer peptides and opened a new avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jiayu Leong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yanming Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Rachel Sim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ko Hui Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yau Hong Chua
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nathanael Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ashlynn L Z Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119288, Singapore.
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33
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Bag N, London E, Holowka DA, Baird BA. Transbilayer Coupling of Lipids in Cells Investigated by Imaging Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2325-2336. [PMID: 35294838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes host numerous receptors, sensors, and ion channels involved in cellular signaling. Phase separation within the plasma membrane has emerged as a key biophysical regulator of signaling reactions in multiple physiological and pathological contexts. There is much evidence that plasma membrane composition supports the coexistence of liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases or domains at physiological conditions. However, this phase/domain separation is nanoscopic and transient in live cells. It has been recently proposed that transbilayer coupling between the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane is driven by their asymmetric lipid distribution and by dynamic cytoskeleton-lipid composites that contribute to the formation and transience of Lo/Ld phase separation in live cells. In this Perspective, we highlight new approaches to investigate how transbilayer coupling may influence phase separation. For quantitative evaluation of the impact of these interactions, we introduce an experimental strategy centered around Imaging Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (ImFCS), which measures membrane diffusion with very high precision. To demonstrate this strategy, we choose two well-established model systems for transbilayer interactions: cross-linking by multivalent antigen of immunoglobulin E bound to receptor FcεRI and cross-linking by cholera toxin B of GM1 gangliosides. We discuss emerging methods to systematically perturb membrane lipid composition, particularly exchange of outer leaflet lipids with exogenous lipids using methyl alpha cyclodextrin. These selective perturbations may be quantitatively evaluated with ImFCS and other high-resolution biophysical tools to discover novel principles of lipid-mediated phase separation in live cells in the context of their pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - David A Holowka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Barbara A Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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34
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Conformational changes of a phosphatidylcholine flippase in lipid membranes. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110518. [PMID: 35294892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 4 P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) actively and selectively translocate phospholipids across membrane bilayers. Driven by ATP hydrolysis, P4-ATPases undergo conformational changes during lipid flipping. It is unclear how the active flipping states of P4-ATPases are regulated in the lipid membranes, especially for phosphatidylcholine (PC)-flipping P4-ATPases whose substrate, PC, is a substantial component of membranes. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structures of a yeast PC-flipping P4-ATPase, Dnf1, in lipid environments. In native yeast lipids, Dnf1 adopts a conformation in which the lipid flipping pathway is disrupted. Only when the lipid composition is changed can Dnf1 be captured in the active conformations that enable lipid flipping. These results suggest that, in the native membrane, Dnf1 may stay in an idle conformation that is unable to support the trans-membrane movement of lipids. Dnf1 may have altered conformational preferences in membranes with different lipid compositions.
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35
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Maltan L, Andova AM, Derler I. The Role of Lipids in CRAC Channel Function. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030352. [PMID: 35327543 PMCID: PMC8944985 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and dynamics of the lipid membrane define the physical properties of the bilayer and consequently affect the function of the incorporated membrane transporters, which also applies for the prominent Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ ion channel (CRAC). This channel is activated by receptor-induced Ca2+ store depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consists of two transmembrane proteins, STIM1 and Orai1. STIM1 is anchored in the ER membrane and senses changes in the ER luminal Ca2+ concentration. Orai1 is the Ca2+-selective, pore-forming CRAC channel component located in the plasma membrane (PM). Ca2+ store-depletion of the ER triggers activation of STIM1 proteins, which subsequently leads to a conformational change and oligomerization of STIM1 and its coupling to as well as activation of Orai1 channels at the ER-PM contact sites. Although STIM1 and Orai1 are sufficient for CRAC channel activation, their efficient activation and deactivation is fine-tuned by a variety of lipids and lipid- and/or ER-PM junction-dependent accessory proteins. The underlying mechanisms for lipid-mediated CRAC channel modulation as well as the still open questions, are presented in this review.
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36
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Nazemidashtarjandi S, Sharma VM, Puri V, Farnoud AM, Burdick MM. Lipid Composition of the Cell Membrane Outer Leaflet Regulates Endocytosis of Nanomaterials through Alterations in Scavenger Receptor Activity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2233-2248. [PMID: 35138811 PMCID: PMC10538024 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the principles that guide the uptake of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) by cells is of interest in biomedical and occupational health research. While evidence has started to accumulate on the role of membrane proteins in ENM uptake, the role of membrane lipid chemistry in regulating ENM endocytosis has remained largely unexplored. Here, we have addressed this issue by altering the plasma membrane lipid composition directly in live cells using a methyl-α-cyclodextrin (MαCD)-catalyzed lipid exchange method. Our observations, in an alveolar epithelial cell line and using silica nanoparticles, reveal that the lipid composition of the plasma membrane outer leaflet plays a significant role in ENM endocytosis and the intracellular fate of ENMs, by affecting nonspecific ENM diffusion into the cell, changing membrane fluidity, and altering the activity of scavenger receptors (SRs) involved in active endocytosis. These results have implications for understanding ENM uptake in different subsets of cells, depending on cell membrane lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nazemidashtarjandi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Vishva M Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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37
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Kawaguchi K, Ito S, Saito H, Nagao H. Molecular dynamics study of lipid bilayer asymmetry induced by ion concentration gradient and electronic polarizability. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2025798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutomo Kawaguchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ito
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nagao
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Nakanishi H, Hayashida K, Nishizawa T, Oshima A, Abe K. Cryo-EM of the ATP11C flippase reconstituted in Nanodiscs shows a distended phospholipid bilayer inner membrane around transmembrane helix 2. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101498. [PMID: 34922944 PMCID: PMC8733269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP11C is a member of the P4-ATPase flippase family that mediates translocation of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) across the lipid bilayer. In order to characterize the structure and function of ATP11C in a model natural lipid environment, we revisited and optimized a quick procedure for reconstituting ATP11C into Nanodiscs using methyl-β-cyclodextrin as a reagent for the detergent removal. ATP11C was efficiently reconstituted with the endogenous lipid, or the mixture of endogenous lipid and synthetic dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), all of which retained the ATPase activity. We obtained 3.4 Å and 3.9 Å structures using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of AlF- and BeF-stabilized ATP11C transport intermediates, respectively, in a bilayer containing DOPS. We show that the latter exhibited a distended inner membrane around ATP11C transmembrane helix 2, possibly reflecting the perturbation needed for phospholipid release to the lipid bilayer. Our structures of ATP11C in the lipid membrane indicate that the membrane boundary varies upon conformational changes of the enzyme and is no longer flat around the protein, a change that likely contributes to phospholipid translocation across the membrane leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanayo Nakanishi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hayashida
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oshima
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Abe
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Japan.
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Sun KX, Jiang XY, Li X, Su YJ, Wang JL, Zhang L, Yang YM, Zhu XJ. Deletion of phosphatidylserine flippase β-subunit Tmem30a in satellite cells leads to delayed skeletal muscle regeneration. Zool Res 2021; 42:650-659. [PMID: 34472226 PMCID: PMC8455468 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Phosphatidylserine flippase (P4-ATPase) transports PS from the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer to the inner leaflet of the membrane to maintain PS asymmetry. The β subunit TMEM30A is indispensable for transport and proper function of P4-ATPase. Previous studies have shown that the ATP11A and TMEM30A complex is the molecular switch for myotube formation. However, the role of Tmem30a in skeletal muscle regeneration remains elusive. In the current study, Tmem30a was highly expressed in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of dystrophin-null (mdx) mice and BaCl2-induced muscle injury model mice. We generated a satellite cell (SC)-specific Tmem30a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model to investigate the role of Tmem30a in skeletal muscle regeneration. The regenerative ability of cKO mice was evaluated by analyzing the number and diameter of regenerated SCs after the TA muscles were injured by BaCl2-injection. Compared to the control mice, the cKO mice showed decreased Pax7+ and MYH3+ SCs, indicating diminished SC proliferation, and decreased expression of muscular regulatory factors (MYOD and MYOG), suggesting impaired myoblast proliferation in skeletal muscle regeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the essential role of Tmem30a in skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Xiang Sun
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Yu-Jing Su
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ju-Lin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Ye-Ming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Xian-Jun Zhu
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China.,Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072 China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China. E-mail:
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40
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Liu NJ, Hou LP, Bao JJ, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Sphingolipid metabolism, transport, and functions in plants: Recent progress and future perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100214. [PMID: 34746760 PMCID: PMC8553973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, which comprise membrane systems together with other lipids, are ubiquitous in cellular organisms. They show a high degree of diversity across plant species and vary in their structures, properties, and functions. Benefiting from the development of lipidomic techniques, over 300 plant sphingolipids have been identified. Generally divided into free long-chain bases (LCBs), ceramides, glycosylceramides (GlcCers) and glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPCs), plant sphingolipids exhibit organized aggregation within lipid membranes to form raft domains with sterols. Accumulating evidence has revealed that sphingolipids obey certain trafficking and distribution rules and confer unique properties to membranes. Functional studies using sphingolipid biosynthetic mutants demonstrate that sphingolipids participate in plant developmental regulation, stimulus sensing, and stress responses. Here, we present an updated metabolism/degradation map and summarize the structures of plant sphingolipids, review recent progress in understanding the functions of sphingolipids in plant development and stress responses, and review sphingolipid distribution and trafficking in plant cells. We also highlight some important challenges and issues that we may face during the process of studying sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Li-Pan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing-Jing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Scott HL, Kennison KB, Enoki TA, Doktorova M, Kinnun JJ, Heberle FA, Katsaras J. Model Membrane Systems Used to Study Plasma Membrane Lipid Asymmetry. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13. [PMID: 35498375 PMCID: PMC9053528 DOI: 10.3390/sym13081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the lipid distribution in the bilayer leaflets of mammalian plasma membranes (PMs) is not symmetric. Despite this, model membrane studies have largely relied on chemically symmetric model membranes for the study of lipid–lipid and lipid–protein interactions. This is primarily due to the difficulty in preparing stable, asymmetric model membranes that are amenable to biophysical studies. However, in the last 20 years, efforts have been made in producing more biologically faithful model membranes. Here, we review several recently developed experimental and computational techniques for the robust generation of asymmetric model membranes and highlight a new and particularly promising technique to study membrane asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haden L. Scott
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Kristen B. Kennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Thais A. Enoki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Milka Doktorova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacob J. Kinnun
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Frederick A. Heberle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - John Katsaras
- Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Sample Environment Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.S.); (K.B.K.); (T.A.E.); (M.D.); (J.J.K.); (F.A.H.); (J.K.)
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42
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Silin VI, Hoogerheide DP. pH dependent electrical properties of the inner- and outer- leaflets of biomimetic cell membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:279-289. [PMID: 33765647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Composition and asymmetry of lipid membranes provide a means for regulation of trans-membrane permeability of ions and small molecules. The pH dependence of these processes plays an important role in the functioning and survival of cells. In this work, we study the pH dependence of membrane electrical resistance and capacitance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and neutron reflectometry (NR) measurements of biomimetic tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs). tBLMs were prepared with single-component phospholipid compositions, as well as mixtures of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol) that mimic the inner- and outer- leaflets of plasma cell membranes. We found that all studied tBLMs have a resistance maximum at pHs near the pKas of the phospholipids. SPR and NR indicated that surface concentration of phospholipids and the thickness of the hydrophobic part of the membrane did not change versus pH. We postulate that these maxima are the result of protonation of the phosphate oxygen of the phospholipids and that hydronium ions play a major role in the conductance at pHs < pKas while sodium ions play the major role at pHs > pKas. An additional sharp resistance maximum of the PE tBLMs found at pH 5.9 and most likely represents the phosphatidylethanolamine's isoelectric point. The data show the key roles of the characteristic parts of phospholipid molecules: terminal group (choline, carboxyl, amine), phosphate, glycerol and ester oxygens on the permeability and selectivity of ions through the membrane. The interactions between these groups lead to significant differences in the electrical properties of biomimetic models of inner- and outer- leaflets of the plasma cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii I Silin
- University of Maryland, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville MD 20850, USA.
| | - David P Hoogerheide
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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43
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Di Santo R, Romanò S, Mazzini A, Jovanović S, Nocca G, Campi G, Papi M, De Spirito M, Di Giacinto F, Ciasca G. Recent Advances in the Label-Free Characterization of Exosomes for Cancer Liquid Biopsy: From Scattering and Spectroscopy to Nanoindentation and Nanodevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1476. [PMID: 34199576 PMCID: PMC8230295 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cell types. They are abundant in bio-fluids and harbor specific molecular constituents from their parental cells. Due to these characteristics, EXOs have a great potential in cancer diagnostics for liquid biopsy and personalized medicine. Despite this unique potential, EXOs are not yet widely applied in clinical settings, with two main factors hindering their translational process in diagnostics. Firstly, conventional extraction methods are time-consuming, require large sample volumes and expensive equipment, and often do not provide high-purity samples. Secondly, characterization methods have some limitations, because they are often qualitative, need extensive labeling or complex sampling procedures that can induce artifacts. In this context, novel label-free approaches are rapidly emerging, and are holding potential to revolutionize EXO diagnostics. These methods include the use of nanodevices for EXO purification, and vibrational spectroscopies, scattering, and nanoindentation for characterization. In this progress report, we summarize recent key advances in label-free techniques for EXO purification and characterization. We point out that these methods contribute to reducing costs and processing times, provide complementary information compared to the conventional characterization techniques, and enhance flexibility, thus favoring the discovery of novel and unexplored EXO-based biomarkers. In this process, the impact of nanotechnology is systematically highlighted, showing how the effectiveness of these techniques can be enhanced using nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, which enable the exploitation of advanced physical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Santo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Svetlana Jovanović
- “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Giuseppina Nocca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Campi
- Rome International Centre Materials Science Superstripes RICMASS, via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria Km 29. 300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00016 Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Giacinto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (G.N.); (M.P.); (F.D.G.)
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
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Liu P, Zabala-Ferrera O, Beltramo PJ. Fabrication and electromechanical characterization of freestanding asymmetric membranes. Biophys J 2021; 120:1755-1764. [PMID: 33675759 PMCID: PMC8204216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All biological cell membranes maintain an electric transmembrane potential of around 100 mV, due in part to an asymmetric distribution of charged phospholipids across the membrane. This asymmetry is crucial to cell health and physiological processes such as intracell signaling, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and membrane protein function. Experimental artificial membrane systems incorporate essential cell membrane structures, such as the phospholipid bilayer, in a controllable manner in which specific properties and processes can be isolated and examined. Here, we describe an approach to fabricate and characterize planar, freestanding, asymmetric membranes and use it to examine the effect of headgroup charge on membrane stiffness. The approach relies on a thin film balance used to form a freestanding membrane by adsorbing aqueous phase lipid vesicles to an oil-water interface and subsequently thinning the oil to form a bilayer. We validate this lipid-in-aqueous approach by analyzing the thickness and compressibility of symmetric membranes with varying zwitterionic 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and anionic 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG) content as compared with previous lipid-in-oil methods. We find that as the concentration of DOPG increases, membranes become thicker and stiffer. Asymmetric membranes are fabricated by controlling the lipid vesicle composition in the aqueous reservoirs on either side of the oil. Membrane compositional asymmetry is qualitatively demonstrated using a fluorescence quenching assay and quantitatively characterized through voltage-dependent capacitance measurements. Stable asymmetric membranes with DOPC on one side and DOPC-DOPG mixtures on the other were created with transmembrane potentials ranging from 15 to 80 mV. Introducing membrane charge asymmetry decreases both the thickness and stiffness in comparison with symmetric membranes with the same overall phospholipid composition. These initial successes demonstrate a viable pathway to quantitatively characterize asymmetric bilayers that can be extended to accommodate more complex membranes and membrane processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Oscar Zabala-Ferrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Peter J Beltramo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
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Fraser M, Matuschewski K, Maier AG. Of membranes and malaria: phospholipid asymmetry in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4545-4561. [PMID: 33713154 PMCID: PMC11071739 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease with a vast impact on human history, and according to the World Health Organisation, Plasmodium parasites still infect over 200 million people per year. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest parasite species, has a remarkable ability to undermine the host immune system and cause life-threatening disease during blood infection. The parasite's host cells, red blood cells (RBCs), generally maintain an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the two leaflets of the plasma membrane bilayer. Alterations to this asymmetry, particularly the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet, can be recognised by phagocytes. Because of the importance of innate immune defence numerous studies have investigated PS exposure in RBCs infected with P. falciparum, but have reached different conclusions. Here we review recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which regulate asymmetry in RBCs, and whether infection with the P. falciparum parasite results in changes to PS exposure. On the balance of evidence, it is likely that membrane asymmetry is disrupted in parasitised RBCs, though some methodological issues need addressing. We discuss the potential causes and consequences of altered asymmetry in parasitised RBCs, particularly for in vivo interactions with the immune system, and the role of host-parasite co-evolution. We also examine the potential asymmetric state of parasite membranes and summarise current knowledge on the parasite proteins, which could regulate asymmetry in these membranes. Finally, we highlight unresolved questions at this time and the need for interdisciplinary approaches to uncover the machinery which enables P. falciparum parasites to hide in mature erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Fraser
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Sych T, Gurdap CO, Wedemann L, Sezgin E. How Does Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Model Membranes Reflect Cell Membrane Heterogeneity? MEMBRANES 2021; 11:323. [PMID: 33925240 PMCID: PMC8146956 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although liquid-liquid phase separation of cytoplasmic or nuclear components in cells has been a major focus in cell biology, it is only recently that the principle of phase separation has been a long-standing concept and extensively studied in biomembranes. Membrane phase separation has been reconstituted in simplified model systems, and its detailed physicochemical principles, including essential phase diagrams, have been extensively explored. These model membrane systems have proven very useful to study the heterogeneity in cellular membranes, however, concerns have been raised about how reliably they can represent native membranes. In this review, we will discuss how phase-separated membrane systems can mimic cellular membranes and where they fail to reflect the native cell membrane heterogeneity. We also include a few humble suggestions on which phase-separated systems should be used for certain applications, and which interpretations should be avoided to prevent unreliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden; (T.S.); (C.O.G.); (L.W.)
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47
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Dingjan T, Futerman AH. The fine-tuning of cell membrane lipid bilayers accentuates their compositional complexity. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100021. [PMID: 33656770 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are now emerging as finely tuned molecular systems, signifying that re-evaluation of our understanding of their structure is essential. Although the idea that cell membrane lipid bilayers do little more than give shape and form to cells and limit diffusion between cells and their environment is totally passé, the structural, compositional, and functional complexity of lipid bilayers often catches cell and molecular biologists by surprise. Models of lipid bilayer structure have developed considerably since the heyday of the fluid mosaic model, principally by the discovery of the restricted diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids within the plane of the bilayer. In reviewing this field, we now suggest that further refinement of current models is necessary and propose that describing lipid bilayers as "finely-tuned molecular assemblies" best portrays their complexity and function. Also see the video abstract here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddkP-QRZTl8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Dingjan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Perez MA, Watts JL. Worms, Fat, and Death: Caenorhabditis elegans Lipid Metabolites Regulate Cell Death. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020125. [PMID: 33672292 PMCID: PMC7926963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is well-known as the model organism used to elucidate the genetic pathways underlying the first described form of regulated cell death, apoptosis. Since then, C. elegans investigations have contributed to the further understanding of lipids in apoptosis, especially the roles of phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylinositols. More recently, studies in C. elegans have shown that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can induce the non-apoptotic, iron-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. In this review, we examine the roles of various lipids in specific aspects of regulated cell death, emphasizing recent work in C. elegans.
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49
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Fraser M, Jing W, Bröer S, Kurth F, Sander LE, Matuschewski K, Maier AG. Breakdown in membrane asymmetry regulation leads to monocyte recognition of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009259. [PMID: 33600495 PMCID: PMC7891792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum relies on lipids to survive; this makes its lipid metabolism an attractive drug target. The lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is usually confined to the inner leaflet of the red blood cell membrane (RBC) bilayer; however, some studies suggest that infection with the intracellular parasite results in the presence of this lipid in the RBC membrane outer leaflet, where it could act as a recognition signal to phagocytes. Here, we used fluorescent lipid analogues and probes to investigate the enzymatic reactions responsible for maintaining asymmetry between membrane leaflets, and found that in parasitised RBCs the maintenance of membrane asymmetry was partly disrupted, and PS was increased in the outer leaflet. We examined the underlying causes for the differences between uninfected and infected RBCs using fluorescent dyes and probes, and found that calcium levels increased in the infected RBC cytoplasm, whereas membrane cholesterol was depleted from the erythrocyte plasma membrane. We explored the resulting effect of PS exposure on enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes, and show that infected RBCs must expend energy to limit phagocyte recognition, and provide experimental evidence that PS exposure contributes to phagocytic recognition of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Together, these findings underscore the pivotal role for PS exposure on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes for in vivo interactions with the host immune system, and provide a rationale for targeted antimalarial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Fraser
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weidong Jing
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leif-Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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50
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Tarasov VV, Svistunov AA, Chubarev VN, Dostdar SA, Sokolov AV, Brzecka A, Sukocheva O, Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 69:212-225. [PMID: 31421263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, a lot of nanotechnological optitions are available for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that cells use for storage, transport, communication, and signaling. Recent research has focused on EVs as natural nanoparticles for drug delivery. This review sheds light on the application of EVs in cancer therapy, such as targeted chemotherapy, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Aspects of biogenesis, isolation, targeting, and loading of EVs are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Sokolov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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