1
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Siems SB, Gargareta VI, Schadt LC, Daguano Gastaldi V, Jung RB, Piepkorn L, Casaccia P, Sun T, Jahn O, Werner HB. Developmental maturation and regional heterogeneity but no sexual dimorphism of the murine CNS myelin proteome. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39344832 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The molecules that constitute myelin are critical for the integrity of axon/myelin-units and thus speed and precision of impulse propagation. In the CNS, the protein composition of oligodendrocyte-derived myelin has evolutionarily diverged and differs from that in the PNS. Here, we hypothesized that the CNS myelin proteome also displays variations within the same species. We thus used quantitative mass spectrometry to compare myelin purified from mouse brains at three developmental timepoints, from brains of male and female mice, and from four CNS regions. We find that most structural myelin proteins are of approximately similar abundance across all tested conditions. However, the abundance of multiple other proteins differs markedly over time, implying that the myelin proteome matures between P18 and P75 and then remains relatively constant until at least 6 months of age. Myelin maturation involves a decrease of cytoskeleton-associated proteins involved in sheath growth and wrapping, along with an increase of all subunits of the septin filament that stabilizes mature myelin, and of multiple other proteins which potentially exert protective functions. Among the latter, quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) emerges as a highly specific marker for mature oligodendrocytes and myelin. Conversely, female and male mice display essentially similar myelin proteomes. Across the four CNS regions analyzed, we note that spinal cord myelin exhibits a comparatively high abundance of HCN2-channels, required for particularly long sheaths. These findings show that CNS myelination involves developmental maturation of myelin protein composition, and regional differences, but absence of evidence for sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasiliki-Ilya Gargareta
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonie C Schadt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Krämer-Albers EM, Werner HB. Mechanisms of axonal support by oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y. [PMID: 37258632 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the physiology of their target cells via horizontal transfer of molecular cargo between cells and by triggering signalling pathways. In this Review, we discuss recent work revealing that EVs mediate interactions between oligodendrocytes and neurons, which are relevant for maintaining the structural integrity of axons. In response to neuronal activity, myelinating oligodendrocytes release EVs, which are internalized by neurons and provide axons with key factors that improve axonal transport, stress resistance and energy homeostasis. Glia-to-neuron transfer of EVs is thus a crucial facet of axonal preservation. When glial support is impaired, axonal integrity is progressively lost, as observed in myelin-related disorders, other neurodegenerative diseases and with normal ageing. We highlight the mechanisms that oligodendroglial EVs use to sustain axonal integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Arinrad S, Depp C, Siems SB, Sasmita AO, Eichel MA, Ronnenberg A, Hammerschmidt K, Lüders KA, Werner HB, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Isolated catatonia-like executive dysfunction in mice with forebrain-specific loss of myelin integrity. eLife 2023; 12:70792. [PMID: 36892455 PMCID: PMC9998085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of advanced brain aging includes structural defects of intracortical myelin that are associated with secondary neuroinflammation. A similar pathology is seen in specific myelin mutant mice that model 'advanced brain aging' and exhibit a range of behavioral abnormalities. However, the cognitive assessment of these mutants is problematic because myelin-dependent motor-sensory functions are required for quantitative behavioral readouts. To better understand the role of cortical myelin integrity for higher brain functions, we generated mice lacking Plp1, encoding the major integral myelin membrane protein, selectively in ventricular zone stem cells of the mouse forebrain. In contrast to conventional Plp1 null mutants, subtle myelin defects were restricted to the cortex, hippocampus, and underlying callosal tracts. Moreover, forebrain-specific Plp1 mutants exhibited no defects of basic motor-sensory performance at any age tested. Surprisingly, several behavioral alterations reported for conventional Plp1 null mice (Gould et al., 2018) were absent and even social interactions appeared normal. However, with novel behavioral paradigms, we determined catatonia-like symptoms and isolated executive dysfunction in both genders. This suggests that loss of myelin integrity has an impact on cortical connectivity and underlies specific defects of executive function. These observations are likewise relevant for human neuropsychiatric conditions and other myelin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B Siems
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Maria A Eichel
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja A Lüders
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Steyer AM, Buscham TJ, Lorenz C, Hümmert S, Eichel-Vogel MA, Schadt LC, Edgar JM, Köster S, Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy links pathological myelin outfoldings to axonal changes in mice lacking Plp1 or Mag. Glia 2023; 71:509-523. [PMID: 36354016 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Healthy myelin sheaths consist of multiple compacted membrane layers closely encasing the underlying axon. The ultrastructure of CNS myelin requires specialized structural myelin proteins, including the transmembrane-tetraspan proteolipid protein (PLP) and the Ig-CAM myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). To better understand their functional relevance, we asked to what extent the axon/myelin-units display similar morphological changes if PLP or MAG are lacking. We thus used focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to re-investigate axon/myelin-units side-by-side in Plp- and Mag-null mutant mice. By three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometric analyses, pathological myelin outfoldings extend up to 10 μm longitudinally along myelinated axons in both models. More than half of all assessed outfoldings emerge from internodal myelin. Unexpectedly, three-dimensional reconstructions demonstrated that both models displayed complex axonal pathology underneath the myelin outfoldings, including axonal sprouting. Axonal anastomosing was additionally observed in Plp-null mutant mice. Importantly, normal-appearing axon/myelin-units displayed significantly increased axonal diameters in both models according to quantitative assessment of electron micrographs. These results imply that healthy CNS myelin sheaths facilitate normal axonal diameters and shape, a function that is impaired when structural myelin proteins PLP or MAG are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Buscham
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotta Lorenz
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Hümmert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Eichel-Vogel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonie C Schadt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Gagan D, Kumar S, Bhattacharya P, Kaur S. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease in a 4-Year-Old Female Child: "A Rare Case Report". Glob Pediatr Health 2023; 10:2333794X231157979. [PMID: 36873559 PMCID: PMC9983077 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x231157979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, a rare X-linked recessive disease occurring predominantly in males, is a disorder of proteolipid protein expression in myelin formation in the central nervous system. The disease is clinically manifested by neurodevelopmental delay, ataxia, hypotonia, and pendular eye movement. It is best confirmed by genetic study. A 4-year female child presented with ataxia, neuroregression, decreased scholastic performance, slurred speech, loss of bladder and bowel control, and hypotonia. MRI brain showed generalized hypomyelination and atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum. This case highlights that Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease can be considered even in a female child who presented with neurodevelopmental delay and neuro regression, ataxia, and decreased scholastic performance and further confirmed by MRI showing diffuse demyelination along with cerebral and cerebellar atrophy.
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6
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Fink JK. The hereditary spastic paraplegias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:59-88. [PMID: 37620092 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of more than 90 genetic disorders in which lower extremity spasticity and weakness are either the primary neurologic impairments ("uncomplicated HSP") or when accompanied by other neurologic deficits ("complicated HSP"), important features of the clinical syndrome. Various genetic types of HSP are inherited such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and maternal (mitochondrial) traits. Symptoms that begin in early childhood may be nonprogressive and resemble spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Symptoms that begin later, typically progress insidiously over a number of years. Genetic testing is able to confirm the diagnosis for many subjects. Insights from gene discovery indicate that abnormalities in diverse molecular processes underlie various forms of HSP, including disturbance in axon transport, endoplasmic reticulum morphogenesis, vesicle transport, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Pathologic studies in "uncomplicated" HSP have shown axon degeneration particularly involving the distal ends of corticospinal tracts and dorsal column fibers. Treatment is limited to symptom reduction including amelioration of spasticity, reducing urinary urgency, proactive physical therapy including strengthening, stretching, balance, and agility exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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7
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Khalaf G, Mattern C, Begou M, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Massaad C, Massaad-Massade L. Mutation of Proteolipid Protein 1 Gene: From Severe Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy to Inherited Spastic Paraplegia. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1709. [PMID: 35885014 PMCID: PMC9313024 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (PMD) is an inherited leukodystrophy affecting the central nervous system (CNS)-a rare disorder that especially concerns males. Its estimated prevalence is 1.45-1.9 per 100,000 individuals in the general population. Patients affected by PMD exhibit a drastic reduction or absence of myelin sheaths in the white matter areas of the CNS. The Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1) gene encodes a transmembrane proteolipid protein. PLP1 is the major protein of myelin, and it plays a key role in the compaction, stabilization, and maintenance of myelin sheaths. Its function is predominant in oligodendrocyte development and axonal survival. Mutations in the PLP1 gene cause the development of a wide continuum spectrum of leukopathies from the most severe form of PMD for whom patients exhibit severe CNS hypomyelination to the relatively mild late-onset type 2 spastic paraplegia, leading to the concept of PLP1-related disorders. The genetic diversity and the biochemical complexity, along with other aspects of PMD, are discussed to reveal the obstacles that hinder the development of treatments. This review aims to provide a clinical and mechanistic overview of this spectrum of rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Khalaf
- U1195 Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System, INSERM and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | | | - Mélina Begou
- Neuro-Dol, CNRS, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- UMR 1141, INSERM, NeuroDiderot Université Paris Cité and APH-P, Neuropédiatrie, French Reference Center for Leukodystrophies, LEUKOFRANCE, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France;
| | - Charbel Massaad
- UMRS 1124, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- U1195 Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System, INSERM and Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
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8
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Sadler GL, Lewis KN, Narayana VK, De Souza DP, Mason J, McLean C, Gonsalvez DG, Turner BJ, Barton SK. Lipid Metabolism Is Dysregulated in the Motor Cortex White Matter in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060554. [PMID: 35736487 PMCID: PMC9230865 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is profoundly dysregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet the lipid composition of the white matter, where the myelinated axons of motor neurons are located, remains uncharacterised. We aimed to comprehensively characterise how myelin is altered in ALS by assessing its lipid and protein composition. We isolated white matter from the motor cortex from post-mortem tissue of ALS patients (n = 8 sporadic ALS cases and n = 6 familial ALS cases) and age- and sex-matched controls (n = 8) and conducted targeted lipidomic analyses, qPCR for gene expression of relevant lipid metabolising enzymes and Western blotting for myelin proteins. We also quantified myelin density by using spectral confocal reflectance microscopy (SCoRe). Whilst myelin protein composition was similar in ALS and control tissue, both the lipid levels and the expression of their corresponding enzymes were dysregulated, highlighting altered lipid metabolism in the white matter as well as a likely change in myelin composition. Altered myelin composition could contribute to motor neuron dysfunction, and this highlights how oligodendrocytes may play a critical role in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Sadler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (G.L.S.); (K.N.L.); (J.M.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Katherine N. Lewis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (G.L.S.); (K.N.L.); (J.M.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Vinod K. Narayana
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (V.K.N.); (D.P.D.S.)
| | - David P. De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (V.K.N.); (D.P.D.S.)
| | - Joel Mason
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (G.L.S.); (K.N.L.); (J.M.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Catriona McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
| | - David G. Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia;
| | - Bradley J. Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (G.L.S.); (K.N.L.); (J.M.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Samantha K. Barton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (G.L.S.); (K.N.L.); (J.M.); (B.J.T.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Elsayed LEO, Eltazi IZ, Ahmed AE, Stevanin G. Insights into Clinical, Genetic, and Pathological Aspects of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias: A Comprehensive Overview. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:690899. [PMID: 34901147 PMCID: PMC8662366 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a heterogeneous group of motor neurodegenerative disorders that have the core clinical presentation of pyramidal syndrome which starts typically in the lower limbs. They can present as pure or complex forms with all classical modes of monogenic inheritance reported. To date, there are more than 100 loci/88 spastic paraplegia genes (SPG) involved in the pathogenesis of HSP. New patterns of inheritance are being increasingly identified in this era of huge advances in genetic and functional studies. A wide range of clinical symptoms and signs are now reported to complicate HSP with increasing overall complexity of the clinical presentations considered as HSP. This is especially true with the emergence of multiple HSP phenotypes that are situated in the borderline zone with other neurogenetic disorders. The genetic diagnostic approaches and the utilized techniques leave a diagnostic gap of 25% in the best studies. In this review, we summarize the known types of HSP with special focus on those in which spasticity is the principal clinical phenotype ("SPGn" designation). We discuss their modes of inheritance, clinical phenotypes, underlying genetics, and molecular pathways, providing some observations about therapeutic opportunities gained from animal models and functional studies. This review may pave the way for more analytic approaches that take into consideration the overall picture of HSP. It will shed light on subtle associations that can explain the occurrence of the disease and allow a better understanding of its observed variations. This should help in the identification of future biomarkers, predictors of disease onset and progression, and treatments for both better functional outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liena E. O. Elsayed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University [PNU], Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ammar E. Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Paris, France
- CNRS, INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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10
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AAV9-mediated gene delivery of MCT1 to oligodendrocytes does not provide a therapeutic benefit in a mouse model of ALS. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:508-519. [PMID: 33614825 PMCID: PMC7878966 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor neuron loss. The failure of trophic support provided by oligodendrocytes is associated with a concomitant reduction in oligodendroglial monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression and is detrimental for the long-term survival of motor neuron axons. Therefore, we established an adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-based platform by which MCT1 was targeted mostly to white matter oligodendrocytes to investigate whether this approach could provide a therapeutic benefit in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Despite good oligodendrocyte transduction and AAV-mediated MCT1 transgene expression, the disease outcome of SOD1G93A mice was not altered. Our study further increases our current understanding about the complex nature of oligodendrocyte pathology in ALS and provides valuable insights into the future development of therapeutic strategies to efficiently modulate these cells.
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11
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Expanding the Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of the PLP1-Related Hypomyelination of Early Myelinated Structures (HEMS). Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010093. [PMID: 33450882 PMCID: PMC7828325 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLP1 gene, located on chromosome Xq22, encodes the proteolipid protein 1 and its isoform DM20. Mutations in PLP1 cause a spectrum of white matter disorders of variable severity. Here we report on four additional HEMS patients from three families harboring three novel PLP1 mutations in exon 3B detected by targeted next-generation sequencing. Patients experienced psychomotor delay or nystagmus in the first year of age and then developed ataxic-spastic or ataxic syndrome, compatible with a phenotype of intermediate severity in the spectrum of PLP1-related disorders. Regression occurred at the beginning of the third decade of the eldest patient. Extrapyramidal involvement was rarely observed. Brain MRI confirmed the involvement of structures that physiologically myelinate early, although the pattern of abnormalities may differ depending on the age at which the study is performed. These new cases contribute to expanding the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of HEMS. Additional studies, especially enriched by systematic functional evaluations and long-term follow-up, are welcome to better delineate the natural history of this rare hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.
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12
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Structural myelin defects are associated with low axonal ATP levels but rapid recovery from energy deprivation in a mouse model of spastic paraplegia. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000943. [PMID: 33196637 PMCID: PMC7704050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In several neurodegenerative disorders, axonal pathology may originate from impaired oligodendrocyte-to-axon support of energy substrates. We previously established transgenic mice that allow measuring axonal ATP levels in electrically active optic nerves. Here, we utilize this technique to explore axonal ATP dynamics in the Plpnull/y mouse model of spastic paraplegia. Optic nerves from Plpnull/y mice exhibited lower and more variable basal axonal ATP levels and reduced compound action potential (CAP) amplitudes, providing a missing link between axonal pathology and a role of oligodendrocytes in brain energy metabolism. Surprisingly, when Plpnull/y optic nerves are challenged with transient glucose deprivation, both ATP levels and CAP decline slower, but recover faster upon reperfusion of glucose. Structurally, myelin sheaths display an increased frequency of cytosolic channels comprising glucose and monocarboxylate transporters, possibly facilitating accessibility of energy substrates to the axon. These data imply that complex metabolic alterations of the axon–myelin unit contribute to the phenotype of Plpnull/y mice. Imaging of ATP dynamics in the optic nerve axons of mice lacking the major myelin protein PLP (a model of spastic paraplegia) reveals complex alterations in the metabolic interaction between oligodendrocytes and axons, associated with structural deficits of myelin.
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13
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Jahn O, Siems SB, Kusch K, Hesse D, Jung RB, Liepold T, Uecker M, Sun T, Werner HB. The CNS Myelin Proteome: Deep Profile and Persistence After Post-mortem Delay. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:239. [PMID: 32973451 PMCID: PMC7466725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin membranes are dominated by lipids while the complexity of their protein composition has long been considered to be low. However, numerous additional myelin proteins have been identified since. Here we revisit the proteome of myelin biochemically purified from the brains of healthy c56Bl/6N-mice utilizing complementary proteomic approaches for deep qualitative and quantitative coverage. By gel-free, label-free mass spectrometry, the most abundant myelin proteins PLP, MBP, CNP, and MOG constitute 38, 30, 5, and 1% of the total myelin protein, respectively. The relative abundance of myelin proteins displays a dynamic range of over four orders of magnitude, implying that PLP and MBP have overshadowed less abundant myelin constituents in initial gel-based approaches. By comparisons with published datasets we evaluate to which degree the CNS myelin proteome correlates with the mRNA and protein abundance profiles of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the myelin proteome displays only minor changes if assessed after a post-mortem delay of 6 h. These data provide the most comprehensive proteome resource of CNS myelin so far and a basis for addressing proteomic heterogeneity of myelin in mouse models and human patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B. Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Hesse
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B. Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liepold
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Uecker
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Habic A, Mattick JS, Calin GA, Krese R, Konc J, Kunej T. Genetic Variations of Ultraconserved Elements in the Human Genome. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 23:549-559. [PMID: 31689173 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are among the most popular DNA markers for phylogenomic analysis. In at least three of five placental mammalian genomes (human, dog, cow, mouse, and rat), 2189 UCEs of at least 200 bp in length that are identical have been identified. Most of these regions have not yet been functionally annotated, and their associations with diseases remain largely unknown. This is an important knowledge gap in human genomics with regard to UCE roles in physiologically critical functions, and by extension, their relevance for shared susceptibilities to common complex diseases across several mammalian organisms in the event of their polymorphic variations. In the present study, we remapped the genomic locations of these UCEs to the latest human genome assembly, and examined them for documented polymorphisms in sequenced human genomes. We identified 29,983 polymorphisms within analyzed UCEs, but revealed that a vast majority exhibits very low minor allele frequencies. Notably, only 112 of the identified polymorphisms are associated with a phenotype in the Ensembl genome browser. Through literature analyses, we confirmed associations of 37 (i.e., out of the 112) polymorphisms within 23 UCEs with 25 diseases and phenotypic traits, including, muscular dystrophies, eye diseases, and cancers (e.g., familial adenomatous polyposis). Most reports of UCE polymorphism-disease associations appeared to be not cognizant that their candidate polymorphisms were actually within UCEs. The present study offers strategic directions and knowledge gaps for future computational and experimental work so as to better understand the thus far intriguing and puzzling role(s) of UCEs in mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Habic
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - John S Mattick
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The Center for RNA Interference and Noncoding RNAs, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rok Krese
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Janez Konc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domzale, Slovenia
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15
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Steyer AM, Ruhwedel T, Nardis C, Werner HB, Nave KA, Möbius W. Pathology of myelinated axons in the PLP-deficient mouse model of spastic paraplegia type 2 revealed by volume imaging using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2020; 210:107492. [PMID: 32156581 PMCID: PMC7196930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in electron microscopy including improved imaging techniques and state-of-the-art detectors facilitate imaging of larger tissue volumes with electron microscopic resolution. In combination with genetic tools for the generation of mouse mutants this allows assessing the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of pathological features in disease models. Here we revisited the axonal pathology in the central nervous system of a mouse model of spastic paraplegia type 2, the Plp-/Y mouse. Although PLP is a bona fide myelin protein, the major hallmark of the disease in both SPG2 patients and mouse models are axonal swellings comprising accumulations of numerous organelles including mitochondria, gradually leading to irreversible axonal loss. To assess the number and morphology of axonal mitochondria and the overall myelin preservation we evaluated two sample preparation techniques, chemical fixation or high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution, with respect to the objective of 3D visualization. Both methods allowed visualizing distribution and morphological details of axonal mitochondria. In Plp-/Y mice the number of mitochondria is 2-fold increased along the entire axonal length. Mitochondria are also found in the excessive organelle accumulations within axonal swellings. In addition, organelle accumulations were detected within the myelin sheath and the inner tongue. We find that 3D electron microscopy is required for a comprehensive understanding of the size, content and frequency of axonal swellings, the hallmarks of axonal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christos Nardis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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CNP deficiency causes severe hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in humans. Hum Genet 2020; 139:615-622. [PMID: 32128616 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin pathologies are an important cause of multifactorial, e.g., multiple sclerosis, and Mendelian, e.g., leukodystrophy, neurological disorders. CNP encodes a major component of myelin and its CNS expression is exclusive to myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Deficiency of CNP in mouse causes a lethal white matter neurodegenerative phenotype. However, a corresponding human phenotype has not been described to date. Here, we describe a multiplex consanguineous family from Oman in which multiple affected members display a remarkably consistent phenotype of neuroregression with profound brain white matter loss. A novel homozygous missense variant in CNP was identified by combined autozygome/exome analysis. Immunoblot analysis suggests that this is a null allele in patient fibroblasts, which display abnormal F-actin organization. Our results suggest the establishment of a novel CNP-related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in humans.
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17
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Darios F, Mochel F, Stevanin G. Lipids in the Physiopathology of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:74. [PMID: 32180696 PMCID: PMC7059351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases sharing spasticity in lower limbs as common symptom. There is a large clinical variability in the presentation of patients, partly underlined by the large genetic heterogeneity, with more than 60 genes responsible for HSP. Despite this large heterogeneity, the proteins with known function are supposed to be involved in a limited number of cellular compartments such as shaping of the endoplasmic reticulum or endolysosomal function. Yet, it is difficult to understand why alteration of such different cellular compartments can lead to degeneration of the axons of cortical motor neurons. A common feature that has emerged over the last decade is the alteration of lipid metabolism in this group of pathologies. This was first revealed by the identification of mutations in genes encoding proteins that have or are supposed to have enzymatic activities on lipid substrates. However, it also appears that mutations in genes affecting endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or endolysosome function can lead to changes in lipid distribution or metabolism. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of lipid metabolism alterations in the physiopathology of HSP, to evaluate how such alterations contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes, and to understand how this knowledge can help develop therapeutic strategy for HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Darios
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Neurometabolic Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.,Equipe de Neurogénétique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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18
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Sarret C. Leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies in children. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Leveille E, Estiar MA, Krohn L, Spiegelman D, Dionne-Laporte A, Dupré N, Trempe JF, Rouleau GA, Gan-Or Z. SPTAN1 variants as a potential cause for autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1145-1151. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Kato D, Wake H, Lee PR, Tachibana Y, Ono R, Sugio S, Tsuji Y, Tanaka YH, Tanaka YR, Masamizu Y, Hira R, Moorhouse AJ, Tamamaki N, Ikenaka K, Matsukawa N, Fields RD, Nabekura J, Matsuzaki M. Motor learning requires myelination to reduce asynchrony and spontaneity in neural activity. Glia 2019; 68:193-210. [PMID: 31465122 PMCID: PMC6899965 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelination increases the conduction velocity in long‐range axons and is prerequisite for many brain functions. Impaired myelin regulation or impairment of myelin itself is frequently associated with deficits in learning and cognition in neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, it has not been revealed what perturbation of neural activity induced by myelin impairment causes learning deficits. Here, we measured neural activity in the motor cortex during motor learning in transgenic mice with a subtle impairment of their myelin. This deficit in myelin impaired motor learning, and was accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of movement‐related activity and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous activity. Thalamocortical axons showed variability in axonal conduction with a large spread in the timing of postsynaptic cortical responses. Repetitive pairing of forelimb movements with optogenetic stimulation of thalamocortical axon terminals restored motor learning. Thus, myelin regulation helps to maintain the synchrony of cortical spike‐time arrivals through long‐range axons, facilitating the propagation of the information required for learning. Our results revealed the pathological neuronal circuit activity with impaired myelin and suggest the possibility that pairing of noninvasive brain stimulation with relevant behaviors may ameliorate cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in diseases with impaired myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kato
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Philip R Lee
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Riho Ono
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shouta Sugio
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukio Tsuji
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuyo H Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro R Tanaka
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Masamizu
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riichiro Hira
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Andrew J Moorhouse
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - R Douglas Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
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21
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Complexity of Generating Mouse Models to Study the Upper Motor Neurons: Let Us Shift Focus from Mice to Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163848. [PMID: 31394733 PMCID: PMC6720674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron circuitry is one of the most elaborate circuitries in our body, which ensures voluntary and skilled movement that requires cognitive input. Therefore, both the cortex and the spinal cord are involved. The cortex has special importance for motor neuron diseases, in which initiation and modulation of voluntary movement is affected. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the progressive degeneration of both the upper and lower motor neurons, whereas hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are characterized mainly by the loss of upper motor neurons. In an effort to reveal the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal degeneration, numerous model systems are generated, and mouse models are no exception. However, there are many different levels of complexities that need to be considered when developing mouse models. Here, we focus our attention to the upper motor neurons, which are one of the most challenging neuron populations to study. Since mice and human differ greatly at a species level, but the cells/neurons in mice and human share many common aspects of cell biology, we offer a solution by focusing our attention to the affected neurons to reveal the complexities of diseases at a cellular level and to improve translational efforts.
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22
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Owczarek-Lipska M, Mulahasanovic L, Obermaier CD, Hörtnagel K, Neubauer BA, Korenke GC, Biskup S, Neidhardt J. Novel mutations in the GJC2 gene associated with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like disease. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4507-4516. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Kim H, Lim C. General anesthesia for an adolescent with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease - A case report -. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2019. [DOI: 10.17085/apm.2019.14.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuckgoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chaeseok Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Lüders KA, Nessler S, Kusch K, Patzig J, Jung RB, Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Maintenance of high proteolipid protein level in adult central nervous system myelin is required to preserve the integrity of myelin and axons. Glia 2019; 67:634-649. [PMID: 30637801 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the most abundant integral membrane protein in central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Expression of the Plp-gene in oligodendrocytes is not essential for the biosynthesis of myelin membranes but required to prevent axonal pathology. This raises the question whether the exceptionally high level of PLP in myelin is required later in life, or whether high-level PLP expression becomes dispensable once myelin has been assembled. Both models require a better understanding of the turnover of PLP in myelin in vivo. Thus, we generated and characterized a novel line of tamoxifen-inducible Plp-mutant mice that allowed us to determine the rate of PLP turnover after developmental myelination has been completed, and to assess the possible impact of gradually decreasing amounts of PLP for myelin and axonal integrity. We found that 6 months after targeting the Plp-gene the abundance of PLP in CNS myelin was about halved, probably reflecting that myelin is slowly turned over in the adult brain. Importantly, this reduction by 50% was sufficient to cause the entire spectrum of neuropathological changes previously associated with the developmental lack of PLP, including myelin outfoldings, lamellae splittings, and axonal spheroids. In comparison to axonopathy and gliosis, the infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells was temporally delayed, suggesting a corresponding chronology also in the genetic disorders of PLP-deficiency. High-level abundance of PLP in myelin throughout adult life emerges as a requirement for the preservation of white matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate School for Neurosciences, Biophysics and Molecular Biosciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Sui Y, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Ikenaka K, Ohno N. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Physiology and Pathology of Myelinated Axons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:145-163. [PMID: 31760643 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in neurons and abnormal functions of mitochondria have been implicated in neurological disorders including myelin diseases. Since mitochondrial functions are regulated and maintained by their dynamic behavior involving localization, transport, and fusion/fission, modulation of mitochondrial dynamics would be involved in physiology and pathology of myelinated axons. In fact, the integration of multimodal imaging in vivo and in vitro revealed that mitochondrial localization and transport are differentially regulated in nodal and internodal regions in response to the changes of metabolic demand in myelinated axons. In addition, the mitochondrial behavior in axons is modulated as adaptive responses to demyelination irrespective of the cause of myelin loss, and the behavioral modulation is partly through interactions with cytoskeletons and closely associated with the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. Furthermore, the behavior and functions of axonal mitochondria are modulated in congenital myelin disorders involving impaired interactions between axons and myelin-forming cells, and, together with the inflammatory environment, implicated in axonal degeneration and disease phenotypes. Further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the mitochondrial dynamics in myelinated axons would provide deeper insights into axo-glial interactions mediated through myelin ensheathment, and effective manipulations of the dynamics may lead to novel therapeutic strategies protecting axonal and neuronal functions and survival in primary diseases of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sui
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
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26
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Inoue K. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease: Molecular and Cellular Pathologies and Associated Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:201-216. [PMID: 31760646 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) represents a group of disorders known as hypomyelinating leukodystrophies, which are characterized by abnormal development and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. PMD is caused by different types of mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene, which encodes a major myelin membrane lipoprotein. These mutations in the PLP1 gene result in distinct cellular and molecular pathologies and a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. In this chapter, I discuss the historical aspects and current understanding of the mechanisms underlying how different PLP1 mutations disrupt the normal process of myelination and result in PMD and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Cloake NC, Yan J, Aminian A, Pender MP, Greer JM. PLP1 Mutations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Identification of a New Mutation and Potential Pathogenicity of the Mutations. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100342. [PMID: 30314286 PMCID: PMC6210135 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PLP1 is located on the X-chromosome and encodes myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), the most abundant protein in central nervous system myelin. Generally, point mutations in PLP1 result in X-linked dysmyelinating disorders, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) or spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2). However, several case studies have identified patients with missense point mutations in PLP1 and clinical symptoms and signs compatible with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate if PLP1 mutations occur relatively frequently in MS, we sequenced the coding regions of PLP1 in 22 female MS patients who had developed disease after the age of 40 and in 42 healthy women, and identified a missense mutation in exon 2 of PLP1 resulting in a Leu30Val mutation in the protein in one of the MS patients. mCherry-tagged plasmids containing wild type or mutant PLP1 sequences of PLP, including two known PMD/SPG2-related mutations as positive controls, were constructed and transfected into Cos-7 cells. In comparison with cells transfected with wild type PLP1, all mutations caused significant accumulation of PLP in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells and induction of the unfolded protein response-a mechanism that leads to apoptosis of cells expressing mutant proteins. Additionally, in silico analysis of the binding of peptides containing the Leu30Val mutation to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules carried by the patient harboring this mutation suggested that the mutation could produce several novel immunogenic epitopes in this patient. These results support the idea that mutations in myelin-related genes could contribute to the development of MS in a small proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Cloake
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Jun Yan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Atefeh Aminian
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15119-43943, Iran.
| | - Michael P Pender
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Judith M Greer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
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28
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Duchesne A, Vaiman A, Frah M, Floriot S, Legoueix-Rodriguez S, Desmazières A, Fritz S, Beauvallet C, Albaric O, Venot E, Bertaud M, Saintilan R, Guatteo R, Esquerré D, Branchu J, Fleming A, Brice A, Darios F, Vilotte JL, Stevanin G, Boichard D, El Hachimi KH. Progressive ataxia of Charolais cattle highlights a role of KIF1C in sustainable myelination. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007550. [PMID: 30067756 PMCID: PMC6089448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous human neurodegenerative diseases. Amongst the identified genetic causes, mutations in genes encoding motor proteins such as kinesins have been involved in various HSP clinical isoforms. Mutations in KIF1C are responsible for autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 58 (SPG58) and spastic ataxia 2 (SPAX2). Bovines also develop neurodegenerative diseases, some of them having a genetic aetiology. Bovine progressive ataxia was first described in the Charolais breed in the early 1970s in England and further cases in this breed were subsequently reported worldwide. We can now report that progressive ataxia of Charolais cattle results from a homozygous single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region of the KIF1C gene. In this study, we show that the mutation at the heterozygous state is associated with a better score for muscular development, explaining its balancing selection for several decades, and the resulting high frequency (13%) of the allele in the French Charolais breed. We demonstrate that the KIF1C bovine mutation leads to a functional knock-out, therefore mimicking mutations in humans affected by SPG58/SPAX2. The functional consequences of KIF1C loss of function in cattle were also histologically reevaluated. We showed by an immunochemistry approach that demyelinating plaques were due to altered oligodendrocyte membrane protrusion, and we highlight an abnormal accumulation of actin in the core of demyelinating plaques, which is normally concentrated at the leading edge of oligodendrocytes during axon wrapping. We also observed that the lesions were associated with abnormal extension of paranodal sections. Moreover, this model highlights the role of KIF1C protein in preserving the structural integrity and function of myelin, since the clinical signs and lesions arise in young-adult Charolais cattle. Finally, this model provides useful information for SPG58/SPAX2 disease and other demyelinating lesions. Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are human neurodegenerative diseases mainly associated with lower extremity weakness and spasticity. Motor-sensory axons degeneration, implying heterogeneous cellular and molecular mechanisms and various genetic causes, is the neuropathological hallmark of this disease. Recently, mutations in KIF1C were associated with human spastic paraplegia type 58 (SPG58) and spastic ataxia 2 (SPAX2), where the radiological brain examination showed demyelination features. We report herein that progressive ataxia of Charolais cattle, a neurodegenerative disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, is caused by a substitution in the KIF1C gene, which leads to a functional knock-out. Interestingly this mutation is associated, in a heterozygous state, with a better muscular development, and thus a zootechnic advantage. Identification of the mutation will therefore be helpful to eradicate this disease. Further study of the lesions in ataxic bovine central nervous system highlighted a peculiar link to oligodendrocytes which were hypertrophied and harbored many membrane protrusions. The demyelinating plaques were enriched by these membranes and actin accumulation indicating close relationship between KIF1C, actin transport and axonal wrapping by oligodendrocyte tongues. Since kif1c knock-out mouse do not display any neurological symptoms, progressive ataxia of Charolais cattle thus provides a useful model for studying SPG58/SPAX2 and other demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Duchesne
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (AD); (KHEH)
| | - Anne Vaiman
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magali Frah
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Floriot
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sabrina Legoueix-Rodriguez
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- TWB, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INSA, CNRS, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
| | - Anne Desmazières
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Fritz
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Allice, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Albaric
- LHA, Oniris, Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Venot
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maud Bertaud
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romain Saintilan
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Allice, Paris, France
| | | | - Diane Esquerré
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Branchu
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Fleming
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
- Centre de référence de Neurogénétique, Fédération de génétique, APHP, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Darios
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
- Centre de référence de Neurogénétique, Fédération de génétique, APHP, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Didier Boichard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Khalid Hamid El Hachimi
- Sorbonne Université UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AD); (KHEH)
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29
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Nguyen HB, Sui Y, Thai TQ, Ikenaka K, Oda T, Ohno N. Decreased number and increased volume with mitochondrial enlargement of cerebellar synaptic terminals in a mouse model of chronic demyelination. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:208-216. [PMID: 29796936 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Impaired nerve conduction, axonal degeneration, and synaptic alterations contribute to neurological disabilities in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Cerebellar dysfunction is associated with demyelinating disorders, but the alterations of axon terminals in cerebellar gray matter during chronic demyelination are still unclear. We analyzed the morphological and ultrastructural changes of climbing fiber terminals in a mouse model of hereditary chronic demyelination. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and immunostaining for synaptic markers were performed in a demyelination mouse model caused by extra copies of myelin gene (PLP4e). At 1 month old, many myelinated axons were observed in PLP4e and wild-type mice, but demyelinated axons and axons with abnormally thin myelin were prominent in PLP4e mice at 5 months old. The density of climbing fiber terminals was significantly reduced in PLP4e mice at 5 months old. Reconstruction of climbing fiber terminals revealed that PLP4e climbing fibers had increased varicosity volume and enlarged mitochondria in the varicosities at 5-month-old mice. These results suggest that chronic demyelination is associated with alterations and loss of climbing fiber terminals in the cerebellar cortex, and that synaptic changes may contribute to cerebellar phenotypes observed in hereditary demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yang Sui
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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30
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Rossi M, Anheim M, Durr A, Klein C, Koenig M, Synofzik M, Marras C, van de Warrenburg BP. The genetic nomenclature of recessive cerebellar ataxias. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1056-1076. [PMID: 29756227 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recessive cerebellar ataxias are a large group of degenerative and metabolic disorders, the diagnostic management of which is difficult because of the enormous clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Because of several limitations, the current classification systems provide insufficient guidance for clinicians and researchers. Here, we propose a new nomenclature for the genetically confirmed recessive cerebellar ataxias according to the principles and criteria laid down by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Classification and Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders. We apply stringent criteria for considering an association between gene and phenotype to be established. The newly proposed list of recessively inherited cerebellar ataxias includes 62 disorders that were assigned an ATX prefix, followed by the gene name, because these typically present with ataxia as a predominant and/or consistent feature. An additional 30 disorders that often combine ataxia with a predominant or consistent other movement disorder received a double prefix (e.g., ATX/HSP). We also identified a group of 89 entities that usually present with complex nonataxia phenotypes, but may occasionally present with cerebellar ataxia. These are listed separately without the ATX prefix. This new, transparent and adaptable nomenclature of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will facilitate the clinical recognition of recessive ataxias, guide diagnostic testing in ataxia patients, and help in interpreting genetic findings. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Brain and Spine Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 7501, Paris, France
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares, EA7402, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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31
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Altered distribution of ATG9A and accumulation of axonal aggregates in neurons from a mouse model of AP-4 deficiency syndrome. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007363. [PMID: 29698489 PMCID: PMC5940238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity. Mutations in subunits of the heterotetrameric (ε-β4-μ4-σ4) adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) complex cause an autosomal recessive form of complicated HSP referred to as "AP-4 deficiency syndrome". In addition to lower limb spasticity, this syndrome features intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, thin corpus callosum and upper limb spasticity. The pathogenetic mechanism, however, remains poorly understood. Here we report the characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse for the AP4E1 gene encoding the ε subunit of AP-4. We find that AP-4 ε KO mice exhibit a range of neurological phenotypes, including hindlimb clasping, decreased motor coordination and weak grip strength. In addition, AP-4 ε KO mice display a thin corpus callosum and axonal swellings in various areas of the brain and spinal cord. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the transmembrane autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A) is more concentrated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and depleted from the peripheral cytoplasm both in skin fibroblasts from patients with mutations in the μ4 subunit of AP-4 and in various neuronal types in AP-4 ε KO mice. ATG9A mislocalization is associated with increased tendency to accumulate mutant huntingtin (HTT) aggregates in the axons of AP-4 ε KO neurons. These findings indicate that the AP-4 ε KO mouse is a suitable animal model for AP-4 deficiency syndrome, and that defective mobilization of ATG9A from the TGN and impaired autophagic degradation of protein aggregates might contribute to neuroaxonal dystrophy in this disorder.
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32
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Srivastava RK, Bulte JWM, Walczak P, Janowski M. Migratory potential of transplanted glial progenitors as critical factor for successful translation of glia replacement therapy: The gap between mice and men. Glia 2017; 66:907-919. [PMID: 29266673 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major threat to public health. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is now a promising experimental paradigm for its treatment, as shown in pre-clinical animal studies. Initial attempts have been on the replacement of neuronal cells only, but glial progenitors (GPs) are now becoming strong alternative cellular therapeutic candidates to replace oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as knowledge accumulates about their important emerging role in various disease processes. There are many examples of successful therapeutic outcomes for transplanted GPs in small animal models, but clinical translation has proved to be challenging due to the 1,000-fold larger volume of the human brain compared to mice. Human GPs transplanted into the mouse brain migrate extensively and can induce global cell replacement, but a similar extent of migration in the human brain would only allow for local rather than global cell replacement. We review here the mechanisms that govern cell migration, which could potentially be exploited to enhance the migratory properties of GPs through cell engineering pre-transplantation. We furthermore discuss the (dis)advantages of the various cell delivery routes that are available, with particular emphasis on intra-arterial injection as the most suitable route for achieving global cell distribution in the larger brain. Now that therapeutic success has proven to be feasible in small animal models, future efforts will need to be directed to enhance global cell delivery and migration to make bench-to-bedside translation a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Srivastava
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of NeuroRepair, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Lüders KA, Patzig J, Simons M, Nave KA, Werner HB. Genetic dissection of oligodendroglial and neuronalPlp1function in a novel mouse model of spastic paraplegia type 2. Glia 2017; 65:1762-1776. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja A. Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Cellular Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen 37075 Germany
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34
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Katoh M, Wu B, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Yamasaki R, Lu H, Rietsch AM, Zorlu MM, Shinozaki Y, Saitoh Y, Saitoh S, Sakoh T, Ikenaka K, Koizumi S, Ransohoff RM, Ohno N. Polymorphic regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion modifies phenotypes of microglia in neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4942. [PMID: 28694451 PMCID: PMC5503944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and play complex roles in the milieu of diseases including the primary diseases of myelin. Although mitochondria are critical for cellular functions and survival in the nervous system, alterations in and the roles of mitochondrial dynamics and associated signaling in microglia are still poorly understood. In the present study, by combining immunohistochemistry and 3D ultrastructural analyses, we show that mitochondrial fission/fusion in reactive microglia is differentially regulated from that in monocyte-derived macrophages and the ramified microglia of normal white matter in myelin disease models. Mouse cerebral microglia in vitro demonstrated that stimulation of TLR4 with lipopolysaccharide, widely used to examine microglial reactions, caused the activation of the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increase in the ROS level activated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and facilitated elongation of mitochondria along the microtubule tracks. These results suggest that the polymorphic regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion in reactive microglia is mediated by distinct signaling under inflammatory conditions, and modulates microglial phenotypes through the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Katoh
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Bao Wu
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia, 024000, China
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Anna M Rietsch
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Musab M Zorlu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakoh
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Departments of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan. .,Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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35
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Yin X, Kidd GJ, Ohno N, Perkins GA, Ellisman MH, Bastian C, Brunet S, Baltan S, Trapp BD. Proteolipid protein-deficient myelin promotes axonal mitochondrial dysfunction via altered metabolic coupling. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:531-542. [PMID: 27872255 PMCID: PMC5119941 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors show that central nervous system myelin lacking proteolipid protein (PLP) induces mitochondrial dysfunction, including altered motility, degeneration, and ectopic smooth endoplasmic reticulum interactions, leading to axonal structural defects and degeneration. Mutated PLP occurs in hereditary spastic paraplegia, and these cellular effects provide potential insight into the pathology of the disease. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurological syndrome characterized by degeneration of central nervous system (CNS) axons. Mutated HSP proteins include myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and axon-enriched proteins involved in mitochondrial function, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) structure, and microtubule (MT) stability/function. We characterized axonal mitochondria, SER, and MTs in rodent optic nerves where PLP is replaced by the peripheral nerve myelin protein, P0 (P0-CNS mice). Mitochondrial pathology and degeneration were prominent in juxtaparanodal axoplasm at 1 mo of age. In wild-type (WT) optic nerve axons, 25% of mitochondria–SER associations occurred on extensions of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Mitochondria–SER associations were reduced by 86% in 1-mo-old P0-CNS juxtaparanodal axoplasm. 1-mo-old P0-CNS optic nerves were more sensitive to oxygen-glucose deprivation and contained less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than WT nerves. MT pathology and paranodal axonal ovoids were prominent at 6 mo. These data support juxtaparanodal mitochondrial degeneration, reduced mitochondria–SER associations, and reduced ATP production as causes of axonal ovoid formation and axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Yin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Grahame J Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chinthasagar Bastian
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sylvain Brunet
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Selva Baltan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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Marteyn A, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Is involvement of inflammation underestimated in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease? J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1572-1578. [PMID: 27661457 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a severe hypomyelinating leukodystrophy resulting from proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) mutations leading to oligodendrocyte loss. While neuroinflammation has recently become a common feature and actor in neurodegenerative diseases, the involvement of inflammation in PMD physiopathology is still highly debated despite evidence for strong astrogliosis and microglial cell activation. Activation of the innate immune system, and more particularly, of microglia and astrocytes, is mostly associated with the deleterious role of neuroinflammation. However, in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, microglia appear beneficial for repair based on their role in myelin debris removal or recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In this review, we will discuss recent published data in terms of their relevance to the role of microglia in PMD evolution, and of their impact on the improvement of therapeutic approaches combining immunomodulation and cell therapy to promote optimal recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marteyn
- INSERM, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- INSERM, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR_S 1127, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.
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37
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Laukka JJ, Kamholz J, Bessert D, Skoff RP. Novel pathologic findings in patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:222-32. [PMID: 27222925 PMCID: PMC4948744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is an X-linked inherited hypomyelinating disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding proteolipid protein (PLP), the major structural protein in central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Prior to our study, whether hypomyelination in PMD was caused by demyelination, abnormally thin sheaths or failure to form myelin was unknown. In this study, we compared the microscopic pathology of myelin from brain tissue of 3 PMD patients with PLP1 duplications to that of a patient with a complete PLP1 deletion. Autopsy tissue procured from PMD patients was embedded in paraffin for immunocytochemistry and plastic for electron microscopy to obtain highresolution fiber pathology of cerebrum and corpus callosum. Through histological stains, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, our study illustrates unique pathologic findings between the two different types of mutations. Characteristic of the patient with a PLP1 deletion, myelin sheaths showed splitting and decompaction of myelin, confirming for the first time that myelin in PLP1 deletion patients is similar to that of rodent models with gene deletions. Myelin thickness and g-ratios of some fibers, in relation to axon diameter was abnormally thin, suggesting that oligodendrocytes remain metabolically functional and/or are attempting to make myelin. Many fibers showed swollen, progressive degenerative changes to axons in addition to the dissolution of myelin. All three duplication cases shared remarkable fiber pathology including swellings, constriction and/or transection and involution of myelin. Characteristic of PLP1 duplication patients, many axons showed segmental demyelination along their length. Still other axons had abnormally thick myelin sheaths, suggestive of continued myelination. Thus, each type of mutation exhibited unique pathology even though commonality to both mutations included involution of myelin, myelin balls and degeneration of axons. This pathology study describes findings unique to each mutation that suggests the mechanism causing fiber pathology is likewise heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Laukka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - John Kamholz
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Denise Bessert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Robert P Skoff
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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38
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Bodaleo FJ, Gonzalez-Billault C. The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Lessons from Drosophila Fragile X Syndrome and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 27504085 PMCID: PMC4958632 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the nervous system to generate neuronal networks relies on the establishment and maintenance of synaptic contacts. Synapses are composed of functionally different presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. An appropriate synaptic architecture is required to provide the structural basis that supports synaptic transmission, a process involving changes in cytoskeletal dynamics. Actin microfilaments are the main cytoskeletal components present at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in glutamatergic synapses. However, in the last few years it has been demonstrated that microtubules (MTs) transiently invade dendritic spines, promoting their maturation. Nevertheless, the presence and functions of MTs at the presynaptic site are still a matter of debate. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies revealed that MTs are present in the presynaptic terminals of the central nervous system (CNS) where they interact with synaptic vesicles (SVs) and reach the active zone. These observations have been reproduced by several EM protocols; however, there is empirical heterogeneity in detecting presynaptic MTs, since they appear to be both labile and unstable. Moreover, increasing evidence derived from studies in the fruit fly neuromuscular junction proposes different roles for MTs in regulating presynaptic function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the main findings that support the presence and roles of MTs at presynaptic terminals, integrating descriptive and biochemical analyses, and studies performed in invertebrate genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA
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Marras C, Lang A, van de Warrenburg BP, Sue CM, Tabrizi SJ, Bertram L, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Warner TT, Durr A, Assmann B, Lohmann K, Kostic V, Klein C. Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: Recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2016; 31:436-57. [PMID: 27079681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of assigning locus symbols to specify chromosomal regions that are associated with a familial disorder has a number of problems when used as a reference list of genetically determined disorders,including (I) erroneously assigned loci, (II) duplicated loci, (III) missing symbols or loci, (IV) unconfirmed loci and genes, (V) a combination of causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and (VI) discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we report on the recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and present a system for naming genetically determined movement disorders that addresses these problems. We demonstrate how the system would be applied to currently known genetically determined parkinsonism, dystonia, dominantly inherited ataxia, spastic paraparesis, chorea, paroxysmal movement disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and primary familial brain calcifications. This system provides a resource for clinicians and researchers that, unlike the previous system, can be considered an accurate and criterion-based list of confirmed genetically determined movement disorders at the time it was last updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology & F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm and Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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40
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Di Fabio R, Storti E, Tessa A, Pierelli F, Morani F, Santorelli FM. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: pathology, genetics and therapeutic prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1153964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Electron microscopy of myelin: Structure preservation by high-pressure freezing. Brain Res 2016; 1641:92-100. [PMID: 26920467 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic visualization of nervous tissue morphology is crucial when aiming to understand the biogenesis and structure of myelin in healthy and pathological conditions. However, accurate interpretation of electron micrographs requires excellent tissue preservation. In this short review we discuss the recent utilization of tissue fixation by high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution, which now supplements aldehyde fixation in the preparation of samples for electron microscopy of myelin. Cryofixation has proven well suited to yield both, improved contrast and excellent preservation of structural detail of the axon/myelin-unit in healthy and mutant mice and can also be applied to other model organisms, including aquatic species. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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42
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Takeda K, Dezawa M, Kitada M. The expression of PLP/DM-20 mRNA is restricted to the oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in the adult rat spinal cord. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:147-61. [PMID: 26563642 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the major component of myelin; its gene encodes two major splicing variants: PLP and DM-20. Compared with PLP, DM-20 lacks the amino acids encoded by exon IIIb. The expression of PLP/DM-20 in cells outside the oligodendrocyte-lineage is unclear. To address this issue, we analyzed the detailed expression pattern of PLP/DM-20 mRNA in the adult rat spinal cord by in situ hybridization (ISH) with a cRNA probe complementary to DM-20 mRNA, which has been used to detect both PLP and DM-20 both mRNA. ISH did not label the cells expressing NeuN nor glial fibrillary acidic protein but detected those expressing Olig2, indicating that PLP/DM-20 mRNA are expressed only in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. This cell population was expected to contain NG2-expressing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), because some exhibited the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi isoform in the nucleus. A recent publication showed that OPCs express PLP but not DM-20 mRNA. However, no OPCs were detected. We performed ISH with a cRNA probe that specifically recognizes PLP mRNA to successfully detect some OPCs. Additionally, OPCs were detected by ISH with a cRNA probe complementary to DM-20 mRNA that was digested via alkaline hydrolysis prior to ISH. These findings collectively demonstrate that PLP and DM-20 mRNA expression is restricted to oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, and imply that the undigested cRNA probe complementary to the full-length DM-20 mRNA sequence only recognizes DM-20 mRNA and not the PLP counterpart when applied to ISH without denaturation/digestion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takeda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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43
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Patzig J, Kusch K, Fledrich R, Eichel MA, Lüders KA, Möbius W, Sereda MW, Nave KA, Martini R, Werner HB. Proteolipid protein modulates preservation of peripheral axons and premature death when myelin protein zero is lacking. Glia 2015; 64:155-74. [PMID: 26393339 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein zero (P0) is the major structural component of peripheral myelin. Lack of this adhesion protein from Schwann cells causes a severe dysmyelinating neuropathy with secondary axonal degeneration in humans with the neuropathy Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and in the corresponding mouse model (P0(null)-mice). In the mammalian CNS, the tetraspan-membrane protein PLP is the major structural myelin constituent and required for the long-term preservation of myelinated axons, which fails in hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG type-2) and the relevant mouse model (Plp(null)-mice). The Plp-gene is also expressed in Schwann cells but PLP is of very low abundance in normal peripheral myelin; its function has thus remained enigmatic. Here we show that the abundance of PLP but not of other tetraspan myelin proteins is strongly increased in compact peripheral myelin of P0(null)-mice. To determine the functional relevance of PLP expression in the absence of P0, we generated P0(null)*Plp(null)-double-mutant mice. Compared with either single-mutant, P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice display impaired nerve conduction, reduced motor functions, and premature death. At the morphological level, axonal segments were frequently non-myelinated but in a one-to-one relationship with a hypertrophic Schwann cell. Importantly, axonal numbers were reduced in the vital phrenic nerve of P0(null)*Plp(null)-mice. In the absence of P0, thus, PLP also contributes to myelination by Schwann cells and to the preservation of peripheral axons. These data provide a link between the Schwann cell-dependent support of peripheral axons and the oligodendrocyte-dependent support of central axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Fledrich
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Eichel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja A Lüders
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Xie H, Feng H, Ji J, Wu Y, Kou L, Li D, Ji H, Wu X, Niu Z, Wang J, Jiang Y. Identification and functional study of novel PLP1 mutations in Chinese patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Brain Dev 2015; 37:797-802. [PMID: 25491635 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare X-linked recessive hypomyelination disorder characterized by nystagmus, ataxia, impaired motor development, and progressive spasticity. Identification of proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) mutations in Chinese patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and confirmation of the biological impacts of the identified mutations are the aims of this study. METHODS An analysis of clinical materials and a follow-up study were conducted for the patients with PMD. Sequencing and immunofluorescence were applied for molecular analysis of the causative gene PLP1. RESULTS We identified PLP1 mutations in seven male patients with PMD. Three novel missense mutations (c.353C>G, p.T118R; c.623G>T, p.G208V; c.709T>G, p.F237V) and three reported missense mutations (c.467C>T, p.T156I; c.517C>T, p.P173S; c.646C>T, p.P216S) of PLP1 were identified from seven Chinese PMD patients. The three mutations (F237V in patient 2, P216S in patient 5 and T156I in patient 6) were de novo. Mutant proteins were trapped in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSION We have identified six pathogenic mutations, enriching the specific spectrum of missense mutations in the patients with PMD. The six PLP1 mutations are probably pathogenic. By reviewing the known PLP1 mutations, we have preliminarily revealed the position of missense mutation may be associated with the severity of PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Hongchun Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Xi'an North Hospital, 710043 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhua Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, 030001 Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Liping Kou
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, 030001 Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Xiru Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Zhengping Niu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, 030001 Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China.
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China.
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45
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Epplen DB, Prukop T, Nientiedt T, Albrecht P, Arlt FA, Stassart RM, Kassmann CM, Methner A, Nave KA, Werner HB, Sereda MW. Curcumin therapy in a Plp1 transgenic mouse model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:787-96. [PMID: 26339673 PMCID: PMC4554440 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a progressive and lethal leukodystrophy caused by mutations affecting the proteolipid protein (PLP1) gene. The most common cause of PMD is a duplication of PLP1 and at present there is no curative therapy available. METHODS By using transgenic mice carrying additional copies of Plp1, we investigated whether curcumin diet ameliorates PMD symptoms. The diet of Plp1 transgenic mice was supplemented with curcumin for 10 consecutive weeks followed by phenotypical, histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the central nervous system. Plp1 transgenic and wild-type mice fed with normal chow served as controls. RESULTS Curcumin improved the motor phenotype performance of Plp1 transgenic mice by 50% toward wild-type level and preserved myelinated axons by 35% when compared to Plp1 transgenic controls. Furthermore, curcumin reduced astrocytosis, microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltration in Plp1 transgenic mice. Curcumin diet did not affect the pathologically increased Plp1 mRNA abundance. However, high glutathione levels indicating an oxidative misbalance in the white matter of Plp1 transgenic mice were restored by curcumin treatment. INTERPRETATION Curcumin may potentially serve as an antioxidant therapy of PMD caused by PLP1 gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk B Epplen
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Prukop
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Nientiedt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike A Arlt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Celia M Kassmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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47
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Klebe S, Stevanin G, Depienne C. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from SPG1 to SPG72 and still counting. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:505-30. [PMID: 26008818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically determined neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs, and are among the most clinically and genetically heterogeneous human diseases. All modes of inheritance have been described, and the recent technological revolution in molecular genetics has led to the identification of 76 different spastic gait disease-loci with 59 corresponding spastic paraplegia genes. Autosomal recessive HSP are usually associated with diverse additional features (referred to as complicated forms), contrary to autosomal dominant HSP, which are mostly pure. However, the identification of additional mutations and families has considerably enlarged the clinical spectra, and has revealed a huge clinical variability for almost all HSP; complicated forms have also been described for primary pure HSP subtypes, adding further complexity to the genotype-phenotype correlations. In addition, the introduction of next generation sequencing in clinical practice has revealed a genetic and phenotypic overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuropathies, cerebellar ataxias, etc.) and neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability. This review aims to describe the most recent advances in the field and to provide genotype-phenotype correlations that could help clinical diagnoses of this heterogeneous group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klebe
- Department of neurology, university hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Stevanin
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; École pratique des hautes études, 4-14, rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Depienne
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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48
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Kevelam SH, Taube JR, van Spaendonk RML, Bertini E, Sperle K, Tarnopolsky M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Travaglini L, Sistermans EA, Bernard G, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, van Karnebeek CDM, Østergaard JR, Friederich RL, Fawzi Elsaid M, Schieving JH, Tarailo-Graovac M, Orcesi S, Steenweg ME, van Berkel CGM, Waisfisz Q, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Hobson GM, Wolf NI. Altered PLP1 splicing causes hypomyelination of early myelinating structures. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:648-61. [PMID: 26125040 PMCID: PMC4479525 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic etiology of the X-linked disorder “Hypomyelination of Early Myelinating Structures” (HEMS). Methods We included 16 patients from 10 families diagnosed with HEMS by brain MRI criteria. Exome sequencing was used to search for causal mutations. In silico analysis of effects of the mutations on splicing and RNA folding was performed. In vitro gene splicing was examined in RNA from patients’ fibroblasts and an immortalized immature oligodendrocyte cell line after transfection with mutant minigene splicing constructs. Results All patients had unusual hemizygous mutations of PLP1 located in exon 3B (one deletion, one missense and two silent), which is spliced out in isoform DM20, or in intron 3 (five mutations). The deletion led to truncation of PLP1, but not DM20. Four mutations were predicted to affect PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing by creating exonic splicing silencer motifs or new splice donor sites or by affecting the local RNA structure of the PLP1 splice donor site. Four deep intronic mutations were predicted to destabilize a long-distance interaction structure in the secondary PLP1 RNA fragment involved in regulating PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing. Splicing studies in fibroblasts and transfected cells confirmed a decreased PLP1/DM20 ratio. Interpretation Brain structures that normally myelinate early are poorly myelinated in HEMS, while they are the best myelinated structures in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, also caused by PLP1 alterations. Our data extend the phenotypic spectrum of PLP1-related disorders indicating that normal PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing is essential for early myelination and support the need to include intron 3 in diagnostic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H Kevelam
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Taube
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Sperle
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy ; CSS-Mendel Institute, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Erik A Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Coriene E Catsman-Berrevoets
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Erasmus University Hospital - Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
| | - John R Østergaard
- Centre for Rare diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Richard L Friederich
- Department of Child Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Pediatric Specialties Roseville, California
| | | | - Jolanda H Schieving
- Department of Child Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Colombia Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy
| | - Marjan E Steenweg
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola G M van Berkel
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grace M Hobson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware ; Department of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. Hum Genet 2015; 134:511-38. [PMID: 25758904 PMCID: PMC4424374 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are rare neurodegenerative diseases sharing the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts as the main pathological characteristic. They are considered one of the most heterogeneous neurological disorders. All modes of inheritance have been described for the 84 different loci and 67 known causative genes implicated up to now. Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed clinico-genetic heterogeneity of these disorders including their clinical and genetic overlap with other diseases of the nervous system. The systematic analysis of a large set of genes, including exome sequencing, is unmasking unusual phenotypes or inheritance modes associated with mutations in HSP genes and related genes involved in various neurological diseases. A new nosology may emerge after integration and understanding of these new data to replace the current classification. Collectively, functions of the known genes implicate the disturbance of intracellular membrane dynamics and trafficking as the consequence of alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, lipid metabolism and organelle structures, which represent in fact a relatively small number of cellular processes that could help to find common curative approaches, which are still lacking.
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50
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Mayer JA, Griffiths IR, Goldman JE, Smith CM, Cooksey E, Radcliff AB, Duncan ID. Modeling the natural history of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:115-30. [PMID: 25562656 PMCID: PMC4492172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major gaps in our understanding of the leukodystrophies result from their rarity and the lack of tissue for the interdisciplinary studies required to extend our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the diseases. This study details the natural evolution of changes in the CNS of the shaking pup (shp), a model of the classical form of the X-linked disorder Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, in particular in glia, myelin, and axons, which is likely representative of what occurs over time in the human disease. The mutation in the proteolipid protein gene, PLP1, leads to a delay in differentiation, increased cell death, and a marked distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in oligodendrocytes. However, over time, more oligodendrocytes differentiate and survive in the spinal cord leading to an almost total recovery of myelination, In contrast, the brain remains persistently hypomyelinated. These data suggest that shp oligodendrocytes may be more functional than previously realized and that their early recruitment could have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mayer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ian R Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chelsey M Smith
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cooksey
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ian D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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