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Kalayinia S, Goodarzynejad H, Maleki M, Mahdieh N. Next generation sequencing applications for cardiovascular disease. Ann Med 2018; 50:91-109. [PMID: 29027470 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1392595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Genome Project (HGP), as the primary sequencing of the human genome, lasted more than one decade to be completed using the traditional Sanger's method. At present, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology could provide the genome sequence data in hours. NGS has also decreased the expense of sequencing; therefore, nowadays it is possible to carry out both whole-genome (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) for the variations detection in patients with rare genetic diseases as well as complex disorders such as common cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Finding new variants may contribute to establishing a risk profile for the pathology process of diseases. Here, recent applications of NGS in cardiovascular medicine are discussed; both Mendelian disorders of the cardiovascular system and complex genetic CVDs including inherited cardiomyopathy, channelopathies, stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) and are considered. We also state some future use of NGS in clinical practice for increasing our information about the CVDs genetics and the limitations of this new technology. Key messages Traditional Sanger's method was the mainstay for Human Genome Project (HGP); Sanger sequencing has high fidelity but is slow and costly as compared to next generation methods. Within cardiovascular medicine, NGS has been shown to be successful in identifying novel causative mutations and in the diagnosis of Mendelian diseases which are caused by a single variant in a single gene. NGS has provided the opportunity to perform parallel analysis of a great number of genes in an unbiased approach (i.e. without knowing the underlying biological mechanism) which probably contribute to advance our knowledge regarding the pathology of complex diseases such as CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kalayinia
- a Cardiogenetic Research Laboratory , Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Majid Maleki
- a Cardiogenetic Research Laboratory , Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- a Cardiogenetic Research Laboratory , Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Ma S, Murphy TW, Lu C. Microfluidics for genome-wide studies involving next generation sequencing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:021501. [PMID: 28396707 PMCID: PMC5346105 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized how molecular biology studies are conducted. Its decreasing cost and increasing throughput permit profiling of genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic features for a wide range of applications. Microfluidics has been proven to be highly complementary to NGS technology with its unique capabilities for handling small volumes of samples and providing platforms for automation, integration, and multiplexing. In this article, we review recent progress on applying microfluidics to facilitate genome-wide studies. We emphasize on several technical aspects of NGS and how they benefit from coupling with microfluidic technology. We also summarize recent efforts on developing microfluidic technology for genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic studies, with emphasis on single cell analysis. We envision rapid growth in these directions, driven by the needs for testing scarce primary cell samples from patients in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Travis W Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Zhang W, Zhao G, Gao L, Kong X, Guo Z, Wu B, Jia J. Functional Studies of Heading Date-Related Gene TaPRR73, a Paralog of Ppd1 in Common Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:772. [PMID: 27313595 PMCID: PMC4887500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod response-related genes play a crucial role in duration of the plant growth. In this study, we focused on TaPRR73, a paralog of "Green Revolution" gene Ppd1 (TaPRR37). We found that overexpression of the truncated TaPRR73 form lacking part of the N-terminal PR domain in transgenic rice promoted heading under long day conditions. Association analysis in common wheat verified that TaPRR73 was an important agronomic photoperiod response gene that significantly affected heading date and plant height; expression analysis proved that specific alleles of TaPRR73-A1 had highly expressed levels in earlier heading lines; the distribution of haplotypes indicated that one of these alleles had been selected in breeding programs. Our results demonstrated that TaPRR73 contributed to regulation of heading date in wheat and could be useful in wheat breeding and in broadening adaptation of the crop to new regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- Triticease Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lifeng Gao
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiuying Kong
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhiai Guo
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Bihua Wu
- Triticease Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jizeng Jia
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Khovidhunkit W, Charoen S, Kiateprungvej A, Chartyingcharoen P, Muanpetch S, Plengpanich W. Rare and common variants in LPL and APOA5 in Thai subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia: A resequencing approach. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 10:505-511.e1. [PMID: 27206937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridemia usually results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Few data exist on the genetics of severe hypertriglyceridemia in Asian populations. OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic variants of 3 candidate genes known to influence triglyceride metabolism, LPL, APOC2, and APOA5, which encode lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein C-II, and apolipoprotein A-V, respectively, in a large group of Thai subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS We identified sequence variants of LPL, APOC2, and APOA5 by sequencing exons and exon-intron junctions in 101 subjects with triglyceride levels ≥ 10 mmol/L (886 mg/dL) and compared with those of 111 normotriglyceridemic subjects. RESULTS Six different rare variants in LPL were found in 13 patients, 2 of which were novel (1 heterozygous missense variant: p.Arg270Gly and 1 frameshift variant: p.Asp308Glyfs*3). Four previously identified heterozygous missense variants in LPL were p.Ala98Thr, p.Leu279Val, p.Leu279Arg, and p.Arg432Thr. Collectively, these rare variants were found only in the hypertriglyceridemic group but not in the control group (13% vs 0%, P < .0001). One common variant in APOA5 (p.Gly185Cys, rs2075291) was found at a higher frequency in the hypertriglyceridemic group compared with the control group (25% vs 6%, respectively, P < .0005). Altogether, rare variants in LPL or APOA5 and/or the common APOA5 p.Gly185Cys variant were found in 37% of the hypertriglyceridemic group vs 6% in the controls (P = 3.1 × 10(-8)). No rare variant in APOC2 was identified. CONCLUSIONS Rare variants in LPL and a common variant in APOA5 were more commonly found in Thai subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia. A common p.Gly185Cys APOA5 variant, in particular, was quite prevalent and potentially contributed to hypertriglyceridemia in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerapan Khovidhunkit
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Excellence Center for Diabetes, Hormone, and Metabolism, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Supannika Charoen
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arunrat Kiateprungvej
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Palm Chartyingcharoen
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Excellence Center for Diabetes, Hormone, and Metabolism, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwanna Muanpetch
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Excellence Center for Diabetes, Hormone, and Metabolism, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanee Plengpanich
- Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Excellence Center for Diabetes, Hormone, and Metabolism, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shao J, Lou X, Wang J, Zhang J, Chen C, Hua D, Mo F, Han X, Zheng S, Lin B. Targeted re-sequencing identified rs3106189 at the 5' UTR of TAPBP and rs1052918 at the 3' UTR of TCF3 to be associated with the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70307. [PMID: 23940558 PMCID: PMC3734069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the power of deep re-sequencing of the whole genome or exome in understanding cancer genomes. However, targeted capture of selected genomic whole gene-body regions, rather than the whole exome, have several advantages: 1) the genes can be selected based on biology or a hypothesis; 2) mutations in promoter and intronic regions, which have important regulatory roles, can be investigated; and 3) less expensive than whole genome or whole exome sequencing. Therefore, we designed custom high-density oligonucleotide microarrays (NimbleGen Inc.) to capture approximately 1.7 Mb target regions comprising the genomic regions of 28 genes related to colorectal cancer including genes belonging to the WNT signaling pathway, as well as important transcription factors or colon-specific genes that are over expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). The 1.7 Mb targeted regions were sequenced with a coverage ranged from 32× to 45× for the 28 genes. We identified a total of 2342 sequence variations in the CRC and corresponding adjacent normal tissues. Among them, 738 were novel sequence variations based on comparisons with the SNP database (dbSNP135). We validated 56 of 66 SNPs in a separate cohort of 30 CRC tissues using Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX Platform, suggesting a validation rate of at least 85% (56/66). We found 15 missense mutations among the exonic variations, 21 synonymous SNPs that were predicted to change the exonic splicing motifs, 31 UTR SNPs that were predicted to occur at the transcription factor binding sites, 20 intronic SNPs located near the splicing sites, 43 SNPs in conserved transcription factor binding sites and 32 in CpG islands. Finally, we determined that rs3106189, localized to the 5′ UTR of antigen presenting tapasin binding protein (TAPBP), and rs1052918, localized to the 3′ UTR of transcription factor 3 (TCF3), were associated with overall survival of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaofang Shao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lou
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dasong Hua
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan Mo
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu Han
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (SZ)
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Systems Biology Division and Propriumbio Research Center, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BL); (SZ)
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Faita F, Vecoli C, Foffa I, Andreassi MG. Next generation sequencing in cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol 2012; 4:288-95. [PMID: 23110245 PMCID: PMC3482622 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v4.i10.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the approach to genetic studies, making whole-genome sequencing a possible way of obtaining global genomic information. NGS has very recently been shown to be successful in identifying novel causative mutations of rare or common Mendelian disorders. At the present time, it is expected that NGS will be increasingly important in the study of inherited and complex cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the NGS approach to the genetics of CVDs represents a territory which has not been widely investigated. The identification of rare and frequent genetic variants can be very important in clinical practice to detect pathogenic mutations or to establish a profile of risk for the development of pathology. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recent application of NGS in the study of several CVDs such as inherited cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm. We also discuss the future utility and challenges related to NGS in studying the genetic basis of CVDs in order to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Faita
- Francesca Faita, Cecilia Vecoli, Ilenia Foffa, Maria Grazia Andreassi, CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 54100 Massa, Italy
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Fu YB. Population-based resequencing analysis of wild and cultivated barley revealed weak domestication signal of selection and bottleneck in the Rrs2 scald resistance gene region. Genome 2012; 55:93-104. [PMID: 22272833 DOI: 10.1139/g11-082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant disease resistance (R) genes have been cloned, but the potential of utilizing these plant R-gene genomic resources for genetic inferences of plant domestication history remains unexplored. A population-based resequencing analysis of the genomic region near the Rrs2 scald resistance gene was made in 51 accessions of wild and cultivated barley from 41 countries. Fifteen primer pairs were designed to sample the genomic region with a total length of 10 406 bp. More nucleotide diversity was found in wild (π = 0.01846) than cultivated (π = 0.01507) barley samples. Three distinct groups of 29 haplotypes were detected for all 51 samples, and they were well mixed with wild and cultivated barley samples from different countries and regions. The neutrality tests by Tajima's D were not significant, but a significant (P < 0.05) case by Fu and Li's D* and F* was found in the barley cultivar samples. The estimate of selection intensity by K(a)/K(s) was 0.691 in wild barley and 0.580 in cultivated barley. The estimate of the minimum recombination events was 16 in wild barley and 19 in cultivated barley. A coalescence simulation revealed a bottleneck intensity of 1.5 to 2 since barley domestication. Together, the domestication signal in the genomic region was weak both in human selection and domestication bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Damani SB, Topol EJ. Emerging genomic applications in coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:473-82. [PMID: 21596318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 4 years, an unprecedented number of studies illuminating the genomic underpinnings of common "polygenic" diseases including coronary artery disease have been published. Notably, these studies have established numerous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) variants within or near chromosome 9p21.3, the LPA, CXADR, and APOE genes, to name a few, as key coronary artery disease and sudden cardiac death susceptibility markers. Most importantly, many of these DNA variants confer over a 2-fold increase in risk for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ventricular fibrillation. Additionally, loss-of-function variants in the hepatic cytochrome 2C19 system have now been found to be the predominant genetic mediators of clopidogrel antiplatelet response, with variant carriers having a >3-fold increase in risk for stent thrombosis. In the near future, many additional rare polymorphisms, structural variants, and tissue-specific epigenetic features of the human genome including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin state will emerge as significant contributors to disease pathogenesis and drug response. In aggregate, these findings will have the potential to radically change the practice of cardiovascular medicine. However, only the individual clinician can ultimately enable the translation of these important discoveries to systematic implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir B Damani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, Scripps Translational Science Institute and the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Qiao B, Ansari AH, Scott GB, Sak SC, Chambers PA, Elliott F, Teo MT, Bentley J, Churchman M, Hall J, Taylor CF, Bishop TD, Knowles MA, Kiltie AE. In vitro functional effects of XPC gene rare variants from bladder cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:516-21. [PMID: 21273643 PMCID: PMC3066418 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The XPC gene is involved in repair of bulky DNA adducts formed by carcinogenic metabolites and oxidative DNA damage, both known bladder cancer risk factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XPC have been associated with increased bladder cancer risk. Recently, rarer genetic variants have been identified but it is difficult to ascertain which are of functional importance. During a mutation screen of XPC in DNA from 33 bladder tumour samples and matched blood samples, we identified five novel variants in the patients' germ line DNA. In a case-control study of 771 bladder cancer cases and 800 controls, c.905T>C (Phe302Ser), c.1177C>T (Arg393Trp), c.*156G>A [3' untranslated region (UTR)] and c.2251-37C>A (in an intronic C>G SNP site) were found to be rare variants, with a combined odds ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0-9.8, P=0.048) for carriage of one variant. The fifth variant was a 2% minor allele frequency SNP not associated with bladder cancer. The two non-synonymous coding variants were predicted to have functional effects using analytical algorithms; a reduced recruitment of GFP-tagged XPC plasmids containing either c.905T>C or c.1177C>T to sites of 408 nm wavelength laser-induced oxidative DNA damage was found in vitro. c.*156G>A appeared to be associated with reduced messenger RNA stability in an in vitro plasmid-based assay. Although the laser microbeam assay is relevant to a range of DNA repair genes, our 3' UTR assay based on Green fluorescent protein(GFP) has widespread applicability and could be used to assess any gene. These assays may be useful in determining which rare variants are functional, prior to large genotyping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip A. Chambers
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Faye Elliott
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mark T.W. Teo
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Michael Churchman
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Janet Hall
- INSERM U612 Bats 110-112, Centre Universitaire, Orsay 91450, France
- Institut Curie, Bats 110-112, Centre Universitaire, Orsay 91450, France
| | - Claire F. Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Timothy D. Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Anne E. Kiltie
- Section of Experimental Oncology
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Five blood pressure loci identified by an updated genome-wide linkage scan: meta-analysis of the Family Blood Pressure Program. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:347-54. [PMID: 21151011 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preliminary genome-wide linkage analysis of blood pressure in the Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) was reported previously. We harnessed the power and ethnic diversity of the final pooled FBPP dataset to identify novel loci for blood pressure thereby enhancing localization of genes containing less common variants with large effects on blood pressure levels and hypertension. METHODS We performed one overall and 4 race-specific meta-analyses of genome-wide blood pressure linkage scans using data on 4,226 African-American, 2,154 Asian, 4,229 Caucasian, and 2,435 Mexican-American participants (total N = 13,044). Variance components models were fit to measured (raw) blood pressure levels and two types of antihypertensive medication adjusted blood pressure phenotypes within each of 10 subgroups defined by race and network. A modified Fisher's method was used to combine the P values for each linkage marker across the 10 subgroups. RESULTS Five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on chromosomes 6p22.3, 8q23.1, 20q13.12, 21q21.1, and 21q21.3 based on significant linkage evidence (defined by logarithm of odds (lod) score ≥3) in at least one meta-analysis and lod scores ≥1 in at least 2 subgroups defined by network and race. The chromosome 8q23.1 locus was supported by Asian-, Caucasian-, and Mexican-American-specific meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS The new QTLs reported justify new candidate gene studies. They may help support results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that fall in these QTL regions but fail to achieve the genome-wide significance.
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Evans D, Arzer J, Aberle J, Beil FU. Rare variants in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene are common in hypertriglyceridemia but rare in Type III hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:386-90. [PMID: 21159338 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have shown that variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL) is associated with plasma triglyceride levels but that common variants account for only 1.25% of the variance. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of rare variants in the LPL gene in patients with various forms of hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS The DNA sequence of the exons plus exon/intron boundaries of the LPL gene of 313 patients with triglycerides above the 95th percentile for age and sex (107 of whom had triglycerides above 875 mg/dl) and 121 patients with Type III hyperlipidemia was determined. RESULTS Twenty rare variants were detected of which seven have been previously reported. All of the rare variants were present as heterozygotes. Sixteen were missense mutations, two were short deletion mutants and there were single nonsense and insertion mutations. Fifteen of the missense mutations resulted in an amino acid change. There were 13 patients (12.1%) with triglycerides above 875 mg/dl and 10 patients (4.9%) with moderately elevated triglycerides, who were carriers of at least one rare, non-synonymous mutation in the LPL gene. Of the patients with Type III HLP, two were carriers of rare variants. CONCLUSION Rare mutations in the LPL gene are frequent in patients with elevated triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Evans
- Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Medizinische Klinik III, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Gajdos ZK, Henderson KD, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. Genetic determinants of pubertal timing in the general population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:21-9. [PMID: 20144687 PMCID: PMC2891370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is an important developmental stage during which reproductive capacity is attained. The timing of puberty varies greatly among healthy individuals in the general population and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although genetic variation is known to influence the normal spectrum of pubertal timing, the specific genes involved remain largely unknown. Genetic analyses have identified a number of genes responsible for rare disorders of pubertal timing such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. Recently, the first loci with common variation reproducibly associated with population variation in the timing of puberty were identified at 6q21 in or near LIN28B and at 9q31.2. However, these two loci explain only a small fraction of the genetic contribution to population variation in pubertal timing, suggesting the need to continue to consider other loci and other types of variants. Here we provide an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, discuss genes and pathways that may be involved in the timing of normal puberty, and suggest additional avenues of investigation to identify genetic regulators of puberty in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia K.Z. Gajdos
- Program in Genomics and Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital. Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Katherine D. Henderson
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Cancer Etiology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Genomics and Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Mark R. Palmert
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada, Phone: 416-813-6217, Fax: 416-813-6304
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13
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Fu YB, Peterson GW, McCallum BD, Huang L. Population-based resequencing analysis of improved wheat germplasm at wheat leaf rust resistance locus Lr21. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:271-281. [PMID: 20217382 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic impacts of modern plant breeding on specific breeding target loci. Resequencing cloned genes can identify all mutations in single genes for population-based analyses of genetic changes in improved gene pools. Ninety-five wheat cultivars released in Canada from 1845 to 2004 were sequenced at the wheat leaf rust resistance locus Lr21. Characterization of the DNA fragment of length 4,071 bp, covering the Lr21 gene from -92 to +4,261, revealed 13 SNPs, four indels, 10 haplotypes, and 4 major haplotype groups. A new SCAR marker was developed to identify the resistant haplotype and haplotype groups. Non-synonymous polymorphic sites and haplotype numbers were increased over the 100 years of wheat breeding. Nucleotide diversity of the wheat cultivars was gradually reduced from 1845 to 1993 and increased after the release of the first Lr21 wheat cultivar AC Cora in 1994. Positive selection measured with Tajima's D was observed in the cultivars released before 1935. At least two recombination events were inferred in those cultivars released before 1993. Linkage disequilibrium at the locus was decreased over time. These findings demonstrate not only the effectiveness of the wheat breeding in the improvement of leaf rust resistance, but also are useful to understand the genetic influences of a long-term artificial selection on individual loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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14
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Garner C. A statistical method for scanning the genome for regions with rare disease alleles. Genet Epidemiol 2010; 34:386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The emergence of massively parallel DNA sequencing platforms has made resequencing an affordable approach to study genetic variation. However, the cost of whole genome resequencing remains too high to apply to large numbers of human samples. Genomic partitioning methods allow enrichment for regions of interest at a scale that is matched to the throughput of the new sequencing platforms. We review general categories of methods for genomic partitioning including multiplex PCR, capture-by-circularization, and capture-by-hybridization. Parameters that are relevant to the performance of any given method include multiplexity, specificity, uniformity, input requirements, scalability, and cost. The successful development of genomic partitioning strategies will be key to taking full advantage of massively parallel sequencing, at least until resequencing of complete mammalian genomes becomes widely affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Turner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5065, USA.
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16
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Maheshwari M, Shi J, Badner JA, Skol A, Willour VL, Muzny DM, Wheeler DA, Gerald FR, Detera-Wadleigh S, McMahon FJ, Potash JB, Gershon ES, Liu C, Gibbs RA. Common and rare variants of DAOA in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:960-6. [PMID: 19194963 PMCID: PMC2753761 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA, previously known as G72) gene, mapped on 13q33, has been reported to be genetically associated with bipolar disorder (BP) in several populations. The consistency of associated variants is unclear and rare variants in exons of the DAOA gene have not been investigated in psychiatric diseases. We employed a conditional linkage method-STatistical Explanation for Positional Cloning (STEPC) to evaluate whether any associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) account for the evidence of linkage in a pedigree series that previously has been linked to marker D13S779 at 13q33. We also performed an association study in a sample of 376 Caucasian BP parent-proband trios by genotyping 38 common SNPs in the gene region. Besides, we resequenced coding regions and flanking intronic sequences of DAOA in 555 Caucasian unrelated BP patients and 564 mentally healthy controls, to identify putative functional rare variants that may contribute to disease. One SNP rs1935058 could "explain" the linkage signal in the family sample set (P = 0.055) using STEPC analysis. No significant allelic association was detected in an association study by genotyping 38 common SNPs in 376 Caucasian BP trios. Resequencing identified 53 SNPs, of which 46 were novel SNPs. There was no significant excess of rare variants in cases relative to controls. Our results suggest that DAOA does not have a major effect on BP susceptibility. However, DAOA may contribute to bipolar susceptibility in some specific families as evidenced by the STEPC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Maheshwari
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Judith A. Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew Skol
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Virginia L. Willour
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fowler R. Gerald
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sevilla Detera-Wadleigh
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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17
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Detection of genomic variation by selection of a 9 mb DNA region and high throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6659. [PMID: 19684856 PMCID: PMC2722027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of the rare polymorphisms and causative mutations of genetic diseases in a targeted genomic area has become a major goal in order to understand genomic and phenotypic variability. We have interrogated repeat-masked regions of 8.9 Mb on human chromosomes 21 (7.8 Mb) and 7 (1.1 Mb) from an individual from the International HapMap Project (NA12872). We have optimized a method of genomic selection for high throughput sequencing. Microarray-based selection and sequencing resulted in 260-fold enrichment, with 41% of reads mapping to the target region. 83% of SNPs in the targeted region had at least 4-fold sequence coverage and 54% at least 15-fold. When assaying HapMap SNPs in NA12872, our sequence genotypes are 91.3% concordant in regions with coverage≥4-fold, and 97.9% concordant in regions with coverage≥15-fold. About 81% of the SNPs recovered with both thresholds are listed in dbSNP. We observed that regions with low sequence coverage occur in close proximity to low-complexity DNA. Validation experiments using Sanger sequencing were performed for 46 SNPs with 15-20 fold coverage, with a confirmation rate of 96%, suggesting that DNA selection provides an accurate and cost-effective method for identifying rare genomic variants.
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18
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Dorn GW, Cresci S. Genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease and heart failure: where are we going? Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:213-23. [PMID: 19207022 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.10.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart diseases that account for a large amount of morbidity and mortality in the developed world (coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure) are phenotypically heterogeneous disorders. It has been suspected for many years that genetics may have an important role in these diseases and their poor outcome. However, their complex and likely polygenic pathophysiology has confounded clear understanding of the genetic contribution to their etiology. Despite technological progress and great promise associated with genome-wide association studies, to date the results of their application to coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure have yielded limited insights into these common diseases. This review discusses the current status of genome-wide association studies as they have been applied to these cohorts. The potential limitations of these studies, as well as potential future directions for identifying important genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Washington University Center for Pharmacogenomics, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8086, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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Jacobs MP, Leblanc GG, Brooks-Kayal A, Jensen FE, Lowenstein DH, Noebels JL, Spencer DD, Swann JW. Curing epilepsy: progress and future directions. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 14:438-45. [PMID: 19341977 PMCID: PMC2822433 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in delineating clinical features of the epilepsies and the basic mechanisms responsible for these disorders. Eleven human epilepsy genes have been identified and many more are now known from animal models. Candidate targets for cures are now based upon newly identified cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie epileptogenesis. However, epilepsy is increasingly recognized as a group of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by other conditions that co-exist with seizures. Cognitive, emotional and behavioral co-morbidities are common and offer fruitful areas for study. These advances in understanding mechanisms are being matched by the rapid development of new diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews these areas of progress and suggests specific goals that once accomplished promise to lead to cures for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P. Jacobs
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gabrielle G. Leblanc
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dan H. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurology, Box 0114, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dennis D. Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John W. Swann
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Gajdos ZK, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. What controls the timing of puberty? An update on progress from genetic investigation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:16-24. [PMID: 19104234 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328320253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Puberty is an important developmental stage during which reproductive capacity is attained. Genetic and environmental factors both influence the timing of puberty, which varies greatly among individuals. However, although genetic variation is known to influence the normal spectrum of pubertal timing, the specific genes involved remain unknown. RECENT FINDINGS Recent genetic analyses have identified a number of genes responsible for rare disorders of pubertal timing such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. However, although the genetic basis of population variation in the timing of puberty is an active area of investigation, no genetic loci have been reproducibly associated with pubertal timing thus far. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, discusses genes and pathways that may be involved in the timing of normal puberty, and suggests additional avenues of investigation to identify genetic regulators of puberty in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kz Gajdos
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Jeong Y, Leskow FC, El-Jaick K, Roessler E, Muenke M, Yocum A, Dubourg C, Li X, Geng X, Oliver G, Epstein DJ. Regulation of a remote Shh forebrain enhancer by the Six3 homeoprotein. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1348-53. [PMID: 18836447 PMCID: PMC2648611 DOI: 10.1038/ng.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In humans, SHH haploinsufficiency results in holoprosencephaly (HPE), a defect in anterior midline formation. Despite the importance of maintaining SHH transcript levels above a critical threshold, we know little about the upstream regulators of SHH expression in the forebrain. Here we describe a rare nucleotide variant located 460 kb upstream of SHH in an individual with HPE that resulted in the loss of Shh brain enhancer-2 (SBE2) activity in the hypothalamus of transgenic mouse embryos. Using a DNA affinity-capture assay, we screened the SBE2 sequence for DNA-binding proteins and identified members of the Six3 and Six6 homeodomain family as candidate regulators of Shh transcription. Six3 showed reduced binding affinity for the mutant compared to the wild-type SBE2 sequence. Moreover, Six3 with HPE-causing alterations failed to bind and activate SBE2. These data suggest a direct link between Six3 and Shh regulation during normal forebrain development and in the pathogenesis of HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsu Jeong
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Federico Coluccio Leskow
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kenia El-Jaick
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3717, USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3717, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3717, USA
| | - Anastasia Yocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christele Dubourg
- Groupe Génétique Humaine, IFR140 GFAS, CNRS UMR 6061, Université de Rennes1, 2 avenue du PrLéon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043_Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Surgery/Urology, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794
| | - Douglas J. Epstein
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Puberty is an important developmental and life stage that leads to sexual maturation and reproductive capability. Although the physiology of puberty is similar among individuals, the timing of puberty is quite variable and affected by environmental and genetic influences. Identification of the responsible genetic factors will greatly enhance the understanding of the key components and the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic analyses are increasingly elucidating the genetic basis of pathological abnormalities in pubertal timing, including causes of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. Ongoing studies are also investigating the genetic control of puberty in the general population, although no definitive association between genetic variants and variations in pubertal timing has been discovered so far. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent advances regarding the genetic control of pubertal timing and presents areas for future investigation.
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Jones H, Leigh FJ, Mackay I, Bower MA, Smith LM, Charles MP, Jones G, Jones MK, Brown TA, Powell W. Population-Based Resequencing Reveals That the Flowering Time Adaptation of Cultivated Barley Originated East of the Fertile Crescent. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:2211-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Haslam NJ, Whiteford NE, Weber G, Prügel-Bennett A, Essex JW, Neylon C. Optimal probe length varies for targets with high sequence variation: implications for probe library design for resequencing highly variable genes. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2500. [PMID: 18563203 PMCID: PMC2430613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing by hybridisation is an effective method for obtaining large amounts of DNA sequence information at low cost. The efficiency of SBH depends on the design of the probe library to provide the maximum information for minimum cost. Long probes provide a higher probability of non-repeated sequences but lead to an increase in the number of probes required whereas short probes may not provide unique sequence information due to repeated sequences. We have investigated the effect of probe length, use of reference sequences, and thermal filtering on the design of probe libraries for several highly variable target DNA sequences. RESULTS We designed overlapping probe libraries for a range of highly variable drug target genes based on known sequence information and develop a formal terminology to describe probe library design. We find that for some targets these libraries can provide good coverage of a previously unseen target whereas for others the coverage is less than 30%. The optimal probe length varies from as short at 12 nt to as large as 19 nt and depends on the sequence, its variability, and the stringency of thermal filtering. It cannot be determined from inspection of an example gene sequence. CONCLUSIONS Optimal probe length and the optimal number of reference sequences used to design a probe library are highly target specific for highly variable sequencing targets. The optimum design cannot be determined simply by inspection of input sequences or of alignments but only by detailed analysis of the each specific target. For highly variable sequences, shorter probes can in some cases provide better information than longer probes. Probe library design would benefit from a general purpose tool for analysing these issues. The formal terminology developed here and the analysis approaches it is used to describe will contribute to the development of such tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J Haslam
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southhampton, United Kingdom.
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27
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Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and haplogroups in Parkinson's disease and control individuals with a similar genetic background. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:349-356. [PMID: 18286226 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but as yet no mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations have been identified that could account for the impaired complex I activity. On the other hand, it has been suggested that mtDNA polymorphisms (mtSNPs) or haplogroups may modify the risk of developing PD. Here, we determined the distributions of ten mtSNPs that define the nine major European haplogroups among 224 PD patients and 383 controls from Crete, an island of 0.6 million inhabitants who share a similar genetic background and a common environment. The recruitment of patients and controls was restricted to individuals of Cretan origin for at least three generations from both parental sides in order to avoid population admixture and subsequent genetic heterogeneity. We found no mtSNP or mtDNA haplogroup that predisposes to PD, although there was a trend for haplogroups J, T, U and I and the supercluster of haplogroups UKJT to be slightly underrepresented in our PD patients as compared to controls. While a combination of common mtSNPs (present in >or=5% of the general population) may decrease the chance of developing PD, this effect was minor in the Cretan population.
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Grattapaglia D, Kirst M. Eucalyptus applied genomics: from gene sequences to breeding tools. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:911-929. [PMID: 18537893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus is the most widely planted hardwood crop in the tropical and subtropical world because of its superior growth, broad adaptability and multipurpose wood properties. Plantation forestry of Eucalyptus supplies high-quality woody biomass for several industrial applications while reducing the pressure on tropical forests and associated biodiversity. This review links current eucalypt breeding practices with existing and emerging genomic tools. A brief discussion provides a background to modern eucalypt breeding together with some current applications of molecular markers in support of operational breeding. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genetical genomics are reviewed and an in-depth perspective is provided on the power of association genetics to dissect quantitative variation in this highly diverse organism. Finally, some challenges and opportunities to integrate genomic information into directional selective breeding are discussed in light of the upcoming draft of the Eucalyptus grandis genome. Given the extraordinary genetic variation that exists in the genus Eucalyptus, the ingenuity of most breeders, and the powerful genomic tools that have become available, the prospects of applied genomics in Eucalyptus forest production are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Grattapaglia
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília 70770-970 DF, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília - SGAN 916 módulo B, Brasília 70790-160 DF, Brazil
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Graduate Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, and University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Taylor JG, Ackah D, Cobb C, Orr N, Percy MJ, Sachdev V, Machado R, Castro O, Kato GJ, Chanock SJ, Gladwin MT. Mutations and polymorphisms in hemoglobin genes and the risk of pulmonary hypertension and death in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:6-14. [PMID: 17724704 PMCID: PMC3509176 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) and a risk factor for early death. Hemolysis may participate in its pathogenesis by limiting nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and producing vasculopathy. We hypothesized that hemoglobin mutations that diminish hemolysis in SCD would influence pulmonary hypertension susceptibility. Surprisingly, coincident alpha-thalassemia (Odds Ratio [OR]=0.95, 95% CI=0.46-1.94, P=NS) was not associated with pulmonary hypertension susceptibility in homozygous SCD. However, pulmonary hypertension cases were less likely to have hemoglobin SC (OR=0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.06-0.51, P=0.0005) or Sbeta(+) thalassemia (OR=0.25, 95% CI=0.06-1.16, P=0.10). These compound heterozygotes may be protected from pulmonary hypertension because of reduced levels of intravascular hemolysis, but develop this complication at a lower rate possibly due to the presence of non-hemolytic risk factors such as renal dysfunction, iron overload and advancing age. Despite this protective association, patients with SC who did develop pulmonary hypertension remained at significant risk for death during 49 months of follow-up (Hazard Ratio=8.20, P=0.0057).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Alleles
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/mortality
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/physiopathology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- False Positive Reactions
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Haplotypes
- Hemoglobins/genetics
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/mortality
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Male
- Mutation/genetics
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Survival Rate
- alpha-Thalassemia/complications
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Taylor
- Vascular Medicine Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1476, USA.
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Allelic association of G72/G30 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:89-97. [PMID: 18023149 PMCID: PMC2237895 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The G72/G30 gene complex (G72 also known as D-amino acid oxidase activator, DAOA) and its chromosomal region 13q32-34 have been linked and associated with both schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) in multiple studies, including our initial association report on BP. However, the inconsistency of associated variants across studies is obvious. Previous meta-analyses had small data sets. The present meta-analysis combined 18 association articles published before April of 2007. There were 19 independent studies of SCZ, with 4304 cases, 5423 controls, and 1384 families, and four independent studies of BP with 1145 cases, 1829 controls, and 174 families. Of 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in the 95-kb G72/G30 gene region, M18/rs947267 and M22/rs778293 showed association with SCZ in Asians, and M24/rs1421292 with SCZ in Europeans. The associations of C allele at M18 and A allele at M22 with SCZ in Asians survived conservative Bonferroni correction for multiple testing for 15 markers and subgroup analysis (adjusted P=0.0000253 for M18; adjusted P=0.009 for M22). No single maker showed evidence of overall association with BP. These results suggest that G72/G30 may influence susceptibility to schizophrenia with weak effects.
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Full-exon resequencing reveals toll-like receptor variants contribute to human susceptibility to tuberculosis disease. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1318. [PMID: 18091991 PMCID: PMC2117342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death worldwide due to an infectious agent. Data have accumulated over decades suggesting that variability in human susceptibility to TB disease has a genetic component. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in initiating the innate immune response to many pathogens in mouse models, but little is known about their role in human infections. Human TLRs have been reported to recognize mycobacterial antigens and initiate an immune response. We tested the hypothesis that amino acid-altering polymorphisms in five TLRs were associated with susceptibility to TB disease using a population-based case-control study with 1,312 adult TB patients and controls. Full-coding region sequencing of the five TLR genes in all 1,312 subjects yielded a data set in excess of 16 Mb. Rare nonsynonymous polymorphisms in TLR6-TLR1-TLR10 were significantly overrepresented among African-American TB cases compared with ethnically-matched control subjects. Common nonsynonymous polymorphisms in TLR6-TLR1-TLR10 also were significantly associated with TB disease in certain ethnic groups. Among African Americans, homozygotes for the common-variant haplotype TLR1-248S, TLR1-602I, and TLR6-249S had a significantly increased TB disease risk. A transmission/disequilibrium test on an independent sample found that the TLR1-248S variant was preferentially transmitted to diseased children, thereby confirming disease association. These results are consistent with recent reports implicating TLR1 variants, including TLR1-602, in significantly altered innate immune responses. Also consistent with disease association, rare TLR6 variants were defective in their ability to mediate NF-kappaB signal transduction in transfected human cells. Taken together, the data suggest that variant TLRs contribute to human susceptibility to TB disease. Extensive full-exon resequencing was critical for revealing new information about the role of TLRs in human-pathogen interactions and the genetic basis of innate immune function.
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Yin T, Hanada H, Miyashita K, Kokubo Y, Akaiwa Y, Otsubo R, Nagatsuka K, Otsuki T, Okayama A, Minematsu K, Naritomi H, Tomoike H, Miyata T. No association between vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) and the variability of warfarin dose requirement in a Japanese patient population. Thromb Res 2007; 122:179-84. [PMID: 17996924 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yin
- Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Genome-wide in situ exon capture for selective resequencing. Nat Genet 2007; 39:1522-7. [PMID: 17982454 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly powerful sequencing technologies are ushering in an era of personal genome sequences and raising the possibility of using such information to guide medical decisions. Genome resequencing also promises to accelerate the identification of disease-associated mutations. Roughly 98% of the human genome is composed of repeats and intergenic or non-protein-coding sequences. Thus, it is crucial to focus resequencing on high-value genomic regions. Protein-coding exons represent one such type of high-value target. We have developed a method of using flexible, high-density microarrays to capture any desired fraction of the human genome, in this case corresponding to more than 200,000 protein-coding exons. Depending on the precise protocol, up to 55-85% of the captured fragments are associated with targeted regions and up to 98% of intended exons can be recovered. This methodology provides an adaptable route toward rapid and efficient resequencing of any sizeable, non-repeat portion of the human genome.
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Porreca GJ, Zhang K, Li JB, Xie B, Austin D, Vassallo SL, LeProust EM, Peck BJ, Emig CJ, Dahl F, Gao Y, Church GM, Shendure J. Multiplex amplification of large sets of human exons. Nat Methods 2007; 4:931-6. [PMID: 17934468 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of technologies is poised to reduce DNA sequencing costs by several orders of magnitude. But our ability to fully leverage the power of these technologies is crippled by the absence of suitable 'front-end' methods for isolating complex subsets of a mammalian genome at a scale that matches the throughput at which these platforms will routinely operate. We show that targeting oligonucleotides released from programmable microarrays can be used to capture and amplify approximately 10,000 human exons in a single multiplex reaction. Additionally, we show integration of this protocol with ultra-high-throughput sequencing for targeted variation discovery. Although the multiplex capture reaction is highly specific, we found that nonuniform capture is a key issue that will need to be resolved by additional optimization. We anticipate that highly multiplexed methods for targeted amplification will enable the comprehensive resequencing of human exons at a fraction of the cost of whole-genome resequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Porreca
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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