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Kreissig S, Windisch R, Wichmann C. Deciphering Acute Myeloid Leukemia Associated Transcription Factors in Human Primary CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 2023; 13:78. [PMID: 38201282 PMCID: PMC10777941 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemato-oncological diseases account for nearly 10% of all malignancies and can be classified into leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic syndromes. The causes and prognosis of these disease entities are highly variable. Most entities are not permanently controllable and ultimately lead to the patient's death. At the molecular level, recurrent mutations including chromosomal translocations initiate the transformation from normal stem-/progenitor cells into malignant blasts finally floating the patient's bone marrow and blood system. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the so-called master transcription factors such as RUNX1, KMT2A, and HOX are frequently disrupted by chromosomal translocations, resulting in neomorphic oncogenic fusion genes. Triggering ex vivo expansion of primary human CD34+ stem/progenitor cells represents a distinct characteristic of such chimeric AML transcription factors. Regarding oncogenic mechanisms of AML, most studies focus on murine models. However, due to biological differences between mice and humans, findings are only partly transferable. This review focuses on the genetic manipulation of human CD34+ primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from healthy donors to model acute myeloid leukemia cell growth. Analysis of defined single- or multi-hit human cellular AML models will elucidate molecular mechanisms of the development, maintenance, and potential molecular intervention strategies to counteract malignant human AML blast cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (S.K.)
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2
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Lee JY, Park S, Han AR, Hwang HS, Kim HJ. Therapeutic potential of FLT4-targeting peptide in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2919-2925. [PMID: 36763100 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that dysfunctional natural killer (NK) cells with low interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were restored in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by the FLT4 antagonist MAZ51. Here, we developed 12 peptides targeting FLT4 for clinical application and examined whether they restored the frequency of lymphocytes, especially T cells and NK cells, and high IFN-γ expression, as MAZ51 treatment did in our previous study. Although clinical data from using peptides are currently available, peptides targeting FLT4 to modulate immune cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we focus on novel peptide 4 (P4) from the intracellular domain of FLT4 because it had dominant negative activity. Similar to MAZ51, high IFN-γ levels were expressed in AML-mononuclear cells exposed to P4. Additionally, T and NK cell levels were restored, as were high IFN-γ levels, in a leukemic environment when P4 was treated. Interestingly, the regulatory T cells were significantly decreased by P4, implying the role of peptide in tumor niche. Overall, we demonstrated the therapeutic value of functionally modulating lymphocytes using a peptide targeting FLT4 and proposed the development of advanced therapeutic approaches against AML by using immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Hwang
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, Leukemia Research Institute, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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3
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Ball BJ, Arslan S, Koller P, Ngo D, Afkhami M, Salhotra A, Al-Malki M, Aribi A, Ali H, Sandhu K, Otoukesh S, Amanam I, Pourhassan H, Artz A, Curtin P, Stein A, Nakamura R, Marcucci G, Smith E, Pullarkat V, Aldoss I. Clinical experience with venetoclax and hypomethylating agents (HMA) in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory KMT2A-Rearranged acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:3232-3236. [PMID: 36089918 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2116934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ball
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shukaib Arslan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Paul Koller
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dat Ngo
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Afkhami
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Amandeep Salhotra
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monzr Al-Malki
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Aribi
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Haris Ali
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Karamjeet Sandhu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Salman Otoukesh
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Idoroenyi Amanam
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hoda Pourhassan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Artz
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Peter Curtin
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Stein
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Smith
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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4
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Selkirk E, Patel R, Hoyle A, Lie-a-Ling M, Smith D, Swift J, Lacaud G. SGOL1-AS1 enhances cell survival in acute myeloid leukemia by maintaining pro-inflammatory signaling. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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El-Masry OS, Alamri AM, Alzahrani F, Alsamman K. ADAMTS14, ARHGAP22, and EPDR1 as potential novel targets in acute myeloid leukaemia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09065. [PMID: 35299609 PMCID: PMC8920923 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a blood cancer with a heterogeneous genomic landscape. This study aimed to mine bioinformatics data generated by RNA sequencing to unveil an AML case transcriptome profile and identify novel therapeutic targets and markers. In this study, we have determined the transcriptomic profile and analysed gene variants of an AML patient at the time of diagnosis and validated some genes by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. ADAMTS14, ARHGAP22, and ependymin-related protein 1 (EPDR1) were markedly upregulated compared to the corresponding control. In addition, novel exonic single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants were identified in these genes. Hence, ADAMTS14, ARHGAP22, and EPDR1 can be proposed as potential novel targets in AML, and their exact roles should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S El-Masry
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alamri
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Alkhobar, 34445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaldoon Alsamman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahaman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Czegle I, Gray AL, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang J, Wappler-Guzzetta EA. Mitochondria and Their Relationship with Common Genetic Abnormalities in Hematologic Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1351. [PMID: 34947882 PMCID: PMC8707674 DOI: 10.3390/life11121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are known to be associated with numerous cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes. In addition to morphology, immunophenotype, cytochemistry and clinical characteristics, these genetic alterations are typically required to diagnose myeloid, lymphoid, and plasma cell neoplasms. According to the current World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, numerous genetic changes are highlighted, often defining a distinct subtype of a disease, or providing prognostic information. This review highlights how these molecular changes can alter mitochondrial bioenergetics, cell death pathways, mitochondrial dynamics and potentially be related to mitochondrial genetic changes. A better understanding of these processes emphasizes potential novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Czegle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Austin L. Gray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Minjing Wang
- Independent Researcher, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA;
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Edina A. Wappler-Guzzetta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
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7
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Lee WHS, Ye Z, Cheung AMS, Goh YPS, Oh HLJ, Rajarethinam R, Yeo SP, Soh MK, Chan EHL, Tan LK, Tan SY, Chuah C, Chng WJ, Connolly JE, Wang CI. Effective Killing of Acute Myeloid Leukemia by TIM-3 Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1702-1712. [PMID: 34158344 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with poor outcomes, overwhelmingly due to relapse. Minimal residual disease (MRD), defined as the persistence of leukemic cells after chemotherapy treatment, is thought to be the major cause of relapse. The origins of relapse in AML have been traced to rare therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are already present at diagnosis. Effective treatment strategies for long-term remission are lacking, as it has been difficult to eliminate LSCs with conventional therapy. Here, we proposed a new approach based on the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-directed T lymphocytes, targeting T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) to treat MRD in patients with AML. TIM-3 is selected as the target because it is highly expressed on AML blasts and LSCs in most subtypes regardless of the patient's genetic characteristics and treatment course. Moreover, it is absent in the normal hematopoietic stem cells, granulocytes, naïve lymphocytes, and most normal nonhematopoietic tissues. Using a naïve human Fab phage display library, we isolated an anti-human TIM-3 antibody and designed a second-generation anti-TIM-3. Our anti-TIM-3 CAR T cells exhibit potent antileukemic activity against AML cell lines and primary AML blasts, and in the mouse models. More importantly, we demonstrate efficient killing of the primary LSCs directly isolated from the patients. Hence, eradication of the LSCs present in the MRD by anti-TIM-3 CAR T-cell therapy following the first-line treatment may improve the clinical outcomes of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Sandy Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Zhiyong Ye
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Alice M S Cheung
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Y P Sharon Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Hsueh Ling Janice Oh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Siok Ping Yeo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mun Kuen Soh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Esther Hian Li Chan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Lip Kun Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Soo-Yong Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Charles Chuah
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health Systems, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
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8
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Plant homeodomain finger protein 6 in the regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 27:248-253. [PMID: 32398456 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Even though an increasing amount of sequencing data on the leukemia genome has highlighted a tumor-suppressive function for plant homeodomain finger protein 6 (PHF6), its role in the hematopoietic system remained elusive until recently. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of PHF6 in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis based on recent findings from knockout mouse models. RECENT FINDINGS In a mouse model, the loss of Phf6 enhanced the bone marrow repopulating capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during serial transplantations without transforming hematopoietic cells, whereas donor mice, which lacked Phf6 expression in the hematopoietic system, did not show any apparent phenotypes in the steady-state. Mechanistically, Phf6 activates effectors in the tumor necrosis factor α (Tnfα) pathway. Therefore, a Phf6 deficiency attenuates the expression of the effectors and confers resistance against Tnfα-mediated growth inhibition to HSCs. Moreover, the loss of Phf6 promoted the development of leukemia induced by aberrant TLX3 expression or an active NOTCH mutation. SUMMARY Phf6 restricts the self-renewal of HSCs by governing the Tnfα pathway. Phf6 fulfills a tumor-suppressive function, and its loss synergizes with leukemic lesions to promote the onset of hematological malignancies.
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Renin angiotensin system genes are biomarkers for personalized treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with Doxorubicin as well as etoposide. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242497. [PMID: 33237942 PMCID: PMC7688131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of various treatment protocols, response to therapy in patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) remains largely unpredictable. Transcriptomic profiling studies have thus far revealed the presence of molecular subtypes of AML that are not accounted for by standard clinical parameters or by routinely used biomarkers. Such molecular subtypes of AML are predicted to vary in response to chemotherapy or targeted therapy. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is an important group of proteins that play a critical role in regulating blood pressure, vascular resistance and fluid/electrolyte balance. RAS pathway genes are also known to be present locally in tissues such as the bone marrow, where they play an important role in leukemic hematopoiesis. In this study, we asked if the RAS genes could be utilized to predict drug responses in patients with AML. We show that the combined in silico analysis of up to five RAS genes can reliably predict sensitivity to Doxorubicin as well as Etoposide in AML. The same genes could also predict sensitivity to Doxorubicin when tested in vitro. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed enrichment of TNF-alpha and type-I IFN response genes among sensitive, and TGF-beta and fibronectin related genes in resistant cancer cells. However, this does not seem to reflect an epithelial to mesenchymal transition per se. We also identified that RAS genes can stratify patients with AML into subtypes with distinct prognosis. Together, our results demonstrate that genes present in RAS are biomarkers for drug sensitivity and the prognostication of AML.
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Which patients with acute myeloid leukemia in CR1 can be spared an allogeneic transplant? Curr Opin Hematol 2020; 26:58-64. [PMID: 30585893 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disease relapse remains the major cause of treatment failure in adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1) treated with intensive chemotherapy alone. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) reduces the risk of disease recurrence, and thus the advent of reduced intensity-conditioning regimens coupled with increased donor availability has increased the deliverability of potentially curative transplant therapy in AML. However, allo-SCT remains associated with significant additional morbidity and mortality, and it is therefore important to identify patients whose outcome if treated with chemotherapy alone is good enough to spare them the risks associated with allo-SCT. RECENT FINDINGS Characterization of cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities present at diagnosis coupled with dynamic assessments of measurable residual disease now permit greater accuracy in defining the relapse risk in patients treated with chemotherapy alone. At the same time, the risk of transplant-related mortality can be predicted by a number of scoring systems which assess patient comorbidity. Taken together, such assessments permit a dynamic assessment of the risks and benefits of transplantation aiding the identification of patients who are unlikely to benefit from transplantation in CR1. SUMMARY Increasingly accurate risk stratification in adults with AML CR1 aids the rational utilization of allo-SCT. Future research integrating the results of serial MRD analysis in molecularly defined subtypes of AML will further improve rational selection of patients for transplant.
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Identification of Two DNMT3A Mutations Compromising Protein Stability and Methylation Capacity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:5985923. [PMID: 31827512 PMCID: PMC6881567 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5985923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations of DNMT3A occur in about 20% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. They mostly consist in heterozygous missense mutations targeting a hotspot site at R882 codon, which exhibit a dominant negative effect and are associated with high myeloblast count, advanced age, and poor prognosis. Other types of mutations such as truncations, insertions, or single-nucleotide deletion also affect the DNMT3A gene, though with lower frequency. The present study aimed to characterize two DNMT3A gene mutations identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS), through analysis of protein stability and DNA methylation status at CpG islands. The first mutation was a single-nucleotide variant of DNMT3A at exon 20 causing a premature STOP codon (c.2385G > A; p.Trp795 ∗ ; NM_022552.4). The DNMT3A mutation load increased from 4.5% to 38.2% during guadecitabine treatment, with a dominant negative effect on CpG methylation and on protein expression. The second mutation was a novel insertion of 35 nucleotides in exon 22 of DNMT3A (NM_022552.4) that introduced a STOP codon too, after the amino acid Glu863 caused by a frameshift insertion (c.2586_2587insTCATGAATGAGAAAGAGGACATCTTATGGTGCACT; p. Thr862_Glu863fsins). The mutation, which was associated with reduced DNMT3A expression and CpG methylation, persisted at relapse with minor changes in the methylation profile and at protein level. Our data highlight the need to better understand the consequences of DNMT3A mutations other than R882 substitutions in the leukemogenic process in order to tailor patient treatments, thus avoiding therapeutic resistance and disease relapse.
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12
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Cell-lineage level-targeted sequencing to identify acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2513-2521. [PMID: 30282643 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal myeloid neoplasm that typically arises de novo; however, some cases evolve from a preleukemic state, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Such secondary AMLs and those with typical MDS-related clinical features are known as AMLs with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC). Because patients with AML-MRC have poor prognosis, more accurate diagnostic approaches are required. In this study, we performed targeted sequencing of 54 genes in 3 cell populations (granulocyte, blast, and T-cell fractions) using samples from 13 patients with MDS, 16 patients with clinically diagnosed AML-MRC, 4 patients with suspected AML-MRC but clinically diagnosed as AML not otherwise specified (AML-NOS), and 11 patients with de novo AML. We found that overlapping mutations, defined as those shared at least by the blast and granulocyte fractions, were significantly enriched in patients with MDS and AML-MRC, including those with suspected AML-MRC, indicating a substantial history of clonal hematopoiesis. In contrast, blast-specific nonoverlapping mutations were significantly enriched in patients with de novo AML. Furthermore, the presence of overlapping mutations, excluding DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1, effectively segregated patients with MDS and AML-MRC or suspected AML-MRC from patients with de novo AML. Additionally, the presence of ≥3 mutations in the blast fraction was useful for distinguishing patients with AML-MRC from those with MDS. In conclusion, our approach is useful for classifying clinically diagnosable AML-MRC and identifying clinically diagnosed AML-NOS as latent AML-MRC. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm the utility of this approach.
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FLT3-ITD gets by with a little help from PRMT1. Blood 2019; 134:498-500. [PMID: 31395582 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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The chromatin-binding protein Phf6 restricts the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2019; 133:2495-2506. [PMID: 30917958 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent inactivating mutations have been identified in the X-linked plant homeodomain finger protein 6 (PHF6) gene, encoding a chromatin-binding transcriptional regulator protein, in various hematological malignancies. However, the role of PHF6 in normal hematopoiesis and its tumor-suppressor function remain largely unknown. We herein generated mice carrying a floxed Phf6 allele and inactivated Phf6 in hematopoietic cells at various developmental stages. The Phf6 deletion in embryos augmented the capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to proliferate in cultures and reconstitute hematopoiesis in recipient mice. The Phf6 deletion in neonates and adults revealed that cycling HSCs readily acquired an advantage in competitive repopulation upon the Phf6 deletion, whereas dormant HSCs only did so after serial transplantations. Phf6-deficient HSCs maintained an enhanced repopulating capacity during serial transplantations; however, they did not induce any hematological malignancies. Mechanistically, Phf6 directly and indirectly activated downstream effectors in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) signaling. The Phf6 deletion repressed the expression of a set of genes associated with TNFα signaling, thereby conferring resistance against the TNFα-mediated growth inhibition on HSCs. Collectively, these results not only define Phf6 as a novel negative regulator of HSC self-renewal, implicating inactivating PHF6 mutations in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies, but also indicate that a Phf6 deficiency alone is not sufficient to induce hematopoietic transformation.
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15
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Gurska LM, Ames K, Gritsman K. Signaling Pathways in Leukemic Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1143:1-39. [PMID: 31338813 PMCID: PMC7249489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7342-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) utilize many of the same signaling pathways for their maintenance and survival. In this review, we will focus on several signaling pathways whose roles have been extensively studied in both HSCs and LSCs. Our main focus will be on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and several of its regulators and downstream effectors. We will also discuss several other signaling pathways of particular importance in LSCs, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway, the NOTCH pathway, and the TGFβ pathway. For each of these pathways, we will emphasize differences in how these pathways operate in LSCs, compared to their function in HSCs, to highlight opportunities for the specific therapeutic targeting of LSCs. We will also highlight areas of crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways that may affect LSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Gurska
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Ames
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, New York, USA.
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16
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Zhang P, He F, Bai J, Yamamoto S, Chen S, Zhang L, Sheng M, Zhang L, Guo Y, Man N, Yang H, Wang S, Cheng T, Nimer SD, Zhou Y, Xu M, Wang QF, Yang FC. Chromatin regulator Asxl1 loss and Nf1 haploinsufficiency cooperate to accelerate myeloid malignancy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5383-5398. [PMID: 30226831 DOI: 10.1172/jci121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ASXL1 is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies and is known to co-occur with other gene mutations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the leukemogenesis associated with ASXL1 and cooperating mutations remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that Asxl1 loss cooperated with haploinsufficiency of Nf1, a negative regulator of the RAS signaling pathway, to accelerate the development of myeloid leukemia in mice. Loss of Asxl1 and Nf1 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells resulted in a gain-of-function transcriptional activation of multiple pathways such as MYC, NRAS, and BRD4 that are critical for leukemogenesis. The hyperactive MYC and BRD9 transcription programs were correlated with elevated H3K4 trimethylation at the promoter regions of genes involving these pathways. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of both the MAPK pathway and BET bromodomain prevented leukemia initiation and inhibited disease progression in Asxl1Δ/Δ Nf1Δ/Δ mice. Concomitant mutations of ASXL1 and RAS pathway genes were associated with aggressive progression of myeloid malignancies in patients. This study sheds light on the effect of cooperation between epigenetic alterations and signaling pathways on accelerating the progression of myeloid malignancies and provides a rational therapeutic strategy for the treatment of myeloid malignancies with ASXL1 and RAS pathway gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fuhong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shohei Yamamoto
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Na Man
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suyun Wang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital and Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Qian-Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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17
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Characterization of TRKA signaling in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30092-30105. [PMID: 30046390 PMCID: PMC6059018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TRKA) translocations have oncogenic potential and have been found in rare cases of solid tumors. Accumulating evidence indicates that TRKA and its ligand, nerve growth factor (NGF), may play a role in normal hematopoiesis and may be deregulated in leukemogenesis. Here, we report a comprehensive evaluation of TRKA signaling in normal and leukemic cells. TRKA expression is highest in common myeloid progenitors and is overexpressed in core binding factor and megakaryocytic leukemias, especially Down syndrome-related AML. Importantly, NGF can rescue GM-CSF dependent TF-1 AML cells, but does not drive proliferation in other TRKA-expressing lines. Although TRKA expression is heterogeneous between and within AML samples, NGF stimulation broadly induces ERK signaling, demonstrating the functional ability of AML cells to respond to NGF/TRKA signaling. However, neither shRNA knockdown nor pharmacologic inhibition have significant anti-proliferative effects on human AML cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, despite functional NGF/TRKA signaling, the importance of TRKA in AML remains unclear.
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18
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Clonal expansion and myeloid leukemia progression modeled by multiplex gene editing of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2018; 64:33-44.e5. [PMID: 29751067 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have identified novel mutations and revealed complex genetic architectures in human hematological malignancies. Moving forward, new methods to quickly generate animal models that recapitulate the complex genetics of human hematological disorders are needed to transform the genetic information to new therapies. Here, we used a ribonucleoprotein-based CRISPR/Cas9 system to model human clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We edited multiple genes recurrently mutated in hematological disorders, including those encoding epigenetic regulators, transcriptional regulators, and signaling components in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Tracking the clonal dynamics by sequencing the indels induced by CRISPR/Cas9 revealed clonal expansion in some recipient mice that progressed to AML initiated by leukemia-initiating cells. Our results establish that the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex mutagenesis can be used to engineer a variety of murine models of hematological malignancies with complex genetic architectures seen in human disease.
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19
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epigenetic changes resulting from aberrant methylation patterns are a recurrent observation in hematologic malignancies. Hypomethylating agents have a well-established role in the management of patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. In addition to the direct effects of hypomethylating agents on cancer cells, there are several lines of evidence indicating a role for immune-mediated anti-tumor benefits from hypomethylating therapy. Areas covered: We reviewed the clinical and basic science literature for the effects of hypomethylating agents, including the most commonly utilized therapeutics azacitidine and decitabine, on immune cell subsets. We summarized the effects of hypomethylating agents on the frequency and function of natural killer cells, T cells, and dendritic cells. In particular, we highlight the effects of hypomethylating agents on expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors, leukemia-associated antigens, and endogenous retroviral elements. Expert commentary: In vitro and ex vivo studies indicate mixed effects on the function of natural killer, dendritic cells and T cells following treatment with hypomethylating agents. Clinical correlates of immune function have suggested that hypomethylating agents have immunomodulatory functions with the potential to synergize with immune checkpoint therapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancy, and has become an active area of clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lindblad
- a Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Meghali Goswami
- a Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Christopher S Hourigan
- a Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Karolyn A Oetjen
- a Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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20
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Marcel V, Catez F, Berger CM, Perrial E, Plesa A, Thomas X, Mattei E, Hayette S, Saintigny P, Bouvet P, Diaz JJ, Dumontet C. Expression Profiling of Ribosome Biogenesis Factors Reveals Nucleolin as a Novel Potential Marker to Predict Outcome in AML Patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170160. [PMID: 28103300 PMCID: PMC5245884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease. Prognosis is mainly influenced by patient age at diagnosis and cytogenetic alterations, two of the main factors currently used in AML patient risk stratification. However, additional criteria are required to improve the current risk classification and better adapt patient care. In neoplastic cells, ribosome biogenesis is increased to sustain the high proliferation rate and ribosome composition is altered to modulate specific gene expression driving tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the usage of ribosome biogenesis factors as clinical markers in adult patients with AML. We showed that nucleoli, the nucleus compartments where ribosome production takes place, are modified in AML by analyzing a panel of AML and healthy donor cells using immunofluorescence staining. Using four AML series, including the TCGA dataset, altogether representing a total of about 270 samples, we showed that not all factors involved in ribosome biogenesis have clinical values although ribosome biogenesis is increased in AML. Interestingly, we identified the regulator of ribosome production nucleolin (NCL) as over-expressed in AML blasts. Moreover, we found in two series that high NCL mRNA expression level was associated with a poor overall survival, particular in elderly patients. Multivariate analyses taking into account age and cytogenetic risk indicated that NCL expression in blast cells is an independent marker of reduced survival. Our study identifies NCL as a potential novel prognostic factor in AML. Altogether, our results suggest that the ribosome biogenesis pathway may be of interest as clinical markers in AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Young Adult
- Nucleolin
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marcel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nuclear domains and pathologies team, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nuclear domains and pathologies team, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline M. Berger
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nuclear domains and pathologies team, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, Lyon, France
| | - Emeline Perrial
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Anticancer antibodies team, Immunity, Microenvironment and Virus Department, Lyon, France
| | - Adriana Plesa
- Department of Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Xavier Thomas
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Eve Mattei
- Department of Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Sandrine Hayette
- Department of Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department of Medecine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nuclear domains and pathologies team, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nuclear domains and pathologies team, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Anticancer antibodies team, Immunity, Microenvironment and Virus Department, Lyon, France
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21
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Abstract
For several decades, we have known that epigenetic regulation is disrupted in cancer. Recently, an increasing body of data suggests epigenetics might be an intersection of current cancer research trends: next generation sequencing, immunology, metabolomics, and cell aging. The new emphasis on epigenetics is also related to the increasing production of drugs capable of interfering with epigenetic mechanisms and able to trigger clinical responses in even advanced phase patients. In this review, we will use myeloid malignancies as proof of concept examples of how epigenetic mechanisms can trigger or promote oncogenesis. We will also show how epigenetic mechanisms are related to genetic aberrations, and how they affect other systems, like immune response. Finally, we will show how we can try to influence the fate of cancer cells with epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Stahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan Kohrman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Gore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tae Kon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amer M. Zeidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thomas Prebet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mutant DNA methylation regulators endow hematopoietic stem cells with the preleukemic stem cell property, a requisite of leukemia initiation and relapse. Front Med 2016; 9:412-20. [PMID: 26482067 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations are considered to drive the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With therapid progress in sequencing technologies, many newly reported genes that are recurrently mutated in AML have been found to govern the initiation and relapse of AML. These findings suggest the need to distinguish the driver mutations, especially the most primitive single mutation, from the subsequent passenger mutations. Recent research on DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) mutations provides the first proof-of-principle investigation on the identification of preleukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) in AML patients. Although DNMT3A mutations alone may only transform hematopoietic stem cells into pre-LSCs without causing the full-blown leukemia, the function of this driver mutation appear to persist from AML initiation up to relapse. Therefore, identifying and targeting preleukemic mutations, such as DNMT3A mutations, in AML is a promising strategy for treatment and reduction of relapse risk.
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23
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Leucemia mieloide aguda. Una perspectiva de los mecanismos moleculares del cáncer. GACETA MEXICANA DE ONCOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gamo.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Grimwade D, Ivey A, Huntly BJP. Molecular landscape of acute myeloid leukemia in younger adults and its clinical relevance. Blood 2016; 127:29-41. [PMID: 26660431 PMCID: PMC4705608 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-604496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent major advances in understanding the molecular basis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) provide a double-edged sword. Although defining the topology and key features of the molecular landscape are fundamental to development of novel treatment approaches and provide opportunities for greater individualization of therapy, confirmation of the genetic complexity presents a huge challenge to successful translation into routine clinical practice. It is now clear that many genes are recurrently mutated in AML; moreover, individual leukemias harbor multiple mutations and are potentially composed of subclones with differing mutational composition, rendering each patient's AML genetically unique. In order to make sense of the overwhelming mutational data and capitalize on this clinically, it is important to identify (1) critical AML-defining molecular abnormalities that distinguish biological disease entities; (2) mutations, typically arising in subclones, that may influence prognosis but are unlikely to be ideal therapeutic targets; (3) mutations associated with preleukemic clones; and (4) mutations that have been robustly shown to confer independent prognostic information or are therapeutically relevant. The reward of identifying AML-defining molecular lesions present in all leukemic populations (including subclones) has been exemplified by acute promyelocytic leukemia, where successful targeting of the underlying PML-RARα oncoprotein has eliminated the need for chemotherapy for disease cure. Despite the molecular heterogeneity and recognizing that treatment options for other forms of AML are limited, this review will consider the scope for using novel molecular information to improve diagnosis, identify subsets of patients eligible for targeted therapies, refine outcome prediction, and track treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grimwade
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Ivey
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J P Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Coevolution between Cancer Activities and Food Structure of Human Being from Southwest China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:497934. [PMID: 26609527 PMCID: PMC4644535 DOI: 10.1155/2015/497934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Yunnan and Tibet are the lowest cancer mortality and the largest producer for anticancer crops (brown rice, barley, buckwheat, tea, walnut, mushrooms, and so forth). Shanghai and Jiangsu province in China have the highest mortality of cancers, which are associated with the sharp decline of barley.
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26
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Hudson AM, Wirth C, Stephenson NL, Fawdar S, Brognard J, Miller CJ. Using large-scale genomics data to identify driver mutations in lung cancer: methods and challenges. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1149-60. [PMID: 26230733 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in the world and carries a poor prognosis for most patients. While precision targeting of mutated proteins has given some successes for never- and light-smoking patients, there are no proven targeted therapies for the majority of smokers with the disease. Despite sequencing hundreds of lung cancers, known driver mutations are lacking for a majority of tumors. Distinguishing driver mutations from inconsequential passenger mutations in a given lung tumor is extremely challenging due to the high mutational burden of smoking-related cancers. Here we discuss the methods employed to identify driver mutations from these large datasets. We examine different approaches based on bioinformatics, in silico structural modeling and biological dependency screens and discuss the limitations of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hudson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Christopher Wirth
- RNA Biology Group & Computational Biology Support Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalie L Stephenson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Shameem Fawdar
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical & Biomaterial Research, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Crispin J Miller
- RNA Biology Group & Computational Biology Support Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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27
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Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Human Myeloid Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:641475. [PMID: 26064935 PMCID: PMC4433643 DOI: 10.1155/2015/641475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are heterogeneous disorders characterized by uncontrolled proliferation or/and blockage of differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. Although a substantial number of gene alterations have been identified, the mechanism by which these abnormalities interact has yet to be elucidated. Over the past decades, zebrafish have become an important model organism, especially in biomedical research. Several zebrafish models have been developed to recapitulate the characteristics of specific myeloid malignancies that provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases and allow the evaluation of novel small molecule drugs. This report will focus on illustrative examples of applications of zebrafish models, including transgenesis, zebrafish xenograft models, and cell transplantation approaches, to the study of human myeloid malignancies.
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28
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Bochtler T, Fröhling S, Krämer A. Role of chromosomal aberrations in clonal diversity and progression of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:1243-52. [PMID: 25673237 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities are a hallmark of cancer. Hereby, cytogenetic aberrations and small-scale abnormalities, such as single-nucleotide variations and insertion/deletion mutations, have emerged as two alternative modes of genetic diversification. Both mechanisms are at work in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in which conventional karyotyping and molecular studies demonstrate that gene mutations occur predominantly in cytogenetically normal AML, whereas chromosomal changes are a driving force of development and progression of disease in aberrant karyotype AML. All steps of disease evolution in AML, ranging from the transformation of preleukemic clones into overt leukemia to the expansion and recurrence of malignant clones, are paralleled by clonal evolution at either the gene mutation or chromosome aberration level. Preleukemic conditions, such as Fanconi anemia and Bloom syndrome, demonstrate that the acquisition of chromosomal aberrations can contribute to leukemic transformation. Similar to what has been shown at the mutational level, expansion and recurrence of AML clones goes along with increasing genetic diversification. Hereby, cytogenetically more evolved subclones are at a proliferative advantage and outgrow ancestor clones or have evolved toward a more aggressive behavior with additional newly acquired aberrations as compared with the initial leukemic clone, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bochtler
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Krämer
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Li J, Kurasawa Y, Wang Y, Clise-Dwyer K, Klumpp SA, Liang H, Tailor RC, Raymond AC, Estrov Z, Brandt SJ, Davis RE, Zweidler-McKay P, Amin HM, Nagarajan L. Requirement for ssbp2 in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and stress response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4654-62. [PMID: 25238756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms governing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation are not fully understood. Sequence-specific ssDNA-binding protein 2 (SSBP2) is a candidate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) suppressor gene located at chromosome 5q14. SSBP2 binds the transcriptional adaptor protein Lim domain-binding protein 1 (LDB1) and enhances LDB1 stability to regulate gene expression. Notably, Ldb1 is essential for HSC specification during early development and maintenance in adults. We previously reported shortened lifespan and greater susceptibility to B cell lymphomas and carcinomas in Ssbp2(-/-) mice. However, whether Ssbp2 plays a regulatory role in normal HSC function and leukemogenesis is unknown. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate a requirement for Ssbp2 in the function and transcriptional program of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo. We found that hematopoietic tissues were hypoplastic in Ssbp2(-/-) mice, and the frequency of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor cells in bone marrow was reduced. Other significant features of these mice were delayed recovery from 5-fluorouracil treatment and diminished multilineage reconstitution in lethally irradiated bone marrow recipients. Dramatic reduction of Notch1 transcripts and increased expression of transcripts encoding the transcription factor E2a and its downstream target Cdkn1a also distinguished Ssbp2(-/-) HSPCs from wild-type HSPCs. Finally, a tendency toward coordinated expression of SSBP2 and the AML suppressor NOTCH1 in a subset of the Cancer Genome Atlas AML cases suggested a role for SSBP2 in AML pathogenesis. Collectively, our results uncovered a critical regulatory function for SSBP2 in HSPC gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yasuhiro Kurasawa
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sherry A Klumpp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ramesh C Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Aaron C Raymond
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Stephen J Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Patrick Zweidler-McKay
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, and Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Prognostic significance of 2-hydroxyglutarate levels in acute myeloid leukemia in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17017-22. [PMID: 24082129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315558110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) has been reported to result from mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) genes and to function as an "oncometabolite." To evaluate the clinical significance of serum 2-HG levels in hematologic malignancies, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular, we analyzed this metabolite in distinct types of human leukemia and lymphoma and established the range of serum 2-HG in appropriate normal control individuals by using gas chromatograph-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Aberrant serum 2-HG pattern was detected in the multicenter group of AML, with 62 of 367 (17%) patients having 2-HG levels above the cutoff value (2.01, log2-transformed from 4.03 μg/mL). IDH1/2 mutations occurred in 27 of 31 (87%) AML cases with very high 2-HG, but were observed only in 9 of 31 (29%) patients with moderately high 2-HG, suggesting other genetic or biochemical events may exist in causing 2-HG elevation. Indeed, glutamine-related metabolites exhibited a pattern in favor of 2-HG synthesis in the high 2-HG group. In AML patients with cytogenetically normal AML (n = 234), high 2-HG represented a negative prognostic factor in both overall survival and event-free survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed high serum 2-HG as a strong prognostic predictor independent of other clinical and molecular features. We also demonstrated distinct gene-expression/DNA methylation profiles in AML blasts with high 2-HG compared with those with normal ones, supporting a role that 2-HG plays in leukemogenesis.
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