1
|
Romanowicz A, Lukaszewicz-Zajac M, Mroczko B. Exploring Potential Biomarkers in Oesophageal Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4253. [PMID: 38673838 PMCID: PMC11050399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer (OC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. OC is highly aggressive, primarily due to its late stage of diagnosis and poor prognosis for patients' survival. Therefore, the establishment of new biomarkers that will be measured with non-invasive techniques at low cost is a critical issue in improving the diagnosis of OC. In this review, we summarize several original studies concerning the potential significance of selected chemokines and their receptors, including inflammatory proteins such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), claudins (CLDNs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), adamalysines (ADAMs), as well as DNA- and RNA-based biomarkers, in OC. The presented results indicate the significant correlation between the CXCL12, CXCR4, CXCL8/CXCR2, M-CSF, MMP-2, MMP-9 ADAM17, ADAMTS-6, and CLDN7 levels and tumor stage, as well as the clinicopathological parameters of OC, such as the presence of lymph node and/or distant metastases. CXCL12, CXCL8/CXCR2, IL-6, TIMP-2, ADAM9, and ADAMTS-6 were prognostic factors for the overall survival of OC patients. Furthermore, IL-6, CXCR4, CXCL8, and MMP-9 indicate higher diagnostic utility based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC) than well-established OC tumor markers, whereas CLDN18.2 can be used in novel targeted therapies for OC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Romanowicz
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Marta Lukaszewicz-Zajac
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland; (A.R.); (B.M.)
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15a, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hipólito A, Xavier R, Brito C, Tomás A, Lemos I, Cabaço LC, Silva F, Oliva A, Barral DC, Vicente JB, Gonçalves LG, Pojo M, Serpa J. BRD9 status is a major contributor for cysteine metabolic remodeling through MST and EAAT3 modulation in malignant melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166983. [PMID: 38070581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most aggressive skin cancer, showing globally increasing incidence. Hereditary CM accounts for a significant percentage (5-15 %) of all CM cases. However, most familial cases remain without a known genetic cause. Even though, BRD9 has been associated to CM as a susceptibility gene. The molecular events following BRD9 mutagenesis are still not completely understood. In this study, we disclosed BRD9 as a key regulator in cysteine metabolism and associated altered BRD9 to increased cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness, as well as to altered melanin levels, inducing higher susceptibility to melanomagenesis. It is evident that BRD9 WT and mutated BRD9 (c.183G>C) have a different impact on cysteine metabolism, respectively by inhibiting and activating MPST expression in the metastatic A375 cell line. The effect of the mutated BRD9 variant was more evident in A375 cells than in the less invasive WM115 line. Our data point out novel molecular and metabolic mechanisms dependent on BRD9 status that potentially account for the increased risk of developing CM and enhancing CM aggressiveness. Moreover, our findings emphasize the role of cysteine metabolism remodeling in melanoma progression and open new queues to follow to explore the role of BRD9 as a melanoma susceptibility or cancer-related gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hipólito
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Renato Xavier
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cheila Brito
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lemos
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Tecnológica (ITQB) António Xavier da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís C Cabaço
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Silva
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Abel Oliva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Tecnológica (ITQB) António Xavier da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Tecnológica (ITQB) António Xavier da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís G Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Tecnológica (ITQB) António Xavier da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Danishevich A, Bilyalov A, Nikolaev S, Khalikov N, Isaeva D, Levina Y, Makarova M, Nemtsova M, Chernevskiy D, Sagaydak O, Baranova E, Vorontsova M, Byakhova M, Semenova A, Galkin V, Khatkov I, Gadzhieva S, Bodunova N. CDKN2A Gene Mutations: Implications for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3343. [PMID: 38137564 PMCID: PMC10741544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant neoplasms, including pancreatic cancer and melanoma, are major global health challenges. This study investigates melanoma pancreatic syndrome, a rare hereditary tumor syndrome associated with CDKN2A gene mutations. CDKN2A mutations contribute to a lifetime risk of melanoma ranging from 28% to 67%. This study reports the clinical features of six individuals with CDKN2A mutations and identifies recurrent alterations such as c.307_308del, c.159G>C and c.71G>C. It highlights the need for CDKN2A mutation testing in suspected cases of familial atypical multiple mole melanoma. Clinically significant variants show associations with melanoma and pancreatic cancer. The challenges of treating individuals with CDKN2A mutations are discussed, and the lack of specific targeted therapies is highlighted. Preclinical studies suggest a potential benefit of CDK4/6 inhibitors, although clinical trials show mixed results. This study underscores the importance of continued research into improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to address the complexities of hereditary cancer syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Danishevich
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | - Airat Bilyalov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | - Nodirbec Khalikov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | - Daria Isaeva
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | - Yuliya Levina
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Makarova
- LLC Evogen, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scientific Center of Roentgenoradiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Nemtsova
- LLC Evogen, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics of N.P. Bochkov, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Chernevskiy
- LLC Evogen, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- FSBEI HE “Privolzhsky Research Medical University”, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olesya Sagaydak
- LLC Evogen, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Baranova
- LLC Evogen, 115191 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Russia, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Vorontsova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117292 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya Byakhova
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, 117152 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Semenova
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, 117152 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Galkin
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, 117152 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Khatkov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| | | | - Natalia Bodunova
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia (N.K.); (D.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cannon-Albright LA, Stevens J, Teerlink CC, Facelli JC, Allen-Brady K, Welm AL. A Rare Variant in MDH2 (rs111879470) Is Associated with Predisposition to Recurrent Breast Cancer in an Extended High-Risk Pedigree. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5851. [PMID: 38136396 PMCID: PMC10741671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant fraction of breast cancer recurs, with lethal outcome, but specific genetic variants responsible have yet to be identified. Five cousin pairs with recurrent breast cancer from pedigrees with a statistical excess of recurrent breast cancer were sequenced to identify rare, shared candidate predisposition variants. The candidates were tested for association with breast cancer risk with UKBiobank data. Additional breast cancer cases were assayed for a subset of candidate variants to test for co-segregation. Three-dimensional protein structure prediction methods were used to investigate how the mutation under consideration is predicted to change structural and electrostatic properties in the mutated protein. One hundred and eighty-one rare candidate predisposition variants were shared in at least one cousin pair from a high-risk pedigree. A rare variant in MDH2 was found to segregate with breast-cancer-affected relatives in one extended pedigree. MDH2 is an estrogen-stimulated gene encoding the protein malate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. The molecular simulation results strongly suggest that the mutation changes the NAD+ binding pocket electrostatics of MDH2. This small sequencing study, using a powerful approach based on recurrent breast cancer cases from high-risk pedigrees, identified a set of strong candidate variants for inherited predisposition for breast cancer recurrence, including MDH2, which should be pursued in other resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA (C.C.T.); (K.A.-B.)
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA (C.C.T.); (K.A.-B.)
| | - Craig C. Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA (C.C.T.); (K.A.-B.)
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Julio C. Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Utah Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - Kristina Allen-Brady
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA (C.C.T.); (K.A.-B.)
| | - Alana L. Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mathew AM, Deng Z, Nelson CJ, Mayberry TG, Bai Q, Lequio M, Fajardo E, Xiao H, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. Artichoke as a melanoma growth inhibitor. Med Oncol 2023; 40:262. [PMID: 37544953 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy in skin cancers. About 97,610 new cases of melanoma are projected to occur in the United States (US) in 2023. Artichoke is a very popular plant widely consumed in the US due to its nutrition. In recent years, it has been shown that artichoke shows powerful anti-cancer effects on cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. However, there is little known about its effect on melanoma. This study was designed to investigate if artichoke extract (AE) has any direct effect on the growth of melanoma. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects AE has on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of the widely studied melanoma cell line HTB-72. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of colonies of HTB-72 melanoma cells decreased significantly after treated with AE. This was paralleled with the decrease in the optic density (OD) value of cancer cells after treatment with AE. This was further supported by the decreased expression of PCNA mRNA after treated with AE. Furthermore, the cellular caspase-3 activity increased after treated with AE. The anti-proliferative effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with increased p21, p27, and decreased CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with decreased survivin. Artichoke inhibits growth of melanoma by inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Such a study might be helpful to develop a new promising treatment for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Mathew
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Zuliang Deng
- The Center of Early Screening and Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tumors of Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian J Nelson
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Trenton G Mayberry
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Marco Lequio
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Emerson Fajardo
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Huaping Xiao
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
- The Center of Early Screening and Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tumors of Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
- The Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cannon-Albright LA, Teerlink CC, Stevens J, Facelli JC, Carr SR, Allen-Brady K, Puri S, Bailey-Wilson JE, Musolf AM, Akerley W. A rare FGF5 candidate variant (rs112475347) for predisposition to nonsquamous, nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:364-372. [PMID: 36916144 PMCID: PMC10182245 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A unique approach with rare resources was used to identify candidate variants predisposing to familial nonsquamous nonsmall-cell lung cancers (NSNSCLC). We analyzed sequence data from NSNSCLC-affected cousin pairs belonging to high-risk lung cancer pedigrees identified in a genealogy of Utah linked to statewide cancer records to identify rare, shared candidate predisposition variants. Variants were tested for association with lung cancer risk in UK Biobank. Evidence for linkage with lung cancer was also reviewed in families from the Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium. Protein prediction modeling compared the mutation with reference. We sequenced NSNSCLC-affected cousin pairs from eight high-risk lung cancer pedigrees and identified 66 rare candidate variants shared in the cousin pairs. One variant in the FGF5 gene also showed significant association with lung cancer in UKBiobank. This variant was observed in 3/163 additional sampled Utah lung cancer cases, 2 of whom were related in another independent pedigree. Modeling of the predicted protein predicted a second binding site for SO4 that may indicate binding differences. This unique study identified multiple candidate predisposition variants for NSNSCLC, including a rare variant in FGF5 that was significantly associated with lung cancer risk and that segregated with lung cancer in the two pedigrees in which it was observed. FGF5 is an oncogenic factor in several human cancers, and the mutation found here (W81C) changes the binding ability of heparan sulfate to FGF5, which might lead to its deregulation. These results support FGF5 as a potential NSNSCLC predisposition gene and present additional candidate predisposition variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Julio C Facelli
- Department of BioMedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shamus R Carr
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina Allen-Brady
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sonam Puri
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wallace Akerley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cannon-Albright LA, Stevens J, Facelli JC, Teerlink CC, Allen-Brady K, Agarwal N. High-Risk Pedigree Study Identifies LRBA (rs62346982) as a Likely Predisposition Variant for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072085. [PMID: 37046747 PMCID: PMC10092952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence for contribution of inherited factors to prostate cancer, and more specifically to lethal prostate cancer, but few responsible genes/variants have been identified. We examined genetic sequence data for 51 affected cousin pairs who each died from prostate cancer and who were members of high-risk prostate cancer pedigrees in order to identify rare variants shared by the cousins as candidate predisposition variants. Candidate variants were tested for association with prostate cancer risk in UK Biobank data. Candidate variants were also assayed in 1195 additional sampled Utah prostate cancer cases. We used 3D protein structure prediction methods to analyze structural changes and provide insights into mechanisms of pathogenicity. Almost 4000 rare (<0.005) variants were identified as shared in the 51 affected cousin pairs. One candidate variant was also significantly associated with prostate cancer risk among the 840 variants with data in UK Biobank, in the gene LRBA (p = 3.2 × 10−5; OR = 2.09). The rare risk variant in LRBA was observed to segregate in five pedigrees. The overall predicted structures of the mutant protein do not show any significant overall changes upon mutation, but the mutated structure loses a helical structure for the two residues after the mutation. This unique analysis of closely related individuals with lethal prostate cancer, who were members of high-risk prostate cancer pedigrees, has identified a strong set of candidate predisposition variants which should be pursued in independent studies. Validation data for a subset of the candidates identified are presented, with strong evidence for a rare variant in LRBA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hypoxia in Skin Cancer: Molecular Basis and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054430. [PMID: 36901857 PMCID: PMC10003002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the Caucasian population. In the United States, it is estimated that at least one in five people will develop skin cancer in their lifetime, leading to significant morbidity and a healthcare burden. Skin cancer mainly arises from cells in the epidermal layer of the skin, where oxygen is scarce. There are three main types of skin cancer: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Accumulating evidence has revealed a critical role for hypoxia in the development and progression of these dermatologic malignancies. In this review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in treating and reconstructing skin cancers. We will summarize the molecular basis of hypoxia signaling pathways in relation to the major genetic variations of skin cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kontogianni G, Voutetakis K, Piroti G, Kypreou K, Stefanaki I, Vlachavas EI, Pilalis E, Stratigos A, Chatziioannou A, Papadodima O. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cutaneous Melanoma Patients in Greece Based on Multi-Omic Data. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030815. [PMID: 36765773 PMCID: PMC9913631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, and it is characterised by high mutational load and heterogeneity. In this study, we aimed to analyse the genomic and transcriptomic profile of primary melanomas from forty-six Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from Greek patients. Molecular analysis for both germline and somatic variations was performed in genomic DNA from peripheral blood and melanoma samples, respectively, exploiting whole exome and targeted sequencing, and transcriptomic analysis. Detailed clinicopathological data were also included in our analyses and previously reported associations with specific mutations were recognised. Most analysed samples (43/46) were found to harbour at least one clinically actionable somatic variant. A subset of samples was profiled at the transcriptomic level, and it was shown that specific melanoma phenotypic states could be inferred from bulk RNA isolated from FFPE primary melanoma tissue. Integrative bioinformatics analyses, including variant prioritisation, differential gene expression analysis, and functional and gene set enrichment analysis by group and per sample, were conducted and molecular circuits that are implicated in melanoma cell programmes were highlighted. Integration of mutational and transcriptomic data in CM characterisation could shed light on genes and pathways that support the maintenance of phenotypic states encrypted into heterogeneous primary tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kontogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Piroti
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kypreou
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Alexander Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- e-NIOS Applications Private Company, 17671 Kallithea, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (O.P.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3721 (A.C. & O.P.)
| | - Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (O.P.); Tel.: +30-210-727-3721 (A.C. & O.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oh KS, Mahalingam M. Melanoma and Glioblastoma-Not a Serendipitous Association. Adv Anat Pathol 2023; 30:00125480-990000000-00051. [PMID: 36624550 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we came across a patient with malignant melanoma and primary glioblastoma. Given this, we parsed the literature to ascertain the relationship, if any, between these 2 malignancies. We begin with a brief overview of melanoma and glioma in isolation followed by a chronologic overview of case reports and epidemiologic studies documenting both neoplasms. This is followed by studies detailing genetic abnormalities common to both malignancies with a view to identifying unifying genetic targets for therapeutic strategies as well as to explore the possibility of a putative association and an inherited cancer susceptibility trait. From a scientific perspective, we believe we have provided evidence favoring an association between melanoma and glioma. Future studies that include documentation of additional cases, as well as a detailed molecular analyses, will lend credence to our hypothesis that the co-occurrence of these 2 conditions is likely not serendipitous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shing Oh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA-Integrated-Service-Network-1 (VISN1), West Roxbury, MA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu WJ, Zhao Y, Chen X, Miao ML, Zhang RQ. Epigenetic modifications in esophageal cancer: An evolving biomarker. Front Genet 2023; 13:1087479. [PMID: 36704345 PMCID: PMC9871503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1087479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a widespread cancer of the digestive system that has two main subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). In the diverse range of cancer therapy schemes, the side effects of conventional treatments remain an urgent challenge to be addressed. Therefore, the pursuit of novel drugs with multiple targets, good efficacy, low side effects, and low cost has become a hot research topic in anticancer therapy. Based on this, epigenetics offers an attractive target for the treatment of esophageal cancer, where major mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA regulation, chromatin remodelling and nucleosome localization offer new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer. Recently, research on epigenetics has remained at a high level of enthusiasm, focusing mainly on translating the basic research into the clinical setting and transforming epigenetic alterations into targets for cancer screening and detection in the clinic. With the increasing emergence of tumour epigenetic markers and antitumor epigenetic drugs, there are also more possibilities for anti-esophageal cancer treatment. This paper focuses on esophageal cancer and epigenetic modifications, with the aim of unravelling the close link between them to facilitate precise and personalized treatment of esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Man-Li Miao
- School of Basic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ren-Quan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Ren-Quan Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kreuger IZM, Slieker RC, van Groningen T, van Doorn R. Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting CDKN2A Loss in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:18-25.e1. [PMID: 36123181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A, encoding p16 and p14, is a frequent event driving melanoma progression. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at CDKN2A loss hold great potential to improve melanoma treatment. Pharmacological inhibition of the p16 targets CDK4/6 is a prime example of such a strategy. Other approaches exploit cell cycle deregulation, target metabolic rewiring, epigenetically restore expression, act on dependencies resulting from co-deleted genes, or are directed at the effects of CDKN2A loss on immune responses. This review explores these therapeutic strategies targeting CDKN2A loss, which potentially open up new avenues for precision medicine in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Z M Kreuger
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Groningen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zob DL, Augustin I, Caba L, Panzaru MC, Popa S, Popa AD, Florea L, Gorduza EV. Genomics and Epigenomics in the Molecular Biology of Melanoma-A Prerequisite for Biomarkers Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010716. [PMID: 36614156 PMCID: PMC9821083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and aggressive tumor originating from melanocytes. The increasing incidence of cutaneous melanoma in recent last decades highlights the need for predictive biomarkers studies. Melanoma development is a complex process, involving the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Genetic aberrations include BRAF, NRAS, NF1, MAP2K1/MAP2K2, KIT, GNAQ, GNA11, CDKN2A, TERT mutations, and translocations of kinases. Epigenetic alterations involve microRNAs, non-coding RNAs, histones modifications, and abnormal DNA methylations. Genetic aberrations and epigenetic marks are important as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of disease recurrence, and for therapeutic targets. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the genomic and epigenetic changes in melanoma and discusses the latest scientific information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luminita Zob
- Department of Medical Oncology, AI. Trestioreanu Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iolanda Augustin
- Department of Medical Oncology, AI. Trestioreanu Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lavinia Caba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Monica-Cristina Panzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Setalia Popa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Delia Popa
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Florea
- Department of Nephrology-Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yeap I, Becker T, Azimi F, Kernohan M. The management of hereditary melanoma, FAMMM syndrome and germline CDKN2A mutations: a narrative review. AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.34239/ajops.v5n2.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, in which patients present with a large number of melanocytic naevi and a strong history of malignant melanoma, usually at a young age. The most common genetic alteration, implicated in 40 per cent of FAMMM syndrome families, is a mutation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A).1 CDKN2A encodes the tumour suppressor gene p16INK4a, a critical cell cycle inhibitor.2
The diagnosis and management of patients with FAMMM syndrome is relevant to the plastic surgeon who manages melanoma. However, clear guidelines on its diagnostic criteria and its relationship to associated but distinct syndromes, such as hereditary melanoma and B-K mole syndrome, are lacking in the extant literature.
The aim of this review is to clarify the diagnostic criteria and management principles for FAMMM syndrome. We propose a new system of classifying FAMMM syndrome patients as a subset of all patients with hereditary melanoma. We also present a management algorithm for these distinct patient groups (FAMMM syndrome, hereditary melanoma and germline CDKN2A mutations).
Collapse
|
15
|
Pudjihartono M, Perry JK, Print C, O'Sullivan JM, Schierding W. Interpretation of the role of germline and somatic non-coding mutations in cancer: expression and chromatin conformation informed analysis. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:120. [PMID: 36171609 PMCID: PMC9520844 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been extensive scrutiny of cancer driving mutations within the exome (especially amino acid altering mutations) as these are more likely to have a clear impact on protein functions, and thus on cell biology. However, this has come at the neglect of systematic identification of regulatory (non-coding) variants, which have recently been identified as putative somatic drivers and key germline risk factors for cancer development. Comprehensive understanding of non-coding mutations requires understanding their role in the disruption of regulatory elements, which then disrupt key biological functions such as gene expression. MAIN BODY We describe how advancements in sequencing technologies have led to the identification of a large number of non-coding mutations with uncharacterized biological significance. We summarize the strategies that have been developed to interpret and prioritize the biological mechanisms impacted by non-coding mutations, focusing on recent annotation of cancer non-coding variants utilizing chromatin states, eQTLs, and chromatin conformation data. CONCLUSION We believe that a better understanding of how to apply different regulatory data types into the study of non-coding mutations will enhance the discovery of novel mechanisms driving cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cris Print
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Australian Parkinson's Mission, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - William Schierding
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- The Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perez‐Becerril C, Wallace AJ, Schlecht H, Bowers NL, Smith PT, Gokhale C, Eaton H, Charlton C, Robinson R, Charlton RS, Evans DG, Smith MJ. Screening of potential novel candidate genes in schwannomatosis patients. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1368-1376. [PMID: 35723634 PMCID: PMC9540472 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schwannomatosis comprises a group of hereditary tumor predisposition syndromes characterized by, usually benign, multiple nerve sheath tumors, which frequently cause severe pain that does not typically respond to drug treatments. The most common schwannomatosis‐associated gene is NF2, but SMARCB1 and LZTR1 are also associated. There are still many cases in which no pathogenic variants (PVs) have been identified, suggesting the existence of as yet unidentified genetic risk factors. In this study, we performed extended genetic screening of 75 unrelated schwannomatosis patients without identified germline PVs in NF2, LZTR1, or SMARCB1. Screening of the coding region of DGCR8, COQ6, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B was carried out, based on previous reports that point to these genes as potential candidate genes for schwannomatosis. Deletions or duplications in CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and adjacent chromosome 9 region were assessed by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification analysis. Sequencing analysis of a patient with multiple schwannomas and melanomas identified a novel duplication in the coding region of CDKN2A, disrupting both p14ARF and p16INK4a. Our results suggest that none of these genes are major contributors to schwannomatosis risk but the possibility remains that they may have a role in more complex mechanisms for tumor predisposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez‐Becerril
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Andrew J. Wallace
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Helene Schlecht
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Naomi L. Bowers
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Philip T. Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Carolyn Gokhale
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Helen Eaton
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Chris Charlton
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Rachel Robinson
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory HubSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Ruth S. Charlton
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory HubSt James's University HospitalLeedsUK
| | - D. Gareth Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Miriam J. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sager RA, Backe SJ, Ahanin E, Smith G, Nsouli I, Woodford MR, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:305-320. [PMID: 35264774 PMCID: PMC9306014 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has entered a golden era with the addition of more therapeutic options, improved survival and new targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade have all been shown to be promising strategies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, little is known about the best therapeutic approach for individual patients with RCC and how to combat therapeutic resistance. Cancers, including RCC, rely on sustained replicative potential. The cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are involved in cell-cycle regulation with additional roles in metabolism, immunogenicity and antitumour immune response. Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are now commonly used as approved and investigative treatments in breast cancer, as well as several other tumours. Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have been shown to work synergistically with other kinase inhibitors, including mTOR inhibitors, as well as with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors in kidney cancer is relatively understudied compared with other cancers, but the preclinical studies available are promising. Collectively, growing evidence suggests that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 in kidney cancer, alone and in combination with current therapeutics including mTOR and immune checkpoint inhibitors, might have therapeutic benefit and should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elham Ahanin
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Smith
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Imad Nsouli
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bencivenga D, Stampone E, Vastante A, Barahmeh M, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. An Unanticipated Modulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors: The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081346. [PMID: 35456025 PMCID: PMC9028986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now definitively established that a large part of the human genome is transcribed. However, only a scarce percentage of the transcriptome (about 1.2%) consists of RNAs that are translated into proteins, while the large majority of transcripts include a variety of RNA families with different dimensions and functions. Within this heterogeneous RNA world, a significant fraction consists of sequences with a length of more than 200 bases that form the so-called long non-coding RNA family. The functions of long non-coding RNAs range from the regulation of gene transcription to the changes in DNA topology and nucleosome modification and structural organization, to paraspeckle formation and cellular organelles maturation. This review is focused on the role of long non-coding RNAs as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors’ (CDKIs) levels and activities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes necessary for the tuned progression of the cell division cycle. The control of their activity takes place at various levels. Among these, interaction with CDKIs is a vital mechanism. Through CDKI modulation, long non-coding RNAs implement control over cellular physiology and are associated with numerous pathologies. However, although there are robust data in the literature, the role of long non-coding RNAs in the modulation of CDKIs appears to still be underestimated, as well as their importance in cell proliferation control.
Collapse
|
19
|
Evidence for an Inherited Contribution to Sepsis Susceptibility Among a Cohort of U.S. Veterans. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0603. [PMID: 35036923 PMCID: PMC8754185 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyze a unique clinical and genealogical resource for evidence of familial clustering of sepsis to test for an inherited contribution to sepsis predisposition.
Collapse
|
20
|
Qiao J, Tian Y, Cheng X, Liu Z, Zhou J, Gu L, Zhang B, Zhang L, Ji J, Xing R, Deng D. CDKN2A Deletion Leading to Hematogenous Metastasis of Human Gastric Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:801219. [PMID: 35004325 PMCID: PMC8733704 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.801219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Somatic copy number deletion (SCND) of CDKN2A gene is the most frequent event in cancer genomes. Whether CDKN2A SCND drives human cancer metastasis is far from clear. Hematogenous metastasis is the main reason of human gastric carcinoma (GC) death. Thus, prediction GC metastasis is eagerly awaited. Method GC patients (n=408) enrolled in both a cross-sectional and a prospective cohorts were analysed. CDKN2A SCND was detected with a quantitative PCR assay (P16-Light). Association of CDKN2A SCND and GC metastasis was evaluated. Effect of CDKN2A SCND by CRISPR/Cas9 on biological behaviors of cancer cells was also studied. Results CDKN2A SCND was detected in 38.9% of GCs from patients (n=234) enrolled in the cross-sectional cohort. Association analysis showed that more CDKN2A SCND was recognized in GCs with hematogenous metastasis than those without (66.7% vs. 35.7%, p=0.014). CDKN2A SCND was detected in 36.8% of baseline pN0M0 GCs from patients (n=174) enrolled in the prospective study, the relationship between CDKN2A SCND and hematogenous metastasis throughout the follow-up period (62.7 months in median) was also significant (66.7% vs. 34.6%, p=0.016). Using CDKN2A SCND as a biomarker for predicting hematogenous metastasis of GCs, the prediction sensitivity and specificity were 66.7% and 65.4%. The results of functional experiments indicated that CDKN2A SCND could obviously downregulate P53 expression that consequently inhibited the apoptosis of MGC803 GC and HEK293T cells. This may account for hematogenous metastasis of GCs by CDKN2A SCND. Conclusion CDKN2A SCND may drive GC metastasis and could be used as a predictor for hematogenous metastasis of GCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liankun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Baozhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dajun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Division of Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akçay Nİ, Bashirov R. Comparison of modelling approaches demonstrated for p16-mediated signalling pathway in higher eukaryotes. Biosystems 2021; 210:104562. [PMID: 34662677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative modelling of biological systems using Petri net technologies has experienced renaissance in the past couple of decades. The overwhelming majority of these models is deterministic though underlying biological systems are usually at the mesoscopic level and small, rather than large, and employ sparse molecular structure. Sparse biological systems are accompanied by randomness due to low molecular density, intrinsic random nature of phenomena and noise in an experiment. On the other hand, biochemical reactions are inherently uncertain due to imprecision and vagueness of kinetic parameters. Stochastic methods are used to cope with randomness while fuzzy methods are developed to deal with uncertainty of biological systems, but there is lack of common voice among researchers regarding the best choice of modelling approach for a particular biological system. The main issues addressed in this paper are the choice between deterministic, stochastic and fuzzy parameters and aspects; that is, which modelling approach to follow to reach the realistic approximation of an underlying biological system, and how to measure parallels and discrepancies between different quantitative paradigms. To this end, we use Petri nets with hybrid, stochastic and fuzzy parameters to create quantitative model of p16-mediated signalling pathway in higher eukaryotes, perform deterministic, pure stochastic and fuzzy stochastic simulations to predict the behaviour of major molecular regulators of p16-mediated pathway. In the meanwhile, we show how uncertain kinetic parameters can be precisely approximated in terms of α cuts. Then we perform statistical analysis of simulation results to measure similarity between the three modelling approaches. The statistical analysis reveals significant deviations between deterministic, pure stochastic and fuzzy stochastic approaches for most of the biological components. Due to rather small size of underlying biological system, it turns out that fuzzy stochastic approach is the most appropriate for modelling of p16-mediated signalling pathway because it successfully deals with both randomness and uncertainty and produces quantitative results with biological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimet İlke Akçay
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Rza Bashirov
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Battaglia L, Scomparin A, Dianzani C, Milla P, Muntoni E, Arpicco S, Cavalli R. Nanotechnology Addressing Cutaneous Melanoma: The Italian Landscape. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34683910 PMCID: PMC8540596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, with a low survival for the metastatic stage. Currently, clinical melanoma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, innovative therapeutic regimens concern the administration of multitarget drugs in tandem, in order to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, also, if this drug combination is clinically relevant, the patient's response is not yet optimal. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of advanced melanoma. In fact, their nano-features enable targeted drug delivery at a cellular level by overcoming biological barriers. Various nanomedicines have been proposed for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, and a relevant number of them are undergoing clinical trials. In Italy, researchers are focusing on the pharmaceutical development of nanoformulations for malignant melanoma therapy. The present review reports an overview of the main melanoma-addressed nanomedicines currently under study in Italy, alongside the state of the art of melanoma therapy. Moreover, the latest Italian advances concerning the pre-clinical evaluation of nanomedicines for melanoma are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Scomparin
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
- . Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Milla
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Lange MJ, Nell RJ, van der Velden PA. Scientific and clinical implications of genetic and cellular heterogeneity in uveal melanoma. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:25. [PMID: 35006486 PMCID: PMC8607395 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we discuss the presence and roles of heterogeneity in the development of uveal melanoma. Both genetic and cellular heterogeneity are considered, as their presence became undeniable due to single cell approaches that have recently been used in uveal melanoma analysis. However, the presence of precursor clones and immune infiltrate in uveal melanoma have been described as being part of the tumour already decades ago. Since uveal melanoma grow in the corpus vitreous, they present a unique tumour model because every cell present in the tumour tissue is actually part of the tumour and possibly plays a role. For an effective treatment of uveal melanoma metastasis, it should be clear whether precursor clones and normal cells play an active role in progression and metastasis. We propagate analysis of bulk tissue that allows analysis of tumour heterogeneity in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J de Lange
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier J Nell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A van der Velden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eddy K, Chen S. Glutamatergic Signaling a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3874. [PMID: 34359771 PMCID: PMC8345431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other cancers, melanomas are associated with the hyperactivation of two major cell signaling cascades, the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Both pathways are activated by numerous genes implicated in the development and progression of melanomas such as mutated BRAF, RAS, and NF1. Our lab was the first to identify yet another driver of melanoma, Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 (protein: mGluR1, mouse gene: Grm1, human gene: GRM1), upstream of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Binding of glutamate, the natural ligand of mGluR1, activates MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways and sets in motion the deregulated cellular responses in cell growth, cell survival, and cell metastasis. In this review, we will assess the proposed modes of action that mediate the oncogenic properties of mGluR1 in melanoma and possible application of anti-glutamatergic signaling modulator(s) as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teerlink CC, Miller JB, Vance EL, Staley LA, Stevens J, Tavana JP, Cloward ME, Page ML, Dayton L, Cannon-Albright LA, Kauwe JSK. Analysis of high-risk pedigrees identifies 11 candidate variants for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:307-317. [PMID: 34151536 PMCID: PMC9291865 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Analysis of sequence data in high‐risk pedigrees is a powerful approach to detect rare predisposition variants. Methods Rare, shared candidate predisposition variants were identified from exome sequencing 19 Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐affected cousin pairs selected from high‐risk pedigrees. Variants were further prioritized by risk association in various external datasets. Candidate variants emerging from these analyses were tested for co‐segregation to additional affected relatives of the original sequenced pedigree members. Results AD‐affected high‐risk cousin pairs contained 564 shared rare variants. Eleven variants spanning 10 genes were prioritized in external datasets: rs201665195 (ABCA7), and rs28933981 (TTR) were previously implicated in AD pathology; rs141402160 (NOTCH3) and rs140914494 (NOTCH3) were previously reported; rs200290640 (PIDD1) and rs199752248 (PIDD1) were present in more than one cousin pair; rs61729902 (SNAP91), rs140129800 (COX6A2, AC026471), and rs191804178 (MUC16) were not present in a longevity cohort; and rs148294193 (PELI3) and rs147599881 (FCHO1) approached significance from analysis of AD‐related phenotypes. Three variants were validated via evidence of co‐segregation to additional relatives (PELI3, ABCA7, and SNAP91). Discussion These analyses support ABCA7 and TTR as AD risk genes, expand on previously reported NOTCH3 variant identification, and prioritize seven additional candidate variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Teerlink
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Justin B Miller
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Lyndsay A Staley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Justina P Tavana
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - Madeline L Page
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Louisa Dayton
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teerlink CC, Stevens J, Hernandez R, Facelli JC, Cannon-Albright LA. An intronic variant in the CELF4 gene is associated with risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 72:101941. [PMID: 33930674 PMCID: PMC8158787 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline predisposition variants associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) have been identified but all are not yet identified. We sought to identify the responsible predisposition germline variant in an extended high-risk CRC pedigree that exhibited evidence of linkage to the 18q12.2 region (TLOD = +2.81). METHODS DNA from two distantly related carriers of the hypothesized predisposition haplotype on 18q12.2 was sequenced to identify candidate variants. The candidate rare variants shared by the related sequenced subjects were screened in 3,094 CRC cases and 5x population-matched controls from UKBiobank to test for association. Further segregation of the variant was tested via Taqman assay in other sampled individuals in the pedigree. RESULTS Analysis of whole genome sequence data for the two related hypothesized predisposition haplotype carriers, restricted to the shared haplotype boundaries, identified multiple (n = 6) rare candidate non-coding variants that were tested for association with CRC risk in UKBiobank. A rare intronic variant ofCELF4 gene, rs568643870, was significantly associated with CRC (p = 0.004, OR = 5.0), and segregated with CRC in other members of the linked pedigree. CONCLUSION Evidence of segregation in a high-risk pedigree, case-control association in an external dataset, and identification of additional CRC-affected carriers in the linked pedigree support a role for a rareCELF4 intronic variant in CRC risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Teerlink
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Rolando Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Julio C Facelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Frequent genetic defects in the p16/INK4A tumor suppressor in canine cell models of breast cancer and melanoma. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:519-530. [PMID: 34014456 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) belong to a group of key cell cycle proteins that regulate important cancer drug targets such as the cyclin/CDK complexes. Gene defects in the INK4A/B CKI tumor suppressor locus are frequently associated with human cancers and we have previously identified similar defects in canine models. Many of the cancer-associated genetic alterations, known to play roles in mammary tumor development and progression, appear similar in humans and dogs. The objectives of this study were to characterize expression defects in the INK4 genes, and the encoded p16 family proteins, in spontaneous canine primary mammary tumors (CMT) as well as in canine malignant melanoma (CML) cell lines to further develop these models of spontaneous cancers. Gene expression profiles and characterization of p16 protein were performed by rtPCR assay and immunoblotting followed by an analysis of relevant sequences with bioinformatics. The INK4 gene family were expressed differentially and the genes encoding the tumor suppressor p16, p14, and p15 proteins were often identified as defective in CMT and CML cell lines. The altered expression profiles for INK4 locus encoded tumor suppressor genes was also confirmed by the identification of similar gene defects in primary canine mammary tumor biopsy specimens which were also comparable to defects found in human breast cancer. These data strongly suggest that defects identified in the INK4 locus in canine cell lines are lesions originating in spontaneous canine cancers and are not the product of selection in culture. These findings further validate canine tumor models for use in developing a clear understanding of the gene defects present and may help identify new therapeutic cancer treatments that restore these tumor suppressor pathways based on precision medicine in canine cancers.
Collapse
|
28
|
A Rare Variant in ERF (rs144812092) Predisposes to Prostate and Bladder Cancers in an Extended Pedigree. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102399. [PMID: 34063511 PMCID: PMC8156789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here we applied a powerful predisposition candidate gene identification strategy to identify rare variants shared by two related bladder cancer cases who were members of pedigrees exhibiting a significant excess of bladder cancers. We sequenced the exomes of pairs of related bladder cancer cases belonging to high-risk bladder cancer pedigrees to identify rare, shared variants shared as candidates for predisposition. A rare, shared variant in ERF was also found to show significant association with bladder cancer risk in an independent population, was present in other prostate cancer-affected members in the pedigree, and showed evidence for altering the function of the associated protein. This evidence supports ERF (ETS2 Repressor Factor) as a bladder and prostate cancer predisposition gene. Abstract Pairs of related bladder cancer cases who belong to pedigrees with an excess of bladder cancer were sequenced to identify rare, shared variants as candidate predisposition variants. Candidate variants were tested for association with bladder cancer risk. A validated variant was assayed for segregation to other related cancer cases, and the predicted protein structure of this variant was analyzed. This study of affected bladder cancer relative pairs from high-risk pedigrees identified 152 bladder cancer predisposition candidate variants. One variant in ERF (ETS Repressing Factor) was significantly associated with bladder cancer risk in an independent population, was observed to segregate with bladder and prostate cancer in relatives, and showed evidence for altering the function of the associated protein. This finding of a rare variant in ERF that is strongly associated with bladder and prostate cancer risk in an extended pedigree both validates ERF as a cancer predisposition gene and shows the continuing value of analyzing affected members of high-risk pedigrees to identify and validate rare cancer predisposition variants.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cannon-Albright LA, Farnham JM, Stevens J, Teerlink CC, Palmer CA, Rowe K, Cessna MH, Blumenthal DT. Genome-wide analysis of high-risk primary brain cancer pedigrees identifies PDXDC1 as a candidate brain cancer predisposition gene. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:277-283. [PMID: 32644145 PMCID: PMC7906047 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence for an inherited contribution to primary brain cancer. Linkage analysis of high-risk brain cancer pedigrees has identified candidate regions of interest in which brain cancer predisposition genes are likely to reside. METHODS Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed in a unique set of 11 informative, extended, high-risk primary brain cancer pedigrees identified in a population genealogy database, which include from 2 to 6 sampled, related primary brain cancer cases. Access to formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples archived in a biorepository allowed analysis of extended pedigrees. RESULTS Individual high-risk pedigrees were singly informative for linkage at multiple regions. Suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosomes 2, 3, 14, and 16. The chromosome 16 region in particular contains a promising candidate gene, pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain-containing 1 (PDXDC1), with prior evidence for involvement with glioblastoma from other previously reported experimental settings, and contains the lead single nucleotide polymorphism (rs3198697) from the linkage analysis of the chromosome 16 region. CONCLUSIONS Pedigrees with a statistical excess of primary brain cancers have been identified in a unique genealogy resource representing the homogeneous Utah population. Genome-wide linkage analysis of these pedigrees has identified a potential candidate predisposition gene, as well as multiple candidate regions that could harbor predisposition loci, and for which further analysis is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - James M Farnham
- Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Cheryl A Palmer
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kerry Rowe
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa H Cessna
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Intermountain Biorepository and Department of Pathology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eddy K, Shah R, Chen S. Decoding Melanoma Development and Progression: Identification of Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Front Oncol 2021; 10:626129. [PMID: 33614507 PMCID: PMC7891057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.626129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a cancer of the skin, arises from transformed melanocytes. Melanoma has the highest mutational burden of any cancer partially attributed to UV induced DNA damage. Localized melanoma is “curable” by surgical resection and is followed by radiation therapy to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. Targeted therapies against components of the MAPK signaling cascade and immunotherapies which block immune checkpoints have shown remarkable clinical responses, however with the onset of resistance in most patients, and, disease relapse, these patients eventually become refractory to treatments. Although great advances have been made in our understanding of the metastatic process in cancers including melanoma, therapy failure suggests that much remains to be learned and understood about the multi-step process of tumor metastasis. In this review we provide an overview of melanocytic transformation into malignant melanoma and key molecular events that occur during this evolution. A better understanding of the complex processes entailing cancer cell dissemination will improve the mechanistic driven design of therapies that target specific steps involved in cancer metastasis to improve clinical response rates and overall survival in all cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Raj Shah
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Eddy K, Chen S. Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8984. [PMID: 33256089 PMCID: PMC7730443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer that develops from transformed melanocytes. It is crucial to identify melanoma at its early stages, in situ, as it is "curable" at this stage. However, after metastasis, it is difficult to treat and the five-year survival is only 25%. In recent years, a better understanding of the etiology of melanoma and its progression has made it possible for the development of targeted therapeutics, such as vemurafenib and immunotherapies, to treat advanced melanomas. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate melanoma development and progression, with a special focus on the immune evasion strategies utilized by melanomas, to evade host immune surveillances. The proposed mechanism of action and the roles of immunotherapeutic agents, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, adoptive T- cell therapy plus T-VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma are discussed. In this review, we implore that a better understanding of the steps that mediate melanoma onset and progression, immune evasion strategies exploited by these tumor cells, and the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment response are critical in the design of improved strategies to improve clinical outcomes for patients with this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cannon-Albright LA, Stevens J, Teerlink CC, Agarwal N. The HOXB13 p.Gly84Glu variant observed in an extended five generation high-risk prostate cancer pedigree supports risk association for multiple cancer sites. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 69:101834. [PMID: 33099213 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HOXB13 p.Gly84Glu is recognized as a rare variant associated with increased risk for prostate cancer; risk association for other cancers is uncertain. This HOXB13 variant was originally reported in several 3-generation prostate cancer pedigrees and has been reported to be associated with increased risk for bladder and colorectal cancer and leukemia in GWAS. A HOXB13 pGly84Glu variant carrier was identified in a set of Utah individuals born more than 100 years ago who were members of high-risk cancer pedigrees. The proband carrier was diagnosed with colon cancer and is a member of a high-risk prostate cancer pedigree. The HOXB13 pGLY84Glu variant was assayed in other sampled relatives in the pedigree and was observed to segregate in relatives of the proband carrier in the extended pedigree; this pedigree showed significant excess of prostate cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer among descendants. Multiple additional variant carriers were identified, diagnosed with prostate, bladder, and colon cancers in the 5-generation high-risk cancer pedigree. This study shows the power and efficiency of a biorepository of samples with known genealogy from extended high-risk pedigrees for definition of cancer-associated risks. Association of HOXB13 p.Gly84Glu with risk of colon and bladder cancers in this extended pedigree confirms previous reports for risk association for both cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Genetic Alterations in the INK4a/ARF Locus: Effects on Melanoma Development and Progression. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101447. [PMID: 33076392 PMCID: PMC7602651 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the INK4a/ARF (or CDKN2A) locus have been reported in many cancer types, including melanoma; head and neck squamous cell carcinomas; lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. In melanoma, loss of function CDKN2A alterations have been identified in approximately 50% of primary melanomas, in over 75% of metastatic melanomas, and in the germline of 40% of families with a predisposition to cutaneous melanoma. The CDKN2A locus encodes two critical tumor suppressor proteins, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a and the p53 regulator p14ARF. The majority of CDKN2A alterations in melanoma selectively target p16INK4a or affect the coding sequence of both p16INK4a and p14ARF. There is also a subset of less common somatic and germline INK4a/ARF alterations that affect p14ARF, while not altering the syntenic p16INK4a coding regions. In this review, we describe the frequency and types of somatic alterations affecting the CDKN2A locus in melanoma and germline CDKN2A alterations in familial melanoma, and their functional consequences in melanoma development. We discuss the clinical implications of CDKN2A inactivating alterations and their influence on treatment response and resistance.
Collapse
|
34
|
Law MH, Aoude LG, Duffy DL, Long GV, Johansson PA, Pritchard AL, Khosrotehrani K, Mann GJ, Montgomery GW, Iles MM, Cust AE, Palmer JM, Shannon KF, Spillane AJ, Stretch JR, Thompson JF, Saw RPM, Scolyer RA, Martin NG, Hayward NK, MacGregor S. Multiplex melanoma families are enriched for polygenic risk. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2976-2985. [PMID: 32716505 PMCID: PMC7566496 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers, including cutaneous melanoma, can cluster in families. In addition to environmental etiological factors such as ultraviolet radiation, cutaneous melanoma has a strong genetic component. Genetic risks for cutaneous melanoma range from rare, high-penetrance mutations to common, low-penetrance variants. Known high-penetrance mutations account for only about half of all densely affected cutaneous melanoma families, and the causes of familial clustering in the remainder are unknown. We hypothesize that some clustering is due to the cumulative effect of a large number of variants of individually small effect. Common, low-penetrance genetic risk variants can be combined into polygenic risk scores. We used a polygenic risk score for cutaneous melanoma to compare families without known high-penetrance mutations with unrelated melanoma cases and melanoma-free controls. Family members had significantly higher mean polygenic load for cutaneous melanoma than unrelated cases or melanoma-free healthy controls (Bonferroni-corrected t-test P = 1.5 × 10-5 and 6.3 × 10-45, respectively). Whole genome sequencing of germline DNA from 51 members of 21 families with low polygenic risk for melanoma identified a CDKN2A p.G101W mutation in a single family but no other candidate high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes. This work provides further evidence that melanoma, like many other common complex disorders, can arise from the joint action of multiple predisposing factors, including rare high-penetrance mutations, as well as via a combination of large numbers of alleles of small effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Lauren G Aoude
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Surgical Oncology Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Peter A Johansson
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Antonia L Pritchard
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Genetics and Immunology, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Experimental Dermatology Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anne E Cust
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jane M Palmer
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kerwin F Shannon
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Andrew J Spillane
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Stretch
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Robyn P M Saw
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Tissue Oncology and Diagnostic Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trop2 inhibition of P16 expression and the cell cycle promotes intracellular calcium release in OSCC. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2409-2417. [PMID: 32768481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trop2 is an intracellular calcium signal transducer and a prognostic biomarker in many cancers. P16 is a cell cycle gene that negatively regulates cell proliferation and division in most human cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor subgroup of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma worldwide. Both Ca2+-dependent and cell cycle signaling pathways play vital roles in OSCC, although the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We aimed to examine the function of Trop2 and P16 in regulating intracellular calcium ions and the cell cycle in OSCC cell lines. Furtherly, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Trop2 and P16 in OSCC tissue samples were assessed, and their function was evaluated as potential clinical prognostic biomarkers. Trop2 promoted intracellular calcium ion release in OSCC and induced S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, Trop2-mediated Ca2+ inhibited P16 expression through the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in OSCC. Interestingly, P16 overexpression could not reverse these phenomena in vitro. We also demonstrated that human OSCC tissues showed high Trop2 mRNA and protein expression, and Trop2+/P16- expression is an independent prognostic marker for OSCC patients. Our data suggest that Trop2+/P16- may be a valuable prognostic marker for OSCC and that Trop2 inhibits P16 expression and induces S phase by promoting intracellular calcium release in OSCC.
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo L, Qi J, Wang H, Jiang X, Liu Y. Getting under the skin: The role of CDK4/6 in melanomas. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112531. [PMID: 32712436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of cancer that affects the largest organ of our body, the skin. In recent years, there is an increase in the incidence and aggressiveness of melanomas. The number of treatment options has grown considerably in the past few years, leading to significant improvements in both overall and progression-free survival. One of the attractive candidates in this wave of treatment options is a cell cycle controller: cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors. CDK4/6, a class of serine/threonine kinases expressed in most cell types, controls the first gap phase (G1 to S) of the cell cycle, indicating its vital importance in both normal cellular processes as well as tumorigenesis. Up to 90% of melanoma patients have genomic mutations affecting various parts of CDK4/6 pathway. Noticeably, with the help of next-generation sequencing technology, mutations with high frequency in the CDK4 pathway were also identified in relatively rare subtypes of melanoma including acral melanoma and mucosal melanoma. Therefore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have emerged as powerful and promising anticancer therapies, especially in combination treatment with immunotherapies or other targeted therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview of current scientific knowledge regarding the oncogenic properties of CDK4/6 in melanomas, we mainly discuss the latest genomic and preclinical findings of CDK4 signaling in melanoma, the progress of CDK4 inhibition as combined with other therapies for overcoming resistance and summarize recent advances from clinical trials as well as ongoing studies which gives us a better scope into the effectiveness of CDK4/6 therapy in treating malignant melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Animal Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, China.
| | - Jinxin Qi
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Han Wang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Animal Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nebenfuehr S, Kollmann K, Sexl V. The role of CDK6 in cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2988-2995. [PMID: 32406095 PMCID: PMC7586846 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and function of cyclin‐dependent kinase 6 (CDK6)‐ and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)‐cyclin complexes are commonly altered with enhanced kinase activity found in hematopoietic malignancies, breast cancer and melanoma making CDK4 and CDK6 attractive targets for therapeutic interference. Although dual CDK4/6 inhibitors have revolutionized treatment of breast cancer patients and reveal promising results in several solid tumors and hematological malignancies, there is a need for novel compounds targeting the versatile kinase‐independent functions of CDK6 to improve cancer treatment. The following review summarizes the latest findings on CDK6 in cancer development and discusses novel therapeutic approaches to selectively inhibit CDK6s function as a transcriptional regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Nebenfuehr
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Landi MT, Bishop DT, MacGregor S, Machiela MJ, Stratigos AJ, Ghiorzo P, Brossard M, Calista D, Choi J, Fargnoli MC, Zhang T, Rodolfo M, Trower AJ, Menin C, Martinez J, Hadjisavvas A, Song L, Stefanaki I, Scolyer R, Yang R, Goldstein AM, Potrony M, Kypreou KP, Pastorino L, Queirolo P, Pellegrini C, Cattaneo L, Zawistowski M, Gimenez-Xavier P, Rodriguez A, Elefanti L, Manoukian S, Rivoltini L, Smith BH, Loizidou MA, Del Regno L, Massi D, Mandala M, Khosrotehrani K, Akslen LA, Amos CI, Andresen PA, Avril MF, Azizi E, Soyer HP, Bataille V, Dalmasso B, Bowdler LM, Burdon KP, Chen WV, Codd V, Craig JE, Dębniak T, Falchi M, Fang S, Friedman E, Simi S, Galan P, Garcia-Casado Z, Gillanders EM, Gordon S, Green A, Gruis NA, Hansson J, Harland M, Harris J, Helsing P, Henders A, Hočevar M, Höiom V, Hunter D, Ingvar C, Kumar R, Lang J, Lathrop GM, Lee JE, Li X, Lubiński J, Mackie RM, Malt M, Malvehy J, McAloney K, Mohamdi H, Molven A, Moses EK, Neale RE, Novaković S, Nyholt DR, Olsson H, Orr N, Fritsche LG, Puig-Butille JA, Qureshi AA, Radford-Smith GL, Randerson-Moor J, Requena C, Rowe C, Samani NJ, Sanna M, Schadendorf D, Schulze HJ, Simms LA, Smithers M, Song F, Swerdlow AJ, van der Stoep N, Kukutsch NA, Visconti A, Wallace L, Ward SV, Wheeler L, Sturm RA, Hutchinson A, Jones K, Malasky M, Vogt A, Zhou W, Pooley KA, Elder DE, Han J, Hicks B, Hayward NK, Kanetsky PA, Brummett C, Montgomery GW, Olsen CM, Hayward C, Dunning AM, Martin NG, Evangelou E, Mann GJ, Long G, Pharoah PDP, Easton DF, Barrett JH, Cust AE, Abecasis G, Duffy DL, Whiteman DC, Gogas H, De Nicolo A, Tucker MA, Newton-Bishop JA, Peris K, Chanock SJ, Demenais F, Brown KM, Puig S, Nagore E, Shi J, Iles MM, Law MH. Genome-wide association meta-analyses combining multiple risk phenotypes provide insights into the genetic architecture of cutaneous melanoma susceptibility. Nat Genet 2020; 52:494-504. [PMID: 32341527 PMCID: PMC7255059 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most genetic susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma remains to be discovered. Meta-analysis genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36,760 cases of melanoma (67% newly genotyped) and 375,188 controls identified 54 significant (P < 5 × 10-8) loci with 68 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of risk estimates across geographical regions and host factors suggests the acral melanoma subtype is uniquely unrelated to pigmentation. Combining this meta-analysis with GWAS of nevus count and hair color, and transcriptome association approaches, uncovered 31 potential secondary loci for a total of 85 cutaneous melanoma susceptibility loci. These findings provide insights into cutaneous melanoma genetic architecture, reinforcing the importance of nevogenesis, pigmentation and telomere maintenance, together with identifying potential new pathways for cutaneous melanoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syggros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Myriam Brossard
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Donato Calista
- Department of Dermatology, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Concetta Fargnoli
- Department of Dermatology & Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adam J Trower
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chiara Menin
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Venito Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of EM/Molecular Pathology & The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lei Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katerina P Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Pellegrini
- Department of Dermatology & Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Cattaneo
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pol Gimenez-Xavier
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa Elefanti
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Venito Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria A Loizidou
- Department of EM/Molecular Pathology & The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Laura Del Regno
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Mandala
- Department of Oncology, Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Per A Andresen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Dermatologie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Bruna Dalmasso
- Genetics of Rare Cancers, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lisa M Bowdler
- Sample Processing, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wei V Chen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Simi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pilar Galan
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1153), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA U1125), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Communauté d'Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Zaida Garcia-Casado
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M Gillanders
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adele Green
- Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- CRUK Manchester Institute, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Harland
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jessica Harris
- Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Per Helsing
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anjali Henders
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Hočevar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rona M Mackie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Public Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maryrose Malt
- Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hamida Mohamdi
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric K Moses
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Cancer Aetiology & Prevention, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona,CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Graham L Radford-Smith
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland School of Medicine, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Casey Rowe
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Marianna Sanna
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Consortium Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schulze
- Department of Dermatology, Fachklinik Hornheide, Institute for Tumors of the Skin, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa A Simms
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Smithers
- Queensland Melanoma Project, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fengju Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole A Kukutsch
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah V Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrie Wheeler
- Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Hutchinson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Malasky
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen A Pooley
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genome Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chad Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Georgina Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anne E Cust
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David L Duffy
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital Greece, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Arcangela De Nicolo
- Cancer Genomics Program, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ketty Peris
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florence Demenais
- Genetic Epidemiology and Functional Genomics of Multifactorial Diseases Team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Campos C, Fragoso S, Luís R, Pinto F, Brito C, Esteves S, Pataco M, Santos S, Machado P, Vicente JB, Costa Rosa J, Cavaco BM, Moura C, Pojo M. High-Throughput Sequencing Identifies 3 Novel Susceptibility Genes for Hereditary Melanoma. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040403. [PMID: 32276436 PMCID: PMC7230562 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers due to its high invasiveness. Germline mutations in high-risk melanoma susceptibility genes have been associated with development hereditary melanoma; however, most genetic culprits remain elusive. To unravel novel susceptibility genes for hereditary melanoma, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on eight patients with multiple primary melanomas, high number of nevi, and negative for high and intermediate-risk germline mutations. Thirteen new potentially pathogenic variants were identified after bioinformatics analysis and validation. CDH23, ARHGEF40, and BRD9 were identified as the most promising susceptibility genes in hereditary melanoma. In silico analysis of CDH23 and ARHGEF40 variants provided clues for altered protein structure and function associated with the identified mutations. Then, we also evaluated the clinical value of CDH23, ARHGEF40, and BRD9 expression in sporadic melanoma by using the TCGA dataset (n = 461). No differences were observed in BRD9 expression between melanoma and normal skin samples, nor with melanoma stage, whereas ARHGEF40 was found overexpressed, and CDH23 was downregulated and its loss was associated with worse survival. Altogether, these results reveal three novel genes with clinical relevance in hereditary and sporadic melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Campos
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Fragoso
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Luís
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Pinto
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cheila Brito
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Esteves
- Unidade de Investigação Clínica (UIC) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Pataco
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sidónia Santos
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Machado
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B. Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joaninha Costa Rosa
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Branca M. Cavaco
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília Moura
- Clínica de Risco Familiar do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- Serviço de Dermatologia do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM) do Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-722-9800 (ext. 1794)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ayén Á, Ramos-García P. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:788-805. [PMID: 32147907 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a protein encoded by the CCND1 gene, located on 11q13 chromosome, which is a key component of the physiological regulation of the cell cycle. CCND1/cyclin D1 is upregulated in several types of human tumors including melanoma and is currently classified as an oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation. Despite the demonstrated importance of CCND1/cyclin D1 as a central oncogene in several types of human tumors, its knowledge in melanoma is still limited. This review examines data published on upregulation of the CCND1 gene and cyclin D1 protein in the melanoma setting, focusing on the pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the gene and on the clinical and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Biohealth Research Institute, Granada, Spain.,Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela Ayén
- Dermatology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes various types of DNA damage, which leads to specific mutations and the emergence of skin cancer in humans, often decades after initial exposure. Different UV wavelengths cause the formation of prominent UV-induced DNA lesions. Most of these lesions are removed by the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which is defective in rare genetic skin disorders referred to as xeroderma pigmentosum. A major role in inducing sunlight-dependent skin cancer mutations is assigned to the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of UV damage induction, the genomic distribution of this damage, relevant DNA repair mechanisms, the proposed mechanisms of how UV-induced CPDs bring about DNA replication-dependent mutagenicity in mammalian cells, and the strong signature of UV damage and mutagenesis found in skin cancer genomes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The transition between proliferating and quiescent states must be carefully regulated to ensure that cells divide to create the cells an organism needs only at the appropriate time and place. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical for both transitioning cells from one cell cycle state to the next, and for regulating whether cells are proliferating or quiescent. CDKs are regulated by association with cognate cyclins, activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, and proteins that bind to them and inhibit their activity. The substrates of these kinases, including the retinoblastoma protein, enforce the changes in cell cycle status. Single cell analysis has clarified that competition among factors that activate and inhibit CDK activity leads to the cell's decision to enter the cell cycle, a decision the cell makes before S phase. Signaling pathways that control the activity of CDKs regulate the transition between quiescence and proliferation in stem cells, including stem cells that generate muscle and neurons. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:317-344, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Horak V, Palanova A, Cizkova J, Miltrova V, Vodicka P, Kupcova Skalnikova H. Melanoma-Bearing Libechov Minipig (MeLiM): The Unique Swine Model of Hereditary Metastatic Melanoma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E915. [PMID: 31717496 PMCID: PMC6895830 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
National cancer databases document that melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly cutaneous malignancy with worldwide increasing incidence in the Caucasian population. Around 10% of melanomas occur in families. Several germline mutations were identified that might help to indicate individuals at risk for preventive interventions and early disease detection. More than 50% of sporadic melanomas carry mutations in Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MEK) pathway, which may represent aims of novel targeted therapies. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the outcomes in metastatic tumor are still unsatisfactory. Here, we review animal models that help our understanding of melanoma development and treatment, including non-vertebrate, mouse, swine, and other mammal models, with an emphasis on those with spontaneously developing melanoma. Special attention is paid to the melanoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM). This original swine model of hereditary metastatic melanoma enables studying biological processes underlying melanoma progression, as well as spontaneous regression. Current histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, genetic, hematological, immunological, and skin microbiome findings in the MeLiM model are summarized, together with development of new therapeutic approaches based on tumor devitalization. The ongoing study of molecular and immunological base of spontaneous regression in MeLiM model has potential to bring new knowledge of clinical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (A.P.); (J.C.); (V.M.); (P.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Christodoulou E, van Doorn R, Visser M, Teunisse A, Versluis M, van der Velden P, Hayward NK, Jochemsen A, Gruis N. NEK11 as a candidate high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility gene. J Med Genet 2019; 57:203-210. [PMID: 31704778 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma reports a positive family history. Inherited variants in CDKN2A and several other genes have been shown to predispose to melanoma; however, the genetic basis of familial melanoma remains unknown in most cases. The objective of this study was to provide insight into the genetic basis of familial melanoma. METHODS In order to identify novel melanoma susceptibility genes, whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis was applied in a Dutch family with melanoma. The causality of a candidate variant was characterised by performing cosegregation analysis in five affected family members using patient-derived tissues and digital droplet PCR analysis to accurately quantify mutant allele frequency. Functional in-vitro studies were performed to assess the pathogenicity of the candidate variant. RESULTS Application of WES identified a rare, nonsense variant in the NEK11 gene (c.1120C>T, p.Arg374Ter), cosegregating in all five affected members of a Dutch family. NEK11 (NIMA-related Kinase 11) is involved in the DNA damage response, enforcing the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. In a melanoma from a variant carrier, somatic loss of the wildtype allele of this putative tumour suppressor gene was demonstrated. Functional analyses showed that the NEK11 p.Arg374Ter mutation results in strongly reduced expression of the truncated protein caused by proteasomal degradation. CONCLUSION The NEK11 p.Arg374Ter variant identified in this family leads to loss-of-function through protein instability. Collectively, these findings support NEK11 as a melanoma susceptibility gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christodoulou
- Dermatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Dermatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mijke Visser
- Dermatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Amina Teunisse
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Versluis
- Ophthalmology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Velden
- Ophthalmology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aart Jochemsen
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke Gruis
- Dermatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wei EX, Li X, Nan H. Having a first-degree relative with melanoma increases lifetime risk of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:489-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
46
|
Mo X, Preston S, Zaidi MR. Macroenvironment-gene-microenvironment interactions in ultraviolet radiation-induced melanomagenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:1-54. [PMID: 31349897 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the few major cancers that continue to exhibit a positive rate of increase in the developed world. A wealth of epidemiological data has undisputedly implicated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight and artificial sources as the major risk factor for melanomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this cause-and-effect relationship remain murky and understudied. Recent efforts on multiple fronts have brought unprecedented expansion of our knowledge base on this subject and it is now clear that melanoma is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure, primarily to UVR. Here we provide an overview of the effects of the macroenvironment (UVR) on the skin microenvironment and melanocyte-specific intrinsic (mostly genetic) landscape, which conspire to produce one of the deadliest malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Preston
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rajasekaran S, Nagarajha Selvan LD, Dotts K, Kumar R, Rishi P, Khetan V, Bisht M, Sivaraman K, Krishnakumar S, Sahoo D, Campbell MJ, Elchuri SV, Miles WO. Non-coding and Coding Transcriptional Profiles Are Significantly Altered in Pediatric Retinoblastoma Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:221. [PMID: 31058073 PMCID: PMC6477087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare pediatric tumor of the retina, caused by the homozygous loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) tumor suppressor gene. Previous microarray studies have identified changes in the expression profiles of coding genes; however, our understanding of how non-coding genes change in this tumor is absent. This is an important area of research, as in many adult malignancies, non-coding genes including LNC-RNAs are used as biomarkers to predict outcome and/or relapse. To establish a complete and in-depth RNA profile, of both coding and non-coding genes, in Retinoblastoma tumors, we conducted RNA-seq from a cohort of tumors and normal retina controls. This analysis identified widespread transcriptional changes in the levels of both coding and non-coding genes. Unexpectedly, we also found rare RNA fusion products resulting from genomic alterations, specific to Retinoblastoma tumor samples. We then determined whether these gene expression changes, of both coding and non-coding genes, were also found in a completely independent Retinoblastoma cohort. Using our dataset, we then profiled the potential effects of deregulated LNC-RNAs on the expression of neighboring genes, the entire genome, and on mRNAs that contain a putative area of homology. This analysis showed that most deregulated LNC-RNAs do not act locally to change the transcriptional environment, but potentially function to modulate genes at distant sites. From this analysis, we selected a strongly down-regulated LNC-RNA in Retinoblastoma, DRAIC, and found that restoring DRAIC RNA levels significantly slowed the growth of the Y79 Retinoblastoma cell line. Collectively, our work has generated the first non-coding RNA profile of Retinoblastoma tumors and has found that these tumors show widespread transcriptional deregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rajasekaran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Kathleen Dotts
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ranjith Kumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Madhoolika Bisht
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Wayne O Miles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Middlebrooks CD, Stacey ML, Li Q, Snyder C, Shaw TG, Richardson-Nelson T, Rendell M, Ferguson C, Silberstein P, Casey MJ, Bailey-Wilson JE, Lynch HT. Analysis of the CDKN2A Gene in FAMMM Syndrome Families Reveals Early Age of Onset for Additional Syndromic Cancers. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2992-3000. [PMID: 30967399 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome is a hereditary cancer syndrome that results from mutations in several genes, including the CDKN2A gene. In addition to melanoma, certain other malignancies such as pancreatic cancer are known to occur more frequently in family members who carry the mutation. However, as these families have been followed over time, additional cancers have been observed in both carriers and noncarriers. We sought to determine whether these additional cancers occur at higher frequencies in carriers than noncarriers. We performed survival analyses using 10 FAMMM syndrome families (N = 1,085 individuals) as well as a mixed effects Cox regression, with age at last visit to the clinic or age at cancer diagnosis as our time variable. This analysis was done separately for the known FAMMM-related cancers and "other" cancer groups. The survival curves showed a significant age effect with carriers having a younger age at cancer onset than noncarriers for FAMMM-related cancers (as expected) as well as for newly associated cancers. The Cox regression reflected what was seen in the survival curves, with all models being highly significant (P = 7.15E-20 and P = 5.00E-13 for the FAMMM-related and other cancers, respectively). These analyses support the hypothesis that CDKN2A mutation carriers in FAMMM syndrome families have increased risk for early onset of several cancer types beyond the known cancers. Therefore, these individuals should be screened for additional cancers, and mutation screening should be extended to more than first-degree relatives of an index carrier patient. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that carriers of mutations in the CDKN2A gene in FAMMM syndrome are at increased risk for early onset of several cancer types beyond the known cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candace D Middlebrooks
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark L Stacey
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Qing Li
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carrie Snyder
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Trudy G Shaw
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Marc Rendell
- The Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation, Newport Coast, California
| | - Claire Ferguson
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Peter Silberstein
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Creighton University, Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Murray J Casey
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Creighton University, Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Henry T Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Cancer is a common non-communicable disease worldwide, although it exhibits differential population trends in incidence and mortality rates. The differences relate to population structure, environmental risk factors as well as health system organization. This article discusses the potential impact of genetic testing on population health, focusing in particular on the mutational spectrum of breast cancer susceptibility genes in diverse populations. We identify the need for improved access to, and increased investment in, comprehensive cancer risk assessment and genetic testing as well as cancer control measures that take into account lifestyle, environmental, and social factors in understudied minority groups.
Collapse
|
50
|
Moussa RS, Park KC, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Ironing out the role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 in cancer: Novel iron chelating agents to target p21 expression and activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:276-294. [PMID: 29572098 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) has become an important target for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics with a number of Fe chelators entering human clinical trials for advanced and resistant cancer. An important aspect of the activity of these compounds is their multiple molecular targets, including those that play roles in arresting the cell cycle, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. At present, the exact mechanism by which Fe chelators regulate p21 expression remains unclear. However, recent studies indicate the ability of chelators to up-regulate p21 at the mRNA level was dependent on the chelator and cell-type investigated. Analysis of the p21 promoter identified that the Sp1-3-binding site played a significant role in the activation of p21 transcription by Fe chelators. Furthermore, there was increased Sp1/ER-α and Sp1/c-Jun complex formation in melanoma cells, suggesting these complexes were involved in p21 promoter activation. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the regulation of p21 expression in response to Fe chelator treatment in neoplastic cells will further clarify how these agents achieve their anti-tumor activity. It will also enhance our understanding of the complex roles p21 may play in neoplastic cells and lead to the development of more effective and specific anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan S Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|