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Abstract
The critical role of conventional dendritic cells in physiological cross-priming of immune responses to tumors and pathogens is widely documented and beyond doubt. However, there is ample evidence that a wide range of other cell types can also acquire the capacity to cross-present. These include not only other myeloid cells such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils, but also lymphoid populations, endothelial and epithelial cells and stromal cells including fibroblasts. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the relevant literature that analyzes each report cited for the antigens and readouts used, mechanistic insight and in vivo experimentation addressing physiological relevance. As this analysis shows, many reports rely on the exceptionally sensitive recognition of an ovalbumin peptide by a transgenic T cell receptor, with results that therefore cannot always be extrapolated to physiological settings. Mechanistic studies remain basic in most cases but reveal that the cytosolic pathway is dominant across many cell types, while vacuolar processing is most encountered in macrophages. Studies addressing physiological relevance rigorously remain exceptional but suggest that cross-presentation by non-dendritic cells may have significant impact in anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Mauvais
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France.
| | - Peter van Endert
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Service Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Fu C, Ma T, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Against Cancer: Challenges, Advances and Future Opportunities. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2133-2158. [PMID: 35946383 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the most potent professional antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to activate both naive CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recognized for their exceptional ability to cross-present exogenous antigens to prime naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells, DCs play a critical role in generating CD8 T cell immunity, as well as mediating CD8 T cell tolerance to tumor antigens. Despite the ability to potentiate host CD8 T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, current DC-based cancer vaccines have not yet achieved the promised success clinically with the exception of FDA-approved Provenge. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play a critical role in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Together with promising clinical results in neoantigen-based cancer vaccines, there is a great need for DC-based vaccines to be further developed and refined either as monotherapies or in combination with other immunotherapies. In this review, we will present a brief review of DC development and function, discuss recent progress, and provide a perspective on future directions to realize the promising potential of DC-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tianle Ma
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Segura E. Human dendritic cell subsets: An updated view of their ontogeny and functional specialization. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1759-1767. [PMID: 35187651 PMCID: PMC9790408 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human DCs have been divided into several subsets based on their phenotype and ontogeny. Recent high throughput single-cell methods have revealed additional heterogeneity within human DC subsets, and new subpopulations have been proposed. In this review, we provide an updated view of the human DC subsets and of their ontogeny supported by recent clinical studies . We also summarize their main characteristics including their functional specialization.
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CHEN J, CHEN J, WANG L. Tertiary lymphoid structures as unique constructions associated with the organization, education, and function of tumor-infiltrating immunocytes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:812-822. [PMID: 36226536 PMCID: PMC9561406 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formations at sites with persistent inflammatory stimulation, including tumors. These ectopic lymphoid organs mainly consist of chemo-attracting B cells, T cells, and supporting dendritic cells (DCs). Mature TLSs exhibit functional organization for the optimal development and collaboration of adaptive immune response, delivering an augmented effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME). The description of the positive correlation between TLSs and tumor prognosis is reliable only under a certain condition involving the localization and maturation of TLSs. Emerging evidence suggests that underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect of TLSs pave the way for novel immunotherapies. Several approaches have been developed to take advantage of intratumoral TLSs, either by combining it with therapeutic agents or by inducing the neogenesis of TLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Jian CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Jian CHEN,
| | - Lie WANG
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Lie WANG,
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Lee W, Suresh M. Vaccine adjuvants to engage the cross-presentation pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940047. [PMID: 35979365 PMCID: PMC9376467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines for stimulating optimal immune responses to non-replicating, inactivated and subunit antigens. Eliciting balanced humoral and T cell-mediated immunity is paramount to defend against diseases caused by complex intracellular pathogens, such as tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. However, currently used vaccines elicit strong antibody responses, but poorly stimulate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. To elicit potent CTL memory, vaccines need to engage the cross-presentation pathway, and this requirement has been a crucial bottleneck in the development of subunit vaccines that engender effective T cell immunity. In this review, we focus on recent insights into DC cross-presentation and the extent to which clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants, such as aluminum-based nanoparticles, water-in oil emulsion (MF59) adjuvants, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands modulate DC cross-presentation efficiency. Further, we discuss the feasibility of using carbomer-based adjuvants as next generation of adjuvant platforms to elicit balanced antibody- and T-cell based immunity. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of DC cross-presentation and the mode of action of adjuvants will pave the way for rational design of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer that require balanced antibody- and T cell-based immunity.
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Wu R, Murphy KM. DCs at the center of help: Origins and evolution of the three-cell-type hypothesis. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211519. [PMID: 35543702 PMCID: PMC9098650 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Last year was the 10th anniversary of Ralph Steinman's Nobel Prize awarded for his discovery of dendritic cells (DCs), while next year brings the 50th anniversary of that discovery. Current models of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity rest solidly on Steinman's discovery of DCs, but also rely on two seemingly unrelated phenomena, also reported in the mid-1970s: the discoveries of "help" for cytolytic T cell responses by Cantor and Boyse in 1974 and "cross-priming" by Bevan in 1976. Decades of subsequent work, controversy, and conceptual changes have gradually merged these three discoveries into current models of cell-mediated immunity against viruses and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:222. [PMID: 35053338 PMCID: PMC8773673 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite largely disappointing clinical trials of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, recent studies have shown that DC-mediated cross-priming plays a critical role in generating anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity and regulating anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapies. These new findings thus support further development and refinement of DC-based vaccines as mono-immunotherapy or combinational immunotherapies. One exciting development is recent clinical studies with naturally circulating DCs including plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). pDC vaccines were particularly intriguing, as pDCs are generally presumed to play a negative role in regulating T cell responses in tumors. Similarly, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as cell-free therapeutic cancer vaccines that are potentially superior to DC vaccines in overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression, although DCexo clinical trials have not led to expected clinical outcomes. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model, we have recently reported that pDCs required type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) for optimal cross-priming by transferring antigens through pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), which also cross-prime CD8 T cells in a bystander cDC-dependent manner. Thus, pDCexos could combine the advantages of both cDC1s and pDCs as cancer vaccines to achieve better anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we will focus on the pDC-based cancer vaccines and discuss potential clinical application of pDCexos in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Possamaï D, Hanafi LA, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Hamelin K, Thébault P, Hébert MJ, Gagnon É, Leclerc D, Lapointe R. MHC class I antigen cross-presentation mediated by PapMV nanoparticles in human antigen-presenting cells is dependent on autophagy. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261987. [PMID: 34972158 PMCID: PMC8719699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of the coat protein of papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) and a single-strand RNA were previously shown to be an efficient antigen presentation system for the trigger of cellular immunity. Engineering of PapMV nano with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope was previously shown activating specific T lymphocytes through a proteasome-independent major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) cross-presentation. In this study, we provide new insights into the mechanism of the MHC-I cross-presentation mediated by PapMV nanoparticles. We demonstrate that PapMV nanoparticles do not require the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), but rather depend on lysosome acidification and cathepsin S protease activity for presentation of the T cell epitope. We have also linked the induction of autophagy with this vacuolar MHC-I cross-presentation process. Interestingly, autophagy is induced in antigen-presenting cells after PapMV nanoparticles exposure and inhibition of autophagy reduce MHC-I cross-presentation. This study demonstrates that autophagy is associated with TAP- and proteasome-independent MHC-I cross-presentation. A deeper understanding of the autophagy-dependent MHC-I cross-presentation will be useful in designing vaccination platforms that aim to trigger an efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Possamaï
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laïla-Aïcha Hanafi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Angélique Bellemare-Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katia Hamelin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paméla Thébault
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zurmühl N, Schmitt A, Formentini U, Weiss J, Appel H, Debatin KM, Fabricius D. Differential uptake of three clinically relevant allergens by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:23. [PMID: 34789269 PMCID: PMC8597288 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have a dual role as interferon-producing and antigen-presenting cells. Their relevance for allergic diseases is controversial. and the impact of pDC on allergic immune responses is poorly understood. Methods This in vitro study on human pDC isolated from peripheral blood was designed to compare side by side the uptake of three clinically relevant representative allergens: fluorochrome-labeled house dust mite Der p 1, Bee venom extract from Apis mellifera (Api) and the food allergen OVA analyzed flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results We found that the internalization and its regulation by TLR9 ligation was significantly different between allergens in terms of time course and strength of uptake. Api and OVA uptake in pDC of healthy subjects was faster and reached higher levels than Der p 1 uptake. CpG ODN 2006 suppressed OVA uptake and to a lesser extent Der p 1, while Api internalization was not affected. All allergens colocalized with LAMP1 and EEA1, with Api being internalized particularly fast and reaching highest intracellular levels in pDC. Of note, we could not determine any specific differences in antigen uptake in allergic compared with healthy subjects. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study that directly compares uptake regulation of clinically relevant inhalative, injective and food allergens in pDC. Our findings may help to explain differences in the onset and severity of allergic reactions as well as in the efficiency of AIT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12948-021-00163-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Zurmühl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstr. 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstr. 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrike Formentini
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstr. 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Weiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heike Appel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstr. 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorit Fabricius
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstr. 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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Yao Y, Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153667. [PMID: 34359569 PMCID: PMC8345209 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the initiators of adaptive immune responses, DCs play a central role in regulating the balance between CD8 T cell immunity versus tolerance to tumor antigens. Exploiting their function to potentiate host anti-tumor immunity, DC-based vaccines have been one of most promising and widely used cancer immunotherapies. However, DC-based cancer vaccines have not achieved the promised success in clinical trials, with one of the major obstacles being tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A recent discovery on the critical role of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, however, has highlighted the need to further develop and refine DC-based vaccines either as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies. DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as a promising alternative to DC-based vaccines, as DCexos are more resistance to tumor-mediated suppression and DCexo vaccines have exhibited better anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical animal models. However, DCexo vaccines have only achieved limited clinical efficacy and failed to induce tumor-specific T cell responses in clinical trials. The lack of clinical efficacy might be partly due to the fact that all current clinical trials used peptide-loaded DCexos from monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will focus on the perspective of expanding current DCexo research to move DCexo cancer vaccines forward clinically to realize their potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Y.Y.); (C.F.); (L.Z.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.-S.M.); (A.J.); Tel.: +313-876-1017 (Q.-S.M.); +313-876-7292 (A.J.)
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11
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Isnard S, Hatton EX, Iannetta M, Guillerme JB, Hosmalin A. Cell-Associated HIV Cross-Presentation by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Potentiated by Noncognate CD8 + T Cell Preactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:15-22. [PMID: 34183372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ secretion by Ag-specific T cells is known to be tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) can cross-present Ags from apoptotic HIV-infected cells or tumor cells to CD8+ T cells. As pDC respond to HIV virions by maturing and secreting cytokines, we hypothesized that this might affect cross-presentation from HIV-infected cells. Purified blood DC were incubated with apoptotic HIV-infected H9 cells in the presence of saquinavir, after which the activation process of HIV-specific cloned CD8+ T cells was studied. IFN-γ secretion by HIV-specific T cells was stimulated by pDC and conventional DC (cDC1) more than by cDC2 and was strictly MHC class I restricted. Surprisingly, intracellular production of IFN-γ was only partly MHC class I restricted for pDC, indicating a noncognate CD8+ T cell activation. pDC, but not cDC, matured and secreted IFN-α in the presence of apoptotic H9HIV cells. A mixture of IFN-α, IFN-β, and TNF-α induced intracellular production of IFN-γ but not granzyme B, mimicking the noncognate mechanism. Neutralization of type I IFN signaling blocked noncognate intracellular production of IFN-γ. Moreover, cognate stimulation was required to induce IFN-γ secretion in addition to the cytokine mixture. Thus, IFN-γ secretion is tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR as expected, but in the context of virus-infected cells, pDC can trigger intracellular IFN-γ accumulation in CD8+ T cells, potentializing IFN-γ secretion once CD8+ T cells make cognate interactions. These findings may help manipulate type I IFN signaling to enhance specifically Ag-specific CD8+ T cell activation against chronic infections or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Isnard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Etienne X Hatton
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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Asano S, Sato H, Mori K, Yamazaki K, Naito H, Suzuki H. Necrotizing lymphadenitis may be induced by overexpression of Toll-like receptor7 (TLR7) caused by reduced TLR9 transport in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). J Clin Exp Hematop 2021; 61:85-92. [PMID: 33994431 PMCID: PMC8265496 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing lymphadenitis (NEL) is a self-limited systemic disease exhibiting characteristic clinical features. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear, but it may be associated with viral infection. In lymph nodes affected by this disease, innumerable plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce interferon-α when triggered by certain viral stimuli. IFN-α presents antigens causing the transformation of CD8+ cells into immunoblasts and apoptosis of CD4+ cells. From the perspective of innate immunity, UNC93B1, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein, associates more strongly with TLR9 than TLR7. Homeostasis is maintained under normal conditions. However, in NEL, TLR 7 was observed more than TLR 9, possibly because mutant type UNC93B1 associates more tightly with TLR7. The inhibitory effects against TLR7 by TLR9 were reported to disappear. It is likely that more TLR7 than TLR9 is transported from the ER to endolysosomes. In conclusion, overexpression of TLR7, an innate immune sensor of microbial single-stranded RNA, is inferred. Consequently, NEL may be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Kikuo Mori
- Pathology Center, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Naito
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Hoshiro Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, Japan
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Wu W, Tian L, Zhang W, Booth JL, Ainsua-Enrich E, Kovats S, Brown BR, Metcalf JP. Long-term cigarette smoke exposure dysregulates pulmonary T cell response and IFN-γ protection to influenza virus in mouse. Respir Res 2021; 22:112. [PMID: 33879121 PMCID: PMC8056367 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a highly contagious, acute, febrile respiratory infection caused by a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, which belongs in the Orthomyxoviridae family. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure worsens influenza infection in terms of frequency and severity in both human and animal models. METHODS C57BL/6 mice with or without CS exposure for 6 weeks were inoculated intranasally with a single, non-lethal dose of the influenza A virus (IAV) A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) strain. At 7 and 10 days after infection, lung and mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) cells were collected to determine the numbers of total CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and IAV-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, using flow cytometry. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was also collected to determine IFN-γ levels and total protein concentration. RESULTS Although long-term CS exposure suppressed early pulmonary IAV-antigen specific CD8 + and CD4 + T cell numbers and IFN-γ production in response to IAV infection on day 7 post-infection, CS enhanced numbers of these cells and IFN-γ production on day 10. The changes of total protein concentration in BALF are consistent with the changes in the IFN-γ amounts between day 7 and 10, which suggested that excessive IFN-γ impaired barrier function and caused lung injury at the later stage of infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that prior CS exposure caused a biphasic T cell and IFN-γ response to subsequent infection with influenza in the lung. Specifically, the number of IAV antigen-specific T cells on day 10 was greatly increased by CS exposure even though CS decreased the number of the same group of cells on day 7. The result suggested that CS affected the kinetics of the T cell response to IAV, which was suppressed at an early stage and exaggerated at a later stage. This study is the first to describe the different effect of long-term CS on T cell responses to IAV at early and late stages of infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Lili Tian
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Brent R Brown
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Room 425, RP1, 800 N. Research Pkwy., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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14
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Raaijmakers TK, van den Bijgaart RJE, den Brok MH, Wassink M, de Graaf A, Wagenaars JA, Nierkens S, Ansems M, Scheffer GJ, Adema GJ. Tumor ablation plus co-administration of CpG and saponin adjuvants affects IL-1 production and multifunctional T cell numbers in tumor draining lymph nodes. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000649. [PMID: 32461350 PMCID: PMC7254152 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor ablation techniques, like cryoablation, are successfully used in the clinic to treat tumors. The tumor debris remaining in situ after ablation is a major antigen depot, including neoantigens, which are presented by dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph nodes to induce tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that co-administration of adjuvants is essential to evoke strong in vivo antitumor immunity and the induction of long-term memory. However, which adjuvants most effectively combine with in situ tumor ablation remains unclear. Methods and results Here, we show that simultaneous administration of cytidyl guanosyl (CpG) with saponin-based adjuvants following cryoablation affects multifunctional T-cell numbers and interleukin (IL)-1 induced polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment in the tumor draining lymph nodes, relative to either adjuvant alone. The combination of CpG and saponin-based adjuvants induces potent DC maturation (mainly CpG-mediated), antigen cross-presentation (mainly saponin-based adjuvant mediated), while excretion of IL-1β by DCs in vitro depends on the presence of both adjuvants. Most strikingly, CpG/saponin-based adjuvant exposed DCs potentiate antigen-specific T-cell proliferation resulting in multipotent T cells with increased capacity to produce interferon (IFN)γ, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α in vitro. Also in vivo the CpG/saponin-based adjuvant combination plus cryoablation increased the numbers of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells showing enhanced IFNγ production as compared with single adjuvant treatments. Conclusions Collectively, these data indicate that co-injection of CpG with saponin-based adjuvants after cryoablation induces an increased amount of tumor-specific multifunctional T cells. The combination of saponin-based adjuvants with toll-like receptor 9 adjuvant CpG in a cryoablative setting therefore represents a promising in situ vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H den Brok
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Wassink
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie de Graaf
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jori A Wagenaars
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Ansems
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Scheffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Topham DJ, DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Sangster MY, Sant A. Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038729. [PMID: 31871226 PMCID: PMC7919402 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the human immune responses to influenza infection with some insights from studies using animal models, such as experimental infection of mice. Recent technological advances in the study of human immune responses have greatly added to our knowledge of the infection and immune responses, and therefore much of the focus is on recent studies that have moved the field forward. We consider the complexity of the adaptive response generated by many sequential encounters through infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Ailmentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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16
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Hagn M, Jahrsdörfer B. Why do human B cells secrete granzyme B? Insights into a novel B-cell differentiation pathway. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1368-1375. [PMID: 23243600 PMCID: PMC3518509 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally believed to operate as producers of high affinity antibodies to defend the body against microorganisms, whereas cellular cytotoxicity is considered as an exclusive prerogative of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In conflict with this dogma, recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation enables B cells to produce and secrete the active form of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B (GrB). Although the production of GrB by B cells is not accompanied by that of perforin as in the case of many other GrB-secreting cells, recent findings suggest GrB secretion by B cells may play a significant role in early antiviral immune responses, in the regulation of autoimmune responses, and in cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss in detail how GrB-secreting B cells may influence a variety of immune processes. A better understanding of the role that GrB-secreting B cells are playing in the immune system may allow for the development and improvement of novel immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Anderson DA, Dutertre CA, Ginhoux F, Murphy KM. Genetic models of human and mouse dendritic cell development and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:101-115. [PMID: 32908299 PMCID: PMC10955724 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) develop in the bone marrow from haematopoietic progenitors that have numerous shared characteristics between mice and humans. Human counterparts of mouse DC progenitors have been identified by their shared transcriptional signatures and developmental potential. New findings continue to revise models of DC ontogeny but it is well accepted that DCs can be divided into two main functional groups. Classical DCs include type 1 and type 2 subsets, which can detect different pathogens, produce specific cytokines and present antigens to polarize mainly naive CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively. By contrast, the function of plasmacytoid DCs is largely innate and restricted to the detection of viral infections and the production of type I interferon. Here, we discuss genetic models of mouse DC development and function that have aided in correlating ontogeny with function, as well as how these findings can be translated to human DCs and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Fu C, Zhou L, Mi QS, Jiang A. DC-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040706. [PMID: 33255895 PMCID: PMC7712957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating and regulating antigen-specific immune responses. Cross-priming, a process that DCs activate CD8 T cells by cross-presenting exogenous antigens onto their MHCI (Major Histocompatibility Complex class I), plays a critical role in mediating CD8 T cell immunity as well as tolerance. Current DC vaccines have remained largely unsuccessful despite their ability to potentiate both effector and memory CD8 T cell responses. There are two major hurdles for the success of DC-based vaccines: tumor-mediated immunosuppression and the functional limitation of the commonly used monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Due to their resistance to tumor-mediated suppression as inert vesicles, DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have garnered much interest as cell-free therapeutic agents. However, current DCexo clinical trials have shown limited clinical benefits and failed to generate antigen-specific T cell responses. Another exciting development is the use of naturally circulating DCs instead of in vitro cultured DCs, as clinical trials with both human blood cDC2s (type 2 conventional DCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) have shown promising results. pDC vaccines were particularly encouraging, especially in light of promising data from a recent clinical trial using a human pDC cell line, despite pDCs being considered tolerogenic and playing a suppressive role in tumors. However, how pDCs generate anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity remains poorly understood, thus hindering their clinical advance. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model, we have recently reported that while pDC-targeted vaccines led to strong cross-priming and durable CD8 T cell immunity, cross-presenting pDCs required cDCs to achieve cross-priming in vivo by transferring antigens to cDCs. Antigen transfer from pDCs to bystander cDCs was mediated by pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), which similarly required cDCs for cross-priming of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. pDCexos thus represent a new addition in our arsenal of DC-based cancer vaccines that would potentially combine the advantage of pDCs and DCexos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.-S.M.)
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-400-2536
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19
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Harizaj A, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I, Braeckmans K. Physical transfection technologies for macrophages and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:229-247. [PMID: 32985919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, two important antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system, are being explored for the use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For this application, the therapeutic potential of patient-derived APCs is increased by delivering different types of functional macromolecules, such as mRNA and pDNA, into their cytosol. Compared to the use of viral and non-viral delivery vectors, physical intracellular delivery techniques are known to be more straightforward, more controllable, faster and generate high delivery efficiencies. AREAS COVERED This review starts with electroporation as the most traditional physical transfection method, before continuing with the more recent technologies such as sonoporation, nanowires and microfluidic cell squeezing. A description is provided of each of those intracellular delivery technologies with their strengths and weaknesses, especially paying attention to delivery efficiency and safety profile. EXPERT OPINION Given the common use of electroporation for the production of therapeutic APCs, it is recommended that more detailed studies are performed on the effect of electroporation on APC fitness, even down to the genetic level. Newer intracellular delivery technologies seem to have less impact on APC functionality but further work is needed to fully uncover their suitability to transfect APCs with different types of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells cross-prime naive CD8 T cells by transferring antigen to conventional dendritic cells through exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23730-23741. [PMID: 32879009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002345117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been shown to play a critical role in generating viral immunity and promoting tolerance to suppress antitumor immunity, whether and how pDCs cross-prime CD8 T cells in vivo remain controversial. Using a pDC-targeted vaccine model to deliver antigens specifically to pDCs, we have demonstrated that pDC-targeted vaccination led to strong cross-priming and durable CD8 T cell immunity. Surprisingly, cross-presenting pDCs required conventional DCs (cDCs) to achieve cross-priming in vivo by transferring antigens to cDCs. Taking advantage of an in vitro system where only pDCs had access to antigens, we further demonstrated that cross-presenting pDCs were unable to efficiently prime CD8 T cells by themselves, but conferred antigen-naive cDCs the capability of cross-priming CD8 T cells by transferring antigens to cDCs. Although both cDC1s and cDC2s exhibited similar efficiency in acquiring antigens from pDCs, cDC1s but not cDC2s were required for cross-priming upon pDC-targeted vaccination, suggesting that cDC1s played a critical role in pDC-mediated cross-priming independent of their function in antigen presentation. Antigen transfer from pDCs to cDCs was mediated by previously unreported pDC-derived exosomes (pDCexos), that were also produced by pDCs under various conditions. Importantly, all these pDCexos primed naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells only in the presence of bystander cDCs, similarly to cross-presenting pDCs, thus identifying pDCexo-mediated antigen transfer to cDCs as a mechanism for pDCs to achieve cross-priming. In summary, our data suggest that pDCs employ a unique mechanism of pDCexo-mediated antigen transfer to cDCs for cross-priming.
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21
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Yang Y, Dong M, Hao X, Qin A, Shang S. Revisiting cellular immune response to oncogenic Marek's disease virus: the rising of avian T-cell immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3103-3116. [PMID: 32080753 PMCID: PMC7391395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T-cell lymphomas and serves as a natural virus-induced tumor model in chickens. Although Marek's disease (MD) is well controlled by current vaccines, the evolution of MDV field viruses towards increasing virulence is concerning as a better vaccine to combat very virulent plus MDV is still lacking. Our understanding of molecular and cellular immunity to MDV and its immunopathogenesis has significantly improved, but those findings about cellular immunity to MDV are largely out-of-date, hampering the development of more effective vaccines against MD. T-cell-mediated cellular immunity was thought to be of paramount importance against MDV. However, MDV also infects macrophages, B cells and T cells, leading to immunosuppression and T-cell lymphoma. Additionally, there is limited information about how uninfected immune cells respond to MDV infection or vaccination, specifically, the mechanisms by which T cells are activated and recognize MDV antigens and how the function and properties of activated T cells correlate with immune protection against MDV or MD tumor. The current review revisits the roles of each immune cell subset and its effector mechanisms in the host immune response to MDV infection or vaccination from the point of view of comparative immunology. We particularly emphasize areas of research requiring further investigation and provide useful information for rational design and development of novel MDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Maoli Dong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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22
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Ye Y, Gaugler B, Mohty M, Malard F. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1139. [PMID: 32489664 PMCID: PMC7248678 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subset of dendritic cells specialised in secreting high levels of type I interferons. pDCs play a crucial role in antiviral immunity and have been implicated in the initiation and development of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This review summarises the latest advances in recent years in several aspects of pDC biology, with special focus on pDC heterogeneity, pDC development via the lymphoid pathway, and newly identified proteins/pathways involved in pDC trafficking, nucleic acid sensing and interferon production. Finally, we also highlight the current understanding of pDC involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and opportunities for pDC‐targeting therapies in these diseases. These new insights have contributed to answers to several fundamental questions remaining in pDC biology and may pave the way to successful pDC‐targeting therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) Sorbonne Université Paris France.,Bone Marrow Transplantation Center The First Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) Sorbonne Université Paris France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Florent Malard
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA) Sorbonne Université Paris France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine Sorbonne Université Paris France
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23
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Amon L, Lehmann CHK, Heger L, Heidkamp GF, Dudziak D. The ontogenetic path of human dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 120:122-129. [PMID: 32114182 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In healthy individuals, DCs are drivers and fine-tuners of T cell responses directed against invading pathogens or cancer cells. In parallel, DCs control autoreactive T cells, thereby maintaining T cell tolerance. Under various disease conditions, a disruption of this delicate balance can lead to chronic infections, tumor evasion, or autoimmunity. While great efforts have been made to unravel the origin and development of this powerful cell type in mice, only little is known about the ontogeny of human DCs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the developmental path of DCs from hematopoietic stem cells to fully functional DCs in their local tissue environment and provide a template for the identification of DCs across various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon F Heidkamp
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany; Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, pRED, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Imai J, Ohashi S, Sakai T. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation-Dependent Processing in Cross-Presentation and Its Potential for Dendritic Cell Vaccinations: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020153. [PMID: 32070016 PMCID: PMC7076524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While the success of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination largely depends on cross-presentation (CP) efficiency, the precise molecular mechanism of CP is not yet characterized. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as part of the protein quality control system in the ER, plays a pivotal role in the processing of extracellular proteins in CP. The discovery of ERAD-dependent processing strongly suggests that the properties of extracellular antigens are one of the keys to effective DC vaccination, in addition to DC subsets and the maturation of these cells. In this review, we address recent advances in CP, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the ERAD-dependent processing of extracellular proteins. As ERAD itself and the ERAD-dependent processing in CP share cellular machinery, enhancing the recognition of extracellular proteins, such as the ERAD substrate, by ex vivo methods may serve to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
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25
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Monti M, Consoli F, Vescovi R, Bugatti M, Vermi W. Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Cutaneous Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:E417. [PMID: 32054102 PMCID: PMC7072514 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic melanoma (MM) patients has remained poor for a long time. However, the recent introduction of effective target therapies (BRAF and MEK inhibitors for BRAFV600-mutated MM) and immunotherapies (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1) has significantly improved the survival of MM patients. Notably, all these responses are highly dependent on the fitness of the host immune system, including the innate compartment. Among immune cells involved in cancer immunity, properly activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) exert an important role, bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses and directly eliminating cancer cells. A distinctive feature of pDCs is the production of high amount of type I Interferon (I-IFN), through the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and 9 signaling pathway activation. However, published data indicate that melanoma-associated escape mechanisms are in place to hijack pDC functions. We have recently reported that pDC recruitment is recurrent in the early phases of melanoma, but the entire pDC compartment collapses over melanoma progression. Here, we summarize recent advances on pDC biology and function within the context of melanoma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesca Consoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST-Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Vescovi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (R.V.); (M.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Montealegre S, Abramova A, Manceau V, de Kanter AF, van Endert P. The role of MHC class I recycling and Arf6 in cross-presentation by murine dendritic cells. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/6/e201900464. [PMID: 31740564 PMCID: PMC6861705 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules (MHC-I) is critical for priming of cytotoxic T cells. Peptides derived from cross-presented antigens can be loaded on MHC-I in the endoplasmic reticulum and in endocytic or phagocytic compartments of murine DCs. However, the origin of MHC-I in the latter compartments is poorly understood. Recently, Rab22-dependent MHC-I recycling through a Rab11+ compartment has been suggested to be implicated in cross-presentation. We have examined the existence of MHC-I recycling and the role of Arf6, described to regulate recycling in nonprofessional antigen presenting cells, in murine DCs. We confirm folded MHC-I accumulation in a juxtanuclear Rab11+ compartment and partially localize Arf6 to this compartment. MHC-I undergo fast recycling, however, both folded and unfolded internalized MHC-I fail to recycle to the Rab11+Arf6+ compartment. Therefore, the source of MHC-I molecules in DC endocytic compartments remains to be identified. Functionally, depletion of Arf6 compromises cross-presentation of immune complexes but not of soluble, phagocytosed or mannose receptor-targeted antigen, suggesting a role of Fc receptor-regulated Arf6 trafficking in cross-presentation of immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Montealegre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Abramova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Manceau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Floor de Kanter
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France .,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
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27
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Zhang D, Cui P, Dai Z, Yang B, Yao X, Liu Q, Hu Z, Zheng X. Tumor microenvironment responsive FePt/MoS 2 nanocomposites with chemotherapy and photothermal therapy for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19912-19922. [PMID: 31599915 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis and recurrence of tumors are the main reasons for cancer death. In this work, a promising therapy for tumor treatment that can eliminate primary tumors and prevent tumor relapses is introduced by combining chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) and immunotherapy. Multifunctional FePt/MoS2-FA nanocomposites (FPMF NCs) were obtained via anchoring FePt nanoparticles and folic acid (FA) on MoS2 nanosheets. As an efficient ferroptosis agent, FePt nanoparticles could catalyze the Fenton reaction to produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Through the highly effective photothermal conversion of MoS2 nanosheets, the primary tumor cells could be ablated by photothermal therapy (PTT). Moreover, the metastatic tumors were eliminated effectively with the help of oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytosine-guanine (CpG ODNs) combined with systemic checkpoint blockade therapy using an anti-CTLA4 antibody. Even more intriguingly, a strong immunological memory effect was obtained by this synergistic therapy. Taking all these results into consideration, we anticipate that the photo-chemo-immunotherapy strategies show great promise toward the development of a multifunctional platform for anticancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemistry Engineering & Material Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ping Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Baochan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zunfu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China.
| | - Xiuwen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China. and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, P.R. China
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28
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Imai J, Otani M, Sakai T. Distinct Subcellular Compartments of Dendritic Cells Used for Cross-Presentation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225606. [PMID: 31717517 PMCID: PMC6888166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous protein-derived peptides on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules to prime naïve CD8+ T cells. This DC specific ability, called cross-presentation (CP), is important for the activation of cell-mediated immunity and the induction of self-tolerance. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as a part of the unfolded protein response—a quality control system in the ER—plays a pivotal role in the processing of exogenous proteins in CP. Moreover, DCs express a variety of immuno-modulatory molecules and cytokines to regulate T cell activation in response to the environment. Although both CP and immuno-modulation are indispensable, contrasting ER conditions are required for their correct activity. Since ERAD substrates are unfolded proteins, their accumulation may result in ER stress, impaired cell homeostasis, and eventually apoptosis. In contrast, activation of the unfolded protein response should be inhibited for DCs to express immuno-modulatory molecules and cytokines. Here, we review recent advances on antigen CP, focusing on intracellular transport routes for exogenous antigens and distinctive subcellular compartments involved in ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
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29
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Leylek R, Idoyaga J. The versatile plasmacytoid dendritic cell: Function, heterogeneity, and plasticity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:177-211. [PMID: 31759431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their identification as the natural interferon-producing cell two decades ago, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been attributed diverse functions in the immune response. Their most well characterized function is innate, i.e., their rapid and robust production of type-I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viruses. However, pDCs have also been implicated in antigen presentation, activation of adaptive immune responses and immunoregulation. The mechanisms by which pDCs enact these diverse functions are poorly understood. One central debate is whether these functions are carried out by different pDC subpopulations or by plasticity in the pDC compartment. This chapter summarizes the latest reports regarding pDC function, heterogeneity, cell conversion and environmentally influenced plasticity, as well as the role of pDCs in infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Leylek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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30
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Paardekooper LM, Dingjan I, Linders PTA, Staal AHJ, Cristescu SM, Verberk WCEP, van den Bogaart G. Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Produce Millimolar Concentrations of ROS in Phagosomes Per Second. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1216. [PMID: 31191556 PMCID: PMC6548834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill ingested pathogens by the so-called oxidative burst, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the lumen of phagosomes at very high rates (mM/s), although these rates can only be maintained for a short period (minutes). In contrast, dendritic cells produce ROS at much lower rates, but they can sustain production for much longer after pathogen uptake (hours). It is becoming increasingly clear that this slow but prolonged ROS production is essential for antigen cross-presentation to activate cytolytic T cells, and for shaping the repertoire of antigen fragments for presentation to helper T cells. However, despite this importance of ROS production by dendritic cells for activation of the adaptive immune system, their actual ROS production rates have never been quantified. Here, we quantified ROS production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by measuring the oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis. Although a large variation in oxygen consumption and phagocytic capacity was present among individuals and cells, we estimate a ROS production rate of on average ~0.5 mM/s per phagosome. Quantitative microscopy approaches showed that ROS is produced within minutes after pathogen encounter at the nascent phagocytic cup. H2DCFDA measurements revealed that ROS production is sustained for at least ~10 h after uptake. While ROS are produced by dendritic cells at an about 10-fold lower rate than by neutrophils, the net total ROS production is approximately similar. These are the first quantitative estimates of ROS production by a cell capable of antigen cross-presentation. Our findings provide a quantitative insight in how ROS affect dendritic cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Dingjan
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T A Linders
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander H J Staal
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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31
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Vangeti S, Gertow J, Yu M, Liu S, Baharom F, Scholz S, Friberg D, Starkhammar M, Ahlberg A, Smed-Sörensen A. Human Blood and Tonsil Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Display Similar Gene Expression Profiles but Exhibit Differential Type I IFN Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2069-2081. [PMID: 30760619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection constitutes an annual health burden across the globe. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are central in antiviral defense because of their superior capacity to produce type I IFNs in response to viruses. Dendritic cells (DCs) differ depending on their anatomical location. However, only limited host-pathogen data are available from the initial site of infection in humans. In this study, we investigated how human tonsil PDCs, likely exposed to virus because of their location, responded to IAV infection compared with peripheral blood PDCs. In tonsils, unlike in blood, PDCs are the most frequent DC subset. Both tonsil and blood PDCs expressed several genes necessary for pathogen recognition and immune response, generally in a similar pattern. MxA, a protein that renders cells resistant to IAV infection, was detected in both tonsil and blood PDCs. However, despite steady-state MxA expression and contrary to previous reports, at high IAV concentrations (typically cytopathic to other immune cells), both tonsil and blood PDCs supported IAV infection. IAV exposure resulted in PDC maturation by upregulation of CD86 expression and IFN-α secretion. Interestingly, blood PDCs secreted 10-fold more IFN-α in response to IAV compared with tonsil PDCs. Tonsil PDCs also had a dampened cytokine response to purified TLR ligands compared with blood PDCs. Our findings suggest that tonsil PDCs may be less responsive to IAV than blood PDCs, highlighting the importance of studying immune cells at their proposed site of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Gertow
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sang Liu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faezzah Baharom
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saskia Scholz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Starkhammar
- Capio Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic Globen, 121 77 Johanneshov, Sweden; and
| | - Alexander Ahlberg
- Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
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32
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Alculumbre S, Raieli S, Hoffmann C, Chelbi R, Danlos FX, Soumelis V. Plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells (pDC): from molecular pathways to function and disease association. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 86:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Montealegre S, van Endert PM. Endocytic Recycling of MHC Class I Molecules in Non-professional Antigen Presenting and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3098. [PMID: 30666258 PMCID: PMC6330327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules are glycoproteins that display peptide epitopes at the cell surface of nucleated cells for recognition by CD8+ T cells. Like other cell surface receptors, MHC class I molecules are continuously removed from the surface followed by intracellular degradation or recycling to the cell surface, in a process likely involving active quality control the mechanism of which remains unknown. The molecular players and pathways involved in internalization and recycling have previously been studied in model cell lines such as HeLa. However, dendritic cells (DCs), which rely on a specialized endocytic machinery that confers them the unique ability to “cross”-present antigens acquired by internalization, may use distinct MHC I recycling pathways and quality control mechanisms. By providing MHC I molecules cross-presenting antigens, these pathways may play an important role in one of the key functions of DCs, priming of T cell responses against pathogens and tumors. In this review, we will focus on endocytic recycling of MHC I molecules in various experimental conditions and cell types. We discuss the organization of the recycling pathway in model cell lines compared to DCs, highlighting the differences in the recycling rates and pathways of MHC I molecules between various cell types, and their putative functional consequences. Reviewing the literature, we find that conclusive evidence for significant recycling of MHC I molecules in primary DCs has yet to be demonstrated. We conclude that endocytic trafficking of MHC class I in DCs remains poorly understood and should be further studied because of its likely role in antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Montealegre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Peter M van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, France
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34
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Ho NI, Huis In 't Veld LGM, Raaijmakers TK, Adema GJ. Adjuvants Enhancing Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells: The Key to More Effective Vaccines? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2874. [PMID: 30619259 PMCID: PMC6300500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M Huis In 't Veld
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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35
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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36
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Embgenbroich M, Burgdorf S. Current Concepts of Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1643. [PMID: 30061897 PMCID: PMC6054923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells have the ability to efficiently present internalized antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules. This process is termed cross-presentation and is important role in the generation of an immune response against viruses and tumors, after vaccinations or in the induction of immune tolerance. The molecular mechanisms enabling cross-presentation have been topic of intense debate since many years. However, a clear view on these mechanisms remains difficult, partially due to important remaining questions, controversial results and discussions. Here, we give an overview of the current concepts of antigen cross-presentation and focus on a description of the major cross-presentation pathways, the role of retarded antigen degradation for efficient cross-presentation, the dislocation of antigens from endosomal compartment into the cytosol, the reverse transport of proteasome-derived peptides for loading on MHC I and the translocation of the cross-presentation machinery from the ER to endosomes. We try to highlight recent advances, discuss some of the controversial data and point out some of the major open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Embgenbroich
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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37
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Vangeti S, Yu M, Smed-Sörensen A. Respiratory Mononuclear Phagocytes in Human Influenza A Virus Infection: Their Role in Immune Protection and As Targets of the Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1521. [PMID: 30018617 PMCID: PMC6037688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses have become increasingly important with recurrent epidemics. Influenza A virus (IAV), a respiratory virus displaying continuous re-emergence, contributes significantly to global morbidity and mortality, especially in young children, immunocompromised, and elderly people. IAV infection is typically confined to the airways and the virus replicates in respiratory epithelial cells but can also infect resident immune cells. Clearance of infection requires virus-specific adaptive immune responses that depend on early and efficient innate immune responses against IAV. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), comprising monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, have common but also unique features. In addition to being professional antigen-presenting cells, MNPs mediate leukocyte recruitment, sense and phagocytose pathogens, regulate inflammation, and shape immune responses. The immune protection mediated by MNPs can be compromised during IAV infection when the cells are also targeted by the virus, leading to impaired cytokine responses and altered interactions with other immune cells. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that immune cells differ depending on their anatomical location and that it is important to study them where they are expected to exert their function. Defining tissue-resident MNP distribution, phenotype, and function during acute and convalescent human IAV infection can offer valuable insights into understanding how MNPs maintain the fine balance required to protect against infections that the cells are themselves susceptible to. In this review, we delineate the role of MNPs in the human respiratory tract during IAV infection both in mediating immune protection and as targets of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Human in vivo-generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages cross-present antigens through a vacuolar pathway. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2570. [PMID: 29967419 PMCID: PMC6028641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC-I molecules, termed cross-presentation, is essential for cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. In mice, dendritic cells (DCs) that arise from monocytes (mo-DCs) during inflammation have a key function in these responses by cross-presenting antigens locally in peripheral tissues. Whether human naturally-occurring mo-DCs can cross-present is unknown. Here, we use human mo-DCs and macrophages directly purified from ascites to address this question. Single-cell RNA-seq data show that ascites CD1c+ DCs contain exclusively monocyte-derived cells. Both ascites mo-DCs and monocyte-derived macrophages cross-present efficiently, but are inefficient for transferring exogenous proteins into their cytosol. Inhibition of cysteine proteases, but not of proteasome, abolishes cross-presentation in these cells. We conclude that human monocyte-derived cells cross-present exclusively using a vacuolar pathway. Finally, only ascites mo-DCs provide co-stimulatory signals to induce effector cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Our findings thus provide important insights on how to harness cross-presentation for therapeutic purposes.
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39
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Valečka J, Almeida CR, Su B, Pierre P, Gatti E. Autophagy and MHC-restricted antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:163-170. [PMID: 29787980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T lymphocytes and initiate immune responses. The peptides loaded onto MHC class I or MHC class II molecules can be derived from cytosolic proteins, both self and foreign. A variety of cellular processes, including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy, play critical roles in presentation of these antigens. We discuss the role of autophagy, a major intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes in both MHC class I and II-restricted antigen presentation. We propose the new term "Type 2 cross-presentation" (CP2) to define the autophagy-dependent processes leading to MHC II-restricted presentation of intracellular antigens by professional antigen presenting cells. A better understanding of Type 2 cross-presentation may guide future efforts to control the immune system through autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Valečka
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Catarina R Almeida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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40
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Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation is an adaptation of the cellular process of loading MHC-I molecules with endogenous peptides during their biosynthesis within the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-presented peptides derive from internalized proteins, microbial pathogens, and transformed or dying cells. The physical separation of internalized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, where the machinery for assembling peptide-MHC-I complexes resides, poses a challenge. To solve this problem, deliberate rewiring of organelle communication within cells is necessary to prepare for cross-presentation, and different endocytic receptors and vesicular traffic patterns customize the emergent cross-presentation compartment to the nature of the peptide source. Three distinct pathways of vesicular traffic converge to form the ideal cross-presentation compartment, each regulated differently to supply a unique component that enables cross-presentation of a diverse repertoire of peptides. Delivery of centerpiece MHC-I molecules is the critical step regulated by microbe-sensitive Toll-like receptors. Defining the subcellular sources of MHC-I and identifying sites of peptide loading during cross-presentation remain key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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41
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The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020065. [PMID: 29415518 PMCID: PMC5850372 DOI: 10.3390/v10020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ) are key components of the innate immune system contributing to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the development/resolution of immune responses to pathogens. Monocytes and DC, circulating in the blood or infiltrating various lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, are derived from distinct bone marrow precursors and are typically short lived. Conversely, recent studies revealed that subsets of tissue resident MΦ are long-lived as they originate from embryonic/fetal precursors that have the ability to self-renew during the life of an individual. Pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) highjack the functions of myeloid cells for viral replication (e.g., MΦ) or distal dissemination and cell-to-cell transmission (e.g., DC). Although the long-term persistence of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T-cells during viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well documented, the ability of myeloid cells to harbor replication competent viral reservoirs is still a matter of debate. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of monocytes and DC during homeostasis and in the context of HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of future studies on long-lived resident MΦ to HIV persistence in ART-treated patients.
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Khan M, Carmona S, Sukhumalchandra P, Roszik J, Philips A, Perakis AA, Kerros C, Zhang M, Qiao N, John LSS, Zope M, Goldberg J, Qazilbash M, Jakher H, Clise-Dwyer K, Qiu Y, Mittendorf EA, Molldrem JJ, Kornblau SM, Alatrash G. Cathepsin G Is Expressed by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Is a Potential Immunotherapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1975. [PMID: 29422892 PMCID: PMC5790053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin G (CG) is a myeloid azurophil granule protease that is highly expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and leukemia stem cells. We previously identified CG1 (FLLPTGAEA), a human leukocyte antigen-A2-restricted nonameric peptide derived from CG, as an immunogenic target in AML. In this report, we aimed to assess the level of CG expression in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and its potential as an immunotherapeutic target in ALL. Using RT-PCR and western blots, we identified CG mRNA and protein, respectively, in B-ALL patient samples and cell lines. We also examined CG expression in a large cohort of 130 patients with ALL via reverse-phase protein array (RPPA). Our data show that CG is widely expressed by ALL and is a poor prognosticator. In addition to endogenous expression, we also provide evidence that CG can be taken up by ALL cells. Finally, we demonstrate that patient ALL can be lysed by CG1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. Together, these data show high expression of CG by ALL and implicate CG as a target for immunotherapy in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Khan
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Selena Carmona
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pariya Sukhumalchandra
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anne Philips
- Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexander A Perakis
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Celine Kerros
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Na Qiao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa S St John
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Madhushree Zope
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Goldberg
- Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mariam Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haroon Jakher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yihua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey J Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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43
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Lipid bodies containing oxidatively truncated lipids block antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells in cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2122. [PMID: 29242535 PMCID: PMC5730553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation is a critical function of dendritic cells (DCs) required for induction of antitumor immune responses and success of cancer immunotherapy. It is established that tumor-associated DCs are defective in their ability to cross-present antigens. However, the mechanisms driving these defects are still unknown. We find that impaired cross-presentation in DCs is largely associated with defect in trafficking of peptide-MHC class I (pMHC) complexes to the cell surface. DCs in tumor-bearing hosts accumulate lipid bodies (LB) containing electrophilic oxidatively truncated (ox-tr) lipids. These ox-tr-LB, but not LB present in control DCs, covalently bind to chaperone heat shock protein 70. This interaction prevents the translocation of pMHC to cell surface by causing the accumulation of pMHC inside late endosomes/lysosomes. As a result, tumor-associated DCs are no longer able to stimulate adequate CD8 T cells responses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a mechanism regulating cross-presentation in cancer and suggests potential therapeutic avenues.
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44
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Blander JM. The comings and goings of MHC class I molecules herald a new dawn in cross-presentation. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:65-79. [PMID: 27319343 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules are the centerpieces of cross-presentation. They are loaded with peptides derived from exogenous sources and displayed on the plasma membrane to communicate with CD8 T cells, relaying a message of tolerance or attack. The study of cross-presentation has been focused on the relative contributions of the vacuolar versus cytosolic pathways of antigen processing and the location where MHC-I molecules are loaded. While vacuolar processing generates peptides loaded onto vacuolar MHC-I molecules, how and where exogenous peptides generated by the proteasome and transported by TAP meet MHC-I molecules for loading has been a matter of debate. The source and trafficking of MHC-I molecules in dendritic cells have largely been ignored under the expectation that these molecules came from the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the plasma membrane. New studies reveal a concentrated pool of MHC-I molecules in the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). These pools are rapidly mobilized to phagosomes carrying microbial antigens, and in a signal-dependent manner under the control of Toll-like receptors. The phagosome becomes a dynamic hub receiving traffic from multiple sources, the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment for delivering the peptide-loading machinery and the ERC for deploying MHC-I molecules that alert CD8 T cells of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Abstract
Cross-presentation of internalized antigens by dendritic cells requires efficient delivery of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to peptide-loading compartments. Strong evidence suggests that such loading can occur outside of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, the trafficking pathways and sources of class I molecules involved are poorly understood. Examination of non-professional, non-phagocytic cells has revealed a clathrin-independent, Arf6-dependent recycling pathway likely traveled by internalized optimally loaded (closed) class I molecules. Some closed and all open MHC class I molecules travel to late endosomes to be degraded but might also partly be re-loaded with peptides and recycled. Studies of viral interference revealed pathways in which class I molecules are directed to degradation in lysosomes upon ubiquitination at the surface, or upon AP-1 and HIV-nef-dependent misrouting from the Golgi network to lysosomes. While many observations made in non-professional cells remain to be re-examined in dendritic cells, available evidence suggests that both recycling and neo-synthesized class I molecules can be loaded with cross-presented peptides. Recycling molecules can be recruited to phagosomes triggered by innate signals such as TLR4 ligands, and may therefore specialize in loading with phagocytosed antigens. In contrast, AP-1-dependent accumulation at, or trafficking through, a Golgi compartment of newly synthesized molecules appears to be important for cross-presentation of soluble proteins and possibly of long peptides that are processed in the so-called vacuolar pathway. However, significant cell biological work will be required to confirm this or any other model and to integrate knowledge on MHC class I biochemistry and trafficking in models of CD8(+) T-cell priming by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité 8253, Paris, France
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46
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Loughland JR, Minigo G, Sarovich DS, Field M, Tipping PE, Montes de Oca M, Piera KA, Amante FH, Barber BE, Grigg MJ, William T, Good MF, Doolan DL, Engwerda CR, Anstey NM, McCarthy JS, Woodberry T. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells appear inactive during sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection, yet retain their ability to respond to TLR stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2596. [PMID: 28572564 PMCID: PMC5453946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are activators of innate and adaptive immune responses that express HLA-DR, toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9 and produce type I interferons. The role of human pDC in malaria remains poorly characterised. pDC activation and cytokine production were assessed in 59 malaria-naive volunteers during experimental infection with 150 or 1,800 P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells. Using RNA sequencing, longitudinal changes in pDC gene expression were examined in five adults before and at peak-infection. pDC responsiveness to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation was assessed in-vitro. Circulating pDC remained transcriptionally stable with gene expression altered for 8 genes (FDR < 0.07). There was no upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD86, CD80, CD40, and reduced surface expression of HLA-DR and CD123 (IL-3R-α). pDC loss from the circulation was associated with active caspase-3, suggesting pDC apoptosis during primary infection. pDC remained responsive to TLR stimulation, producing IFN-α and upregulating HLA-DR, CD86, CD123 at peak-infection. In clinical malaria, pDC retained HLA-DR but reduced CD123 expression compared to convalescence. These data demonstrate pDC retain function during a first blood-stage P. falciparum exposure despite sub-microscopic parasitaemia downregulating HLA-DR. The lack of evident pDC activation in both early infection and malaria suggests little response of circulating pDC to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Loughland
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Derek S Sarovich
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Peta E Tipping
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Kim A Piera
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Denise L Doolan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Tonia Woodberry
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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47
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Fehres CM, Duinkerken S, Bruijns SC, Kalay H, van Vliet SJ, Ambrosini M, de Gruijl TD, Unger WW, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Langerin-mediated internalization of a modified peptide routes antigens to early endosomes and enhances cross-presentation by human Langerhans cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:360-370. [PMID: 26456691 PMCID: PMC5380941 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of the skin immune system to generate immune responses is well established, and the skin is actively exploited as a vaccination site. Human skin contains several antigen-presenting cell subsets with specialized functions. In particular, the capacity to cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells is of interest for the design of effective immunotherapies against viruses or cancer. Here, we show that primary human Langerhans cells (LCs) were able to cross-present a synthetic long peptide (SLP) to CD8+ T cells. In addition, modification of this SLP using antibodies against the receptor langerin, but not dectin-1, further enhanced the cross-presenting capacity of LCs through routing of internalized antigens to less proteolytic early endosome antigen 1+ early endosomes. The potency of LCs to enhance CD8+ T-cell responses could be further increased through activation of LCs with the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C). Altogether, the data provide evidence that human LCs are able to cross-present antigens after langerin-mediated internalization. Furthermore, the potential for antigen modification to target LCs specifically provides a rationale for generating effective anti-tumor or anti-viral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Cm Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Wj Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology,VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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Lippitsch A, Chukovetskyi Y, Baal N, Bein G, Hackstein H. Unique high and homogenous surface expression of the transferrin receptor CD71 on murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells in different tissues. Cell Immunol 2017; 316:41-52. [PMID: 28372797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are of increasing interest in cancer vaccine development, but many functions of these highly specialized, multifaceted cells are poorly understood. The transferrin receptor CD71 has also been suggested to function as an antigen uptake receptor on professional antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we employed multiparameter flow cytometry to investigate CD71 expression on various leukocyte subsets, including DC subsets, granulocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, γδ T cells, and natural killer cells. Cells from various lymphoid and non-lymphoid murine tissues were analyzed using fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. High CD71 expression (90-100%) was observed, uniquely on pDC amongst the leukocyte populations examined, in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, including other DC subsets. In contrast, CD71 expression on non-tissue pDC, in the bone marrow and peripheral blood, was reduced. The cause and function of this high tissue pDC-selective CD71 expression remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lippitsch
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuri Chukovetskyi
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nelli Baal
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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CD8 + T Cells Orchestrate pDC-XCR1 + Dendritic Cell Spatial and Functional Cooperativity to Optimize Priming. Immunity 2017; 46:205-219. [PMID: 28190711 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive cellular immunity is initiated by antigen-specific interactions between T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) support antiviral immunity by linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we examined pDC spatiotemporal dynamics during viral infection to uncover when, where, and how they exert their functions. We found that pDCs accumulated at sites of CD8+ T cell antigen-driven activation in a CCR5-dependent fashion. Furthermore, activated CD8+ T cells orchestrated the local recruitment of lymph node-resident XCR1 chemokine receptor-expressing DCs via secretion of the XCL1 chemokine. Functionally, this CD8+ T cell-mediated reorganization of the local DC network allowed for the interaction and cooperation of pDCs and XCR1+ DCs, thereby optimizing XCR1+ DC maturation and cross-presentation. These data support a model in which CD8+ T cells upon activation create their own optimal priming microenvironment by recruiting additional DC subsets to the site of initial antigen recognition.
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A distinct subset of plasmacytoid dendritic cells induces activation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1988-1993. [PMID: 28167780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610630114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known mainly for their secretion of type I IFN upon viral encounter. We describe a CD2hiCD5+CD81+ pDC subset, distinguished by prominent dendrites and a mature phenotype, in human blood, bone marrow, and tonsil, which can be generated from CD34+ progenitors. These CD2hiCD5+CD81+ cells express classical pDC markers, as well as the toll-like receptors that enable conventional pDCs to respond to viral infection. However, their gene expression profile is distinct, and they produce little or no type I IFN upon stimulation with CpG oligonucleotides, likely due to their diminished expression of IFN regulatory factor 7. A similar population of CD5+CD81+ pDCs is present in mice and also does not produce type I IFN after CpG stimulation. In contrast to conventional CD5-CD81- pDCs, human CD5+CD81+ pDCs are potent stimulators of B-cell activation and antibody production and strong inducers of T-cell proliferation and Treg formation. These findings reveal the presence of a discrete pDC population that does not produce type I IFN and yet mediates important immune functions previously attributed to all pDCs.
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