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Yu E, Oh SW, Park SH, Kwon K, Han SB, Kang SH, Lee JH, Ha H, Yoon D, Jung E, Song M, Cho JY, Lee J. The Pigmentation of Blue Light is Mediated by Both Melanogenesis Activation and Autophagy Inhibition through OPN3-TRPV1. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)02080-3. [PMID: 39241981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Blue light, a high-energy radiation in the visible light spectrum, was recently reported to induce skin pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the involvement of TRPV1-mediated signaling along with OPN3 in blue light-induced melanogenesis, as well as its signaling pathway. Operating downstream target of OPN3 in blue light-induced melanogenesis, blue light activated TRPV1 and upregulated its expression, resulting in calcium influx. [Ca2+] induced activation of CaMKII and MAPK. It also downregulated clusterin expression, leading to the nuclear translocation of PAX3, ultimately affecting melanin synthesis. In addition, blue light interfered with autophagy-mediated regulation of melanosomes by decreasing not only the interaction between CLU and LC3B but the expression of ATF family. These findings demonstrate that the pigmenting effects of blue light are mediated by CaMKII- and MAPK-mediated signaling, as well as CLU-dependent inhibition of autophagy through OPN3-TRPV1-calcium influx, suggesting a new signaling pathway by which blue light regulates melanocyte biology. Furthermore, these results suggest that TRPV1 and CLU could be potential therapeutic targets for blue light-induced pigmentation due to prolonged exposure to blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Yu
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 30016 Sejong City, Korea
| | - Kitae Kwon
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Su Bin Han
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kang
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Heejun Ha
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Donghoon Yoon
- Myeloma Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, 13216 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Minkyung Song
- Integrative Research of T cells Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 16419 Gyunggi Do, Korea.
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2
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Wang F, Ma W, Fan D, Hu J, An X, Wang Z. The biochemistry of melanogenesis: an insight into the function and mechanism of melanogenesis-related proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1440187. [PMID: 39228912 PMCID: PMC11368874 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1440187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin is an amino acid derivative produced by melanocyte through a series of enzymatic reactions using tyrosinase as substrate. Human skin and hair color is also closely related to melanin, so understanding the mechanisms and proteins that produce melanin is very important. There are many proteins involved in the process of melanin expression, For example, proteins involved in melanin formation such as p53, HNF-1α (Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α), SOX10 (Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10) and pax3 (paired box gene 3), MC1R(Melanocortin 1 Receptor), MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), TYR (tyrosinase), TYRP1 (tyrosinase-related protein-1), TYRP2 (tyrosinase-related protein-2), and can be regulated by changing their content to control the production rate of melanin. Others, such as OA1 (ocular albinism type 1), Par-2 (protease-activated receptor 2) and Mlph (Melanophilin), have been found to control the transfer rate of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes, and regulate the amount of human epidermal melanin to control the depth of human skin color. In addition to the above proteins, there are other protein families also involved in the process of melanin expression, such as BLOC, Rab and Rho. This article reviews the origin of melanocytes, the related proteins affecting melanin and the basic causes of related gene mutations. In addition, we also summarized the active ingredients of 5 popular whitening cosmetics and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjie Fan
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong An
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zuding Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
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3
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Coutant K, Magne B, Ferland K, Fuentes-Rodriguez A, Chancy O, Mitchell A, Germain L, Landreville S. Melanocytes in regenerative medicine applications and disease modeling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38589876 PMCID: PMC11003097 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic cells localized in skin, eyes, hair follicles, ears, heart and central nervous system. They are characterized by the presence of melanosomes enriched in melanin which are responsible for skin, eye and hair pigmentation. They also have different functions in photoprotection, immunity and sound perception. Melanocyte dysfunction can cause pigmentary disorders, hearing and vision impairments or increased cancer susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of melanocytes in homeostasis and disease, before discussing their potential in regenerative medicine applications, such as for disease modeling, drug testing or therapy development using stem cell technologies, tissue engineering and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coutant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karel Ferland
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fuentes-Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chancy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Shaw T, Barr FG, Üren A. The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 38473380 PMCID: PMC10931086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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Guo Y, Wu W, Yang X. Coordinated microRNA/mRNA Expression Profiles Reveal Unique Skin Color Regulatory Mechanisms in Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071181. [PMID: 37048437 PMCID: PMC10093658 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) has been increasingly popular in the aquaculture market in China in recent years. In the breeding process of Andrias davidianus, we found that some albino individuals were extremely rare and could not be inherited stably, which severely limits their commercialization in the aquaculture market. In this study, we performed transcriptome and small RNA (sRNA) sequencing analyses in the skin samples of wild-type (WT) and albino (AL) Andrias davidianus. In total, among 5517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2911 DEGs were down-regulated in AL, including almost all the key genes involved in melanin formation. A total of 25 miRNAs were differentially expressed in AL compared to WT, of which 17 were up-regulated. Through the integrated analysis, no intersection was found between the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs and the key genes for melanin formation. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses on DEGs showed that these genes involved multiple processes relevant to melanin synthesis and the key signal pathway MAPK. Interestingly, the transcription factors SOX10 and PAX3 and the Wnt signaling pathway that play a key role in other species were not included, while the other two transcription factors in the SOX family, SOX21 and SOX7, were included. After analyzing the key genes for melanin formation, it was interesting to note an alternative splicing form of the MITF in WT and a critical mutation of the SLC24A5 gene in AL, which might be the main reason for the skin color change of Andrias davidianus. The results contributed to understanding the molecular mechanism of skin pigmentation in Andrias davidianus and accelerating the acquisition process of individuals with specific body colors by genetic means.
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Larabee JL, Doyle DA, Ahmed UKB, Shadid TM, Sharp RR, Jones KL, Kim YM, Li S, Ballard JD. Discovery of Hippo signaling as a regulator of CSPG4 expression and as a therapeutic target for Clostridioides difficile disease. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011272. [PMID: 36972308 PMCID: PMC10079225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways and networks regulating expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a cancer-related protein that serves as a receptor for Clostridiodes difficile TcdB, are poorly defined. In this study, TcdB-resistant/CSPG4-negative HeLa cells were generated by exposure to increasing concentrations of the toxin. The cells that emerged (HeLa R5) lost expression of CSPG4 mRNA and were resistant to binding by TcdB. mRNA expression profiles paired with integrated pathway analysis correlated changes in the Hippo and estrogen signaling pathways with a CSPG4 decrease in HeLa R5 cells. Both signaling pathways altered CSPG4 expression when modulated chemically or through CRISPR-mediated deletion of key transcriptional regulators in the Hippo pathway. Based on the in vitro findings, we predicted and experimentally confirmed that a Hippo pathway inactivating drug (XMU-MP-1) provides protection from C. difficile disease in a mouse model. These results provide insights into key regulators of CSPG4 expression and identify a therapeutic for C. difficile disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Larabee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - D. Annie Doyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ummey Khalecha Bintha Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Shadid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rachel R. Sharp
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Young Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jimmy D. Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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7
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Gelmi MC, Houtzagers LE, Strub T, Krossa I, Jager MJ. MITF in Normal Melanocytes, Cutaneous and Uveal Melanoma: A Delicate Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6001. [PMID: 35682684 PMCID: PMC9181002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte development. Although it has been studied extensively in cutaneous melanoma, the role of MITF in uveal melanoma (UM) has not been explored in much detail. We review the literature about the role of MITF in normal melanocytes, in cutaneous melanoma, and in UM. In normal melanocytes, MITF regulates melanocyte development, melanin synthesis, and melanocyte survival. The expression profile and the behaviour of MITF-expressing cells suggest that MITF promotes local proliferation and inhibits invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Loss of MITF expression leads to increased invasion and inflammation and is more prevalent in malignant cells. Cutaneous melanoma cells switch between MITF-high and MITF-low states in different phases of tumour development. In UM, MITF loss is associated with loss of BAP1 protein expression, which is a marker of poor prognosis. These data indicate a dual role for MITF in benign and malignant melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Laurien E. Houtzagers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Thomas Strub
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Imène Krossa
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
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Gutierrez-Prat N, Zuberer HL, Mangano L, Karimaddini Z, Wolf L, Tyanova S, Wellinger LC, Marbach D, Griesser V, Pettazzoni P, Bischoff JR, Rohle D, Palladino C, Vivanco I. DUSP4 protects BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma from oncogene overdose through modulation of MITF. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101235. [PMID: 35580987 PMCID: PMC9113946 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) remain an important component of the standard of care for metastatic melanoma. However, acquired resistance to these drugs limits their therapeutic benefit. Tumor cells can become refractory to MAPKi by reactivation of ERK. When this happens, tumors often become sensitive to drug withdrawal. This drug addiction phenotype results from the hyperactivation of the oncogenic pathway, a phenomenon commonly referred to as oncogene overdose. Several feedback mechanisms are involved in regulating ERK signaling. However, the genes that serve as gatekeepers of oncogene overdose in mutant melanoma remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of the ERK phosphatase, DUSP4, leads to toxic levels of MAPK activation in both drug-naive and drug-resistant mutant melanoma cells. Importantly, ERK hyperactivation is associated with down-regulation of lineage-defining genes including MITF Our results offer an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat mutant melanoma patients with acquired MAPKi resistance and those unable to tolerate MAPKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gutierrez-Prat
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hedwig L Zuberer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mangano
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Karimaddini
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luise Wolf
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefka Tyanova
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Marbach
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Griesser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James R Bischoff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Palladino
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Holbrook M, Tobias JD. Perioperative Care of a Patient With Waardenburg Syndrome. J Med Cases 2021; 12:381-385. [PMID: 34691332 PMCID: PMC8510664 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome is a genetic disorder, resulting in defective control of the division and migration of neural crest cells including the melanocyte lineage during embryonic development. Primary involvement of melanocytes results in the characteristic phenotypic involvement including a white forelock, vitiligo, and heterochromia. Involvement of the organ of Corti leads to sensorineural hearing loss. Involvement of the craniofacial mesenchyme results in abnormal facial features, airway abnormality, and upper limb involvement malformations. Given the potential for end-organ involvement, surgical intervention may be required. Specific concerns during anesthetic care include the potential for difficulties with endotracheal intubation, tracheal involvement, impairment of communication related to deafness, and associated congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Holbrook
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine - Dublin Campus, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors contribute extracutaneous melanocytes to the heart, inner ear, supraorbital locations and brain meninges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6033-6049. [PMID: 34274976 PMCID: PMC8316242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigmented cells residing mostly in the skin and hair follicles of vertebrates, where they contribute to colouration and protection against UV-B radiation. However, the spectrum of their functions reaches far beyond that. For instance, these pigment-producing cells are found inside the inner ear, where they contribute to the hearing function, and in the heart, where they are involved in the electrical conductivity and support the stiffness of cardiac valves. The embryonic origin of such extracutaneous melanocytes is not clear. We took advantage of lineage-tracing experiments combined with 3D visualizations and gene knockout strategies to address this long-standing question. We revealed that Schwann cell precursors are recruited from the local innervation during embryonic development and give rise to extracutaneous melanocytes in the heart, brain meninges, inner ear, and other locations. In embryos with a knockout of the EdnrB receptor, a condition imitating Waardenburg syndrome, we observed only nerve-associated melanoblasts, which failed to detach from the nerves and to enter the inner ear. Finally, we looked into the evolutionary aspects of extracutaneous melanocytes and found that pigment cells are associated mainly with nerves and blood vessels in amphibians and fish. This new knowledge of the nerve-dependent origin of extracutaneous pigment cells might be directly relevant to the formation of extracutaneous melanoma in humans.
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The Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzalacetone through Downregulation of Melanosome Maturation and Transportation in B16F10 and Human Epidermal Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062823. [PMID: 33802228 PMCID: PMC7999661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis pathway of melanin is a series of oxidative reactions that are catalyzed by melanin-related proteins, including tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). Reagents or materials with antioxidative or free radical-scavenging activities may be candidates for anti-melanogenesis. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL) is a polyphenol isolated from fungi, such as Phellinus obliguus (Persoon) Pilat and P. linteus. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of DBL on antioxidation and melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells (B16F10) and human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). The results indicated that DBL scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals, and exhibited potent reducing power, indicating that it displays strong antioxidative activity. DBL also inhibited the expression of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF) in both the cells. In addition, DBL inhibited hyperpigmentation in B16F10 and HEMs by regulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. DBL not only shortened dendritic melanocytes but also inhibited premelanosome protein 17 (PMEL17) expression, slowing down the maturation of melanosome transportation. These results indicated that DBL promotes anti-melanogenesis by inhibiting the transportation of melanosomes. Therefore, DBL is a potent antioxidant and depigmenting agent that may be used in whitening cosmetics.
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Low-Temperature Argon Plasma Regulates Skin Moisturizing and Melanogenesis-Regulating Markers through Yes-Associated Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041895. [PMID: 33672928 PMCID: PMC7918577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive water loss and melanin hyperproduction can cause various skin disorders. Low-temperature argon plasma (LTAP) has shown the possibility of being used for the treatment of various skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and skin cancer. However, the role of LTAP in regulating skin moisturizing and melanogenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of LTAP on yes-associated protein (YAP), a major transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signaling pathway that is involved in skin moisturizing and melanogenesis-regulating markers. In normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), the human epidermal keratinocyte line HaCaT, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), we found that LTAP exhibited increased expression levels of YAP protein. In addition, the expression levels of filaggrin (FLG), which is involved in natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS), transglutaminase (TGM), and involucrin (IVL), which regulate skin barrier and moisturizing, were also increased after exposure to LTAP. Furthermore, collagen type I alpha 1 and type III alpha 1 (COL1A1, COL3A1) were increased after LTAP exposure, but the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) was reduced. Moreover, LTAP was found to suppress alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in murine melanoma B16F10 cells and normal human melanocytes (NHEMs). LTAP regulates melanogenesis of the melanocytes through decreased YAP pathway activation in a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-dependent manner. Taken together, our data show that LTAP regulates skin moisturizing and melanogenesis through modulation of the YAP pathway, and the effect of LTAP on the expression level of YAP varies from cell to cell. Thus, LTAP might be developed as a treatment method to improve the skin barrier, moisture content, and wrinkle formation, and to reduce melanin generation.
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Perera SN, Kerosuo L. On the road again: Establishment and maintenance of stemness in the neural crest from embryo to adulthood. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2020; 39:7-25. [PMID: 33017496 PMCID: PMC7821161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unique to vertebrates, the neural crest (NC) is an embryonic stem cell population that contributes to a greatly expanding list of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, facial cartilage and bone, pigment cells of the skin to secretory cells of the endocrine system. Here, we focus on what is specifically known about establishment and maintenance of NC stemness and ultimate fate commitment mechanisms, which could help explain its exceptionally high stem cell potential that exceeds the "rules set during gastrulation." In fact, recent discoveries have shed light on the existence of NC cells that coexpress commonly accepted pluripotency factors like Nanog, Oct4/PouV, and Klf4. The coexpression of pluripotency factors together with the exceptional array of diverse NC derivatives encouraged us to propose a new term "pleistopotent" (Greek for abundant, a substantial amount) to be used to reflect the uniqueness of the NC as compared to other post-gastrulation stem cell populations in the vertebrate body, and to differentiate them from multipotent lineage restricted stem cells. We also discuss studies related to the maintenance of NC stemness within the challenging context of being a transient and thus a constantly changing population of stem cells without a permanent niche. The discovery of the stem cell potential of Schwann cell precursors as well as multiple adult NC-derived stem cell reservoirs during the past decade has greatly increased our understanding of how NC cells contribute to tissues formed after its initial migration stage in young embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hida T, Kamiya T, Kawakami A, Ogino J, Sohma H, Uhara H, Jimbow K. Elucidation of Melanogenesis Cascade for Identifying Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approach of Pigmentary Disorders and Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176129. [PMID: 32854423 PMCID: PMC7503925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the biological and biochemical process of melanin and melanosome biosynthesis. Melanin is formed by enzymic reactions of tyrosinase family proteins that convert tyrosine to form brown-black eumelanin and yellow-red pheomelanin within melanosomal compartments in melanocytes, following the cascades of events interacting with a series of autocrine and paracrine signals. Fully melanized melanosomes are delivered to keratinocytes of the skin and hair. The symbiotic relation of a melanocyte and an associated pool of keratinocytes is called epidermal melanin unit (EMU). Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a vital role in melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes for promoting melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis. Diseases involving alterations of EMU show various forms of pigmentation phenotypes. This review introduces four major topics of melanogenesis cascade that include (1) melanocyte development and differentiation, (2) melanogenesis and intracellular trafficking for melanosome biosynthesis, (3) melanin pigmentation and pigment-type switching, and (4) development of a novel therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma by elucidation of melanogenesis cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Takafumi Kamiya
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Jiro Ogino
- Department of Pathology, JR Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo 060-0033, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Sohma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Uhara
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Kowichi Jimbow
- Institute of Dermatology & Cutaneous Sciences, Sapporo 060-0042, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-887-8266
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Intrinsic Balance between ZEB Family Members Is Important for Melanocyte Homeostasis and Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082248. [PMID: 32796736 PMCID: PMC7465899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become clear that cellular plasticity is a main driver of cancer therapy resistance. Consequently, there is a need to mechanistically identify the factors driving this process. The transcription factors of the zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox family, consisting of ZEB1 and ZEB2, are notorious for their roles in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, in melanoma, an intrinsic balance between ZEB1 and ZEB2 seems to determine the cellular state by modulating the expression of the master regulator of melanocyte homeostasis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). ZEB2 drives MITF expression and is associated with a differentiated/proliferative melanoma cell state. On the other hand, ZEB1 is correlated with low MITF expression and a more invasive, stem cell-like and therapy-resistant cell state. This intrinsic balance between ZEB1 and ZEB2 could prove to be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma patients. In this review, we will summarise what is known on the functional mechanisms of these transcription factors. Moreover, we will look specifically at their roles during melanocyte-lineage development and homeostasis. Finally, we will overview the current literature on ZEB1 and ZEB2 in the melanoma context and link this to the 'phenotype-switching' model of melanoma cellular plasticity.
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16
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Transcript Profiles of Stria Vascularis in Models of Waardenburg Syndrome. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:2908182. [PMID: 32802035 PMCID: PMC7416267 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2908182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Waardenburg syndrome is an uncommon genetic condition characterized by at least some degree of congenital hearing loss and pigmentation deficiencies. However, the genetic pathway affecting the development of stria vascularis is not fully illustrated. Methods The transcript profile of stria vascularis of Waardenburg syndrome was studied using Mitf-M mutant pig and mice models. Therefore, GO analysis was performed to identify the differential gene expression caused by Mitf-M mutation. Results There were 113 genes in tyrosine metabolism, melanin formation, and ion transportations showed significant changes in pig models and 191 genes in mice models. In addition, there were some spice's specific gene changes in the stria vascularis in the mouse and porcine models. The expression of tight junction-associated genes, including Cadm1, Cldn11, Pcdh1, Pcdh19, and Cdh24 genes, were significantly higher in porcine models compared to mouse models. Vascular-related and ion channel-related genes in the stria vascularis were also shown significantly difference between the two species. The expression of Col2a1, Col3a1, Col11a1, and Col11a2 genes were higher, and the expression of Col8a2, Cd34, and Ncam genes were lower in the porcine models compared to mouse models. Conclusions Our data suggests that there is a significant difference on the gene expression and function between these two models.
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Tang XJ, Ping XY, Luo CQ, Yu XN, Tang YL, Shentu XC. Dystrophia canthorum in Waardenburg syndrome with a novel MITF mutation. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1054-1059. [PMID: 32685391 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.07.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To reveal a novel MITF gene mutation in Waardenburg syndrome (WS), which is an autosomal dominant inherited neurogenic disorder that consists of various degrees of sensorineural deafness and pigmentary abnormalities in the eyes, hair and skin. METHODS The genetic analysis of the Chinese family was conducted by whole-exome sequencing, then the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS WS is classified into type I to IV, which are identified by the W index, clinical characteristics and additional features. The MITF gene mostly accounts for WS type II. In this study, a de novo heterozygous mutation in the MITF gene, c.638A>G in exon 7, was identified in the patient diagnosed with WS type I features, as the W index was 2.17 (over 2.10), with dystrophia canthorum, congenital bilateral profound hearing loss, bilateral heterochromia irides, premature greying of the hair, and excessive freckling on the face at birth. She also underwent refractive errors and esotropia, reduced pigmentation of the choroid and visible choroid vessels. The mutation was not found in previous studies or mutation databases. CONCLUSION The novel mutation in the MITF gene, which altered the protein in amino acids 213 from the glutamic acid to glycine, is the genetic pathological cause for WS features in the patient. Those characteristics of this family revealed a novel genetic heterogeneity of MITF in WS, which expanded the database of MITF mutations and offered a possible in correcting the W index value of WS in distinct ethnicities. Moreover, ocular symptoms should be emphasized in all types of WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Jing Tang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Ping
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen-Qi Luo
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Yu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye-Lei Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Chao Shentu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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18
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Gene therapy development in hearing research in China. Gene Ther 2020; 27:349-359. [PMID: 32681137 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss, the most common form of hearing impairment, is mainly attributable to genetic mutations or acquired factors, such as aging, noise exposure, and ototoxic drugs. In the field of gene therapy, advances in genetic and physiological studies and profound increases in knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms have yielded great progress in terms of restoring the auditory function in animal models of deafness. Nonetheless, many challenges associated with the translation from basic research to clinical therapies remain to be overcome before a total restoration of auditory function can be expected. In recent years, Chinese research teams have promoted various developmental efforts in this field, including gene sequencing to identify additional potential loci that cause deafness, studies to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, and research to optimize vectors and delivery routes. In this review, we summarize the state of the field and focus mainly on the progress of gene therapy in animal model studies and the optimization of therapeutic strategies in China.
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Morice-Picard F, Letertre O, Lasseaux E, Cario-Andre M, Arveiler B, Taieb A. Lentiginosis and café-au-lait macules as part of the phenotypic spectrum of PAX3-related disorders. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:621-623. [PMID: 32086958 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Morice-Picard
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - O Letertre
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Lasseaux
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Cario-Andre
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - B Arveiler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Taieb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Disorders, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Raja DA, Subramaniam Y, Aggarwal A, Gotherwal V, Babu A, Tanwar J, Motiani RK, Sivasubbu S, Gokhale RS, Natarajan VT. Histone variant dictates fate biasing of neural crest cells to melanocyte lineage. Development 2020; 147:dev.182576. [PMID: 32098766 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the neural crest lineage, progressive fate restriction and stem cell assignment are crucial for both development and regeneration. Whereas fate commitment events have distinct transcriptional footprints, fate biasing is often transitory and metastable, and is thought to be moulded by epigenetic programmes. Therefore, the molecular basis of specification is difficult to define. In this study, we established a role for a histone variant, H2a.z.2, in specification of the melanocyte lineage from multipotent neural crest cells. H2a.z.2 silencing reduces the number of melanocyte precursors in developing zebrafish embryos and from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro We demonstrate that this histone variant occupies nucleosomes in the promoter of the key melanocyte determinant mitf, and enhances its induction. CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted mutagenesis of this gene in zebrafish drastically reduces adult melanocytes, as well as their regeneration. Thereby, our study establishes the role of a histone variant upstream of the core gene regulatory network in the neural crest lineage. This epigenetic mark is a key determinant of cell fate and facilitates gene activation by external instructive signals, thereby establishing melanocyte fate identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desingu Ayyappa Raja
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Yogaspoorthi Subramaniam
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ayush Aggarwal
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Vishvabandhu Gotherwal
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Aswini Babu
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jyoti Tanwar
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- Pigment Cell Biology Group, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Jivanji S, Worth G, Lopdell TJ, Yeates A, Couldrey C, Reynolds E, Tiplady K, McNaughton L, Johnson TJJ, Davis SR, Harris B, Spelman R, Snell RG, Garrick D, Littlejohn MD. Genome-wide association analysis reveals QTL and candidate mutations involved in white spotting in cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:62. [PMID: 31703548 PMCID: PMC6839108 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White spotting of the coat is a characteristic trait of various domestic species including cattle and other mammals. It is a hallmark of Holstein-Friesian cattle, and several previous studies have detected genetic loci with major effects for white spotting in animals with Holstein-Friesian ancestry. Here, our aim was to better understand the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of white spotting, by conducting the largest mapping study for this trait in cattle, to date. RESULTS Using imputed whole-genome sequence data, we conducted a genome-wide association analysis in 2973 mixed-breed cows and bulls. Highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were found on chromosomes 6 and 22, highlighting the well-established coat color genes KIT and MITF as likely responsible for these effects. These results are in broad agreement with previous studies, although we also report a third significant QTL on chromosome 2 that appears to be novel. This signal maps immediately adjacent to the PAX3 gene, which encodes a known transcription factor that controls MITF expression and is the causal locus for white spotting in horses. More detailed examination of these loci revealed a candidate causal mutation in PAX3 (p.Thr424Met), and another candidate mutation (rs209784468) within a conserved element in intron 2 of MITF transcripts expressed in the skin. These analyses also revealed a mechanistic ambiguity at the chromosome 6 locus, where highly dispersed association signals suggested multiple or multiallelic QTL involving KIT and/or other genes in this region. CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend those of previous studies that reported KIT as a likely causal gene for white spotting, and report novel associations between candidate causal mutations in both the MITF and PAX3 genes. The sizes of the effects of these QTL are substantial, and could be used to select animals with darker, or conversely whiter, coats depending on the desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jivanji
- Massey University Manawatu, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Gemma Worth
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Thomas J. Lopdell
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Anna Yeates
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Christine Couldrey
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Edwardo Reynolds
- Massey University Manawatu, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Tiplady
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Lorna McNaughton
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Thomas J. J. Johnson
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Stephen R. Davis
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Bevin Harris
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Richard Spelman
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
| | - Russell G. Snell
- The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Dorian Garrick
- Massey University Manawatu, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Mathew D. Littlejohn
- Livestock Improvement Corporation (LIC), 605 Ruakura Rd, Newstead, 3286 New Zealand
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Zavala G, Sandoval C, Meza D, Contreras R, Gubelin W, Khoury M. Differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells to functional CD105 neg CD73 low melanocyte precursors guided by defined culture condition. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 31399041 PMCID: PMC6688240 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of functional human epidermal melanocytes (HEM) from stem cells provides an unprecedented source for cell-based therapy in vitiligo. Despite the important efforts exerted to obtain melanin-producing cells from stem cells, pre-clinical results still lack the safety and scalability characteristics essential for their translational application. Methods Here, we report a rapid and efficient protocol based on defined culture conditions capable of differentiating adult adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) to scalable amounts of proliferative melanocyte precursors (PreMel) within 30 days. PreMel were characterized in vitro through qPCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, biochemical assays, and in vivo assays in immunocompromised mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ, or NSG). Results After 30 days of differentiation, the stem cell-derived PreMel were defined as CD105neg CD73low according to immunophenotypic changes in comparison with parental stem cell markers. In addition, expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), active tyrosinase (TYR), and the terminal differentiation-involved premelanosome protein (PMEL) were detected. Furthermore, PreMel had the potential to synthesize melanin and package it into melanosomes both in vitro and in vivo in NSG mice skin. Conclusions This study proposes a rapid and scalable protocol for the generation of proliferative melanocyte precursors (PreMel) from ADSC. These PreMel display the essential functional characteristics of bona fide HEM, opening a new path for an autologous cellular therapy for vitiligo patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1364-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zavala
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Sandoval
- Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Meza
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Contreras
- Cells for Cells, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Walter Gubelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Consorcio Regenero, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Cells for Cells, La Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Research Center (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12455, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Kim E, Zucconi BE, Wu M, Nocco SE, Meyers DJ, McGee JS, Venkatesh S, Cohen DL, Gonzalez EC, Ryu B, Cole PA, Alani RM. MITF Expression Predicts Therapeutic Vulnerability to p300 Inhibition in Human Melanoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2649-2661. [PMID: 30910803 PMCID: PMC6522293 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications, largely regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases, have been recognized as major regulatory mechanisms governing human diseases, including cancer. Despite significant effort and recent advances, the mechanism by which the HAT and transcriptional coactivator p300 mediates tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we use a genetic and chemical approach to identify the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) as a critical downstream target of p300 driving human melanoma growth. Direct transcriptional control of MITF by p300-dependent histone acetylation within proximal gene regulatory regions was coupled to cellular proliferation, suggesting a significant growth regulatory axis. Further analysis revealed forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) as a key effector of the p300-MITF axis driving cell growth that is selectively activated in human melanomas. Targeted chemical inhibition of p300 acetyltransferase activity using a potent and selective catalytic p300/CBP inhibitor demonstrated significant growth inhibitory effects in melanoma cells expressing high levels of MITF. Collectively, these data confirm the critical role of the p300-MITF-FOXM1 axis in melanoma and support p300 as a promising novel epigenetic therapeutic target in human melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that MITF is a major downstream target of p300 in human melanoma whose expression is predictive of melanoma response to small-molecule inhibition of p300 HAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Beth E. Zucconi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Muzhou Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Sarah E. Nocco
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David J. Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 316 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jean S. McGee
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Samantha Venkatesh
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Daniel L. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Estela C. Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Byungwoo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;,Corresponding Authors: Rhoda M. Alani 617-638-5517, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 (Lead Contact), Philip A. Cole 617-525-5208, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rhoda M. Alani
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118;,Corresponding Authors: Rhoda M. Alani 617-638-5517, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 (Lead Contact), Philip A. Cole 617-525-5208, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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24
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Larribère L, Utikal J. Stem Cell-Derived Models of Neural Crest Are Essential to Understand Melanoma Progression and Therapy Resistance. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:111. [PMID: 31118886 PMCID: PMC6506783 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neural crest (NC) cells are early precursors of several lineages including melanocytes. Along their differentiation from multipotent cells to mature melanocytes, NC cells will go through successive steps which require either proliferative or motile capacities. For example, they will undergo Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in order the separate from the neural tube and migrate to their final location in the epidermis (Larribere and Utikal, 2013; Skrypek et al., 2017). The differentiated melanocytes are the cells of origin of melanoma tumors which progress through several stages such as radial growth phase, vertical growth phase, metastasis formation, and often resistance to current therapies. Interestingly, depending on the stage of the disease, melanoma tumor cells share phenotypes with NC cells (proliferative, motile, EMT). These phenotypes are tightly controlled by specific signaling pathways and transcription factors (TFs) which tend to be reactivated during the onset of melanoma. In this review, we summarize first the main TFs which control these common phenotypes. Then, we focus on the existing strategies used to generate human NCs. Finally we discuss how identification and regulation of NC-associated genes provide an additional approach to improving current melanoma targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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25
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Vandamme N, Berx G. From neural crest cells to melanocytes: cellular plasticity during development and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1919-1934. [PMID: 30830237 PMCID: PMC11105195 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review melanocyte development and how the embryonic melanoblast, although specified to become a melanocyte, is prone to cellular plasticity and is not fully committed to the melanocyte lineage. Even fully differentiated and pigment-producing melanocytes do not always have a stable phenotype. The gradual lineage restriction of neural crest cells toward the melanocyte lineage is determined by both cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals in which differentiation and pathfinding ability reciprocally influence each other. These signals are leveraged by subtle differences in timing and axial positioning. The most extensively studied migration route is the dorsolateral path between the dermomyotome and the prospective epidermis, restricted to melanoblasts. In addition, the embryonic origin of the skin dermis through which neural crest derivatives migrate may also affect the segregation between melanogenic and neurogenic cells in embryos. It is widely accepted that, irrespective of the model organism studied, the immediate precursor of both melanoblast and neurogenic populations is a glial-melanogenic bipotent progenitor. Upon exposure to different conditions, melanoblasts may differentiate into other neural crest-derived lineages such as neuronal cells and vice versa. Key factors that regulate melanoblast migration and patterning will regulate melanocyte homeostasis during different stages of hair cycling in postnatal hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vandamme
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- DAMBI, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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26
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Liu Y, Cui S, Li W, Zhao Y, Yan X, Xu J. PAX3 is a biomarker and prognostic factor in melanoma: Database mining. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4985-4993. [PMID: 31186709 PMCID: PMC6507366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box 3 (PAX3) is a transcription factor and critical regulator of pigment cell development during embryonic development. However, while there have been several studies on PAX3, its expression patterns and precise role remain to be clarified. The present study is an in-depth computational study of tumor-associated gene information, with specific emphasis on the expression of PAX3 in melanoma, using Oncomine along with an investigation of corresponding expression profiles in an array of cancer cell lines through Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia analysis. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the prognostic value of high PAX3 expression in tissues from patients with melanoma compared with normal tissues was assessed. PAX3 was more highly expressed in male patients with melanoma compared with female patients with melanoma. Using Oncomine and Coexpedia analysis, it was demonstrated that PAX3 expression was clearly associated with SRY-box 10 expression. The survival analysis results revealed that high PAX3 mRNA expression was associated with worse survival rates in patients with melanoma. These results suggested that PAX3 may be a biomarker and essential prognostic factor for melanoma, and provided an important theoretical basis for the development of melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
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27
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Qiu W, Chuong CM, Lei M. Regulation of melanocyte stem cells in the pigmentation of skin and its appendages: Biological patterning and therapeutic potentials. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:395-405. [PMID: 30537004 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin evolves essential appendages and indispensable types of cells that synergistically insulate the body from environmental insults. Residing in the specific regions in the skin such as epidermis, dermis and hair follicle, melanocytes perform an array of vital functions including defending the ultraviolet radiation and diversifying animal appearance. As one of the adult stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle bulge niche can proliferate, differentiate and keep quiescence to control and coordinate tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration. In synchrony with hair follicle stem cells, melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles undergo cyclic activation, degeneration and resting phases, to pigment the hairs and to preserve the stem cells. Disorder of melanocytes results in severe skin problems such as canities, vitiligo and even melanoma. Here, we compare and summarize recent discoveries about melanocyte in the skin, particularly in the hair follicle. A better understanding of the physiological and pathological regulation of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cell behaviours will help to guide the clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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28
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Abstract
Melanocyte development is orchestrated by a complex interconnecting regulatory network of genes and synergistic interactions. Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome are neurocristopathies that arise from mutations in genes involved in this complex network. Our understanding of melanocyte development, Piebaldism, and Waardenburg syndrome has improved dramatically over the past decade. The diagnosis and classification of Waardenburg syndrome, first proposed in 1992 and based on phenotype, have expanded over the past three decades to include genotype. This review focuses on the current understanding of human melanocyte development and the evaluation and management of Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome. Management is often challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
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29
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Boudjadi S, Chatterjee B, Sun W, Vemu P, Barr FG. The expression and function of PAX3 in development and disease. Gene 2018; 666:145-157. [PMID: 29730428 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The PAX3 gene encodes a member of the PAX family of transcription factors that is characterized by a highly conserved paired box motif. The PAX3 protein is a transcription factor consisting of an N-terminal DNA binding domain (containing a paired box and homeodomain) and a C-terminal transcriptional activation domain. This protein is expressed during development of skeletal muscle, central nervous system and neural crest derivatives, and regulates expression of target genes that impact on proliferation, survival, differentiation and motility in these lineages. Germline mutations of the murine Pax3 and human PAX3 genes cause deficiencies in these developmental lineages and result in the Splotch phenotype and Waardenburg syndrome, respectively. Somatic genetic rearrangements that juxtapose the PAX3 DNA binding domain to the transcriptional activation domain of other transcription factors deregulate PAX3 function and contribute to the pathogenesis of the soft tissue cancers alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma. The wild-type PAX3 protein is also expressed in other cancers related to developmental lineages that normally express this protein and exerts phenotypic effects related to its normal developmental role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Boudjadi
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Wenyue Sun
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prasantha Vemu
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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30
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Nagao Y, Takada H, Miyadai M, Adachi T, Seki R, Kamei Y, Hara I, Taniguchi Y, Naruse K, Hibi M, Kelsh RN, Hashimoto H. Distinct interactions of Sox5 and Sox10 in fate specification of pigment cells in medaka and zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007260. [PMID: 29621239 PMCID: PMC5886393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms generating diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors are fundamental for normal development. Pigment cells are derived from multipotent neural crest cells and their diversity in teleosts provides an excellent model for studying mechanisms controlling fate specification of distinct cell types. Zebrafish have three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores) while medaka have four (three shared with zebrafish, plus leucophores), raising questions about how conserved mechanisms of fate specification of each pigment cell type are in these fish. We have previously shown that the Sry-related transcription factor Sox10 is crucial for fate specification of pigment cells in zebrafish, and that Sox5 promotes xanthophores and represses leucophores in a shared xanthophore/leucophore progenitor in medaka. Employing TILLING, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we generated medaka and zebrafish sox5 and sox10 mutants and conducted comparative analyses of their compound mutant phenotypes. We show that specification of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10. Loss of Sox5 in Sox10-defective fish partially rescued the formation of all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka, suggesting that Sox5 represses Sox10-dependent formation of these pigment cells, similar to their interaction in mammalian melanocyte specification. In contrast, in medaka, loss of Sox10 acts cooperatively with Sox5, enhancing both xanthophore reduction and leucophore increase in sox5 mutants. Misexpression of Sox5 in the xanthophore/leucophore progenitors increased xanthophores and reduced leucophores in medaka. Thus, the mode of Sox5 function in xanthophore specification differs between medaka (promoting) and zebrafish (repressing), which is also the case in adult fish. Our findings reveal surprising diversity in even the mode of the interactions between Sox5 and Sox10 governing specification of pigment cell types in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this is related to the evolution of a fourth pigment cell type. How individual cell fates become specified from multipotent progenitors is a fundamental question in developmental and stem cell biology. Body pigment cells derive from a multipotent progenitor, but while in zebrafish there are three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores), in medaka these progenitors form four (as zebrafish, plus leucophores). Here, we address whether mechanisms generating each cell-type are conserved between the two species. We focus on two key regulatory proteins, Sox5 and Sox10, which we previously showed were involved in pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, respectively. We compare experimentally how the two proteins interact in regulating development of each of the pigment cell lineages in these fish. We show that development of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10, and that Sox5 modulates Sox10 activity antagonistically in all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka. Surprisingly, in medaka, Sox5 acts co-operatively with Sox10 to promote xanthophore fate and to repress leucophore fate. Our findings reveal surprising diversity how Sox5 and Sox10 interact to govern pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this likely relates to the evolution of the novel leucophore pigment cell type in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagao
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Takada
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motohiro Miyadai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Adachi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Seki
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Hara
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
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31
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Identification and functional analysis of a novel mutation in the PAX3 gene associated with Waardenburg syndrome type I. Gene 2018; 642:362-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Bocángel MAP, Melo US, Alves LU, Pardono E, Lourenço NCV, Marcolino HVC, Otto PA, Mingroni-Netto RC. Waardenburg syndrome: Novel mutations in a large Brazilian sample. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:348-354. [PMID: 29407415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the molecular investigation of Waardenburg syndrome (WS) in a sample of 49 clinically diagnosed probands (most from southeastern Brazil), 24 of them having the type 1 (WS1) variant (10 familial and 14 isolated cases) and 25 being affected by the type 2 (WS2) variant (five familial and 20 isolated cases). Sequential Sanger sequencing of all coding exons of PAX3, MITF, EDN3, EDNRB, SOX10 and SNAI2 genes, followed by CNV detection by MLPA of PAX3, MITF and SOX10 genes in selected cases revealed many novel pathogenic variants. Molecular screening, performed in all patients, revealed 19 causative variants (19/49 = 38.8%), six of them being large whole-exon deletions detected by MLPA, seven (four missense and three nonsense substitutions) resulting from single nucleotide substitutions (SNV), and six representing small indels. A pair of dizygotic affected female twins presented the c.430delC variant in SOX10, but the mutation, imputed to gonadal mosaicism, was not found in their unaffected parents. At least 10 novel causative mutations, described in this paper, were found in this Brazilian sample. Copy-number-variation detected by MLPA identified the causative mutation in 12.2% of our cases, corresponding to 31.6% of all causative mutations. In the majority of cases, the deletions were sporadic, since they were not present in the parents of isolated cases. Our results, as a whole, reinforce the fact that the screening of copy-number-variants by MLPA is a powerful tool to identify the molecular cause in WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnolia Astrid Pretell Bocángel
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Uirá Souto Melo
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Leandro Ucela Alves
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Eliete Pardono
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Naila Cristina Vilaça Lourenço
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Humberto Vicente Cezar Marcolino
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alberto Otto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Mingroni-Netto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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33
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Cronin JC, Loftus SK, Baxter LL, Swatkoski S, Gucek M, Pavan WJ. Identification and functional analysis of SOX10 phosphorylation sites in melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190834. [PMID: 29315345 PMCID: PMC5760019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 plays an important role in vertebrate neural crest development, including the establishment and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage. SOX10 is also highly expressed in melanoma tumors, and SOX10 expression increases with tumor progression. The suppression of SOX10 in melanoma cells activates TGF-β signaling and can promote resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Since resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors is seen in the majority of melanoma patients, there is an immediate need to assess the underlying biology that mediates resistance and to identify new targets for combinatorial therapeutic approaches. Previously, we demonstrated that SOX10 protein is required for tumor initiation, maintenance and survival. Here, we present data that support phosphorylation as a mechanism employed by melanoma cells to tightly regulate SOX10 expression. Mass spectrometry identified eight phosphorylation sites contained within SOX10, three of which (S24, S45 and T240) were selected for further analysis based on their location within predicted MAPK/CDK binding motifs. SOX10 mutations were generated at these phosphorylation sites to assess their impact on SOX10 protein function in melanoma cells, including transcriptional activation on target promoters, subcellular localization, and stability. These data further our understanding of SOX10 protein regulation and provide critical information for identification of molecular pathways that modulate SOX10 protein levels in melanoma, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel targets for more effective combinatorial therapeutic approaches for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Cronin
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Swatkoski
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Fu W, Xu W, Zhang H, Chen S, Liu W, Peng L, Xiao Y. Comparative Transcriptome and DNA methylation analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying skin color variations in Crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). BMC Genet 2017; 18:95. [PMID: 29121864 PMCID: PMC5680753 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crucian carp is a popular ornamental strain in Asia with variants in body color. To further explore the genetic mechanisms underlying gray and red body color formation in crucian carp, the skin transcriptomes and partial DNA methylation sites were obtained from red crucian carp (RCC) and white crucian carp (WCC). Here, we show significant differences in mRNA expression and DNA methylation sites between skin tissues of RCC and WCC. Results Totals of 3434 and 3683 unigenes had significantly lower and higher expression in WCC, respectively, compared with unigenes expressed in RCC. Some potential genes for body color development were further identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, such as mitfa, tyr, tyrp1, and dct, which were down-regulated, and foxd3, hpda, ptps, and gch1, which were up-regulated. A KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt, cell cycle, and endocytosis signaling pathways, as well as variations in melanogenesis in crucian carp. In addition, some differentially expressed DNA methylation site genes were related to pigmentation, including mitfa, tyr, dct, foxd3, and hpda. The differentially expressed DNA methylation sites were mainly involved in signaling pathways, including MAPK, cAMP, endocytosis, melanogenesis, and Hippo. Conclusions Our study provides the results of comparative transcriptome and DNA methylation analyses between RCC and WCC skin tissues and reveals that the molecular mechanism of body color variation in crucian carp is strongly related to disruptions in gene expression and DNA methylation during pigmentation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0564-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Wen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Liangyue Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Yamei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
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Choi J, Xu M, Makowski MM, Zhang T, Law MH, Kovacs MA, Granzhan A, Kim WJ, Parikh H, Gartside M, Trent JM, Teulade-Fichou MP, Iles MM, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, MacGregor S, Hayward NK, Vermeulen M, Brown KM. A common intronic variant of PARP1 confers melanoma risk and mediates melanocyte growth via regulation of MITF. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1326-1335. [PMID: 28759004 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies have identified a melanoma-associated locus at 1q42.1 that encompasses a ∼100-kb region spanning the PARP1 gene. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis in multiple cell types of the melanocytic lineage consistently demonstrated that the 1q42.1 melanoma risk allele (rs3219090[G]) is correlated with higher PARP1 levels. In silico fine-mapping and functional validation identified a common intronic indel, rs144361550 (-/GGGCCC; r2 = 0.947 with rs3219090), as displaying allele-specific transcriptional activity. A proteomic screen identified RECQL as binding to rs144361550 in an allele-preferential manner. In human primary melanocytes, PARP1 promoted cell proliferation and rescued BRAFV600E-induced senescence phenotypes in a PARylation-independent manner. PARP1 also transformed TERT-immortalized melanocytes expressing BRAFV600E. PARP1-mediated senescence rescue was accompanied by transcriptional activation of the melanocyte-lineage survival oncogene MITF, highlighting a new role for PARP1 in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew M Makowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew H Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Kovacs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University and Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Wendy J Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hemang Parikh
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Gartside
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, PSL Research University and Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gong HM, Wang J, Xu J, Zhou ZY, Li JW, Chen SF. Identification of rare paired box 3 variant in strabismus by whole exome sequencing. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1223-1228. [PMID: 28861346 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.08.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify the potentially pathogenic gene variants that contributes to the etiology of strabismus. METHODS A Chinese pedigree with strabismus was collected and the exomes of two affected individuals were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology. The resulting variants from exome sequencing were filtered by subsequent bioinformatics methods and the candidate mutation was verified as heterozygous in the affected proposita and her mother by sanger sequencing. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing and filtering identified a nonsynonymous mutation c.434G-T transition in paired box 3 (PAX3) in the two affected individuals, which were predicted to be deleterious by more than 4 bioinformatics programs. This altered amino acid residue was located in the conserved PAX domain of PAX3. This gene encodes a member of the PAX family of transcription factors, which play critical roles during fetal development. Mutations in PAX3 were associated with Waardenburg syndrome with strabismus. CONCLUSION Our results report that the c.434G-T mutation (p.R145L) in PAX3 may contribute to strabismus, expanding our understanding of the causally relevant genes for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Gong
- Ophthalmologic Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou 253000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhan-Yu Zhou
- Ophthalmologic Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Wen Li
- Ophthalmologic Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu-Fang Chen
- Department of Medical Equipment, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
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The master role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocyte and melanoma biology. J Transl Med 2017; 97:649-656. [PMID: 28263292 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain transcription factors have vital roles in lineage development, including specification of cell types and control of differentiation. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a key transcription factor for melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes to promote melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis, including genes encoding proteins involved in apoptosis (eg, BCL2) and the cell cycle (eg, CDK2). Loss-of-function mutations of MITF cause Waardenburg syndrome type IIA, whose phenotypes include depigmentation due to melanocyte loss, whereas amplification or specific mutation of MITF can be an oncogenic event that is seen in a subset of familial or sporadic melanomas. In this article, we review basic features of MITF biological function and highlight key unresolved questions regarding this remarkable transcription factor.
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Ampofo E, Schmitt BM, Menger MD, Laschke MW. The regulatory mechanisms of NG2/CSPG4 expression. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:4. [PMID: 28536635 PMCID: PMC5415841 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), is a surface type I transmembrane core proteoglycan that is crucially involved in cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. NG2 is frequently used as a marker for the identification and characterization of certain cell types, but little is known about the mechanisms regulating its expression. In this review, we provide evidence that the regulation of NG2 expression underlies inflammation and hypoxia and is mediated by methyltransferases, transcription factors, including Sp1, paired box (Pax) 3 and Egr-1, and the microRNA miR129-2. These regulatory factors crucially determine NG2-mediated cellular processes such as glial scar formation in the central nervous system (CNS) or tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, they are potential targets for the establishment of novel NG2-based therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CNS injuries, cancer and other conditions of these types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Beate M Schmitt
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Kim SH, Kim AR, Choi HS, Kim MY, Chun EH, Oh SH, Choi BY. Molecular Etiology of Hereditary Single-Side Deafness: Its Association With Pigmentary Disorders and Waardenburg Syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1817. [PMID: 26512583 PMCID: PMC4985397 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (USNHL)/single-side deafness (SSD) is a frequently encountered disability in children. The etiology of a substantial portion of USNHL/SSD still remains unknown, and genetic causes have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, the authors evaluated the heritability of USNHL/SSD.The authors sequentially recruited 50 unrelated children with SSD. For an etiologic diagnosis, we performed a rigorous review on the phenotypes of family members of all children and conducted, if necessary, molecular genetic tests including targeted exome sequencing of 129 deafness genes.Among the 50 SSD children cohort, the authors identify 4 (8%) unrelated SSD probands from 4 families (SH136, SB173, SB177, and SB199) with another hearing impaired family members. Notably, all 4 probands in our cohort with a familial history of SSD also have pigmentary abnormalities such as brown freckles or premature gray hair within first degree relatives, which may indicate that genes whose products are involved with pigmentary disorder could be candidates for heritable SSD. Indeed, SH136 and SB199 turned out to segregate a mutation in MITF and PAX3, respectively, leading to a molecular diagnosis of Waardenburg syndrome (WS).We report, for the first time in the literature, a significant heritability of pediatric SSD. There is a strong association between the heritability of USNHL/SSD and the pigmentary abnormality, shedding a new light on the understanding of the molecular basis of heritable USNHL/SSD. In case of children with congenital SSD, it would be mandatory to rigorously screen pigmentary abnormalities. WS should also be included in the differential diagnosis of children with USNHL/SSD, especially in a familial form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Kim
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (SHK, SHO); and Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea (ARK, HSC, MYK, EHC, BYC)
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Savkovic V, Flämig F, Schneider M, Sülflow K, Loth T, Lohrenz A, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M, Simon JC. Polycaprolactone fiber meshes provide a 3D environment suitable for cultivation and differentiation of melanocytes from the outer root sheath of hair follicle. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:26-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Savkovic
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Franziska Flämig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Marie Schneider
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Katharina Sülflow
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tina Loth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andrea Lohrenz
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Christian Hacker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Biology, Pharmacy, and Psychology, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Simon
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Leipzig University Clinic; Leipzig Germany
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma development and MAP-kinase pathway targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:390-406. [PMID: 25818589 PMCID: PMC4692100 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanocytes, and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is essential for the existence of melanocytes. MITF's relevance for this cell lineage is maintained in melanoma, where it is an important regulator of survival and balances melanoma cell proliferation with terminal differentiation (pigmentation). The MITF gene is amplified in ~20% of melanomas and MITF mutation can predispose to melanoma development. Furthermore, the regulation of MITF expression and function is strongly linked to the BRAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is deregulated in >90% of melanomas and central target of current therapies. MITF expression in melanoma is heterogeneous, and recent findings highlight the relevance of this heterogeneity for the response of melanoma to MAPK pathway targeting drugs, as well as for MITF's role in melanoma progression. This review aims to provide an updated overview on the regulation of MITF function and plasticity in melanoma with a focus on its link to MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Nishio SY, Hattori M, Moteki H, Tsukada K, Miyagawa M, Naito T, Yoshimura H, Iwasa YI, Mori K, Shima Y, Sakuma N, Usami SI. Gene expression profiles of the cochlea and vestibular endorgans: localization and function of genes causing deafness. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 124 Suppl 1:6S-48S. [PMID: 25814645 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415575549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to elucidate the gene expression profiles of the causative genes as well as the localization of the encoded proteins involved in hereditary hearing loss. METHODS Relevant articles (as of September 2014) were searched in PubMed databases, and the gene symbols of the genes reported to be associated with deafness were located on the Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage using localization, expression, and distribution as keywords. RESULTS Our review of the literature allowed us to systematize the gene expression profiles for genetic deafness in the inner ear, clarifying the unique functions and specific expression patterns of these genes in the cochlea and vestibular endorgans. CONCLUSIONS The coordinated actions of various encoded molecules are essential for the normal development and maintenance of auditory and vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Moteki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keita Tsukada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Miyagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takehiko Naito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hidekane Yoshimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoh-Ichiro Iwasa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakuma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Hearing Implant Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 2015; 142:242-57. [PMID: 25564621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Mione M, Bosserhoff A. MicroRNAs in melanocyte and melanoma biology. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:340-54. [PMID: 25515738 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of microRNAs as key molecular components of cellular processes is now being recognized. Recent reports have shown that microRNAs regulate processes as diverse as protein expression and nuclear functions inside cells and are able to signal extracellularly, delivered via exosomes, to influence cell fate at a distance. The versatility of microRNAs as molecular tools inspires the design of novel strategies to control gene expression, protein stability, DNA repair and chromatin accessibility that may prove very useful for therapeutic approaches due to the extensive manageability of these small molecules. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the microRNA network and its interactions with the other layers of regulatory elements in cellular and extracellular functions. This knowledge may be necessary before we exploit microRNA versatility in therapeutic settings. To identify rules of interactions between microRNAs and other regulatory systems, we begin by reviewing microRNA activities in a single cell type: the melanocyte, from development to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mione
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggestein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Yun CY, You ST, Kim JH, Chung JH, Han SB, Shin EY, Kim EG. p21-activated kinase 4 critically regulates melanogenesis via activation of the CREB/MITF and β-catenin/MITF pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1385-1394. [PMID: 25560280 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) regulates a wide range of cellular events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell growth, and survival. Our previous study identified PAK4 as a key regulator of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) that acts upstream of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master transcription factor in melanogenesis. We therefore investigated the role of PAK4 in melanogenesis. Melanocytes express both PAK2 and PAK4 isoforms, but only RNA interference knockdown of PAK4 significantly influenced α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Consistent with this result, PAK4 inhibition by PF3758309, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of PAKs, suppressed not only α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma and human epithelial melanocyte cells but also UVB-induced melanogenesis in the skin of melanin-possessing hairless mice (HRM-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of PAK4 over several days markedly decreased the levels of CREB, MITF, and tyrosinase in both HRM-2 mice and B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, PAK4 knockdown and inhibition suppressed α-MSH-stimulated β-catenin phosphorylation at serine 675 (S675) but enhanced phosphorylation at S33/37, an indicator for ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis. Together, our results provide evidence that PAK4 promotes α-MSH/UVB-induced melanogenesis via the CREB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and suggest that PAK4 may be a potential therapeutic target in pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Yong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soon-Tae You
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- R&D Center, Hanbul Cosmetics Co. Ltd, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Jin H Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Manderfield LJ, Engleka KA, Aghajanian H, Gupta M, Yang S, Li L, Baggs JE, Hogenesch JB, Olson EN, Epstein JA. Pax3 and hippo signaling coordinate melanocyte gene expression in neural crest. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1885-1895. [PMID: 25466249 PMCID: PMC4267159 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Pax3, a developmentally regulated transcription factor expressed in premigratory neural crest, results in severe developmental defects and embryonic lethality. Although Pax3 mutations produce profound phenotypes, the intrinsic transcriptional activation exhibited by Pax3 is surprisingly modest. We postulated the existence of transcriptional coactivators that function with Pax3 to mediate developmental functions. A high-throughput screen identified the Hippo effector proteins Taz and Yap65 as Pax3 coactivators. Synergistic coactivation of target genes by Pax3-Taz/Yap65 requires DNA binding by Pax3, is Tead independent, and is regulated by Hippo kinases Mst1 and Lats2. In vivo, Pax3 and Yap65 colocalize in the nucleus of neural crest progenitors in the dorsal neural tube. Neural crest deletion of Taz and Yap65 results in embryo-lethal neural crest defects and decreased expression of the Pax3 target gene, Mitf. These results suggest that Pax3 activity is regulated by the Hippo pathway and that Pax factors are Hippo effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Manderfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt A Engleka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mudit Gupta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie E Baggs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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47
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Liu X. Cochlear implants in genetic deafness. J Otol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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48
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Goswami S, Tarapore RS, Poenitzsch Strong AM, TeSlaa JJ, Grinblat Y, Setaluri V, Spiegelman VS. MicroRNA-340-mediated degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) mRNA is inhibited by coding region determinant-binding protein (CRD-BP). J Biol Chem 2014; 290:384-95. [PMID: 25414259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.590158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation generates multiple transcript variants producing mRNA isoforms with different length 3'-UTRs. Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation enables differential post-transcriptional regulation via the availability of different cis-acting elements in 3'-UTRs. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of melanocyte development and melanogenesis. This central transcription factor is also implicated in melanoma development. Here, we show that melanoma cells favor the expression of MITF mRNA with a shorter 3'-UTR. We also establish that this isoform is regulated by a micro RNA (miRNA/miR), miR-340. miR-340 interacts with two of its target sites on the MITF 3'-UTR, causing mRNA degradation as well as decreased expression and activity of MITF. Conversely, the RNA-binding protein, coding region determinant-binding protein, was shown to be highly expressed in melanoma, directly binds to the 3'-UTR of MITF mRNA, and prevents the binding of miR-340 to its target sites, resulting in the stabilization of MITF transcripts, elevated expression, and transcriptional activity of MITF. This regulatory interplay between RNA-binding protein and miRNA highlights an important mechanism for the regulation of MITF in melanocytes and malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Goswami
- From the Department of Dermatology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Rohinton S Tarapore
- From the Department of Dermatology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, and
| | - Ashley M Poenitzsch Strong
- From the Department of Dermatology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, and
| | - Jessica J TeSlaa
- the Departments of Zoology and Anatomy, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, and the Departments of Zoology and Anatomy, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Vladimir S Spiegelman
- From the Department of Dermatology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, and
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49
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Clinical manifestations of Waardenburg syndrome in a male adolescent in Mali, West Africa. J Community Health 2014; 40:103-9. [PMID: 25224968 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder of which there are four distinct types. These four types are differentiated by the physical defects which they produce. Presented here is the case of a 13-year-old boy with WS Type I who was observed and physically assessed in Mali, West Africa in 1969. His physical findings included a bright blue coloring to the irises of the eyes, profound sensorineural deafness, mutism, dystopia canthorum (lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes), broad nasal root, bushy eyebrows, and scaphoid deformities of the supraorbital portions of the frontal bone. Because family members were not available for interviews or physical examinations, it was not possible to determine if this patient was suffering from a congenital form of the disorder or from a spontaneous mutation. Given the patient's then location in a remote rural area of Mali where electricity was absent, it was not possible to perform additional diagnostic tests. The patient described here is the first with WS in Mali, West Africa to have been medically observed and evaluated and later documented in the medical literature. A second case of the syndrome in Mali was described in the medical literature in 2011 in an 18-month-old infant who did not have sensorineural hearing loss, but who did have a bilateral cleft lip. An historical overview of WS is presented along with details concerning the characteristics of the four types of the disorder.
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50
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Raviv S, Bharti K, Rencus-Lazar S, Cohen-Tayar Y, Schyr R, Evantal N, Meshorer E, Zilberberg A, Idelson M, Reubinoff B, Grebe R, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Lauderdale J, Lutty G, Arnheiter H, Ashery-Padan R. PAX6 regulates melanogenesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium through feed-forward regulatory interactions with MITF. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004360. [PMID: 24875170 PMCID: PMC4038462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, PAX6 is required for establishment of various progenitor subtypes within the central nervous system, eye and pancreas. PAX6 expression is maintained in a variety of cell types within each organ, although its role in each lineage and how it acquires cell-specific activity remain elusive. Herein, we aimed to determine the roles and the hierarchical organization of the PAX6-dependent gene regulatory network during the differentiation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Somatic mutagenesis of Pax6 in the differentiating RPE revealed that PAX6 functions in a feed-forward regulatory loop with MITF during onset of melanogenesis. PAX6 both controls the expression of an RPE isoform of Mitf and synergizes with MITF to activate expression of genes involved in pigment biogenesis. This study exemplifies how one kernel gene pivotal in organ formation accomplishes a lineage-specific role during terminal differentiation of a single lineage. It is currently poorly understood how a single developmental transcription regulator controls early specification as well as a broad range of highly specialized differentiation schemes. PAX6 is one of the most extensively investigated factors in central nervous system development, yet its role in execution of lineage-specific programs remains mostly elusive. Here, we directly investigated the involvement of PAX6 in the differentiation of one lineage, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), a neuroectodermal-derived tissue that is essential for retinal development and function. We revealed that PAX6 accomplishes its role through a unique regulatory interaction with the transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of the pigmentation program. During the differentiation of the RPE, PAX6 regulates the expression of an RPE-specific isoform of Mitf and importantly, at the same time, PAX6 functions together with MITF to directly activate the expression of downstream genes required for pigment biogenesis. These findings provide comprehensive insight into the gene hierarchy that controls RPE development: from a kernel gene (a term referring to the upper-most gene in the gene regulatory network) that is broadly expressed during CNS development through a lineage-specific transcription factor that together with the kernel gene creates cis-regulatory input that contributes to transcriptionally activate a battery of terminal differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Raviv
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Cohen-Tayar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Schyr
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naveh Evantal
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy & Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerard Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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