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Nagarajan L, Saravanan P, Kumaraguru K, Joo SW, Vasseghian Y, Rajeshkannan R, Rajasimman M. Synthesis of magnesium nanocomposites decked with multilayer graphene (MG) and its application for the adsorptive removal of pollutant. Chemosphere 2022; 298:134121. [PMID: 35271899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel burning is the exclusive of key causes for greenhouse fume Carbon dioxide (CO2). Magnesium nanocomposites synthesized in combination with graphene were characterized and their performance in adsorbing CO2 is validated. The novelty of this work is the use of magnesium oxide decked MG to capture CO2. The magnesium nanocomposites decked with multilayer graphene (MG) were prepared using a simple combustion process. BET surface area of 1480 m2g-1 makes it desirable for adsorbing CO2 molecules. FTIR analysis after adsorption of CO2 shows peak mid position at 3470.45 cm-1, 1300-1000 cm-1, 1603 cm-1, and 1114.30 cm-1 corresponding to the functional groups R-C-O, R-OH, R-COOH, -alkyne, Si-O-Si, and R-C-O-H shifted, signifying that chemisorption has taken place. The effect of many experimental parameters like adsorbent mass, period, and concentration of CO2 was optimized during the experiments. A maximum of 92.2% of CO2 was adsorbed at a concentration of 5 × 10- 4 M at the optimum contact of 70 min. During the experiment, the saturation point was attained at 70 min. Experiment results were best fitting to Langmuir adsorption isotherm; the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MG was 7.067 × 10-3 mol/g/min. The kinetics of CO2 on MG was labeled by Pseudo-second-order and R2 value nearly 0.988.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Ram Engineering College, Perumalpattu, India
| | - Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering- BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - K Kumaraguru
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering- BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - R Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Annam Renita A, Sathish S, Aravind Kumar J, Nagarajan L, Sakthi Kumaran SJ, Sangeeth S. Surface treated Phoenix sylvestris for bioadsorption of oil from aqueous solution: Isotherms and kinetic studies. Environ Res 2022; 209:112836. [PMID: 35104483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biosorption is a versatile technique of removing the oil spill - one of the major toxicants that causes water pollution, which threatens the ecological balance of the aquatic ecosystem. The proposed research aims in developing a viable adsorbent from discarded agricultural waste, Phoenix sylvestris, which was surface altered, assessed and utilised as a biosorbent for the effective removal of diesel from aqueous solution in batch adsorption trials. Waste palm leaves, Phoenix sylvestris (RPS)was physically (PMPS) and chemically modified (CMPS) to adsorb diesel in the emulsion. The synthesised materials were characterised by FTIR, SEM, and EDS, confirming a well-defined microporous structure consisting of ionisable groups. The studies indicated optimised conditions of 10 g, 4.5 g and 2 g of RPS, PMPS and CMPS respectively at 303K for an optimised adsorption time of 60 min. Freundlich isotherm agreed well with experimental data, and the kinetic mechanism claimed better results with RPS, PMPS and CMPS for Pseudo first-order model. The adsorbents could be reused five times without much loss of efficiency. From the performed studies, it can be inferred that good adsorption capacities at optimised conditions followed the order of CMPS > PMPS > RPS. Thermodynamic analysis proved the feasibility of such biosorption with exothermic nature predicting spontaneous attraction of oil components to the surface of PMPS and CMPS. Moreover, the density of the CMPS layer rendered proven results for such biosorption displaying a hyperbolic dependency assuring its efficacy. Hence, it can be concluded that the prepared adsorbent from Phoenix sylvestris, an agricultural waste, possess good adsorptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Annam Renita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Sathish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Aravind Kumar
- Department of Biomass and Energy Conversion, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sriram Engineering College, Chennai, 602024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S J Sakthi Kumaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sangeeth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Steers NJ, Gupta Y, D’Agati VD, Lim TY, DeMaria N, Mo A, Liang J, Stevens KO, Ahram DF, Lam WY, Gagea M, Nagarajan L, Sanna-Cherchi S, Gharavi AG. GWAS in Mice Maps Susceptibility to HIV-Associated Nephropathy to the Ssbp2 Locus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:108-120. [PMID: 34893534 PMCID: PMC8763192 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To gain insight into the pathogenesis of collapsing glomerulopathy, a rare form of FSGS that often arises in the setting of viral infections, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) among inbred mouse strains using a murine model of HIV-1 associated nephropathy (HIVAN). METHODS We first generated F1 hybrids between HIV-1 transgenic mice on the FVB/NJ background and 20 inbred laboratory strains. Analysis of histology, BUN, and urinary NGAL demonstrated marked phenotypic variation among the transgenic F1 hybrids, providing strong evidence for host genetic factors in the predisposition to nephropathy. A GWAS in 365 transgenic F1 hybrids generated from these 20 inbred strains was performed. RESULTS We identified a genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 13-C3 and multiple additional suggestive loci. Crossannotation of the Chr. 13 locus, including single-cell transcriptomic analysis of wildtype and HIV-1 transgenic mouse kidneys, nominated Ssbp2 as the most likely candidate gene. Ssbp2 is highly expressed in podocytes, encodes a transcriptional cofactor that interacts with LDB1 and LMX1B, which are both previously implicated in FSGS. Consistent with these data, older Ssbp2 null mice spontaneously develop glomerulosclerosis, tubular casts, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation, similar to the HIVAN mouse model. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the utility of GWAS in mice to uncover host genetic factors for rare kidney traits and suggest Ssbp2 as susceptibility gene for HIVAN, potentially acting via the LDB1-LMX1B transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Steers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yask Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vivette D. D’Agati
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tze Y. Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Natalia DeMaria
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna Mo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Judy Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kelsey O. Stevens
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dina F. Ahram
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wan Yee Lam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simone Sanna-Cherchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ali G. Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Wong K, Glasson EJ, Jacoby P, Srasuebkul P, Forbes D, Ravikumara M, Wilson A, Bourke J, Trollor J, Leonard H, Nagarajan L, Downs J. Survival of children and adolescents with intellectual disability following gastrostomy insertion. J Intellect Disabil Res 2020; 64:497-511. [PMID: 32319159 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive health outcomes have been observed following gastrostomy insertion in children with intellectual disability, which is being increasingly used at younger ages to improve nutritional intake. This study investigated the effect of gastrostomy insertion on survival of children with severe intellectual disability. METHODS We used linked disability and health data of children and adolescents who were born in Western Australia between 1983 and 2009 to compare survival of individuals with severe intellectual disability by exposure to gastrostomy status. For those born in 2000-2009, we employed propensity score matching to adjust for confounding by indication. Effect of gastrostomy insertion on survival was compared by pertinent health and sociodemographic risk factors. RESULTS Compared with children born in the 1980s-1990s, probability of survival following first gastrostomy insertion for those born in 2000-2009 was higher (2 years: 94% vs. 83%). Mortality risk was higher in cases than that in their matched controls (hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 7.3). The relative risk of mortality (gastrostomy vs. non-gastrostomy) may have differed by sex, birthweight and time at first gastrostomy insertion. Respiratory conditions were a common immediate or underlying cause of death among all children, particularly among those undergoing gastrostomy insertion. CONCLUSIONS Whilst gastrostomy insertion was associated with lower survival rates than children without gastrostomy, survival improved with time, and gastrostomy afforded some protection for the more vulnerable groups, and earlier use appears beneficial to survival. Specific clinical data that may be used to prioritise the need for gastrostomy insertion may be responsible for the survival differences observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wong
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E J Glasson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Forbes
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Ravikumara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Wilson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Bourke
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Leonard
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L Nagarajan
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Children's Neuroscience Service, Department of Neurology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Downs
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Simonik EA, Cai Y, Kimmelshue KN, Brantley-Sieders DM, Loomans HA, Andl CD, Westlake GM, Youngblood VM, Chen J, Yarbrough WG, Brown BT, Nagarajan L, Brandt SJ. LIM-Only Protein 4 (LMO4) and LIM Domain Binding Protein 1 (LDB1) Promote Growth and Metastasis of Human Head and Neck Cancer (LMO4 and LDB1 in Head and Neck Cancer). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164804. [PMID: 27780223 PMCID: PMC5079595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) accounts for more than 300,000 deaths worldwide per year as a consequence of tumor cell invasion of adjacent structures or metastasis. LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4) and LIM-domain binding protein 1 (LDB1), two directly interacting transcriptional adaptors that have important roles in normal epithelial cell differentiation, have been associated with increased metastasis, decreased differentiation, and shortened survival in carcinoma of the breast. Here, we implicate two LDB1-binding proteins, single-stranded binding protein 2 (SSBP2) and 3 (SSBP3), in controlling LMO4 and LDB1 protein abundance in HNSCC and in regulating specific tumor cell functions in this disease. First, we found that the relative abundance of LMO4, LDB1, and the two SSBPs correlated very significantly in a panel of human HNSCC cell lines. Second, expression of these proteins in tumor primaries and lymph nodes involved by metastasis were concordant in 3 of 3 sets of tissue. Third, using a Matrigel invasion and organotypic reconstruct assay, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of LDB1 in the VU-SCC-1729 cell line, which is highly invasive of basement membrane and cellular monolayers, reduced tumor cell invasiveness and migration, as well as proliferation on tissue culture plastic. Finally, inactivation of the LDB1 gene in these cells decreased growth and vascularization of xenografted human tumor cells in vivo. These data show that LMO4, LDB1, and SSBP2 and/or SSBP3 regulate metastasis, proliferation, and angiogenesis in HNSCC and provide the first evidence that SSBPs control LMO4 and LDB1 protein abundance in a cancer context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Simonik
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Katherine N. Kimmelshue
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Holli A. Loomans
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Claudia D. Andl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Grant M. Westlake
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Youngblood
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Wendell G. Yarbrough
- Department of Otolaryngology and Barry Baker Laboratory for Head and Neck Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Brandee T. Brown
- Department of Otolaryngology and Barry Baker Laboratory for Head and Neck Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Brandt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu-Monette ZY, Tu M, Jabbar KJ, Cao X, Tzankov A, Visco C, Nagarajan L, Cai Q, Montes-Moreno S, An Y, Dybkaer K, Chiu A, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Richards KL, Hsi ED, Choi WWL, van Krieken JH, Huh J, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Zhao X, Møller MB, Farnen JP, Winter JN, Piris MA, Miranda RN, Medeiros LJ, Young KH. Clinical and biological significance of de novo CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Western countries. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5615-33. [PMID: 25760242 PMCID: PMC4467390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 is a pan-T-cell surface marker and is rarely expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Large-scale studies of de novo CD5+ DLBCL are lacking in Western countries. In this study by the DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium, CD5 was expressed in 5.5% of 879 DLBCL patients from Western countries. CD5+ DLBCL was associated with higher frequencies of >1 ECOG performance status, bone marrow involvement, central nervous system relapse, activated B-cell-like subtype, Bcl-2 overexpression, and STAT3 and NF-κB activation, whereas rarely expressed single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2 (SSBP2), CD30 or had MYC mutations. With standard R-CHOP chemotherapy, CD5+ DLBCL patients had significantly worse overall survival (median, 25.3 months vs. not reached, P< .0001) and progression-free survival (median, 21.3 vs. 85.8 months, P< .0001) than CD5- DLBCL patients, which was independent of Bcl-2, STAT3, NF-κB and the International Prognostic Index. Interestingly, SSBP2 expression abolished the prognostic significance of CD5 expression, suggesting a tumor-suppressor role of SSBP2 for CD5 signaling. Gene-expression profiling demonstrated that B-cell receptor signaling dysfunction and microenvironment alterations are the important mechanisms underlying the clinical impact of CD5 expression. This study shows the distinctive clinical and biological features of CD5+ DLBCL patients in Western countries and underscores important pathways with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meifeng Tu
- Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kausar J Jabbar
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics and Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yuji An
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - April Chiu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristy L Richards
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - William W L Choi
- University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Jooryung Huh
- Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Second University Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - John P Farnen
- Gundersen Lutheran Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Jane N Winter
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Roberto N Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Raymond A, Liu B, Liang H, Wei C, Guindani M, Lu Y, Liang S, St John LS, Molldrem J, Nagarajan L. A role for BMP-induced homeobox gene MIXL1 in acute myelogenous leukemia and identification of type I BMP receptor as a potential target for therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12675-93. [PMID: 25544748 PMCID: PMC4350356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm Inducer in Xenopus Like1 (MIXL1), a paired-type homeobox transcription factor induced by TGF-β family of ligands is required for early embryonic specification of mesoderm and endoderm. Retrovirally transduced Mixl1 is reported to induce acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with a high penetrance. But the mechanistic underpinnings of MIXL1 mediated leukemogenesis are unknown. Here, we establish the protooncogene c-REL to be a transcriptional target of MIXL1 by genome wide chromatin immune precipitation. Accordingly, expression of c-REL and its downstream targets BCL2L1 and BCL2A2 are elevated in MIXL1 expressing cells. Notably, MIXL1 regulates c-REL through a zinc finger binding motif, potentially by a MIXL1–Zinc finger protein transcriptional complex. Furthermore, MIXL1 expression is detected in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) AML samples in a pattern mutually exclusive from that of HOXA9, CDX2 and HLX suggesting the existence of a core, yet distinct HOX transcriptional program. Finally, we demonstrate MIXL1 to be induced by BMP4 and not TGF-β in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Consequently, MIXL1 expressing AML cells are preferentially sensitive to the BMPR1 kinase inhibitor LDN-193189. These findings support the existence of a novel MIXL1-c REL mediated survival axis in AML that can be targeted by BMPR1 inhibitors. (MIXL1- human gene, Mixl1- mouse ortholog, MIXL1- protein)
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Raymond
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Genes and Development, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caimiao Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele Guindani
- Department of Biostatistics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Dept. of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Dept. of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shoudan Liang
- Dept. of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa S St John
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeff Molldrem
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Genes and Development, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Dept. of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Stem cell and Developmental biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Xu-Monette ZY, Tu M, Jabbar KJ, Cao X, Tzankov A, Visco C, Nagarajan L, Cai Q, Montes-Moreno S, An Y, Dybkaer K, Chiu A, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Richards KL, Hsi ED, Choi WWL, van Krieken JH, Huh J, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Zhao X, Møller MB, Farnen JP, Winter JN, Piris MA, Miranda RN, Medeiros LJ, Young KH. Erratum: Clinical and biological significance of de novo CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Western countries. Oncotarget 2015; 6:14720. [PMID: 26116824 PMCID: PMC4546500 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Li J, Kurasawa Y, Wang Y, Clise-Dwyer K, Klumpp SA, Liang H, Tailor RC, Raymond AC, Estrov Z, Brandt SJ, Davis RE, Zweidler-McKay P, Amin HM, Nagarajan L. Requirement for ssbp2 in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and stress response. J Immunol 2014; 193:4654-62. [PMID: 25238756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms governing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation are not fully understood. Sequence-specific ssDNA-binding protein 2 (SSBP2) is a candidate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) suppressor gene located at chromosome 5q14. SSBP2 binds the transcriptional adaptor protein Lim domain-binding protein 1 (LDB1) and enhances LDB1 stability to regulate gene expression. Notably, Ldb1 is essential for HSC specification during early development and maintenance in adults. We previously reported shortened lifespan and greater susceptibility to B cell lymphomas and carcinomas in Ssbp2(-/-) mice. However, whether Ssbp2 plays a regulatory role in normal HSC function and leukemogenesis is unknown. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate a requirement for Ssbp2 in the function and transcriptional program of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo. We found that hematopoietic tissues were hypoplastic in Ssbp2(-/-) mice, and the frequency of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor cells in bone marrow was reduced. Other significant features of these mice were delayed recovery from 5-fluorouracil treatment and diminished multilineage reconstitution in lethally irradiated bone marrow recipients. Dramatic reduction of Notch1 transcripts and increased expression of transcripts encoding the transcription factor E2a and its downstream target Cdkn1a also distinguished Ssbp2(-/-) HSPCs from wild-type HSPCs. Finally, a tendency toward coordinated expression of SSBP2 and the AML suppressor NOTCH1 in a subset of the Cancer Genome Atlas AML cases suggested a role for SSBP2 in AML pathogenesis. Collectively, our results uncovered a critical regulatory function for SSBP2 in HSPC gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Li
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yasuhiro Kurasawa
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sherry A Klumpp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ramesh C Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Aaron C Raymond
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Stephen J Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Patrick Zweidler-McKay
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, and Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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10
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William BJ, Bharathidasan M, Thirumurugan R, Arunprasad A, Kananan TA, George RS, Nagarajan L, Ramani C. Three finger palpation technique of vas deferens for keyhole vasectomy in spotted (Axis axis) and sambar deer (Cervus unicolor). Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.685-688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Bachinski LL, Baggerly KA, Neubauer VL, Nixon TJ, Raheem O, Sirito M, Unruh AK, Zhang J, Nagarajan L, Timchenko LT, Bassez G, Eymard B, Gamez J, Ashizawa T, Mendell JR, Udd B, Krahe R. Most expression and splicing changes in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2 skeletal muscle are shared with other muscular dystrophies. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:227-40. [PMID: 24332166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing pathomechanistic paradigm for myotonic dystrophy (DM) is that aberrant expression of embryonic/fetal mRNA/protein isoforms accounts for most aspects of the pleiotropic phenotype. To identify aberrant isoforms in skeletal muscle of DM1 and DM2 patients, we performed exon-array profiling and RT-PCR validation on the largest DM sample set to date, including Duchenne, Becker and tibial muscular dystrophy (NMD) patients as disease controls, and non-disease controls. Strikingly, most expression and splicing changes in DM patients were shared with NMD controls. Comparison between DM and NMD identified almost no significant differences. We conclude that DM1 and DM2 are essentially identical for dysregulation of gene expression, and DM expression changes represent a subset of broader spectrum dystrophic changes. We found no evidence for qualitative splicing differences between DM1 and DM2. While some DM-specific splicing differences exist, most of the DM splicing differences were also seen in NMD controls. SSBP3 exon 6 missplicing was observed in all diseased muscle and led to reduced protein. We conclude there is no widespread DM-specific spliceopathy in skeletal muscle and suggest that missplicing in DM (and NMD) may not be the driving mechanism for the muscle pathology, since the same pathways show expression changes unrelated to splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Bachinski
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie L Neubauer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tamara J Nixon
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olayinka Raheem
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mario Sirito
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna K Unruh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lubov T Timchenko
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guillaume Bassez
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, INSERM U955, East-Paris University, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Josep Gamez
- Neuromuscular Disorders Clinic, Neurology Department, Hospital General Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jerry R Mendell
- Division of Child Neurology, Nationwide Childrens Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, Vasa Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Ralf Krahe
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Programs in Human & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas at Houston Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA; Graduate Programs in Genes & Development, University of Texas at Houston Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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12
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Nagarajan L, Li J, Wang Y, Liang H, Klumpp S, Estrov Z, Clise-Dwyer K, Brandt S, Davis R, Amin H. P-226 A role for transcriptional adaptor SSBP2 in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and stress response. Leuk Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(13)70273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Amalorpava Mary L, Senthilram T, Suganya S, Nagarajan L, Venugopal J, Ramakrishna S, Giri Dev VR. Centrifugal spun ultrafine fibrous web as a potential drug delivery vehicle. EXPRESS POLYM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Kava M, Walsh P, Berroya A, Halstead Y, Srinivasjois R, Lewis B, Cole C, Baker D, Nagarajan L. G.P.94 Incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy in children on vincristine – Do vitamin E levels change during treatment? Neuromuscul Disord 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.06.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Nagarajan L, Li J, Wang Y, Liang H, Amin H, Klumpp S, Brandt S. 265 Impaired hematopoietic stem cell function in Ssbp2 null mice: A possible role in 5q MDS. Leuk Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(11)70267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Zhong Z, Ma H, Taniguchi-Ishigaki N, Nagarajan L, Becker CG, Bach I, Becker T. SSDP cofactors regulate neural patterning and differentiation of specific axonal projections. Dev Biol 2010; 349:213-24. [PMID: 21056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The developmental activity of LIM homeodomain transcription factors (LIM-HDs) is critically controlled by LIM domain-interacting cofactors of LIM-HDs (CLIM, also known as NLI or LDB). CLIM cofactors associate with single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSDPs, also known as SSBPs) thereby recruiting SSDP1 and/or SSDP2 to LIM-HD/CLIM complexes. Although evidence has been presented that SSDPs are important for the activity of specific LIM-HD/CLIM complexes, the developmental roles of SSDPs are unclear. We show that SSDP1a and SSDP1b mRNAs are widely expressed early during zebrafish development with conspicuous expression of SSDP1b in sensory trigeminal and Rohon-Beard neurons. SSDP1 and CLIM immunoreactivity co-localize in these neuronal cell types and in other structures. Over-expression of the N-terminal portion of SSDP1 (N-SSDP1), which contains the CLIM-interaction domain, increases endogenous CLIM protein levels in vivo and impairs the formation of eyes and midbrain-hindbrain boundary. In addition, manipulation of SSDP1 via N-SSDP1 over-expression or SSDP1b knock down impairs trigeminal and Rohon-Beard sensory axon growth. We show that N-SSDP1 is able to partially rescue the inhibition of axon growth induced by a dominant-negative form of CLIM (DN-CLIM). These results reveal specific functions of SSDP in neural patterning and sensory axon growth, in part due to the stabilization of LIM-HD/CLIM complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhong
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some associations between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and fracture risk have been reported in the general population. This study investigated the relationships between fracture risk and commonly used AEDs in Rett syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with intellectual and physical disability. STUDY DESIGN Cases (n=233) were sourced from the population-based Australian Rett Syndrome Database and longitudinal data were used. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyse relationships between fracture and prescribed AEDs, mobility, epilepsy diagnosis and genotype. RESULTS After controlling for mobility, epilepsy diagnosis and genotype, use of valproate increased the risk of fracture threefold after at least 1 year (HR 3.56; 95% CI 1.85 to 6.82) and after 2 or more years (HR 3.02; 95% CI 1.90 to 4.80). There was a lesser increased risk (HR 1.99; 95% CI 0.99 to 4.02) with lamotrigine in the first year of use but not for subsequent years of use. Carbamazepine slightly decreased the risk (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.35 to 1.02) after 2 or more years of use. CONCLUSIONS The effect of valproate on bone health should be considered when managing epilepsy in Rett syndrome. Multiple mechanisms could be contributing to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leonard
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia.
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18
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Wang Y, Klumpp S, Amin HM, Liang H, Li J, Estrov Z, Zweidler-McKay P, Brandt SJ, Agulnick A, Nagarajan L. SSBP2 is an in vivo tumor suppressor and regulator of LDB1 stability. Oncogene 2010; 29:3044-53. [PMID: 20348955 PMCID: PMC2878399 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SSBP proteins bind and stabilize transcriptional cofactor Lim Domain Binding protein1 (LDB1) from proteosomal degradation to promote tissue specific transcription through an evolutionarily conserved pathway. The human SSBP2 gene was isolated as a candidate tumor suppressor from a critical region of loss in chromosome 5q14.1. By gene targeting, we demonstrate increased predisposition to B cell lymphomas and carcinomas in Ssbp2−/− mice. Remarkably, loss of Ssbp2 causes increased LDB1 turnover in the thymus, a pathway exploited in Trp53−/−Ssbp2−/− mice to develop highly aggressive, immature thymic lymphomas. Using T cell differentiation as a model, we report a stage specific up regulation of Ssbp2 expression which in turn regulates LDB1 turnover under physiological conditions. Furthermore, transcript levels of pTα, a target of LDB1 containing complex, and a critical regulator T cell differentiation is reduced in Ssbp2−/− immature thymocytes. Our findings suggest disruption of the SSBP2 regulated pathways may be an infrequent but critical step in malignant transformation of multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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van Kogelenberg M, Ghedia S, McGillivray G, Bruno D, Leventer R, Macdermot K, Nelson J, Nagarajan L, Veltman JA, de Brouwer AP, McKinlay Gardner RJ, van Bokhoven H, Kirk EP, Robertson SP. Periventricular heterotopia in common microdeletion syndromes. Mol Syndromol 2010; 1:35-41. [PMID: 20648244 DOI: 10.1159/000274491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a brain malformation characterised by heterotopic nodules of neurons lining the walls of the cerebral ventricles. Mutations in FLNA account for 20-24% of instances but a majority have no identifiable genetic aetiology. Often the co-occurrence of PH with a chromosomal anomaly is used to infer a new locus for a Mendelian form of PH. This study reports four PH patients with three different microdeletion syndromes, each characterised by high-resolution genomic microarray. In three patients the deletions at 1p36 and 22q11 are conventional in size, whilst a fourth child had a deletion at 7q11.23 that was larger in extent than is typically seen in Williams syndrome. Although some instances of PH associated with chromosomal deletions could be attributed to the unmasking of a recessive allele or be indicative of more prevalent subclinical migrational anomalies, the rarity of PH in these three microdeletion syndromes and the description of other non-recurrent chromosomal defects do suggest that PH may be a manifestation of multiple different forms of chromosomal imbalance. In many, but possibly not all, instances the co-occurrence of PH with a chromosomal deletion is not necessarily indicative of uncharacterised underlying monogenic loci for this particular neuronal migrational anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Kogelenberg
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
Several, acquired, non-random chromosomal deletions have been characterized in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). While the deletion limits vary among patients, there are consistent regions of overlap among the deleted segments between patients. Furthermore, chromosomal deletions are achieved frequently by unbalanced translocations between two and more chromosomes resulting loss of candidate leukemia suppressor loci from the affected chromosomes. Most deletions occurring as sole anomalies are associated with good-intermediate clinical outcome, but complex cytogenetic anomalies signify an aggressive clinical course. Thanks to the exciting development in microarray, siRNA technologies, a number of candidate AML suppressor genes localizing to the critical regions of overlap within the deletions have been identified recently. Most of the candidate genes do not function by the classical "two hits," namely loss of an allele unmasking inactivating mutations in the remaining allele. Gene dosage, epigenetic silencing, and uniparental disomy appear to be common mechanisms of gene inactivation in AML. While several of the newly discovered candidate genes lead to new pathways, a few of them affect previously known leukemogenic targets. Thus the investments made over the years on leukemia suppressor gene discovery are beginning to yield reasonable results at the present time. Future beholds promise for targeted therapy of these poorly characterized AMLs, as we uncover the mutations driving their clonal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Ghosh S, Nagarajan L, Bulsara M, Davis EA, Carne CL, Jones TW. 56. Effects of hypoglycaemia on the brain in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Changes in EEG and Quantitative EEG. J Clin Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Kasyapa C, Gu TL, Nagarajan L, Natarajan L, Polakiewicz R, Cowell JK. Phosphorylation of the SSBP2 and ABL proteins by the ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion kinase seen in atypical myeloproliferative disorders as revealed by phosphopeptide-specific MS. Proteomics 2009; 9:3979-88. [PMID: 19658100 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ZNF198-fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) fusion kinase is a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase associated with a specific atypical myeloproliferative disease. The chimeric protein localizes to the cytoplasm, unlike the wild type FGFR1 receptor kinase, and presumably inappropriately phosphorylates specific targets as part of the oncogenic signaling cascade. Other than known targets of the FGFR1 kinase itself, few specific targets of ZNF198-FGFR1 have been identified. Using a genetically engineered HEK 293 cell system, we have identified proteins that are specifically phosphorylated in the presence of the fusion kinase using anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation and MS. Compared with 293 cells expressing exongenous wild type FGFR1, ZNF198-FGFR1 is associated with phosphorylation of several proteins including SSBP2, ABL, FLJ14235, CALM and TRIM4 proteins. The specificity of the phosphorylation events in the SSBP2 and ABL proteins, which have previously been implicated in leukemogenesis, was further confirmed independently using immunoprecipitation with protein-specific antibodies and Western blotting. The MS analysis also identified the phosphorylation events in the ZNF198 moiety in the chimeric protein that might be related to its function. These studies identify the intersection of several different leukemia-related pathways in the development of this myeloproliferative disorder and provide new insights into the substrates of FGFR1 under defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitta Kasyapa
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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23
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Cai Y, Xu Z, Nagarajan L, Brandt SJ. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins regulate the abundance and function of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LHX2 in pituitary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:303-8. [PMID: 18565323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (or SSBPs) has been shown to augment the function of LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factors in embryogenesis by interaction with LIM domain-binding protein-1 (LDB1). No DNA-binding complex has been described, however, containing a LIM-HD protein, LDB1, and SSBP, and the mechanism by which SSBPs affect LIM-HD function had not been elucidated. Through use of electrophoretic mobility shift, antibody supershift, and ChIP analyses, we show that an Lhx2-Ldb1-Ssbp3 complex binds a specific element in the Lhx2 target gene Cga (encoding the alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones) in the alphaT3-1 pituitary cell line. Using overexpression and knockdown approaches, we demonstrate that SSBP3 inhibits Lhx2 and Ldb1 turnover, stimulates assembly of this DNA-binding complex, promotes its recruitment to the Cga promoter, and enhances Cga transcription. These studies provide novel insights into the regulation of pituitary gene expression and LIM-HD function more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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24
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Fleisig HB, Orazio NI, Liang H, Tyler AF, Adams HP, Weitzman MD, Nagarajan L. Adenoviral E1B55K oncoprotein sequesters candidate leukemia suppressor sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2 into aggresomes. Oncogene 2007; 26:4797-805. [PMID: 17311003 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein 2 (SSBP2) is a candidate tumor suppressor for human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Inducible expression of SSBP2 causes growth arrest and partial differentiation in AML cells. Here, we report that the adenoviral oncoprotein E1B55K directly binds to endogenous SSBP2 protein and sequesters it into juxtanuclear bodies in adenovirally transformed human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Similarly, transient expression of E1B55K in IMR90 fibroblasts and HeLa cells result in the formation of juxtanuclear bodies containing SSBP2. When nuclear export of E1B55K is prevented, SSBP2 remains associated with E1B55K in nuclear foci. A requirement for intact microtubules to retain the integrity of the juxtanuclear bodies suggests them to be E1B55K containing aggresomes. The adenoviral E1B55K protein has been shown to localize to the Mre11 complex and p53 to aggresome structures; together with the viral E4orf6 protein, E1B55K recruits a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase that induces degradation of Mre11 and p53. However, our present studies reveal that E1B55K does not degrade SSBP2. These data demonstrate that E1B55K targets the candidate leukemia suppressor SSBP2 and suggest that subverting its function may contribute to cell transformation by viral oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Fleisig
- Department of Molecular Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Xu Z, Meng X, Cai Y, Liang H, Nagarajan L, Brandt SJ. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins regulate the abundance of LIM domain and LIM domain-binding proteins. Genes Dev 2007; 21:942-55. [PMID: 17437998 PMCID: PMC1847712 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1528507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The LIM domain-binding protein Ldb1 is an essential cofactor of LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) and LIM-only (LMO) proteins in development. The stoichiometry of Ldb1, LIM-HD, and LMO proteins is tightly controlled in the cell and is likely a critical determinant of their biological actions. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBPs) were recently shown to interact with Ldb1 and are also important in developmental programs. We establish here that two mammalian SSBPs, SSBP2 and SSBP3, contribute to an erythroid DNA-binding complex that contains the transcription factors Tal1 and GATA-1, the LIM domain protein Lmo2, and Ldb1 and binds a bipartite E-box-GATA DNA sequence motif. In addition, SSBP2 was found to augment transcription of the Protein 4.2 (P4.2) gene, a direct target of the E-box-GATA-binding complex, in an Ldb1-dependent manner and to increase endogenous Ldb1 and Lmo2 protein levels, E-box-GATA DNA-binding activity, and P4.2 and beta-globin expression in erythroid progenitors. Finally, SSBP2 was demonstrated to inhibit Ldb1 and Lmo2 interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RLIM, prevent RLIM-mediated Ldb1 ubiquitination, and protect Ldb1 and Lmo2 from proteasomal degradation. These results define a novel biochemical function for SSBPs in regulating the abundance of LIM domain and LIM domain-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Xu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Xianzhang Meng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Stephen J. Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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26
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Drakos E, Rassidakis GZ, Leventaki V, Guo W, Medeiros LJ, Nagarajan L. Differential expression of the human MIXL1 gene product in non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:500-7. [PMID: 17303500 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mix1 homeobox-like (MIXL1) gene encodes a paired class homeobox transcription factor that is involved in embryogenesis. Previous studies have shown that the MIXL1 gene product is expressed in B- and T-cell progenitors of normal bone marrow and, in some cell lines derived from hematopoietic neoplasms. The status of MIXL1 expression and subcellular localization in human lymphomas is unknown. Using a highly specific antibody, we assessed for MIXL1 expression in lymphoma cell lines of B- and T-cell lineage by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We also assessed for MIXL1 expression using immunohistochemical methods in 193 lymphoid tumors, including 140 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), 36 T-cell NHL, and 17 Hodgkin lymphomas (HL). MIXL1 was detected predominantly in the nuclear fraction of all cell lines tested and was predominantly nuclear in primary tumor specimens. Based on the distribution of the staining results (histogram), a 50% cutoff was selected for high versus low MIXL1 expression. High MIXL1 expression was detected more frequently in Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma compared with other types of B-cell NHL (P < .0001, chi(2) test). Most cases of T-cell NHL and all cases of HL also highly expressed MIXL1. Most plasma cell myelomas were negative for MIXL1, but rare cases had low MIXL1 expression. MIXL1 expression significantly correlated with proliferation index (Ki-67) in B-cell NHL (P < .0001). The frequent and high expression of MIXL1 in aggressive B-cell NHL, T-cell NHL, and HL suggests that MIXL1 may be involved in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Drakos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Seven members of the Mix family of paired-type homeoproteins regulate mesoderm/endoderm differentiation in amphibians. In mammals, the MIXL1 (Mix. 1 homeobox [Xenopus laevis]-like gene 1) gene is the sole representative of this family. Unlike the amphibian Mix genes that encode an open reading frame of >300 amino acids, mammalian MIXL1 encodes a smaller protein (~230aa). However, mammalian MIXL1 contains a unique proline-rich domain (PRD) with a potential to interact with signal transducing Src homolgy 3 (SH3) domains. Notably, human MIXL1 also contains a unique tyrosine residue Tyr20 that is amino-terminal to the PRD. Here we report that mammalian MIXL1 protein is phosphorylated at Tyr20 and the phosphorylation is dramatically reduced in the absence of PRD. Our findings are consistent with Tyr20 phosphorylation of MIXL1 being a potential regulatory mechanism that governs its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Liang H, Castro PD, Ma J, Nagarajan L. Finer delineation and transcript map of the 7q31 locus deleted in myeloid neoplasms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 162:151-9. [PMID: 16213364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acquired complete and partial deletions of chromosome 7 are associated with several malignancies. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and preleukemic myelodysplasia (MDS), loss of chromosome 7 portends a poor clinical outcome. The identity of a classical leukemia suppressor gene, however, has been elusive. Previously, we defined a candidate suppressor locus of approximately 6 Mb in the 7q31 interval. Here we report an island of retention of heterozygosity within this interval in a case of monosomy 7. Allelotyping of AML cell lines revealed that ML3 and HEL cells, karyotypically diploid for chromosome 7, are hemizygous for all the 7q31 loci, implicating loss of the wild type and duplication of the remaining chromosome 7. Based on the completed genomic sequence of chromosome 7, we have generated a transcript map of the critical region of loss (between the D7S525 and D7S2502 loci). Notably, a recently characterized tumor suppressor gene, DOCK4, and an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger gene, ZNF277, localize to this interval, head to head, within <0.5 kb of each other. Thus, the reagents generated in this study will be valuable in elucidating the role of loss of 7q31 loci in the pathogenesis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Box 45, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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29
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Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is the most common leukemia in adults with clonal proliferation of myeloid stem cells. Two or more cooperating mechanisms, namely block in differentiation, enhanced proliferation and resistance to programmed cell death, underlie this neoplastic transformation. Nonrandom, complete and partial deletions of chromosome 5 are common anomalies in AML. Using positional cloning strategies, we characterized an evolutionarily conserved candidate myeloid leukemia suppressor gene encoding sequence-specific single-stranded DNA binding protein 2 (SSBP2) from chromosome 5q13.3, a locus that is frequently deleted in AML. Recent studies in Drosophila and Xenopus demonstrate a pivotal role for SSBPs in embryonic differentiation. In mammals, SSBP2 is one of three highly related and ubiquitously expressed genes. Here, we identify frequent loss of SSBP2 protein expression in human AML cell lines using highly specific antibodies. Furthermore, inducible expression of SSBP2 in the AML cell line U937 leads to loss of clonogenicity, G1 arrest and partial differentiation. Remarkably, inducible expression of SSBP2 is accompanied by downregulation of C-MYC expression. Our findings are consistent with human SSBP2 being a novel regulator of hematopoietic growth and differentiation, whose loss confers a block in differentiation advantage to myeloid leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 45, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Hejlik DP, Nagarajan L. Deletion of 5q in myeloid leukemia cells HL-60: an L1 element-mediated instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 156:97-103. [PMID: 15642388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Complete and partial deletions of chromosome 5 are recurrent anomalies associated with refractory myelogenous leukemia. Recent evidence suggests that these deletions arise from unbalanced two- or three-way translocations, rather than from interstitial breaks or segregation errors; however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this multistep genomic instability. We have analyzed a complex rearrangement of chromosome band 5q both in the primary leukemic cells of the patient from whom the acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell line HL-60 was derived and in the HL-60 cells in culture. This highly stable rearrangement is a product of multiple events in which a small single-copy fragment flanking the 3' end of the GMCSF gene is juxtaposed to novel L1Hs sequences. The resulting genomic fragment is found inserted into a telomeric locus (D5S89), with loss of 4.1 Mbp of in-between sequences, encoding one or more candidate myeloid leukemia suppressor genes. The findings are consistent with a dynamic role for L1Hs in mediating instability that results in a complex chromosomal rearrangement. Furthermore, we provide what may be the first example of multiple L1Hs-associated deletions involving both a growth factor gene and a tumor suppressor locus in a primary leukemic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Hejlik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas, Box 45, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Davis MR, Haan E, Jungbluth H, Sewry C, North K, Muntoni F, Kuntzer T, Lamont P, Bankier A, Tomlinson P, Sánchez A, Walsh P, Nagarajan L, Oley C, Colley A, Gedeon A, Quinlivan R, Dixon J, James D, Müller CR, Laing NG. Principal mutation hotspot for central core disease and related myopathies in the C-terminal transmembrane region of the RYR1 gene. Neuromuscul Disord 2003; 13:151-7. [PMID: 12565913 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(02)00218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The congenital myopathies are a group of disorders characterised by the predominance of specific histological features observed in biopsied muscle. Central core disease and nemaline myopathy are examples of congenital myopathies that have specific histological characteristics but significantly overlapping clinical pictures. Central core disease is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable penetrance which has been linked principally to the gene for the skeletal muscle calcium release channel (RYR1). Two recent reports have identified the 3' transmembrane domain of this gene as a common site for mutations. Two other studies have reported single families that have features of both central core disease and nemaline myopathy (core/rod disease) caused by mutations in RYR1. Screening of the 3' region (exons 93-105) of the RYR1 gene for mutations in 27 apparently unrelated patients with either central core disease or core/rod disease by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing identified three described and nine novel mutations in 15 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Davis
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Street,6000, Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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32
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Guo W, Chan APY, Liang H, Wieder ED, Molldrem JJ, Etkin LD, Nagarajan L. A human Mix-like homeobox gene MIXL shows functional similarity to Xenopus Mix.1. Blood 2002; 100:89-95. [PMID: 12070013 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular events involved in specification of early hematopoietic system are not well known. In Xenopus, a paired-box homeodomain family (Mix.1-4) has been implicated in this process. Although Mix-like homeobox genes have been isolated from chicken (CMIX) and mice (Mml/MIXL1), isolation of a human Mix-like gene has remained elusive. We have recently isolated and characterized a novel human Mix-like homeobox gene with a predicted open reading frame of 232 amino acids designated the Mix.1 homeobox (Xenopus laevis)-like gene (MIXL). The overall identity of this novel protein to CMIX and Mml/MIXL1 is 41% and 69%, respectively. However, the identity in the homeodomain is 66% to that of Xenopus Mix.1, 79% to that of CMIX, and 94% to that of Mml/MIXL1. In normal hematopoiesis, MIXL expression appears to be restricted to immature B- and T-lymphoid cells. Several acute leukemic cell lines of B, T, and myeloid lineage express MIXL suggesting a survival/block in differentiation advantage. Furthermore, Xenopus animal cap assay revealed that MIXL could induce expression of the alpha-globin gene, suggesting a functional conservation of the homeodomain. Isolation of the MIXL gene is the first step toward understanding novel regulatory circuits in early hematopoietic differentiation and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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33
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Castro P, Liang H, Liang JC, Nagarajan L. A novel, evolutionarily conserved gene family with putative sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding activity. Genomics 2002; 80:78-85. [PMID: 12079286 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complete and partial deletions of chromosome 5q are recurrent cytogenetic anomalies associated with aggressive myeloid malignancies. Earlier, we identified an approximately 1.5-Mb region of loss at 5q13.3 between the loci D5S672 and D5S620 in primary leukemic blasts. A leukemic cell line, ML3, is diploid for all of chromosome 5, except for an inversion-coupled translocation within the D5S672-D5S620 interval. Here, we report the development of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig to define the breakpoint and the identification of a novel gene SSBP2, the target of disruption in ML3 cells. A preliminary evaluation of SSBP2 as a tumor suppressor gene in primary leukemic blasts and cell lines suggests that the remaining allele does not undergo intragenic mutations. SSBP2 is one of three members of a closely related, evolutionarily conserved, and ubiquitously expressed gene family. SSBP3 is the human ortholog of a chicken gene, CSDP, that encodes a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein. SSBP3 localizes to chromosome 1p31.3, and the third member, SSBP4, maps to chromosome 19p13.1. Chromosomal localization and the putative single-stranded DNA-binding activity suggest that all three members of this family are capable of potential tumor suppressor activity by gene dosage or other epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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34
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the efficacy, tolerability and safety of the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy in clinical practice, in 16 children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. METHODOLOGY We assessed the efficacy of VNS therapy, retrospectively by comparing seizure frequency, duration and severity at the time of most recent follow up (av: 24.9 months) to that in the 4 weeks prior to VNS surgery. Changes in quality of life, sleep and behaviour at last review was compared with that prior to VNS. Adverse effects elicited by specific questioning, spontaneous reporting and clinical examination are described. RESULTS Vagus nerve stimulation resulted in a >50% reduction in seizure frequency in 62.5% of children with 25% achieving a >90% reduction. Vagus nerve stimulation was well tolerated in all but one of our cohort, with no serious side-effects. CONCLUSION Our results support its role as one of the options in intractable childhood epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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35
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Abstract
Subclinical rhythmic electroencephalogram (EEG) discharge is an uncommon rhythmic EEG pattern that has been reported to occur in adults. It is thought to be a nonspecific finding with little clinical significance. This article reports this EEG pattern in two children and suggests it be called subclinical rhythmic EEG discharge of adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
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36
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Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Archer SA, Nagarajan L, Mastaglia FL. Differences in sensory and motor cortical organization following brain injury early in life. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:320-7. [PMID: 11261506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
There have been a number of physiological studies of motor recovery in hemiplegic cerebral palsy which have identified the presence of novel ipsilateral projections from the undamaged hemisphere to the affected hand. However, little is known regarding the afferent projection to sensory cortex and its relationship to the reorganized cortical motor output. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the corticomotor projection to the affected and unaffected hands in a group of subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and also performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the patterns of activation in cortical motor and sensory areas following active and passive movement of the hands. Both TMS and fMRI demonstrated a normal contralateral motor and sensory projection between the unaffected hand and the cerebral hemisphere. However, in the case of the affected hand, the TMS results indicated either a purely ipsilateral projection or a bilateral projection in which the ipsilateral pathway had the lower motor threshold, whereas passive movement resulted in fMRI activation in the contralateral hemisphere. These results demonstrate that there is a significant fast-conducting corticomotor projection to the affected hand from the ipsilateral hemisphere in this group of subjects, but that the predominant afferent projection from the hand is still directed to the affected contralateral hemisphere, resulting in an interhemispheric dissociation between afferent kinesthetic inputs and efferent corticomotor output. The findings indicate that there can be differences in the organization of sensory and motor pathways in cerebral palsy, and suggest that some of the residual motor dysfunction experienced by these subjects could be due to an impairment of sensorimotor integration at cortical level as a result of reorganization in the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Thickbroom
- Center for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Nedlands.
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37
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McMinn P, Stratov I, Nagarajan L, Davis S. Neurological manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Western Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:236-42. [PMID: 11170913 DOI: 10.1086/318454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2000] [Revised: 06/12/2000] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with neurological complications in young children. We report an outbreak of EV71-associated neurological disease that occurred from February through September 1999 in Perth, Western Australia. Fourteen children with culture-proven, EV71-induced neurological disease were identified. Nine patients (64%) developed severe neurological disease; 4 of these patients developed long-term neurological sequelae. Neurological syndromes included aseptic meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, acute transverse myelitis, acute cerebellar ataxia, opso-myoclonus syndrome, benign intracranial hypertension, and a febrile convulsion. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data indicated that immunopathology was a major factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disease in this outbreak. This finding is in contrast to reports of previous EV71 epidemics, in which virus-induced damage to gray matter was the most frequent cause of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McMinn
- Department of Microbiology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, WA, Australia.
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38
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39
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40
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Jiang Y, Liang H, Guo W, Kottickal LV, Nagarajan L. Differential expression of a novel C-terminally truncated splice form of SMAD5 in hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia. Blood 2000; 95:3945-50. [PMID: 10845932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SMADs are evolutionarily conserved transducers of the differentiation and growth arrest signals from the transforming growth factor/BMP (TGF/BMP) family of ligands. Upon receptor activation, the ligand-restricted SMADs(1-35) are phosphorylated in the C-terminal MH2 domain and recruit the common subunit SMAD4/DPC-4 gene to the nucleus to mediate target gene expression. Frequent inactivating mutations of SMAD4, or less common somatic mutations of SMAD2 seen in solid tumors, suggest that these genes have a suppressor function. However, there have been no identified mutations of SMAD5, although the gene localizes to the critical region of loss in chromosome 5q31.1 (chromosome 5, long arm, region 3, band 1, subband 1) in myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A ubiquitously expressed novel isoform, SMAD5beta, encodes a 351 amino acid protein with a truncated MH2 domain and a unique C-terminal tail of 18 amino acids, which may be the functional equivalent of inactivating mutations. The levels of SMAD5beta transcripts are higher in the undifferentiated CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells than in the terminally differentiated peripheral blood leukocytes, thereby implicating the beta form in stem cell homeostasis. Yeast 2-hybrid interaction assays reveal the lack of physical interactions between SMAD5beta and SMAD5 or SMAD4. The expression of SMAD5beta may represent a novel mechanism to protect pluripotent stem cells and malignant cells from the growth inhibitory and differentiation signals of BMPs. (Blood. 2000;95:3945-3950)
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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41
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Abstract
A novel C2H2 zinc finger gene, ZNF277, has been localized to human chromosome 7q31.1. The gene is encoded by 12 exons in a genomic fragment of >100 kb between the microsatellite markers D7S523 and D7S471, deleted in a number of malignancies. The predicted open reading frame (ORF) of 438 amino acids shows an overall homology of 50% to the putative ORF F46B6.7 of Caenorhabditis elegans. The presence of a 30-amino-acid coiled-coil domain in both the C. elegans ORF F46B6.7 and ZNF277 is suggestive of functional similarities. ESTs for the murine orthologue ZFP277 are found in early embryonic stem cells, 16-cell stage embryo, and blastocysts. The evolutionary conservation and the expression profile suggest ZNF277 to be a critical regulator of development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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42
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Castro PD, Liang JC, Nagarajan L. Deletions of chromosome 5q13.3 and 17p loci cooperate in myeloid neoplasms. Blood 2000; 95:2138-43. [PMID: 10706886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonrandom interstitial deletions and monosomy of chromosomes 5, 7, and 17 in refractory myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) suggest a multistep pathway that culminates in aggressive clinical course. Because cytogenetic studies frequently identify chromosome 5 and 17 deletions within a single clone, we searched for allele loss for 5q loci and TP53 gene mutations in the same leukemic samples. Cosegregating deletions of chromosomes 5 and 17 were found to specifically include the 5q13.3 interval between the loci D5S672 and D5S620/D5S626, a locus hypothesized to harbor a tumor suppressor gene(1) and the TP53 gene on 17p. A rare patient with secondary refractory MDS and an unbalanced translocation [der(5;17)], which resulted in deletions of the 5q13.3-qter and 17p loci, provided clues on the sequence of genetic alterations. Serial molecular analysis of this patient revealed a dysplastic clone with der(5;17), which gave rise to a leukemic clone on acquiring an inactivating mutation of TP53. Our findings are consistent with functional cooperation between a putative tumor suppressor gene at 5q13.3 that contributes toward the progression of early stages of MDS, and the TP53 gene when mutated, causes transformation to AML. (Blood. 2000;95:2138-2143)
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Contig Mapping
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Castro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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43
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Abstract
We report on a young adolescent with benign intracranial hypertension which we attribute to the use of minocycline for acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nagarajan
- Department of Neurology and Ophthamology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia.
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44
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Liang JC, Ning Y, Wang RY, Padilla-Nash HM, Schröck E, Soenksen D, Nagarajan L, Ried T. Spectral karyotypic study of the HL-60 cell line: detection of complex rearrangements involving chromosomes 5, 7, and 16 and delineation of critical region of deletion on 5q31.1. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999; 113:105-9. [PMID: 10484974 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions of the q arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); therefore, accurate identification of rearrangements of this chromosome in a model cell line, HL-60, is important for understanding the critical genes involved in this disease. In this study, we employed a newly developed technology termed spectral karyotyping to delineate chromosomal rearrangements in this cell line. Our study revealed a derivative of chromosome 7 that resulted from translocations of chromosome arms 5q and 16q to 7q; that is, der(7)t(5;7)(?;q?)t(5;16)(?;q?). Interestingly, both chromosomes 5 and 7 were also involved in translocations with chromosome 16 in der(16) t(5;16)(q?;q?22-24) and der(16)t(7;16)(?;q?22-24), respectively. Other notable chromosomal abnormalities that were not previously reported in the HL-60 included an insertion of chromosome 8 in the q arm of chromosome 11, a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 14, and a translocation between chromosomes 14 and 15. In an attempt to define the loss of the 5q31.1 region in HL-60, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis by utilizing bacterial artificial chromosomes BAC1 and BAC2 that spanned the IL9 and EGR1 gene interval, which was previously shown to be a critical region of loss in AML. We showed that a copy of both BAC1 (spanning the D5S399 locus) and BAC2 (spanning the D5S393 locus centromeric to BAC1) were present in the normal chromosome 5, but a second copy of BAC1 was lost and a second copy of BAC2 was inserted in the der(16)t(7;16) chromosome. Thus, not only was this study the first to use the new 24-color karyotyping technique to identify several novel chromosomal rearrangements in HL-60, but it also narrowed the 5q31.1 critical region of deletion to the region represented by BAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Liang
- Section of Cytogenetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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45
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Abstract
SMAD5, a transducer of TGF-beta/BMP inhibitory signals and a tumor suppressor candidate, localizes to the region of invariant loss in human myeloid neoplasms, on chromosome 5q31.1. Recent evidence indicates a gene-dosage effect along the TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathways. We have identified a novel transcript designated DAMS, whose 3' exonic sequences contain in part an alternate 5' exon of SMAD5, in the antisense orientation. Expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) for DAMS are found in fetal tissues (heart, adrenal glands, and total fetus) and pancreatic tumor cDNA libraries. In contrast to SMAD5, DAMS expression is not readily detectable in adult and fetal tissues. Semiquantitative PCR suggests that the stoichiometry between SMAD5 and DAMS transcripts ranges between 15 and 120 in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. The findings raise the possibility that DAMS may be a fail-safe mechanism for precise regulation of SMAD5 transcript levels that may be critical in maintaining normal homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Smad5 Protein
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zavadil
- Department of Cell Physiology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, 12820, Czech Republic
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46
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexpected exacerbation of seizures may occur following initiation of treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ). We reviewed the occurrence of such reactions in our patient population at a tertiary care children's hospital. METHODS A retrospective analysis of our clinic database identified 129/691 (18.6%) patients with epilepsy treated with CBZ, as monotherapy. 38/129 children were later switched to another drug. In 11/38 (28.5%) clinical and/or EEG deterioration was observed. Two patients identified at another institution with similar exacerbation were also included in our analysis. We report on the findings in these 13 cases. RESULTS Two groups were identified: Group I--6 patients with normal neurological exam, normal EEG background, and a diagnosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Group II--7 patients with an abnormal neurological exam and/or abnormal EEG background. Following introduction of CBZ therapy, worsening of preexisting seizures, appearance of new seizure types, behavioral regression, and accompanying EEG deterioration were reported in both groups. Dramatic improvement in seizure control occurred, following withdrawal of CBZ and substitution of another anticonvulsant. CONCLUSION Physicians treating epilepsy must be aware that CBZ can exacerbate seizures, and cause developmental regression in children. Careful patient selection, when choosing CBZ as treatment, and prompt recognition of clinical deterioration and intervention, may help avoid or reverse these paradoxical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Prasad
- Charles A. Janeway Child Health Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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47
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Antillón F, Raimondi SC, Fairman J, Liang H, Nagarajan L, Head D, Ribeiro RC. 5q- in a child with refractory anemia with excess blasts: similarities to 5q- syndrome in adults. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998; 105:119-22. [PMID: 9723027 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A 19-month-old boy was referred to our institution because of chronic macrocytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia. At age 17 months, he had developed petechiae. He had a leukocyte count of 4.4 x 10(9)/L, hemoglobin concentration of 7.9 g/dL, packed cell volume of 21%, mean corpuscular volume of 101 fL, and platelet count of 19 x 10(9)/L. At the time of referral, a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy revealed myelodysplastic changes that included megakaryocytic hyperplasia with hypolobated megakaryocytes, megaloblastoid erythropoiesis, 12% blast cells, and bone marrow fibrosis; the diagnosis was refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB). Cytogenetic analysis showed the following abnormalities: 47, XY, inv(3)(p21q25), del(5)(q22q31), +21/46, XY. By dinucleotide polymorphism analysis, the 5q22-q31 loci were normal in peripheral blood granulocytes. Because of severe thrombocytopenia that became refractory to platelet transfusions and because of possible progression to leukemia, the patient received an unrelated-donor bone marrow transplant. Recovery was complicated by a visceral fungal infection, but the patient now has normal, fully reconstituted bone marrow function. This patient is the youngest to be reported with RAEB and a 5q- anomaly accompanied by thrombocytopenia, megakaryocytic hyperplasia with hypolobated megakaryocytes, and macrocytic anemia with megaloblastoid erythropoiesis, similar to "5q- syndrome" in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Antillón
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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48
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Abstract
Deletions and translocations at 5q13 point out a locus involved in the development of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) as well as other neoplasms. The chromosomal rearrangements of 5q13 are well documented, but have not been a primary focus of research. In this report, we provide evidence for a novel critical locus at 5q13.3, encoding gene(s) which may be disrupted by chromosomal translocations or deletions. Rare cases of myeloid neoplasms with t(5q13) as the sole chromosomal anomaly argue for a gene which gives rise to fusion proteins. Our preliminary studies have localized one of the critical genes to a <3 Mb. interval between the polymorphic markers AFMB347yf9 and GATAP18104 at the band 5q13.3. Other results also suggest that the 5q 13.3 locus may span a fragile site which undergoes unbalanced translocations and interstitial deletions accompanied by loss of significant segments of chromosome 5. Molecular reagents generated by the human genome mapping and sequencing initiative will allow us to characterize the critical genes at 5q13.3 and facilitate genotypic analysis of AML and MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Castro
- Department of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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49
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Ning Y, Liang JC, Nagarajan L, Schröck E, Ried T. Characterization of 5q deletions by subtelomeric probes and spectral karyotyping. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1998; 103:170-2. [PMID: 9614919 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ning
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50
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Liang H, Fairman J, Claxton DF, Nowell PC, Green ED, Nagarajan L. Molecular anatomy of chromosome 7q deletions in myeloid neoplasms: evidence for multiple critical loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3781-5. [PMID: 9520444 PMCID: PMC19914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete or partial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 7 (7q- and -7) are nonrandom abnormalities seen in primary and therapy-induced myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Monosomy 7, occurring as the sole cytogenetic anomaly in a small but significant number of cases, may denote a dominant mechanism involving critical tumor suppressor gene(s). We have determined the extent of allele loss in cytogenetically prescreened MDS and AML patients for microsatellite markers from chromosome 7q22 and 7q31. Whereas >80% of these cases revealed allele loss for the entire region, a rare case of the 7q- chromosome showed allele loss for only the proximal 7q31.1 loci flanked by the markers D7S486 and D7S2456, and a case of monosomy 7 revealed allele loss for loci at both 7q31 and 7q22 with retention of sequences between these sets of loci. Furthermore, a case of AML with no cytogenetic anomaly of chromosome 7 revealed a submicroscopic allelic imbalance for a third distal locus, D7S677. These findings suggest the presence of three distinct critical loci that may contribute alone or in combination to the evolution of MDS and AML. The data also provide molecular evidence for unbalanced translocation with noncontiguous deletions, as an alternate mechanism underlying monosomy 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liang
- Department of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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