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Ariyeloye S, Kämmerer S, Klapproth E, Wielockx B, El-Armouche A. Intertwined regulators: hypoxia pathway proteins, microRNAs, and phosphodiesterases in the control of steroidogenesis. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1383-1398. [PMID: 38355819 PMCID: PMC11310285 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing is of paramount importance for maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis. In response to diminished oxygen levels, the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate various biological processes. These pivotal transcription factors have been identified as key regulators of several biological events. Notably, extensive research from our group and others has demonstrated that HIF1α exerts an inverse regulatory effect on steroidogenesis, leading to the suppression of crucial steroidogenic enzyme expression and a subsequent decrease in steroid levels. These steroid hormones occupy pivotal roles in governing a myriad of physiological processes. Substantial or prolonged fluctuations in steroid levels carry detrimental consequences across multiple organ systems and underlie various pathological conditions, including metabolic and immune disorders. MicroRNAs serve as potent mediators of multifaceted gene regulatory mechanisms, acting as influential epigenetic regulators that modulate a broad spectrum of gene expressions. Concomitantly, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a crucial role in governing signal transduction. PDEs meticulously manage intracellular levels of both cAMP and cGMP, along with their respective signaling pathways and downstream targets. Intriguingly, an intricate interplay seems to exist between hypoxia signaling, microRNAs, and PDEs in the regulation of steroidogenesis. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role of microRNAs during hypoxia-driven processes, including steroidogenesis, as well as the possibilities that exist in the application of HIF prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors for the modulation of steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ariyeloye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Kämmerer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erik Klapproth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Martinerie L, Bouligand J, North MO, Bertherat J, Assié G, Espiard S. Consensus statement by the French Society of Endocrinology (SFE) and French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology (SFEDP) for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: Genetics of Cushing's syndrome. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:284-293. [PMID: 38253221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome is due to overproduction of cortisol, leading to abnormal and prolonged exposure to cortisol. The most common etiology is Cushing disease, while adrenal causes are rarer. Knowledge of the genetics of Cushing's syndrome, and particularly the adrenal causes, has improved considerably over the last 10 years, thanks in particular to technical advances in high-throughput sequencing. The present study, by a group of experts from the French Society of Endocrinology and the French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, reviewed the literature on germline genetic alterations leading to a predisposition to develop Cushing's syndrome. The review led to a consensus statement on genetic screening for Cushing disease and adrenal Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Martinerie
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, CHU Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Faculté de médecine Paris-Saclay, Inserm Unit UMRS1185 Endocrine Physiology and Physiopathology, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile North
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Endocrinology Department, centre de référence maladies rares de la surrénale (CRMRS), hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Endocrinology Department, centre de référence maladies rares de la surrénale (CRMRS), hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Espiard
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie, métabolisme et nutrition, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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Kosykh AV, Ryumina II, Botkina AS, Evtushenko NA, Zhigmitova EB, Martynova AA, Gurskaya NG, Rebrikov DV. EBS in Children with De Novo Pathogenic Variants Disturbing Krt14. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2989. [PMID: 38474236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a dermatological condition marked by skin fragility and blister formation resulting from separation within the basal layer of the epidermis, which can be attributed to various genetic etiologies. This study presents three pathogenic de novo variants in young children, with clinical manifestations appearing as early as the neonatal period. The variants contribute to the EBS phenotype through two distinct mechanisms: direct keratin abnormalities due to pathogenic variants in the Krt14 gene, and indirect effects via pathogenic mutation in the KLHL24 gene, which interfere with the natural proteasome-mediated degradation pathway of KRT14. We report one severe case of EBS with mottled pigmentation arising from the Met119Thr pathogenic variant in KRT14, another case involving a pathogenic KLHL24 Met1Val variant, and a third case featuring the hot spot mutation Arg125His in KRT14, all manifesting within the first few weeks of life. This research underscores the complexity of genetic influences in EBS and highlights the importance of early genetic screening for accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina I Ryumina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, ul Akademika Oparina, 4, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexandra S Botkina
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Leninsky Prospekt, 117, k3, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Evtushenko
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elena B Zhigmitova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Martynova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nadya G Gurskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Denis V Rebrikov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, ul Akademika Oparina, 4, Moscow 117997, Russia
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4
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Xu L, Zhou K, Huang X, Chen H, Dong H, Chen Q. Whole-genome resequencing provides insights into the diversity and adaptation to desert environment in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:176. [PMID: 38355434 PMCID: PMC10865613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xinjiang Mongolian cattle is an indigenous breed that inhabits the Taklimakan Desert and is characterized by its small body size. However, the genomic diversity, origin, and genetic basis underlying the adaptation to the desert environment have been poorly studied. RESULTS We analyzed patterns of Xinjiang Mongolian cattle genetic variation by sequencing 20 genomes together with seven previously sequenced genomes and comparing them to the 134 genomes of nine representative breeds worldwide. Among the breeds of Bos taurus, we found the highest nucleotide diversity (0.0024) associated with the lower inbreeding coefficient (2.0110-6), the lowest linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.3889 at distance of 10 kb), and the highest effective population size (181 at 20 generations ago) in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. The genomic diversity pattern could be explained by a limited introgression of Bos indicus genes. More importantly, similarly to desert-adapted camel and same-habitat sheep, we also identified signatures of selection including genes, GO terms, and/or KEGG pathways controlling water reabsorption and osmoregulation, metabolic regulation and energy balance, as well as small body size in Xinjiang Mongolian cattle. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that Xinjiang Mongolian cattle might have acquired distinct genomic diversity by virtue of the introgression of Bos indicus, which helps understand the demographic history. The identification of selection signatures can provide novel insights into the genomic basis underlying the adaptation of Xinjiang Mongolian cattle to the desert environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kaiqing Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Dong
- Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qiuming Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Xing H, Ahn J, Kim L, P'ng CH. Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. Pathology 2024; 56:131-133. [PMID: 37679255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henna Xing
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jeff Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology, Ryde Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawrence Kim
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chow Heok P'ng
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sbornova I, van der Sande E, Milosavljevic S, Amurrio E, Burbano SD, Das PK, Do HH, Fisher JL, Kargbo P, Patel J, Porcher L, De Zeeuw CI, Meester-Smoor MA, Winkelman BHJ, Klaver CCW, Pocivavsek A, Kelly MP. The Sleep Quality- and Myopia-Linked PDE11A-Y727C Variant Impacts Neural Physiology by Reducing Catalytic Activity and Altering Subcellular Compartmentalization of the Enzyme. Cells 2023; 12:2839. [PMID: 38132157 PMCID: PMC10742168 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates cAMP and cGMP play in eye physiology and sleep, we determined if (1) PDE11A protein is expressed in the retina or other eye segments in mice, (2) PDE11A-Y7272C affects catalytic activity and/or subcellular compartmentalization more so than the nearby suicide-associated PDE11A-M878V variant, and (3) Pde11a deletion alters eye growth or sleep quality in male and female mice. Western blots show distinct protein expression of PDE11A4, but not PDE11A1-3, in eyes of Pde11a WT, but not KO mice, that vary by eye segment and age. In HT22 and COS-1 cells, PDE11A4-Y727C reduces PDE11A4 catalytic activity far more than PDE11A4-M878V, with both variants reducing PDE11A4-cAMP more so than PDE11A4-cGMP activity. Despite this, Pde11a deletion does not alter age-related changes in retinal or lens thickness or axial length, nor vitreous or anterior chamber depth. Further, Pde11a deletion only minimally changes refractive error and sleep quality. That said, both variants also dramatically alter the subcellular compartmentalization of human and mouse PDE11A4, an effect occurring independently of dephosphorylating PDE11A4-S117/S124 or phosphorylating PDE11A4-S162. Rather, re-compartmentalization of PDE11A4-Y727C is due to the loss of the tyrosine changing how PDE11A4 is packaged/repackaged via the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, the protective impact of the Y727C variant may reflect a gain-of-function (e.g., PDE11A4 displacing another PDE) that warrants further investigation in the context of reversing/preventing sleep disturbances or myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sbornova
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Snezana Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Elvis Amurrio
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Steven D. Burbano
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Prosun K. Das
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Helen H. Do
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Porschderek Kargbo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Janvi Patel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Latarsha Porcher
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend H. J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Michy P. Kelly
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (P.K.D.); (J.P.)
- Center for Research on Aging, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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7
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Gadelha M, Gatto F, Wildemberg LE, Fleseriu M. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2023; 402:2237-2252. [PMID: 37984386 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome results from excess glucocorticoid secretion, which leads to a myriad of clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and increased mortality despite treatment. Molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations associated with different causes of Cushing's syndrome have been described in the last decade. Imaging modalities and biochemical testing have evolved; however, both the diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome remain challenging. Surgery is the preferred treatment for all causes, but medical therapy has markedly advanced, with new drug options becoming available. Nevertheless, several comorbidities remain even after patient remission, which can affect quality of life. Accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for mitigating chronic complications of excess glucocorticoids and improving patient quality of life. In this Seminar, we aim to update several important aspects of diagnosis, complications, and treatment of endogenous Cushing's syndrome of all causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Gadelha
- Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neuroendocrine Unit, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Fleseriu
- Pituitary Center, Medicine and Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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8
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Sbornova I, van der Sande E, Milosavljevic S, Amurrio E, Burbano SD, Das P, Do H, Fisher JL, Kargbo P, Patel J, Porcher L, De Zeeuw CI, Meester-Smoor MA, Winkelman BH, Klaver CC, Pocivavsek A, Kelly MP. The sleep quality- and myopia-linked PDE11A-Y727C variant impacts neural physiology by reducing catalytic activity and altering subcellular compartmentalization of the enzyme. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567422. [PMID: 38014312 PMCID: PMC10680747 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates cAMP and cGMP play in eye physiology and sleep, we determined if 1) PDE11A protein is expressed in the retina or other eye segments in mouse, 2) PDE11A-Y7272C affects catalytic activity and/or subcellular compartmentalization more so than the nearby suicide-associated PDE11A-M878V variant, and 3) Pde11a deletion alters eye growth or sleep quality in male and female mice. Western blots show distinct protein expression of PDE11A4, but not PDE11A1-3, in eyes of Pde11a WT-but not KO mice-that vary by eye segment and age. In HT22 and COS-1 cells, PDE11A4-Y727C reduces PDE11A4 catalytic activity far more than PDE11A4-M878V, with both variants reducing PDE11A4-cAMP more so than PDE11A4-cGMP activity. Despite this, Pde11a deletion does not alter age-related changes in retinal or lens thickness, axial length, nor vitreous or anterior chamber depth. Further, Pde11a deletion only minimally changes refractive error and sleep quality. That said, both variants also dramatically alter the subcellular compartmentalization of human and mouse PDE11A4, an effect occurring independently of dephosphorylating PDE11A4-S117/S124 or phosphorylating PDE11A4-S162. Rather, re-compartmentalization of PDE11A4-Y727C is due to the loss of the tyrosine changing how PDE11A4 is packaged/repackaged via the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, the protective impact of the Y727C variant may reflect a gain-of-function (e.g., PDE11A4 displacing another PDE) that warrants further investigation in the context of reversing/preventing sleep disturbances or myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sbornova
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Snezana Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC
| | - Elvis Amurrio
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Steven D. Burbano
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Prosun Das
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Helen Do
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC
| | - Porschderek Kargbo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Janvi Patel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Latarsha Porcher
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend H.J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 40, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC
| | - Michy P. Kelly
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center for Research on Aging, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, Baltimore, MD 21201
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9
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Bloyd M, Sinaii N, Faucz FR, Iben J, Coon SL, Caprio S, Santoro N, Stratakis CA, London E. High-frequency variants in PKA signaling-related genes within a large pediatric cohort with obesity or metabolic abnormalities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1272939. [PMID: 38027204 PMCID: PMC10679389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1272939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pediatric obesity has steadily increased in recent decades. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted primarily in Eurocentric adult populations have identified approximately 100 loci that predispose to obesity and type II diabetes. GWAS in children and individuals of non-European descent, both disproportionately affected by obesity, are fewer. Rare syndromic and monogenic obesities account for only a small portion of childhood obesity, so understanding the role of other genetic variants and their combinations in heritable obesities is key to developing targeted and personalized therapies. Tight and responsive regulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway is crucial to maintaining healthy energy metabolism, and mutations in PKA-linked genes represent the most common cause of monogenic obesity. Methods For this study, we performed targeted exome sequencing of 53 PKA signaling-related genes to identify variants in genomic DNA from a large, ethnically diverse cohort of obese or metabolically challenged youth. Results We confirmed 49 high-frequency variants, including a novel variant in the PDE11A gene (c.152C>T). Several other variants were associated with metabolic characteristics within ethnic groups. Discussion We conclude that a PKA pathway-specific variant search led to the identification of several new genetic associations with obesity in an ethnically diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bloyd
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fabio Rueda Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Section on Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Section on Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, “V. Tiberio” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Human Genetics and Precision Medicine, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, ELPEN Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Edra London
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
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10
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Kim JH, Choi Y, Hwang S, Yoon JH, Kim GH, Yoo HW, Choi JH. Clinical Characteristics and Long-Term Outcomes of Adrenal Tumors in Children and Adolescents. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:515-522. [PMID: 37437600 DOI: 10.1055/a-2127-9292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenal tumors are generally rare in children and can be a part of familial cancer syndrome. This research was conducted to examine the clinical outcomes, histopathological results, and genetic etiologies of adrenal tumors in children and adolescents. METHODS Thirty-one children and adolescents with adrenal tumors were included. Data on clinical outcomes and endocrine and radiologic results were retrospectively analyzed. Molecular analysis was conducted in select patients according to their phenotype and family history. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 7.9 years (range: 0.8-17.8 years) with 5.1±1.8 cm of maximum tumor diameter. Adrenal adenoma (n=7), carcinoma (n=5), borderline (n=2), isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (n=2), pheochromocytoma (n=8), paraganglioma (n=3), and ganglioneuroma (n=4) are all pathological diagnoses. The most common presenting symptom was excess production of adrenocortical hormones (n=15), including virilization and Cushing syndrome. Non-functioning adrenocortical tumors were found in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Genetic etiologies were identified in TP53 (n=5), VHL (n=4), and PRKACA (n=1). Patients with mutations in TP53 were young (1.5±0.5 years) and had large masses (6.1±2.3 cm). CONCLUSIONS This study describes clinical outcomes and the pathological spectrum of adrenal tumors in children and adolescents. Adrenocortical tumors mostly presented with an excess of the adrenocortical hormone. Patients with genetic defects presented at a young age and large size of tumors, necessitating genetic testing in patients at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunha Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soojin Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Gambaryan S, Mohagaonkar S, Nikolaev VO. Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1239492. [PMID: 37674612 PMCID: PMC10478253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1239492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the key players in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Dysfunction of this system is connected with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Regulation of RAAS is under the control of multiple intracellular mechanisms. Cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases are the major regulators of this system since they control expression and activity of renin and aldosterone. In this review, we summarize known mechanisms by which cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases regulate renin gene expression, secretion of renin granules from juxtaglomerular cells and aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal gland. We also discuss several open questions which deserve future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sanika Mohagaonkar
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Kang Y, Laprocina K, Zheng HS, Huang CCJ. Current insight into the transient X-zone in the adrenal gland cortex. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:297-339. [PMID: 38408801 PMCID: PMC11023618 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models have been widely used in the study of adrenal gland development and diseases. The X-zone is a unique structure of the mouse adrenal gland and lineage-tracing studies show that the X-zone is a remnant of the fetal adrenal cortex. Although the X-zone is considered analogous to the fetal zone in the human adrenal cortex, the functional significance of the X-zone has remained comparatively more obscure. The X-zone forms during the early postnatal stages of adrenal development and regresses later in a remarkable sexually dimorphic fashion. The formation and regression of the X-zone can be different in mice with different genetic backgrounds. Mouse models with gene mutations, hormone/chemical treatments, and/or gonadectomy can also display an aberrant development of the X-zone or alternatively a dysregulated X-zone regression. These models have shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating the development and regression of these unique adrenocortical cells. This review paper briefly describes the development of the adrenal gland including the formation and regression processes of the X-zone. It also summarizes and lists mouse models that demonstrate different X-zone phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Karly Laprocina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huifei Sophia Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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13
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Faucz FR, Maria AG, Stratakis CA. Molecular tools for diagnosing diseases of the adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2023; 30:154-160. [PMID: 37067987 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The adrenal glands produce some of the most essential for life hormones, including cortisol and other steroids, and catecholamines. The former is produced from the adrenal cortex, whereas the latter is from the medulla. The two parts are anatomically and functionally distinct and it would be impossible in the context of one short article to cover all molecular updates on both the cortex and the medulla. Thus, in this review, we focus on the molecular tools available for diagnosing adrenocortical diseases, such as adrenal insufficiency, Cushing and Conn syndromes, and their potential for advancing medical care and clinical outcome. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of next generation sequencing opened doors for finding genetic diseases and signaling pathways involved in adrenocortical diseases. In addition, the combination of molecular data and clinicopathologic assessment might be the best approach for an early and precise diagnosis contributing to therapeutic decisions and improvement of patient outcomes. SUMMARY Diagnosing adrenocortical diseases can be challenging; however, the progress of molecular tools for adrenocortical disease diagnosis has greatly contributed to early detection and to meliorate patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea G Maria
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Pikermi & H. Dunant Hospital, Athens
- Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, IMBB, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Vargas Aignasse RA, Pantoja Pachajoa DA, Viscido GR, Doniquian AM, Mandojana FI. Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy in a patient with Carney syndrome: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 105:108016. [PMID: 37001375 PMCID: PMC10090235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Carney complex (CNC) is an extremely infrequent multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome characterized by distinctive pigmented skin and mucosal lesions, cardiac and noncardiac myxomatous tumors, and multiple endocrine tumors. We herein report a case of CNC and surgical and history of laparoscopic left adrenalectomy complicated with a primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). PRESENTATION OF CASE We present the case of a 38-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of CNC and history of laparoscopic left adrenalectomy who consulted for severe depression refractory to medical treatment. In the laboratory tests performed, altered ACTH, prolactin, Somatomedin C-IGF-1 and estradiol. An abdomen and pelvis C/T scan was requested, where an 8 mm lesion was found at the level of the right adrenal gland. Laparoscopic right adrenalectomy was performed. Histopathology of the surgical resection specimen revealed PPNAD. DISCUSSION CNC is an infrequent syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance and genetically heterogeneous. PPNAD is a consistent feature in CNC patients, however, reports of Cushing's syndrome in the literature indicate that only 25-45 % of CNC patients have PPNAD. CONCLUSION PPNAD can be present in patients with Carney complex, with surgical adrenalectomy history. With an adequate selection of patients, laparoscopic adrenalectomy with subsequent hormone replacement therapy should be performed.
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15
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Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Fedlaoui B, Hureaux M, Travers-Allard S, Drossart T, Favier J, Zennaro MC. New advances in endocrine hypertension: from genes to biomarkers. Kidney Int 2023; 103:485-500. [PMID: 36646167 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is a major cardiovascular risk factor that affects 10% to 40% of the general population in an age-dependent manner. Detection of secondary forms of HT is particularly important because it allows the targeted management of the underlying disease. Among hypertensive patients, the prevalence of endocrine HT reaches up to 10%. Adrenal diseases are the most frequent cause of endocrine HT and are associated with excess production of mineralocorticoids (mainly primary aldosteronism), glucocorticoids (Cushing syndrome), and catecholamines (pheochromocytoma). In addition, a few rare diseases directly affecting the action of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in the kidney also lead to endocrine HT. Over the past years, genomic and genetic studies have allowed improving our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of endocrine HT. Those discoveries have opened new opportunities to transfer knowledge to clinical practice for better diagnosis and specific treatment of affected subjects. In this review, we describe the physiology of adrenal hormone biosynthesis and action, the clinical and biochemical characteristics of different forms of endocrine HT, and their underlying genetic defects. We discuss the impact of these discoveries on diagnosis and management of patients, as well as new perspectives related to the use of new biomarkers for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Simon Travers-Allard
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
| | - Tom Drossart
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Judith Favier
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.
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16
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McGlacken-Byrne SM, Abdelmaksoud A, Haini M, Palm L, Ashworth M, Li J, Wang W, Wang X, Wang J, Callaghan B, Kinsler VA, Faravelli F, Dattani MT. Mosaic PRKACA duplication causing a novel and distinct phenotype of early-onset Cushing's syndrome and acral cutaneous mucinosis. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:K55-K61. [PMID: 36691942 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We describe a mosaic PRKACA duplication in a young infant who presented with a Carney-like complex: bilateral non-pigmented micronodular adrenal hyperplasia, severe early-onset Cushing's syndrome, and distinct acral soft tissue overgrowth due to cutaneous mucinosis. This represents a novel manifestation of PRKACA disruption and broadens the extra-adrenal phenotype of PRKACA-associated Cushing's syndrome. Our data suggest that Cushing's syndrome phenotypes arising from somatic and germline PRKACA abnormalities can exist on a spectrum. We emphasise the value of ascertaining a genetic diagnosis for PRKACA-mediated adrenal and extra-adrenal disease to guide individualised and targeted care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad M McGlacken-Byrne
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ashraf Abdelmaksoud
- International and Private Patient Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mohammad Haini
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Liina Palm
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Michael Ashworth
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bridget Callaghan
- International and Private Patient Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Veronica A Kinsler
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Francesca Faravelli
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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17
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Sun Q, Song J, Feng W, Wang C, Yang X, Zhang M, Cao C. Carney complex presenting as subclinical Cushing syndrome in a child due to a novel Phosphodiesterase 11A mutation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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18
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Fallo F, Di Dalmazi G, Beuschlein F, Biermasz NR, Castinetti F, Elenkova A, Fassnacht M, Isidori AM, Kastelan D, Korbonits M, Newell-Price J, Parati G, Petersenn S, Pivonello R, Ragnarsson O, Tabarin A, Theodoropoulou M, Tsagarakis S, Valassi E, Witek P, Reincke M. Diagnosis and management of hypertension in patients with Cushing's syndrome: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2085-2101. [PMID: 35950979 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous/exogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by a cluster of systemic manifestations of hypercortisolism, which cause increased cardiovascular risk. Its biological basis is glucocorticoid excess, acting on various pathogenic processes inducing cardiovascular damage. Hypertension is a common feature in Cushing's syndrome and may persist after normalizing hormone excess and discontinuing steroid therapy. In endogenous Cushing's syndrome, the earlier the diagnosis the sooner management can be employed to offset the deleterious effects of excess cortisol. Such management includes combined treatments directed against the underlying cause and tailored antihypertensive drugs aimed at controlling the consequences of glucocorticoid excess. Experts on endocrine hypertension and members of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) prepared this Consensus document, which summarizes the current knowledge in epidemiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fallo
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Leiden University Medical Center and European Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo-ERN), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Aix Marseille Université, Marseille Medical Genetics, INSERM
- Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille
- Department of Endocrinology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Atanaska Elenkova
- Department of Endocrinology, University Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment in Endocrinology (USHATE) "Acad. Ivan Penchev", Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London
| | - John Newell-Price
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephan Petersenn
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany and University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione e Sessualità Maschile e Femminile (FERTISEXCARES), Università Federico II di Napoli
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Elena Valassi
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
- Research Center for Pituitary Diseases (CIBERER Unit 747), Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Przemysław Witek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Mazovian Bródno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare cause of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS), which mainly occurs in children and young adults. Treatment options with proven clinical efficacy for PPNAD include adrenalectomy (bilateral or unilateral adrenalectomy) and drug treatment to control hypercortisolemia. Previously, the main treatment of PPNAD is bilateral adrenal resection and long-term hormone replacement after surgery. In recent years, cases reports suggest that unilateral or subtotal adrenal resection can also lead to long-term remission in some patients without the need for long-term hormone replacement therapy. Medications for hypercortisolemia, such as Ketoconazole, Metyrapone and Mitotane et.al, have been reported as a preoperative transition for in some patients with severe hypercortisolism. In addition, tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, COX2 inhibitor Celecoxib, somatostatin and other drugs targeting the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the disease are under study, which are expected to be applied to the clinical treatment of PPNAD in the future. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on treatment of PPNAD, in which options of surgical methods, research results of drugs acting on possible pathogenic mechanisms, and the management during gestation are described in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunran Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin
University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence Dr. Guixia Wang The First Hospital of Jilin
UniversityDepartment of Endocrinology and
MetabolismNO.1 Xinmin
Street130021
ChangchunChina+86 431
8878-2078+86 431 8878-6066
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20
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Kong G, Lee H, Vo TTT, Juang U, Kwon SH, Park J, Park J, Kim SH. Functional characteristics and research trends of PDE11A in human diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:298. [PMID: 35929507 PMCID: PMC9434997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP and cGMP are important secondary messengers involved in cell regulation and metabolism driven by the G protein-coupled receptor. cAMP is converted via adenylyl cyclase (AC) and activates protein kinase A to phosphorylate intracellular proteins that mediate specific responses. cAMP signaling serves a role at multiple steps in tumorigenesis. The level of cAMP is increased in association with cancer cell formation through activation of AC-stimulatory G protein by mutation. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP to AMP and GMP. PDEs are composed of 11 families, and each can hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP or both cAMP and cGMP. PDEs perform various roles depending on their location and expression site, and are involved in several diseases, including male erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. PDE11A is the 11th member of the PDE family and is characterized by four splice variants with varying tissue expression and N-terminal regulatory regions. Among tissues, the expression of PDE11A was highest in the prostate, and it was also expressed in hepatic skeletal muscle, pituitary, pancreas and kidney. PDE11A is the first PDE associated with an adrenocortical tumor associated genetic condition. In several studies, three PDE11A mutations have been reported in patients with Cushing syndrome with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease or isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease without other genetic defects. It has been reported that an increase in PDE11A expression affects the proliferation of glioblastoma and worsens patient prognosis. The present mini-review summarizes the location of PDE11A expression, the impact of structural differences and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy-Trang T Vo
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijin Juang
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Mitos Research Institute, Mitos Therapeutics Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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21
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Okuno Y, Fukuhara A, Otsuki M, Shimomura I. ARMC5-CUL3 E3 ligase targets full-length SREBF in adrenocortical tumor. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151390. [PMID: 35862218 PMCID: PMC9462479 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of ARMC5 are responsible for the development of bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH). Although ARMC5 inhibits adrenocortical tumor growth and is considered a tumor-suppressor gene, its molecular function is poorly understood. In this study, through biochemical purification using SREBF (SREBP) as bait, we identified the interaction between SREBF and ARMC5 through its Armadillo repeat. We also found that ARMC5 interacted with CUL3 through its BTB domain and underwent self-ubiquitination. ARMC5 colocalized with SREBF1 in the cytosol and induced proteasome-dependent degradation of full-length SREBF through ubiquitination. Introduction of missense mutations in Armadillo repeat of ARMC5 attenuated the interaction between SREBF, and introduction of mutations found in BMAH completely abolished its ability to degrade full-length SREBF. In H295R adrenocortical cells, silencing of ARMC5 increased full-length SREBFs and upregulated SREBF2 target genes. siARMC5-mediated cell growth was abrogated by simultaneous knockdown of SREBF2 in H295R cells. Our results demonstrate that ARMC5 was a substrate adaptor protein between full-length SREBF and CUL3-based E3 ligase, and they suggest the involvement of the SREBF pathway in the development of BMAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Okuno
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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22
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Lyon E, Temple-Smolkin RL, Hegde M, Gastier-Foster JM, Palomaki GE, Richards CS. An Educational Assessment of Evidence Used for Variant Classification: A Report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:555-565. [PMID: 35429647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Association for Molecular Pathology Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group convened to evaluate the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants implementation into clinical practice, identify problematic classification rules, and define implementation challenges. Variants and associated clinical information were provided to volunteer respondents. Participant variant classifications were compared with intended consensus-derived classifications of the Working Group. The 24 variant challenges received 1379 responses; 1119 agreed with the intended response (81%; 95% CI, 79% to 83%). Agreement ranged from 44% to 100%, with 16 challenges (67%; 47% to 82%) reaching consensus (≥80% agreement). Participant classifications were also compared to a calculated interpretation of the ACMG Guidelines using the participant-reported criteria as input. The 24 variant challenges had 1368 responses with specific evidence provided and 1121 (82%; 80% to 84%) agreed with the calculated interpretation. Agreement for challenges ranged from 63% to 98%; 15 (63%; 43% to 79%) reaching consensus. Among 81 individual participants, 32 (40%; 30% to 50%) reached agreement with at least 80% of the intended classifications and 42 (52%; 41% to 62%) with the calculated classifications. This study demonstrated that although variant classification remains challenging, published guidelines are being utilized and adapted to improve variant calling consensus. This study identified situations where clarifications are warranted and provides a model for competency assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Lyon
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Madhuri Hegde
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Global Genetics Laboratory, PerkinElmer Genomics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology/Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Pathology Department, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Glenn E Palomaki
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women & Infants Hospital and the Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - C Sue Richards
- The Variant Interpretation Testing Among Laboratories (VITAL) Working Group of the Clinical Practice Committee, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), Rockville, Maryland; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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23
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Ceccarini MR, Precone V, Manara E, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Benfatti V, Dhuli K, Donato K, Guerri G, Marceddu G, Chiurazzi P, Dalla Ragione L, Beccari T, Bertelli M. A next generation sequencing gene panel for use in the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1869-1880. [PMID: 34822136 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to increase knowledge of genes associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) and their diagnostic offer, using a next generation sequencing (NGS) panel for the identification of genetic variants. The rationale underlying this test is that we first analyze the genes associated with syndromic forms of AN, then genes that were found to carry rare variants in AN patients who had undergone segregation analysis, and finally candidate genes intervening in the same molecular pathways or identified by GWAS or in mouse models. METHODS We developed an NGS gene panel and used it to screen 68 Italian AN patients (63 females, 5 males). The panel included 162 genes. Family segregation study was conducted on available relatives of probands who reported significant genetic variants. RESULTS In our analysis, we found potentially deleterious variants in 2 genes (PDE11A and SLC25A13) associated with syndromic forms of anorexia and predicted deleterious variants in the following 12 genes: CD36, CACNA1C, DRD4, EPHX2, ESR1, GRIN2A, GRIN3B, LRP2, NPY4R, PTGS2, PTPN22 and SGPP2. Furthermore, by Sanger sequencing of the promoter region of NNAT, we confirmed the involvement of this gene in the pathogenesis of AN. Family segregation studies further strengthened the possible causative role of CACNA1C, DRD4, GRIN2A, PTGS2, SGPP2, SLC25A13 and NNAT genes in AN etiology. CONCLUSION The major finding of our study is the confirmation of the involvement of the NNAT gene in the pathogenesis of AN; furthermore, this study suggests that NGS-based testing can play an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of AN, excluding syndromic forms and increasing knowledge of the genetic etiology of AN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- C.I.B., Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentina Benfatti
- Department of Eating Disorder, Palazzo Francisci Todi, USL 1 Umbria, Todi, PG, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, UOC Genetica Medica, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Dalla Ragione
- Department of Eating Disorder, Palazzo Francisci Todi, USL 1 Umbria, Todi, PG, Italy
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- C.I.B., Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
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24
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Pitsava G, Stratakis CA. Genetic Alterations in Benign Adrenal Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051041. [PMID: 35625779 PMCID: PMC9138431 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of most types of adrenal adenomas has been elucidated over the past decade, leading to the association of adrenal gland pathologies with specific molecular defects. Various genetic studies have established links between variants affecting the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway and benign cortisol-producing adrenal lesions. Specifically, genetic alterations in GNAS, PRKAR1A, PRKACA, PRKACB, PDE11A, and PDE8B have been identified. The PKA signaling pathway was initially implicated in the pathogenesis of Cushing syndrome in studies aiming to understand the underlying genetic defects of the rare tumor predisposition syndromes, Carney complex, and McCune-Albright syndrome, both affected by the same pathway. In addition, germline variants in ARMC5 have been identified as a cause of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. On the other hand, primary aldosteronism can be subclassified into aldosterone-producing adenomas and bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Various genes have been reported as causative for benign aldosterone-producing adrenal lesions, including KCNJ5, CACNA1D, CACNA1H, CLCN2, ATP1A1, and ATP2B3. The majority of them encode ion channels or pumps, and genetic alterations lead to ion transport impairment and cell membrane depolarization which further increase aldosterone synthase transcription and aldosterone overproduction though activation of voltage-gated calcium channels and intracellular calcium signaling. In this work, we provide an overview of the genetic causes of benign adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Research, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, IMBB, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- ELPEN Research Institute, ELPEN, 19009 Athens, Greece
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25
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Hoffman CS. Use of a Fission Yeast Platform to Identify and Characterize Small Molecule PDE Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:833156. [PMID: 35111072 PMCID: PMC8802716 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.833156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been proven to be targets for which highly selective and potent drugs can be developed. Mammalian genomes possess 21 genes whose products are pharmacologically grouped into 11 families; however related genes from pathogenic organisms display sufficient divergence from the mammalian homologs such that PDE inhibitors to these enzymes could be used to treat parasitic infections without acting on the related human PDEs. We have developed a platform for expressing cloned PDEs in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, allowing for inexpensive, but robust screening for small molecule inhibitors that are cell permeable. Such compounds typically display the expected biological activity when tested in cell culture, including anti-inflammatory properties for PDE4 and PDE7 inhibitors. The genetic pliability of S. pombe also allows for molecular genetic screens to identify mutations in target PDE genes that confer some resistance to these inhibitors as a way of investigating the PDE-inhibitor interaction. This screening method is readily accessible to academic laboratories as it does not require the purification of large quantities of a target protein. This allows for the discovery and profiling of PDE inhibitors to treat inflammation or of inhibitors of targets such as pathogen PDEs for which there may not be a sufficient financial motivation for pharmaceutical companies to identify selective PDE inhibitors using more traditional in vitro enzyme-based screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Hoffman
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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26
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Araujo-Castro M, Marazuela M. Cushing´s syndrome due to bilateral adrenal cortical disease: Bilateral macronodular adrenal cortical disease and bilateral micronodular adrenal cortical disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:913253. [PMID: 35992106 PMCID: PMC9389040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.913253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing´s syndrome (CS) secondary to bilateral adrenal cortical disease may be caused by bilateral macronodular adrenal cortical disease (BMACD) or by bilateral micronodular adrenal cortical disease (miBACD). The size of adrenal nodules is a key factor for the differentiation between these two entities (>1cm, BMACD and <1cm; miBACD). BMACD can be associated with overt CS, but more commonly it presents with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). Surgical treatment of BMACD presenting with CS or with ACS and associated cardiometabolic comorbidities should be the resection of the largest adrenal gland, since it leads to hypercortisolism remission in up to 95% of the cases. Medical treatment focused on the blockade of aberrant receptors may lead to hypercortisolism control, although cortisol response is frequently transient. miBACD is mainly divided in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (i-MAD). miBACD can present at an early age, representing one of the main causes of CS at a young age. The high-dose dexamethasone suppression test can be useful in identifying a paradoxical increase in 24h-urinary free cortisol, that is a quite specific in PPNAD. Bilateral adrenalectomy is generally the treatment of choice in patients with overt CS in miBACD, but unilateral adrenalectomy could be considered in cases with asymmetric disease and mild hypercortisolism. This article will discuss the clinical presentation, genetic background, hormonal and imaging features and treatment of the main causes of primary bilateral adrenal hyperplasia associated with hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Araujo-Castro
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Araujo-Castro,
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Department, La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Pitsava G, Stratakis CA. Adrenal hyperplasias in childhood: An update. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937793. [PMID: 35992119 PMCID: PMC9382287 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric adrenocortical hyperplasias are rare; they usually present with Cushing syndrome (CS); of them, isolated micronodular adrenal disease and its variant, primary pigmented adrenocortical disease are the most commonly encountered. Most cases are due to defects in the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway, although a few cases remain without an identified genetic defect. Another cause of adrenal hyperplasia in childhood is congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a group of autosomal recessive disorders that affect steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal cortex. Clinical presentation varies and depends on the extent of the underlying enzymatic defect. The most common form is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency; it accounts for more than 90% of the cases. In this article, we discuss the genetic etiology of adrenal hyperplasias in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Research, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Georgia Pitsava,
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Human Genetics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
- ELPEN Research Institute, ELPEN, Athens, Greece
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28
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Bolger GB. The cAMP-signaling cancers: Clinically-divergent disorders with a common central pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1024423. [PMID: 36313756 PMCID: PMC9612118 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1024423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-signaling cancers, which are defined by functionally-significant somatic mutations in one or more elements of the cAMP signaling pathway, have an unexpectedly wide range of cell origins, clinical manifestations, and potential therapeutic options. Mutations in at least 9 cAMP signaling pathway genes (TSHR, GPR101, GNAS, PDE8B, PDE11A, PRKARA1, PRKACA, PRKACB, and CREB) have been identified as driver mutations in human cancer. Although all cAMP-signaling pathway cancers are driven by mutation(s) that impinge on a single signaling pathway, the ultimate tumor phenotype reflects interactions between five critical variables: (1) the precise gene(s) that undergo mutation in each specific tumor type; (2) the effects of specific allele(s) in any given gene; (3) mutations in modifier genes (mutational "context"); (4) the tissue-specific expression of various cAMP signaling pathway elements in the tumor stem cell; and (5) and the precise biochemical regulation of the pathway components in tumor cells. These varying oncogenic mechanisms reveal novel and important targets for drug discovery. There is considerable diversity in the "druggability" of cAMP-signaling components, with some elements (GPCRs, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases and kinases) appearing to be prime drug candidates, while other elements (transcription factors, protein-protein interactions) are currently refractory to robust drug-development efforts. Further refinement of the precise driver mutations in individual tumors will be essential for directing priorities in drug discovery efforts that target these mutations.
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29
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Pitsava G, Maria AG, Faucz FR. Disorders of the adrenal cortex: Genetic and molecular aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931389. [PMID: 36105398 PMCID: PMC9465606 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens which are essential for life, supporting balance, immune response and sexual maturation. Adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias are a heterogenous group of adrenal disorders and they can be either sporadic or familial. Adrenocortical cancer is a rare and aggressive malignancy, and it is associated with poor prognosis. With the advance of next-generation sequencing technologies and improvement of genomic data analysis over the past decade, various genetic defects, either from germline or somatic origin, have been unraveled, improving diagnosis and treatment of numerous genetic disorders, including adrenocortical diseases. This review gives an overview of disorders associated with the adrenal cortex, the genetic factors of these disorders and their molecular implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Research, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Andrea G. Maria
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, United States
- Molecular Genomics Core (MGC), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Fabio R. Faucz,
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30
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Chevalier B, Vantyghem MC, Espiard S. Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101397. [PMID: 34680514 PMCID: PMC8533142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause of Cushing’s syndrome. Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia, including the primary pigmented micronodular adrenal dysplasia (PPNAD) and the isolated micronodular adrenal hyperplasia (iMAD), can be distinguished from the primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) according to the size of the nodules. They both lead to overt or subclinical CS. In the latter case, PPNAD is usually diagnosed after a systematic screening in patients presenting with Carney complex, while for PBMAH, the diagnosis is often incidental on imaging. Identification of causal genes and genetic counseling also help in the diagnoses. This review discusses the last decades’ findings on genetic and molecular causes of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, including the several mechanisms altering the PKA pathway, the recent discovery of ARMC5, and the role of the adrenal paracrine regulation. Finally, the treatment of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia will be discussed, focusing on current data on unilateral adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chevalier
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Nutrition, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.C.); (M.-C.V.)
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Nutrition, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.C.); (M.-C.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Espiard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Nutrition, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.C.); (M.-C.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
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31
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Faja F, Finocchi F, Carlini T, Rizzo F, Pallotti F, Spaziani M, Balercia G, Lenzi A, Paoli D, Lombardo F. PDE11A gene polymorphism in testicular cancer: sperm parameters and hormonal profile. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2273-2284. [PMID: 33661511 PMCID: PMC8421290 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) is the most common malignancy among young adult males. The etiology is multifactorial and both environmental and genetic factors play an important role in the origin and development of TGCT. Genetic susceptibility may result from the interaction of multiple common and low-penetrance genetic variants and one of the main candidate genes is PDE11A. Many PDE11A polymorphisms were found responsible for a reduced PDE activity in TGCT patients, who often also display impaired hormone and sperm profile. The aim of this study was to investigate testicular function and PDE11A sequence in testicular cancer cases. METHODS Semen analysis was performed in 116 patients with unilateral and bilateral sporadic TGCTs and in 120 cancer-free controls. We also investigated hormone profile and PDE11A polymorphisms using peripheral blood samples. RESULTS Our data revealed that TGCT patients showed lower testosterone levels, higher gonadotropins levels and worse semen quality than controls, although the mean and the medians of sperm parameters are within the reference limits. PDE11A sequencing detected ten polymorphisms not yet associated with TGCTs before. Among these, G223A in homozygosity and A288G in heterozygosity were significantly associated with a lower risk of testicular tumour and they displayed a positive correlation with total sperm number. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the key role of PDE11A in testis and suggest the presence of an underlying complex and fine molecular mechanism which controls testis-specific gene expression and susceptibility to testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Faja
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Finocchi
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - T. Carlini
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Rizzo
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Spaziani
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine - Medical Pathophysiology Section, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Balercia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - D. Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology - “Loredana Gandini” Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Nadella KS, Berthon A, Almeida MQ, Levy I, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression in adrenocortical disease due to PRKAR1A mutations compared to other benign adrenal tumors. Endocrine 2021; 72:823-834. [PMID: 33420948 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2), a key regulator of cell growth and development, is tightly regulated in its expression by epigenetic control that maintains its monoallelic expression in most tissues. Biallelic expression of IGF2 resulting from loss of imprinting (LOI) has been reported in adrenocortical tumors. In this study, we wanted to check whether adrenocortical lesions due to PRKAR1A mutations lead to increased IGF2 expression from LOI and compare these findings to those in other benign adrenal lesions. METHODS We compared the expression of IGF2 by RNA and protein studies in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) caused by PRKAR1A gene mutations to that in primary macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PMAH) and cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) that did not have any mutations in known genes. We also checked LOI in all lesions by DNA allelic studies and the expression of other components of IGF2 signaling at the RNA and protein level. RESULTS We identified cell clusters overexpressing IGF2 in PPNAD; although immunostaining was patchy, overall, by RNA and immunoblotting PPNAD expressed high IGF2 message and protein. However, this was not due to LOI, as there was no correlation between IGF2 expression and the presence of LOI. CONCLUSIONS Our data pointed to over-expression of IGF2 protein in PPNAD compared to other benign adrenocortical lesions, such as PMAH and CPA. However, there was no correlation of IGF2 mRNA levels with LOI of IGF2/H19. The discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels with regards to LOI points, perhaps, to different control of IGF2 gene expression in PPNAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Nadella
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Madson Q Almeida
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaac Levy
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Intramural Research Program (IRP), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kamilaris CDC, Stratakis CA, Hannah-Shmouni F. Molecular Genetic and Genomic Alterations in Cushing's Syndrome and Primary Aldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:632543. [PMID: 33776926 PMCID: PMC7994620 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.632543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic alterations that cause the development of glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid producing benign adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias have largely been elucidated over the past two decades through advances in genomics. In benign aldosterone-producing adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias, alteration of intracellular calcium signaling has been found to be significant in aldosterone hypersecretion, with causative defects including those in KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, CACNA1H, and CLCN2. In benign cortisol-producing adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias abnormal cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling has been found to play a central role in tumorigenesis, with pathogenic variants in GNAS, PRKAR1A, PRKACA, PRKACB, PDE11A, and PDE8B being implicated. The role of this signaling pathway in the development of Cushing's syndrome and adrenocortical tumors was initially discovered through the study of the underlying genetic defects causing the rare multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes McCune-Albright syndrome and Carney complex with subsequent identification of defects in genes affecting the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway in sporadic tumors. Additionally, germline pathogenic variants in ARMC5, a putative tumor suppressor, were found to be a cause of cortisol-producing primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. This review describes the genetic causes of benign cortisol- and aldosterone-producing adrenocortical tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Leal LF, Szarek E, Berthon A, Nesterova M, Faucz FR, London E, Mercier C, Abu-Asab M, Starost MF, Dye L, Bilinska B, Kotula-Balak M, Antonini SR, Stratakis CA. Pde8b haploinsufficiency in mice is associated with modest adrenal defects, impaired steroidogenesis, and male infertility, unaltered by concurrent PKA or Wnt activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111117. [PMID: 33338547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PDE8B, PRKAR1A and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling are involved in endocrine disorders. However, how PDEB8B interacts with both Wnt and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in vivo remains unknown. We created a novel Pde8b knockout mouse line (Pde8b-/-); Pde8b haploinsufficient (Pde8b+/-) mice were then crossed with mice harboring: (1) constitutive beta-catenin activation (Pde8b+/-;ΔCat) and (2) Prkar1a haploinsufficieny (Pde8b+/-;Prkar1a+/-). Adrenals and testes from mice (3-12-mo) were evaluated in addition to plasma corticosterone, aldosterone and Dkk3 concentrations, and the examination of expression of steroidogenesis-, Wnt- and cAMP/PKA-related genes. Pde8b-/- male mice were infertile with down-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway which did not change significantly in the Pde8b+/-;ΔCat mice. Prkar1a haploinsufficiency also did not change the phenotype significantly. In vitro studies showed that PDE8B knockdown upregulated the Wnt pathway and increased proliferation in CTNNB1-mutant cells, whereas it downregulated the Wnt pathway in PRKAR1A-mutant cells. These data support an overall weak, if any, role for PDE8B in adrenocortical tumorigenesis, even when co-altered with Wnt signaling or PKA upregulation; on the other hand, PDE8B appears to play a significant role in male fertility.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/blood
- Adrenal Glands/drug effects
- Adrenal Glands/pathology
- Adrenal Glands/physiopathology
- Aldosterone/blood
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Corticosterone/blood
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Haploinsufficiency/genetics
- Infertility, Male/blood
- Infertility, Male/genetics
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Spermatogenesis/drug effects
- Spermatogenesis/genetics
- Steroids/biosynthesis
- Testis/drug effects
- Testis/ultrastructure
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ferro Leal
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Eva Szarek
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria Nesterova
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Edra London
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Mercier
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew F Starost
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Veterinary Resources, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Louis Dye
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Microscopy and Imaging Core Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sonir R Antonini
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology & Genetics (PDEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Burgos E, Belen De Luca M, Diouf I, de Haro LA, Albert E, Sauvage C, Tao ZJ, Bermudez L, Asís R, Nesi AN, Matringe M, Bréhélin C, Guiraud T, Ferrand C, Atienza I, Jorly J, Mauxion JP, Baldet P, Fernie AR, Quadrana L, Rothan C, Causse M, Carrari F. Validated MAGIC and GWAS population mapping reveals the link between vitamin E content and natural variation in chorismate metabolism in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:907-923. [PMID: 33179365 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tocochromanols constitute the different forms of vitamin E (VTE), essential components of the human diet, and display a high membrane protectant activity. By combining interval mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we unveiled the genetic determinants of tocochromanol accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. To enhance the nutritional value of this highly consumed vegetable, we dissected the natural intraspecific variability of tocochromanols in tomato fruits and genetically engineered their biosynthetic pathway. These analyses allowed the identification of a total of 25 quantitative trait loci interspersed across the genome pinpointing the chorismate-tyrosine pathway as a regulatory hub controlling the supply of the aromatic head group for tocochromanol biosynthesis. To validate the link between the chorismate-tyrosine pathway and VTE, we engineered tomato plants to bypass the pathway at the arogenate branch point. Transgenic tomatoes showed moderate increments in tocopherols (up to approximately 20%) and a massive accumulation of tocotrienols (up to approximately 3400%). Gene expression analyses of these plants reveal a trade-off between VTE and natural variation in chorismate metabolism explained by transcriptional reprogramming of specific structural genes of the pathway. By restoring the accumulation of alpha-tocotrienols (α-t3) in fruits, the plants produced here are of high pharmacological and nutritional interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Burgos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Maria Belen De Luca
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Isidore Diouf
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luis A de Haro
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Elise Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Zhao J Tao
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Luisa Bermudez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, PO Box 25, Castelar, B1712WAA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramon Asís
- CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CC, 5000, Argentina
| | - Adriano N Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Michel Matringe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRAE, Université Joseph Fourier, CEA Grenoble, PCV, Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38054, France
| | - Thomas Guiraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Jean P Mauxion
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Max-Planck, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Leandro Quadrana
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Villenave d'OrnoF-33140, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, UMR 1332, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, 67 Allée des Chênes, Domaine Saint Maurice CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Levy I, Szarek E, Maria AG, Starrost M, De La Luz Sierra M, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. A phosphodiesterase 11 (Pde11a) knockout mouse expressed functional but reduced Pde11a: Phenotype and impact on adrenocortical function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111071. [PMID: 33127481 PMCID: PMC7771190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides and maintain physiologic levels of intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine and guanosine mono-phosphate (cAMP and cGMP, respectively). Increased cAMP signaling has been associated with adrenocortical tumors and Cushing syndrome. Genetic defects in phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) may lead to increased cAMP signaling and have been found to predispose to the development of adrenocortical, prostate, and testicular tumors. A previously reported Pde11a knockout (Pde11a-/-) mouse line was studied and found to express PDE11A mRNA and protein still, albeit at reduced levels; functional studies in various tissues showed increased cAMP levels and reduced PDE11A activity. Since patients with PDE11A defects and Cushing syndrome have PDE11A haploinsufficiency, it was particularly pertinent to study this hypomorphic mouse line. Indeed, Pde11a-/- mice failed to suppress corticosterone secretion in response to low dose dexamethasone, and in addition exhibited adrenal subcapsular hyperplasia with predominant fetal-like features in the inner adrenal cortex, mimicking other mouse models of increased cAMP signaling in the adrenal cortex. We conclude that a previously reported Pde11a-/- mouse showed continuing expression and function of PDE11A in most tissues. Nevertheless, Pde11a partial inactivation in mice led to an adrenocortical phenotype that was consistent with what we see in patients with PDE11A haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Levy
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit. Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Tel-Hashomer. Ramat Gan. Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat-aviv, Israel
| | - Eva Szarek
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrea Gutierrez Maria
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Starrost
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria De La Luz Sierra
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Tang C, Liu D, Fan Y, Yu J, Li C, Su J, Wang C. Visualization and bibliometric analysis of cAMP signaling system research trends and hotspots in cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:358-370. [PMID: 33391432 PMCID: PMC7738981 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that widely distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. cAMP can regulate various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune functions. Any dysregulation or alteration of cAMP signaling may cause cell metabolic disorder, immune dysfunction and lead to disease or cancer. This study aimed to conduct a scientometric analysis of cAMP signaling system in cancer field, and explored the research trend, hotspots and frontiers from the past decade. Relevant literatures published from 2009 to 2019 were collected in the Web of Science Core Collection database. EndNote X9 was used to remove duplicate articles, and irrelevant articles were manually filtered. Bibliometric analyses were completed by CiteSpace V. A total of 4306 articles were included in this study. The number of related literatures published each year is gradually increasing. Most of them belong to “Biochemistry & Molecular Biology”, “Oncology”, “Cell Biology”, “Pharmacology & Pharmacy” and “Endocrinology & Metabolism” areas. In the past decade, USA, China, and Japan contributed the most to the research of cAMP signaling system in cancer. The frontiers and hotspots of cAMP signaling pathway system related to cancer fields mainly focused on cancer cell apoptosis, metastasis, and multiple tumors occurrence in patients with Carney complex. Intervention of the cAMP metabolic pathway may be a potential and promising therapeutic strategy for controlling clinical cancer and tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoli Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Duanya Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jianmei Su
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Friendship Avenue 368, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
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Rassi-Cruz M, Maria AG, Faucz FR, London E, Vilela LAP, Santana LS, Benedetti AFF, Goldbaum TS, Tanno FY, Srougi V, Chambo JL, Pereira MAA, Cavalcante ACBS, Carnevale FC, Pilan B, Bortolotto LA, Drager LF, Lerario AM, Latronico AC, Fragoso MCBV, Mendonca BB, Zerbini MCN, Stratakis CA, Almeida MQ. Phosphodiesterase 2A and 3B variants are associated with primary aldosteronism. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:1-13. [PMID: 33112806 PMCID: PMC7757641 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Familial primary aldosteronism (PA) is rare and mostly diagnosed in early-onset hypertension (HT). However, 'sporadic' bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) is the most frequent cause of PA and remains without genetic etiology in most cases. Our aim was to investigate new genetic defects associated with BAH and PA. We performed whole-exome sequencing (paired blood and adrenal tissue) in six patients with PA caused by BAH that underwent unilateral adrenalectomy. Additionally, we conducted functional studies in adrenal hyperplastic tissue and transfected cells to confirm the pathogenicity of the identified genetic variants. Rare germline variants in phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) and 3B (PDE3B) genes were identified in three patients. The PDE2A heterozygous variant (p.Ile629Val) was identified in a patient with BAH and early-onset HT at 13 years of age. Two PDE3B heterozygous variants (p.Arg217Gln and p.Gly392Val) were identified in patients with BAH and HT diagnosed at 18 and 33 years of age, respectively. A strong PDE2A staining was found in all cases of BAH in zona glomerulosa and/or micronodules (that were also positive for CYP11B2). PKA activity in frozen tissue was significantly higher in BAH from patients harboring PDE2A and PDE3B variants. PDE2A and PDE3B variants significantly reduced protein expression in mutant transfected cells compared to WT. Interestingly, PDE2A and PDE3B variants increased SGK1 and SCNN1G/ENaCg at mRNA or protein levels. In conclusion, PDE2A and PDE3B variants were associated with PA caused by BAH. These novel genetic findings expand the spectrum of genetic etiologies of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rassi-Cruz
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Andrea G. Maria
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edra London
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leticia A. P. Vilela
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Lucas S. Santana
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Anna Flavia F. Benedetti
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Tatiana S. Goldbaum
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Fabio Y. Tanno
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Vitor Srougi
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Jose L. Chambo
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Maria Adelaide A. Pereira
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Aline C. B. S. Cavalcante
- Instituto de Radiologia InRad, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Francisco C. Carnevale
- Instituto de Radiologia InRad, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Bruna Pilan
- Instituto de Radiologia InRad, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Luiz A. Bortolotto
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brasil
| | - Luciano F. Drager
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brasil
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Antonio M. Lerario
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Maria Candida B. V. Fragoso
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
- Servico de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brasil
| | - Berenice B. Mendonca
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Maria Claudia N. Zerbini
- Divisão de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madson Q. Almeida
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brasil
- Servico de Endocrinologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-000, Brasil
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Sherlock M, Scarsbrook A, Abbas A, Fraser S, Limumpornpetch P, Dineen R, Stewart PM. Adrenal Incidentaloma. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa008. [PMID: 32266384 PMCID: PMC7431180 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An adrenal incidentaloma is now established as a common endocrine diagnosis that requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. The majority of patients can be reassured and discharged, but a personalized approach based upon image analysis, endocrine workup, and clinical symptoms and signs are required in every case. Adrenocortical carcinoma remains a real concern but is restricted to <2% of all cases. Functional adrenal incidentaloma lesions are commoner (but still probably <10% of total) and the greatest challenge remains the diagnosis and optimum management of autonomous cortisol secretion. Modern-day surgery has improved outcomes and novel radiological and urinary biomarkers will improve early detection and patient stratification in future years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sherlock
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Scarsbrook
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Afroze Abbas
- Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheila Fraser
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Padiporn Limumpornpetch
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK
| | - Rosemary Dineen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK
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Nadella K, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. c-KIT oncogene expression in PRKAR1A-mutant adrenal cortex. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:591-599. [PMID: 32738126 PMCID: PMC7484269 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKAR1A) defects lead to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). The KIT protooncogene (c-KIT) is not known to be expressed in the normal adrenal cortex (AC). In this study, we investigated the expression of c-KIT and its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), in PPNAD and other cortisol-producing tumors of the adrenal cortex. mRNA and protein expression, by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting (IB), respectively, were studied. We then tested c-KIT and SCF responses to PRKAR1A introduction and PKA stimulation in adrenocortical cell lines CAR47 and H295R, which were also treated with the KIT inhibitor, imatinib mesylate (IM). Mice xenografted with H295R cells were treated with IM. There was increased c-KIT mRNA expression in PPNAD; IHC showed KIT and SCF immunoreactivity within certain nodular areas in PPNAD. IB data was consistent with IHC and mRNA data. PRKAR1A-deficient CAR47 cells expressed c-KIT; this was enhanced by forskolin and lowered by PRKAR1A reintroduction. Knockdown of PKA's catalytic subunit (PRKACA) by siRNA reduced c-KIT levels. Treatment of the CAR47 cells with IM resulted in reduced cell viability, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Treatment with IM of mice xenografted with H295 cells inhibited further tumor growth. We conclude that c-KIT is expressed in PPNAD, an expression that appears to be dependent on PRKAR1A and/or PKA activity. In a human adrenocortical cell line and its xenografts in mice, c-KIT inhibition decreased growth, suggesting that c-KIT inhibitors may be a reasonable alternative therapy to be tested in PPNAD, when other treatments are not optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nadella
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Fabio R. Faucz, PhD: SEGEN, NICHD, NIH - 9000 Rockville Pike, CRC, Bldg 10, Rm 1E-3216, Bethesda, MD 20892-1862, tel. 301-451-7177, fax 301-402-0574,
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD20892, USA
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41
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Berthon A, Bertherat J. Update of Genetic and Molecular Causes of Adrenocortical Hyperplasias Causing Cushing Syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:598-606. [PMID: 32097969 DOI: 10.1055/a-1061-7349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral hyperplasias of the adrenal cortex are rare causes of chronic endogenous hypercortisolemia also called Cushing syndrome. These hyperplasias have been classified in two categories based on the adrenal nodule size: the micronodular types include Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and isolated Micronodular Adrenal Disease (iMAD) and the macronodular also named Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH). This review discusses the genetic and molecular causes of these different forms of hyperplasia that involve mutations and dysregulation of various regulators of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PKA signaling is the main pathway controlling cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells under ACTH stimulation. Although mutations of the regulatory subunit R1α of PKA (PRKAR1A) is the main cause of familial and sporadic PPNAD, inactivation of two cAMP-binding phosphodiesterases (PDE11A and PDE8B) are associated with iMAD even if they are also found in PPNAD and PBMAH cases. Interestingly, PBMAH that is observed in multiple familial syndrome such as APC, menin, fumarate hydratase genes, has initially been associated with the aberrant expression of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) leading to an activation of cAMP/PKA pathway. However, more recently, the discovery of germline mutations in Armadillo repeat containing protein 5 (ARMC5) gene in 25-50% of PBMAH patients highlights its importance in the development of PBMAH. The potential relationship between ARMC5 mutations and aberrant GPCR expression is discussed as well as the potential other causes of PBMAH.
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Vaduva P, Bonnet F, Bertherat J. Molecular Basis of Primary Aldosteronism and Adrenal Cushing Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa075. [PMID: 32783015 PMCID: PMC7412855 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports the main molecular alterations leading to development of benign cortisol- and/or aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumors. Causes of adrenal Cushing syndrome can be divided in 2 groups: multiple bilateral tumors or adenomas secreting cortisol. Bilateral causes are mainly primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, most of the time due to PRKAR1A germline-inactivating mutations, and primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia that can be caused in some rare syndromic cases by germline-inactivating mutations of MEN1, APC, and FH and of ARMC5 in isolated forms. PRKACA somatic-activating mutations are the main alterations in unilateral cortisol-producing adenomas. In primary hyperaldosteronism (PA), familial forms were identified in 1% to 5% of cases: familial hyperaldosteronism type I (FH-I) due to a chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 hybrid gene, FH-II due to CLCN-2 germline mutations, FH-III due to KCNJ5 germline mutations, FH-IV due to CACNA1H germline mutations and PA, and seizures and neurological abnormalities syndrome due to CACNA1D germline mutations. Several somatic mutations have been found in aldosterone-producing adenomas in KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, and CTNNB1 genes. In addition to these genetic alterations, genome-wide approaches identified several new alterations in transcriptome, methylome, and miRnome studies, highlighting new pathways involved in steroid dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vaduva
- Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Fideline Bonnet
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France.,Hormonal Biology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
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Maillet M, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A. Update on primary micronodular bilateral adrenocortical diseases. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:132-139. [PMID: 32209819 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary micronodular bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias (MiBAH) are rare challenging diseases. Important progress in understanding its pathophysiology and genetics occurred in the last two decades. We summarize those progress and recent data on investigation and therapy of MiBAH focusing on primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). RECENT FINDINGS Larger recent cohorts of PPNAD patients from various countries have confirmed their variable Cushing's syndrome phenotypes. Age of onset is earlier than other ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome causes and the youngest case have now occurred at 15 months. Two retrospective studies identified an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in PPNAD as compared with other Cushing's syndrome causes. The utility of 6-day oral dexamethasone test to produce a paradoxical increase of urinary-free cortisol in PPNAD was confirmed but the mean fold of increase was of 48%, less than previously suggested. Several new genetic variants of the PRKAR1A gene have been reported in PPNAD or Carney complex (CNC). Remission of Cushing's syndrome with unilateral adrenalectomy was reported in a few patients with PPNAD. SUMMARY MiBAH, PPNAD and CNC are rare challenging diseases, but with combined expert clinical and genetic approaches a comprehensive investigation and prevention strategy can be offered to affected patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maillet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Advances in genomics over the past two decades have allowed for elucidation of the genetic alterations leading to the development of adrenocortical tumors and/or hyperplasias. These molecular changes were initially discovered through the study of rare familial tumor syndromes such as McCune-Albright Syndrome, Carney complex, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, with the identification of alterations in genes and molecular pathways that subsequently led to the discovery of aberrations in these or related genes and pathways in sporadic tumors. Genetic alterations in GNAS, PRKAR1A, PRKACA, PRKACB, PDE11A, and PDE8B, that lead to aberrant cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein (cAMP) kinase A signaling, were found to play a major role in the development of benign cortisol-producing adrenocortical tumors and/or hyperplasias, whereas genetic defects in KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, CACNA1H, and CLCN2 were implicated in the development of benign aldosterone-producing tumors and/or hyperplasias through modification of intracellular calcium signaling. Germline ARMC5 defects were found to cause the development of primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia with glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid oversecretion. Adrenocortical carcinoma was linked primarily to aberrant p53 signaling and/or Wnt-β-catenin signaling, as well as IGF2 overexpression, with frequent genetic alterations in TP53, ZNRF3, CTNNB1, and 11p15. This review focuses on the genetic underpinnings of benign cortisol- and aldosterone-producing adrenocortical tumors/hyperplasias and adrenocortical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D C Kamilaris
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics & Inter-Institute Endocrinology Fellowship Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics & Inter-Institute Endocrinology Fellowship Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics & Inter-Institute Endocrinology Fellowship Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Adrenocortical hyperplasia may develop in different contexts. Primary adrenal hyperplasia may be secondary to primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH) or micronodular bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (MiBAH) which may be divided in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (i-MAD). Both lead to oversecretion of cortisol and potentially to Cushing's syndrome. Moreover, adrenocortical hyperplasia may be secondary to longstanding ACTH stimulation in ACTH oversecretion as in Cushing's disease, ectopic ACTH secretion or glucocorticoid resistance syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia secondary to various enzymatic defects within the cortex. Finally, idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is the most common cause of primary aldosteronism. We will discuss recent findings on the multifaceted forms of adrenocortical hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Stéfanie Parisien-La Salle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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Abstract
Cushing syndrome (CS) describes the signs and symptoms caused by exogenous or endogenous hypercortisolemia. Endogenous CS is caused by either ACTH-dependent sources (pituitary or ectopic) or ACTH-independent (adrenal) hypercortisolemia. Several genes are currently known to contribute to the pathogenesis of CS. Germline gene defects, such as MEN1, AIP, PRKAR1A and others, often present in patients with pituitary or adrenal involvement as part of a genetic syndrome. Somatic defects in genes, such as USP8, TP53, and others, are also involved in the development of pituitary or adrenal tumors in a large percentage of patients with CS, and give insight in pathways involved in pituitary or adrenal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tatsi
- Section on Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | - Chelsi Flippo
- Section on Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Genetics and Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
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Germline Variants in Phosphodiesterase Genes and Genetic Predisposition to Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020506. [PMID: 32098292 PMCID: PMC7072638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) form a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) to their inactive 5′ monophosphates. cAMP plays a critical role as a second messenger in endocrine tissues, and activation of cAMP signaling has been reported in endocrine tumors. Germline variants in PDEs have been associated with benign cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas and testicular germ cell cancer but not adrenocortical carcinoma. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) of paired blood and tumor samples from 37 pediatric adrenocortical tumors (ACTs). Germline inactivating variants in PDEs were observed in 9 of 37 (24%) patients. Tumor DNA analysis revealed loss of heterozygosity, with maintenance of the mutated allele in all cases. Our results suggest that germline variants in PDEs and other regulators of the cAMP-signaling pathway may contribute to pediatric adrenocortical tumorigenesis, perhaps by cooperating with germline hypomorphic mutant TP53 alleles and uniparental disomy of chromosome 11p15 (Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome).
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Rizk-Rabin M, Chaoui-Ibadioune S, Vaczlavik A, Ribes C, Polak M, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J. Link between steroidogenesis, the cell cycle, and PKA in adrenocortical tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110636. [PMID: 31678420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) frequently cause steroid excess and present cell-cycle dysregulation. cAMP/PKA signaling is involved in steroid synthesis and play a role in cell-cycle regulation. We investigated, by cell synchronization in the different phases of the cell-cycle, the control of steroidogenesis and the contribution of PKA in adrenocortical cells (H295R and culture of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease cells). Cells showed increased steroidogenesis and a maximal PKA activity at G2 phase, and a reduction at G1 phase. PRKACA overexpression, or cAMP stimulation, enhanced PKA activity and induced steroidogenesis in all synchronized groups but is not sufficient to drive cell-cycle progression. PRKAR1A inactivation enhanced PKA activity and induced STAR gene expression, only in cells in G1, and triggered cell-cycle progression in all groups. These findings provide evidence for a tight association between steroidogenesis and cell-cycle in ACTs. Moreover, PRKAR1A is essential for mediating the function of PKA activity on both steroidogenesis and cell-cycle progression in adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | | | - Anna Vaczlavik
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Ribes
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Hopital Necker Enfants Maladies, Department of Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology. Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
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Jouinot A, Armignacco R, Assié G. Genomics of benign adrenocortical tumors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105414. [PMID: 31207362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Benign adrenocortical adenomas and hyperplasia are relatively common and include a spectrum of distinct entities, which diagnosis depends on the macroscopic aspect and the secretion profile. Recent advances in genomics have proposed high-throughput molecular characterization of adrenal tumors, thereby improving our knowledge on the pathophysiology and tumorigenesis of these tumors. Genomic (exome and chromosome alteration profiles), epigenomic (micro-RNAs expression and methylation profiles) and transcriptomic (gene expression profiles) studies highlighted the major roles of intracellular calcium signaling in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), of protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP pathway in cortisol-producing tumors, and of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in non-secreting tumors. Exome sequencing revealed new major drivers in all tumor types, including KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D and CACNA1H mutations in APA, PRKACA mutations in cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) and ARMC5 mutations in primary macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PMAH). The clinical impact of these findings is just starting to evolve. The identification of genetic syndromes, such as germline ARMC5 mutations in PMAH, has allowed genetic counseling. Key molecular alterations could serve as a basis for the development of targeted medical treatments for benign adrenal tumors. The recent developments in genomics, including single-cell technologies, and in proteomics and metabolomics will probably offer new perspectives for characterizing benign adrenal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jouinot
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Armignacco
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
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Jouinot A, Bertherat J. Diseases Predisposing to Adrenocortical Malignancy (Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, and Carney Complex). EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:149-169. [PMID: 31588532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical malignancies can occur in the context of several tumor predisposition syndromes.The Carney complex (CNC) is responsible for the majority of primary pigmented nodular adrenal diseases and is more rarely associated with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Other core manifestations of CNC include cardiac and cutaneous myxomas, lentiginosis, somatotroph pituitary adenomas, Sertoli tumors, melanocytic schwannoma, and thyroid, breast, and bone tumors. CNC is mostly due to germline inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A.The majority of childhood ACC are related to genetic predisposition. The Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth and tumor predisposition syndrome due to genetic or epigenetic alterations at the 11p15 locus. Classical tumor spectrum of BWS includes embryonal tumors and childhood ACC. The Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a devastating tumor predisposition syndrome, due to germline inactivating mutations of TP53, and characterized by a high, various, and early-onset cancer risk. LFS spectrum includes premenopausal breast cancer, soft-tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, central nervous system tumor, and ACC, accounting for 50-80% of pediatric cases. Finally, germline predisposition affects up to 10% of adult ACC patients, mostly in part of LFS and Lynch syndrome.This chapter focuses on the diagnosis, screening, and management of adrenal tumors in part of these tumor predisposition syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jouinot
- Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris University, Paris, France.
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