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Ramos KE, Okba NMA, Tan J, Bandawane P, Meade PS, Loganathan M, Francis B, Shulenin S, Holtsberg FW, Aman MJ, McMahon M, Krammer F, Lai JR. Broadly protective bispecific antibodies that simultaneously target influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. mBio 2024; 15:e0108524. [PMID: 38899870 PMCID: PMC11253627 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01085-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an attractive therapeutic platform for the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection. There are two major glycoproteins on the influenza virion surface: hemagglutinin (HA), which is responsible for viral attachment and entry, and neuraminidase (NA), which mediates viral egress by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid to release budding particles from the host cell surface. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target the conserved HA central stalk region, such as CR9114, can inhibit both viral entry and egress. More recently, broadly binding mAbs that engage and inhibit the NA active site, such as 1G01, have been described to prevent viral egress. Here, we engineered bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that combine the variable domains of CR9114 and 1G01 into a single molecule and evaluated if simultaneous targeting of two different glycoproteins improved antiviral properties in vitro and in vivo. Several CR9114/1G01 bsAbs were generated with various configurations of the two sets of the variable domains ("bsAb formats"). We found that combinations employing the addition of a single-chain variable fragment in the hinge region of an IgG scaffold had the best properties in terms of expression, stability, and binding. Further characterization of selected bsAbs showed potent neutralizing and egress-inhibiting activity. One such bsAb ("hSC_CR9114_1G01") provided higher levels of prophylactic protection from mortality and morbidity upon challenge with H1N1 than either of the parental mAbs at low dosing (1 mg/kg). These results highlight the potential use of bsAbs that simultaneously target HA and NA as new influenza immunotherapeutics. IMPORTANCE Infection by the influenza virus remains a global health burden. The approaches utilized here to augment the activity of broadly protective influenza virus antibodies may lead to a new class of immunotherapies with enhanced activity.
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MESH Headings
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pooja Bandawane
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip S. Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madhumathi Loganathan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Francis
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Qerqez AN, Silva RP, Maynard JA. Outsmarting Pathogens with Antibody Engineering. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:217-241. [PMID: 36917814 PMCID: PMC10330301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-084508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in identifying antibodies that protect against infectious diseases, especially for high-risk individuals and pathogens for which no vaccine is yet available. However, pathogens that manifest as opportunistic or latent infections express complex arrays of virulence-associated proteins and are adept at avoiding immune responses. Some pathogens have developed strategies to selectively destroy antibodies, whereas others create decoy epitopes that trick the host immune system into generating antibodies that are at best nonprotective and at worst enhance pathogenesis. Antibody engineering strategies can thwart these efforts by accessing conserved neutralizing epitopes, generating Fc domains that resist capture or degradation and even accessing pathogens hidden inside cells. Design of pathogen-resistant antibodies can enhance protection and guide development of vaccine immunogens against these complex pathogens. Here, we discuss general strategies for design of antibodies resistant to specific pathogen defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA;
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Joseph J, Darpe S, Kulkarni G, Raj VS. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody epitopes are overlapping and highly mutated which raises the chances of escape variants and requires development of broadly reactive vaccines. Proteins 2023. [PMID: 36912191 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 within the host species and the increased viral transmission triggered the evolution of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Though numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified as prophylactic therapy for SARS-CoV-2, the ongoing surge in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections shows the importance of understanding the mutations in the spike and developing novel vaccine strategies to target all variants. Here, we report the map of experimentally validated 74 SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAb binding epitopes of all variants. The majority (87.84%) of the potent neutralizing epitopes are localized to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and overlap with each other, whereas limited (12.16%) epitopes are found in the N-terminal domain (NTD). Notably, 69 out of 74 mAb targets have at least one mutation at the epitope sites. The potent epitopes found in the RBD show higher mutations (4-10aa) compared to lower or modest neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that these epitopes might co-evolve with the immune pressure. The current study shows the importance of determining the critical mutations at the antibody recognition epitopes, leading to the development of broadly reactive immunogens targeting multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, vaccines inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses might prevent the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants from neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswin Joseph
- Virology Scientific Research (VSR) Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sukhada Darpe
- Virology Scientific Research (VSR) Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Grishma Kulkarni
- Virology Scientific Research (VSR) Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - V Stalin Raj
- Virology Scientific Research (VSR) Laboratory, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Jenkins GW, Safonova Y, Smider VV. Germline-Encoded Positional Cysteine Polymorphisms Enhance Diversity in Antibody Ultralong CDR H3 Regions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2141-2148. [PMID: 36426974 PMCID: PMC9940733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ab "ultralong" third H chain complementarity-determining regions (CDR H3) appear unique to bovine Abs and may enable binding to difficult epitopes that shorter CDR H3 regions cannot easily access. Diversity is concentrated in the "knob" domain of the CDR H3, which is encoded by the DH gene segment and sits atop a β-ribbon "stalk" that protrudes far from the Ab surface. Knob region cysteine content is quite diverse in terms of total number of cysteines, sequence position, and disulfide bond pattern formation. We investigated the role of germline cysteines in production of a diverse CDR H3 structural repertoire. The relationship between DH polymorphisms and deletions relative to germline at the nucleotide level, as well as diversity in cysteine and disulfide bond content at the structural level, was ascertained. Structural diversity is formed through (1) DH polymorphisms with altered cysteine positions, (2) DH deletions, and (3) new cysteines that arise through somatic hypermutation that form new, unique disulfide bonds to alter the knob structure. Thus, a combination of mechanisms at both the germline and somatic immunogenetic levels results in diversity in knob region cysteine content, contributing to remarkable complexity in knob region disulfide patterns, loops, and Ag binding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Safonova
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
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Contribution of rare mutational outcomes to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:820-827. [PMID: 35713319 PMCID: PMC9828561 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are important immune molecules that are elicited by B cells to protect our bodies during viral infections or vaccinations. In humans, the antibody repertoire is diversified by programmed DNA lesion processes to ensure specific and high affinity binding to various antigens. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are antibodies that have strong neutralizing activities against different variants of a virus. bnAbs such as anti-HIV bnAbs often have special characteristics including insertions and deletions, long complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), and high frequencies of mutations, often at improbable sites of the variable regions. These unique features are rare mutational outcomes that are acquired during antibody diversification processes. In this review, we will discuss possible mechanisms that generate these rare antibody mutational outcomes. The understanding of the mechanisms that generate these rare mutational outcomes during antibody diversification will have implications in vaccine design strategies to elicit bnAbs.
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Tohma K, Ford-Siltz LA, Kendra JA, Parra GI. Dynamic immunodominance hierarchy of neutralizing antibody responses to evolving GII.4 noroviruses. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110689. [PMID: 35417705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradigm of RNA viruses is their ability to mutate and escape from herd immunity. Because antibody responses are a major effector for viral immunity, antigenic sites are usually under strong diversifying pressure. Here, we use norovirus as a model to study mechanisms of antigenic diversification of non-enveloped, fast-evolving RNA viruses. We comprehensively characterize all variable antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization and find that single neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) map to multiple antigenic sites of GII.4 norovirus. Interactions of multiple epitopes on the viral capsid surface provide a broad mAb-binding repertoire with a remarkable difference in the mAb-binding profiles and immunodominance hierarchy for two distantly related GII.4 variants. Time-ordered mutant viruses confirm a progressive change of antibody immunodominance along with point mutations during the process of norovirus evolution. Thus, in addition to point mutations, switches in immunodominance that redirect immune responses could facilitate immune escape in RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Lauren A Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Joseph A Kendra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1309, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Ozcelik F, Tanoglu A, Guven BB, Keskin U, Kaplan M. Assessment of severity and mortality of COVID-19 with anti-A1 and anti-B IgM isohaemagglutinins, a reflection of the innate immune status. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14624. [PMID: 34251730 PMCID: PMC8420313 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between the innate immune system that creates the polysaccharide antibody response and COVID-19 is not fully understood. In this study, it was aimed to determine the predictive values of isohaemagglutinins in COVID-19 severity/mortality. METHODS Approximately 15 440 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were examined, and a total of 286 patients with anti-B and anti-A1 IgM isohaemagglutinins test results were randomly enrolled in the study. These patients were stratified into two groups according to anti-A1 (n: 138 blood type B or O) and anti-B (n: 148 blood type A) IgM isohaemagglutinins. Anti-A1 or/and anti-B IgM, biochemical parameters, symptoms, chronic diseases, hospitalisation status, intubation status, admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and exitus status were recorded and evaluated for all patients. RESULTS Anti-A1 IgM and anti-B IgM were significantly lower in ICU patients (7.5 ± 9.9 vs 18.0 ± 20.4 and 5.5 ± 6.3 vs 19.3 ± 33.6 titres, respectively; P < .01) and in exitus patients (3.8 ± 3.6 vs 16.7 ± 18.7 and 3.5 ± 4.7 vs 16.9 ± 29.6 titres respectively; P < .01). In the ROC analysis performed to differentiate between exitus and discharge within groups, the sensitivity of anti-B IgM and anti-A1 IgM at cut-off ≤4 was 88.9% and 79.6%, specificity 66.0% and 73.4%, and AUC 0.831 and 0.861, respectively (P < .01). Anti-A1 IgM decreased the mortality risk 0.811 times per unit while anti-B IgM decreased 0.717 times (P < .01). CONCLUSION Anti-B and anti-A1 isohaemagglutinins, which are an expression of the innate immune system, can be used to predict the severity and mortality of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozcelik
- Department of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeySultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Alpaslan Tanoglu
- Department of GastroenterologyUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeySancaktepe Şehit Prof Dr Ilhan Varank Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Bulent Barıs Guven
- Department of Anesthesia and ReanimationUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeySultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Umran Keskin
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeyHaydarpasa Numune Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mustafa Kaplan
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Health Sciences TurkeySultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
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Di Y, Cai S, Zheng S, Huang J, Du L, Song Y, Zhang M, Wang Z, Yu G, Ren L, Han H, Zhao Y. Reshaping the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire with bovine DH genes. Immunology 2021; 165:74-87. [PMID: 34428313 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a limited number of VH segments, cattle rely on uniquely long DH gene segments to generate CDRH3 length variation (3-70 aa) far greater than that in humans or mice. Bovine antibodies with ultralong CDRH3s (>50 aa) possess unusual structures and abilities to bind to special antigens. In this study, we replaced most murine endogenous DH segments with bovine DH genes, generating a mouse line termed B-DH. The use of bovine DH genes significantly increased the length variation of CDRH3 and consequently the Ig heavy chain repertoire in B-DH mice. However, no ultralong CDRH3 was observed in B-DH mice, suggesting that other factors, in addition to long DH genes, are also involved in the formation of ultralong CDRH3. The B-DH mice mounted a normal humoral immune response to various antigens, although the B-cell developmental paradigm was obviously altered compared with wild-type mice. Additionally, B-DH mice are not predisposed to the generation of autoantibodies despite the interspecies DH gene replacement. The B-DH mice reported in this study provide a unique model to answer basic questions regarding the synergistic evolution of DH and VH genes, VDJ recombination and BCR selection in B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Di
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Tung Yep A, Takeuchi Y, Engelhardt OG, Hufton SE. Broad Reactivity Single Domain Antibodies against Influenza Virus and Their Applications to Vaccine Potency Testing and Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030407. [PMID: 33802072 PMCID: PMC8001348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza presents many challenges to the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. However, it is apparent that there are epitopes on the virus that have evolved to remain largely constant due to their functional importance. These more conserved regions are often hidden and difficult to access by the human immune system but recent efforts have shown that these may be the Achilles heel of the virus through development and delivery of appropriate biological drugs. Amongst these, single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are equipped to target these vulnerabilities of the influenza virus due to their preference for concave epitopes on protein surfaces, their small size, flexible reformatting and high stability. Single domain antibodies are well placed to provide a new generation of robust analytical reagents and therapeutics to support the constant efforts to keep influenza in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tung Yep
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yasu Takeuchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Advanced Therapies Division, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | | | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Kalaiyarasu S, Bhatia S, Mishra N, Senthil Kumar D, Kumar M, Sood R, Rajukumar K, Ponnusamy B, Desai D, Singh VP. Elicitation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 M2e and HA2-Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Chicken Following Immunization With Recombinant M2e-HA2 Fusion Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:571999. [PMID: 33614753 PMCID: PMC7892607 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to evaluate the elicitation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (AIV) M2e and HA2-specific immunity in chicken to develop broad protective influenza vaccine against HPAI H5N1. Based on the analysis of Indian AIV H5N1 sequences, the conserved regions of extracellular domain of M2 protein (M2e) and HA2 were identified. Synthetic gene construct coding for M2e and two immunodominant HA2 conserved regions was designed and synthesized after codon optimization. The fusion recombinant protein (~38 kDa) was expressed in a prokaryotic system and characterized by Western blotting with anti-His antibody and anti-AIV polyclonal chicken serum. The M2e–HA2 fusion protein was found to be highly reactive with known AIV-positive and -negative chicken sera by ELISA. Two groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized (i/m) with M2e synthetic peptide and M2e–HA2 recombinant protein along with one control group with booster on the 14th day and 28th day with the same dose and route. Pre-immunization sera and whole blood were collected on day 0 followed by 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and 2 weeks after the second booster (42 day). Lymphocyte proliferation assay by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method revealed that the stimulation index (SI) was increased gradually from days 0 to 14 in the immunized group (p < 0.05) than that in control chicken. Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA analysis by RT-qPCR showed maximum upregulation in the M2e–HA2-vaccinated group compared to M2e- and sham-vaccinated groups. M2e–HA2 recombinant protein-based indirect ELISA revealed that M2e–HA2 recombinant fusion protein has induced strong M2e and HA2-specific antibody responses from 7 days post-primary immunization, and then the titer gradually increased after booster dose. Similarly, M2e peptide ELISA revealed that M2e–HA2 recombinant fusion protein elicited M2e-specific antibody from day 14 onward. In contrast, no antibody response was detected in the chicken immunized with synthetic peptide M2e alone or control group. Findings of this study will be very useful in future development of broad protective H5N1 influenza vaccine targeting M2e and HA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Dhanapal Senthil Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Richa Sood
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Katherukamem Rajukumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Boopathi Ponnusamy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Dhruv Desai
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
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Mohanty E, Mohanty A. Role of artificial intelligence in peptide vaccine design against RNA viruses. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 26:100768. [PMID: 34722851 PMCID: PMC8536498 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have high rate of replication and mutation that help them adapt and change according to their environmental conditions. Many viral mutants are the cause of various severe and lethal diseases. Vaccines, on the other hand have the capacity to protect us from infectious diseases by eliciting antibody or cell-mediated immune responses that are pathogen-specific. While there are a few reviews pertaining to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for SARS-COV-2 vaccine development, none focus on peptide vaccination for RNA viruses and the important role played by AI in it. Peptide vaccine which is slowly coming to be recognized as a safe and effective vaccination strategy has the capacity to overcome the mutant escape problem which is also being currently faced by SARS-COV-2 vaccines in circulation.Here we review the present scenario of peptide vaccines which are developed using mathematical and computational statistics methods to prevent the spread of disease caused by RNA viruses. We also focus on the importance and current stage of AI and mathematical evolutionary modeling using machine learning tools in the establishment of these new peptide vaccines for the control of viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena Mohanty
- Trident School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Anima Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology (KSBT), KIIT University-2, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
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12
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Smider BA, Smider VV. Formation of ultralong DH regions through genomic rearrangement. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:30. [PMID: 32487018 PMCID: PMC7265228 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cow antibodies are very unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 regions. The genetic basis for this length largely derives from long heavy chain diversity (DH) regions, with a single “ultralong” DH, IGHD8–2, encoding over 50 amino acids. Many bovine IGHD regions have sequence similarity but have several nucleotide repeating units that diversify their lengths. Genomically, most DH regions exist in three clusters that appear to have formed from DNA duplication events. However, the relationship between the genomic arrangement and long CDR lengths is unclear. Results The DH cluster containing IGHD8–2 underwent a rearrangement and deletion event in relation to the other clusters in the region corresponding to IGHD8–2, with possible fusion of two DH regions and expansion of short repeats to form the ultralong IGHD8–2 gene. Conclusions Length heterogeneity within DH regions is a unique evolutionary genomic mechanism to create immune diversity, including formation of ultralong CDR H3 regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brevin A Smider
- The Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- The Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA. .,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Vaccines have had a profound impact on the management and prevention of infectious disease. In addition, the development of vaccines against chronic diseases has attracted considerable interest as an approach to prevent, rather than treat, conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and others. Subunit vaccines consist of nongenetic components of the infectious agent or disease-related epitope. In this Review, we discuss peptide-based vaccines and their potential in three therapeutic areas: infectious disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. We discuss factors that contribute to vaccine efficacy and how these parameters may potentially be modulated by design. We examine both clinically tested vaccines as well as nascent approaches and explore current challenges and potential remedies. While peptide vaccines hold substantial promise in the prevention of human disease, many obstacles remain that have hampered their clinical use; thus, continued research efforts to address these challenges are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Michael F. Price Center for Translational Research, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Michael F. Price Center for Translational Research, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Michael F. Price Center for Translational Research, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
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14
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Blokhina EA, Mardanova ES, Stepanova LA, Tsybalova LM, Ravin NV. Plant-Produced Recombinant Influenza A Virus Candidate Vaccine Based on Flagellin Linked to Conservative Fragments of M2 Protein and Hemagglutintin. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020162. [PMID: 32013187 PMCID: PMC7076671 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of recombinant influenza vaccines with broad spectrum protection is an important task. The combination of conservative viral antigens, such as M2e, the extracellular domain of the transmembrane protein M2, and conserved regions of the second subunit of hemagglutinin (HA), provides an opportunity for the development of universal influenza vaccines. Immunogenicity of the antigens could be enhanced by fusion to bacterial flagellin, the ligand for Toll-like receptor 5, acting as a powerful mucosal adjuvant. In this study, we report the transient expression in plants of a recombinant protein comprising flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium fused to the conserved region of the second subunit of HA (76–130 a.a.) of the first phylogenetic group of influenza A viruses and four tandem copies of the M2e peptide. The hybrid protein was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using the self-replicating potato virus X-based vector pEff up to 300 µg/g of fresh leaf tissue. The intranasal immunization of mice with purified fusion protein induced high levels of M2e-specific serum antibodies and provided protection against lethal challenge with influenza A virus strain A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2). Our results show that M2e and hemagglutinin-derived peptide can be used as important targets for the development of a plant-produced vaccine against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Blokhina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101000, Russia; (E.A.B.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Eugenia S. Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101000, Russia; (E.A.B.); (E.S.M.)
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg 23805, Russia; (L.A.S.); (L.M.T.)
| | - Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, St. Petersburg 23805, Russia; (L.A.S.); (L.M.T.)
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101000, Russia; (E.A.B.); (E.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-7833264
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15
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Guo Y, Chen K, Kwong PD, Shapiro L, Sheng Z. cAb-Rep: A Database of Curated Antibody Repertoires for Exploring Antibody Diversity and Predicting Antibody Prevalence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2365. [PMID: 31649674 PMCID: PMC6794461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of B cell receptors provides a basis for recognizing numerous pathogens. Antibody repertoire sequencing has revealed relationships between B cell receptor sequences, their diversity, and their function in infection, vaccination, and disease. However, many repertoire datasets have been deposited without annotation or quality control, limiting their utility. To accelerate investigations of B cell immunoglobulin sequence repertoires and to facilitate development of algorithms for their analysis, we constructed a comprehensive public database of curated human B cell immunoglobulin sequence repertoires, cAb-Rep (https://cab-rep.c2b2.columbia.edu), which currently includes 306 immunoglobulin repertoires from 121 human donors, who were healthy, vaccinated, or had autoimmune disease. The database contains a total of 267.9 million V(D)J heavy chain and 72.9 million VJ light chain transcripts. These transcripts are full-length or near full-length, have been annotated with gene origin, antibody isotype, somatic hypermutations, and other biological characteristics, and are stored in FASTA format to facilitate their direct use by most current repertoire-analysis programs. We describe a website to search cAb-Rep for similar antibodies along with methods for analysis of the prevalence of antibodies with specific genetic signatures, for estimation of reproducibility of somatic hypermutation patterns of interest, and for delineating frequencies of somatically introduced N-glycosylation. cAb-Rep should be useful for investigating attributes of B cell sequence repertoires, for understanding characteristics of affinity maturation, and for identifying potential barriers to the elicitation of effective neutralizing antibodies in infection or by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Chen
- College of Arts and Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Tsybalova LM, Stepanova LA, Shuklina MA, Mardanova ES, Kotlyarov RY, Potapchuk MV, Petrov SA, Blokhina EA, Ravin NV. Combination of M2e peptide with stalk HA epitopes of influenza A virus enhances protective properties of recombinant vaccine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201429. [PMID: 30138320 PMCID: PMC6107133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza infection could be more effectively controlled if a multi-purpose vaccine with the ability to induce responses against most, or all, influenza A subtypes could be generated. Conserved viral proteins are a promising basis for the creation of a broadly protective vaccine. In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective properties of three recombinant proteins (vaccine candidates), comprising conserved viral proteins fused with bacterial flagellin, were compared. Methods Balb/c mice were immunized intranasally with recombinant proteins comprising either one viral protein (the ectodomain of the M2 protein, ‘M2e’) or two viral proteins (M2e and the hemagglutinin second subunit ‘HA2’ epitope) genetically fused with flagellin. Further, two different consensus variants of HA2 were used. Therefore, three experimental positives were used in addition to the negative control (Flg-his). The mucosal, humoral, and T-cell immune responses to these constructs were evaluated. Result We have demonstrated that insertion of the HA2 consensus polypeptide (aa 76–130), derived from either the first (HA2-1) or second (HA2-2) virus phylogenetic group, into the recombinant Flg4M2e protein significantly enhanced its immunogenicity and protective properties. Intranasal administration of the vaccine candidates (Flg-HA2-2-4M2e or Flg-HA2-1-4M2e) induced considerable mucosal and systemic responses directed at both the M2e-protein and, in general, the influenza A virus. However, the immune response elicited by the Flg-HA2-1-4M2e protein was weaker than the one generated by Flg-HA2-2-4M2e. These recombinant proteins containing both viral peptides provide complete protection from lethal challenge with various influenza viruses: A/H3N2; A/H2N2; and A/H5N1. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the intranasal administration of Flg-HA2-2-4M2e recombinant protein induces a strong immune response which provides broad protection against various influenza viruses. This construct is therefore a strong candidate for development as a universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina A. Shuklina
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugenia S. Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Y. Kotlyarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Potapchuk
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Petrov
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A. Blokhina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Stepanova LA, Mardanova ES, Shuklina MA, Blokhina EA, Kotlyarov RY, Potapchuk MV, Kovaleva AA, Vidyaeva IG, Korotkov AV, Eletskaya EI, Ravin NV, Tsybalova LM. Flagellin-fused protein targeting M2e and HA2 induces potent humoral and T-cell responses and protects mice against various influenza viruses a subtypes. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:33. [PMID: 29631629 PMCID: PMC5891888 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines are mainly strain-specific and have limited efficacy in preventing new, potentially pandemic, influenza strains. Efficient control of influenza A infection can potentially be achieved through the development of broad-spectrum vaccines based on conserved antigens. A current trend in the design of universal flu vaccines is the construction of recombinant proteins based on combinations of various conserved epitopes of viral proteins (M1, M2, HA2, NP). In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective action of two recombinant proteins which feature different designs and which target different antigens. RESULTS Balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with Flg-HA2-2-4M2ehs or FlgSh-HA2-2-4M2ehs; these constructs differ in the location of hemagglutinin's HA2-2(76-130) insertion into flagellin (FliC). The humoral and T-cell immune responses to these constructs were evaluated. The simultaneous expression of different M2e and HA2-2(76-130) in recombinant protein form induces a strong M2e-specific IgG response and CD4+/ CD8+ T-cell response. The insertion of HA2-2(76-130) into the hypervariable domain of flagellin greatly increases antigen-specific T-cell response, as evidenced by the formation of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, Tem, and Tcm. Both proteins provide full protection from lethal challenge with A/H3N2 and A/H7N9. CONCLUSION Our results show that highly conserved M2e and HA2-2(76-130) can be used as important targets for the development of universal flu vaccines. The location of the HA2-2(76-130) peptide's insertion into the hypervariable domain of flagellin had a significant effect on the T-cell response to influenza antigens, as seen by forming of multi-cytokine-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila A Stepanova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Eugenia S Mardanova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A Shuklina
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A Blokhina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Y Kotlyarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Potapchuk
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Kovaleva
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inna G Vidyaeva
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Korotkov
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta I Eletskaya
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, building 2, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila M Tsybalova
- Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova str.15/17, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
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18
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Waltari E, Jia M, Jiang CS, Lu H, Huang J, Fernandez C, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE, Markowitz M, Tsuji M, Wu X. 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends and Illumina MiSeq Reveals B Cell Receptor Features in Healthy Adults, Adults With Chronic HIV-1 Infection, Cord Blood, and Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:628. [PMID: 29632541 PMCID: PMC5879793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Illumina MiSeq, and basic flow cytometry, we systematically analyzed the expressed B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in 14 healthy adult PBMCs, 5 HIV-1+ adult PBMCs, 5 cord blood samples, and 3 HIS-CD4/B mice, examining the full-length variable region of μ, γ, α, κ, and λ chains for V-gene usage, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and CDR3 length. Adding to the known repertoire of healthy adults, Illumina MiSeq consistently detected small fractions of reads with high mutation frequencies including hypermutated μ reads, and reads with long CDR3s. Additionally, the less studied IgA repertoire displayed similar characteristics to that of IgG. Compared to healthy adults, the five HIV-1 chronically infected adults displayed elevated mutation frequencies for all μ, γ, α, κ, and λ chains examined and slightly longer CDR3 lengths for γ, α, and λ. To evaluate the reconstituted human BCR sequences in a humanized mouse model, we analyzed cord blood and HIS-CD4/B mice, which all lacked the typical SHM seen in the adult reference. Furthermore, MiSeq revealed identical unmutated IgM sequences derived from separate cell aliquots, thus for the first time demonstrating rare clonal members of unmutated IgM B cells by sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Waltari
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manxue Jia
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Hospital Biostatistics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cristina Fernandez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Martin Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Conformational Occlusion of Blockade Antibody Epitopes, a Novel Mechanism of GII.4 Human Norovirus Immune Evasion. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00518-17. [PMID: 29435493 PMCID: PMC5806210 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00518-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive antigenic diversity within the GII.4 genotype of human norovirus is a major driver of pandemic emergence and a significant obstacle to development of cross-protective immunity after natural infection and vaccination. However, human and mouse monoclonal antibody studies indicate that, although rare, antibodies to conserved GII.4 blockade epitopes are generated. The mechanisms by which these epitopes evade immune surveillance are uncertain. Here, we developed a new approach for identifying conserved GII.4 norovirus epitopes. Utilizing a unique set of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing the in vivo-evolved sequence diversity within an immunocompromised person, we identify key residues within epitope F, a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. The residues critical for antibody binding are proximal to evolving blockade epitope E. Like epitope F, antibody blockade of epitope E was temperature sensitive, indicating that particle conformation regulates antibody access not only to the conserved GII.4 blockade epitope F but also to the evolving epitope E. These data highlight novel GII.4 mechanisms to protect blockade antibody epitopes, map essential residues of a GII.4 conserved epitope, and expand our understanding of how viral particle dynamics may drive antigenicity and antibody-mediated protection by effectively shielding blockade epitopes. Our data support the notion that GII.4 particle breathing may well represent a major mechanism of humoral immune evasion supporting cyclic pandemic virus persistence and spread in human populations. IMPORTANCE In this study, we use norovirus virus-like particles to identify key residues of a conserved GII.4 blockade antibody epitope. Further, we identify an additional GII.4 blockade antibody epitope to be occluded, with antibody access governed by temperature and particle dynamics. These findings provide additional support for particle conformation-based presentation of binding residues mediated by a particle "breathing core." Together, these data suggest that limiting antibody access to blockade antibody epitopes may be a frequent mechanism of immune evasion for GII.4 human noroviruses. Mapping blockade antibody epitopes, the interaction between adjacent epitopes on the particle, and the breathing core that mediates antibody access to epitopes provides greater mechanistic understanding of epitope camouflage strategies utilized by human viral pathogens to evade immunity.
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20
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Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Ross TM. Towards a universal influenza vaccine: different approaches for one goal. Virol J 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 29370862 PMCID: PMC5785881 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is an ongoing health and economic burden causing epidemics with pandemic potential, affecting 5–30% of the global population annually, and is responsible for millions of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year. Annual influenza vaccination is the primary prophylactic countermeasure aimed at limiting influenza burden. However, the effectiveness of current influenza vaccines are limited because they only confer protective immunity when there is antigenic similarity between the selected vaccine strains and circulating influenza isolates. The major targets of the antibody response against influenza virus are the surface glycoprotein antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hypervariability of the amino acid sequences encoding HA and NA is largely responsible for epidemic and pandemic influenza outbreaks, and are the consequence of antigenic drift or shift, respectively. For this reason, if an antigenic mismatch exists between the current vaccine and circulating influenza isolates, vaccinated people may not be afforded complete protection. There is currently an unmet need to develop an effective “broadly-reactive” or “universal” influenza vaccine capable of conferring protection against both seasonal and newly emerging pre-pandemic strains. A number of novel influenza vaccine approaches are currently under evaluation. One approach is the elicitation of an immune response against the “Achille’s heel” of the virus, i.e. conserved viral proteins or protein regions shared amongst seasonal and pre-pandemic strains. Alternatively, other approaches aim toward eliciting a broader immune response capable of conferring protection against the diversity of currently circulating seasonal influenza strains. In this review, the most promising under-development universal vaccine approaches are discussed with an emphasis on those targeting the HA glycoprotein. In particular, their strengths and potential short-comings are discussed. Ultimately, the upcoming clinical evaluation of these universal vaccine approaches will be fundamental to determine their effectiveness against preventing influenza virus infection and/or reducing transmission and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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21
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Brady JM, Baltimore D, Balazs AB. Antibody gene transfer with adeno-associated viral vectors as a method for HIV prevention. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:324-333. [PMID: 28133808 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) show great promise in HIV prevention as they are capable of potently neutralizing a considerable breadth of genetically diverse strains. Passive transfer of monoclonal bNAb proteins can confer protection in animal models of HIV infection at modest concentrations, inspiring efforts to develop an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting bNAb responses. However, these antibodies demonstrate high degrees of somatic mutation and other unique characteristics that may hinder the ability of conventional approaches to consistently and effectively produce bNAb analogs. As an alternative strategy, we and others have proposed vector-mediated gene transfer to generate long-term, systemic production of bNAbs in the absence of immunization. Herein, we review the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for delivery of HIV bNAbs and antibody-like proteins and summarize both the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy as a method for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been demonstrated that extensive virus diversification and antibody coevolution are necessary to give rise to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the envelope protein of HIV-1. Here, we discuss recent progress of vaccine design approaches aiming on strategies to initiate and guide B-cell development toward this outcome, as well as their evaluation in mouse models engineered to express human antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS Several specially tailored transgenic mouse strains have been developed to test the concept of engaging and guiding B-cell development by sequential immunizations. Currently available models display prerearranged or nonrearranged germline or mature VDJH and VJL loci of CD4-binding-site-specific (VRC01, 3BNC60) and high-mannose-patch-specific (PGT121) broadly neutralizing antibodies, or even the complete human V(D)J segments. Data generated in these knock-in mouse models elegantly prove the feasibility of the concept when using a carefully selected panel of engineered envelope proteins. SUMMARY Recent studies in knock-in transgenic mouse models provide a proof-of-concept that germline B-cell receptor targeting followed by sequential immunization can engage the respective naïve precursor B cells and guide B-cell receptor development toward broadly neutralizing reactivity.
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23
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Burkhard P, Karch CP. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles: a promising tool against lethal influenza? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher P Karch
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
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24
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Gaiotto T, Hufton SE. Cross-Neutralising Nanobodies Bind to a Conserved Pocket in the Hemagglutinin Stem Region Identified Using Yeast Display and Deep Mutational Scanning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164296. [PMID: 27741319 PMCID: PMC5065140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-neutralising monoclonal antibodies against influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are of considerable interest as both therapeutics and diagnostic tools. We have recently described five different single domain antibodies (nanobodies) which share this cross-neutralising activity and suggest their small size, high stability, and cleft binding properties may present distinct advantages over equivalent conventional antibodies. We have used yeast display in combination with deep mutational scanning to give residue level resolution of positions in the antibody-HA interface which are crucial for binding. In addition, we have mapped positions within HA predicted to have minimal effect on antibody binding when mutated. Our cross-neutralising nanobodies were shown to bind to a highly conserved pocket in the HA2 domain of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus overlapping with the fusion peptide suggesting their mechanism of action is through the inhibition of viral membrane fusion. We also note that the epitope overlaps with that of CR6261 and F10 which are human monoclonal antibodies in clinical development as immunotherapeutics. Although all five nanobodies mapped to the same highly conserved binding pocket we observed differences in the size of the epitope footprint which has implications in comparing the relative genetic barrier each nanobody presents to a rapidly evolving influenza virus. To further refine our epitope map, we have re-created naturally occurring mutations within this HA stem epitope and tested their effect on binding using yeast display. We have shown that a D46N mutation in the HA2 stem domain uniquely interferes with binding of R2b-E8. Further testing of this substitution in the context of full length purified HA from 1918 H1N1 pandemic (Spanish flu), 2009 H1N1 pandemic (swine flu) and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 demonstrated binding which correlated with D46 whereas binding to seasonal H1N1 strains carrying N46 was absent. In addition, our deep sequence analysis predicted that binding to the emerging H1N1 strain (A/Christchurch/16/2010) carrying the HA2-E47K mutation would not affect binding was confirmed experimentally. This demonstrates yeast display, in combination with deep sequencing, may be able to predict antibody reactivity to emerging influenza strains so assisting in the preparation for future influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Gaiotto
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Karch CP, Li J, Kulangara C, Paulillo SM, Raman SK, Emadi S, Tan A, Helal ZH, Fan Q, Khan MI, Burkhard P. Vaccination with self-adjuvanted protein nanoparticles provides protection against lethal influenza challenge. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:241-251. [PMID: 27593488 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines should be improved by the addition of universal influenza vaccine antigens in order to protect against multiple virus strains. We used our self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) to display the two conserved influenza antigens M2e and Helix C in their native oligomerization states. To further improve the immunogenicity of the SAPNs, we designed and incorporated the TLR5 agonist flagellin into the SAPNs to generate self-adjuvanted SAPNs. We demonstrate that addition of flagellin does not affect the ability of SAPNs to self-assemble and that they are able to stimulate TLR5 in a dose-dependent manner. Chickens vaccinated with the self-adjuvanted SAPNs induce significantly higher levels of antibodies than those with unadjuvanted SAPNs and show higher cross-neutralizing activity compared to a commercial inactivated virus vaccine. Upon immunization with self-adjuvanted SAPNs, mice were completely protected against a lethal challenge. Thus, we have generated a self-adjuvanted SAPN with a great potential as a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharareh Emadi
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Anmin Tan
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Zeinab H Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alazhar-University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mazhar I Khan
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Peter Burkhard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Alpha-O Peptides AG, Riehen, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Vadnais ML, Smider VV. Bos taurus ultralong CDR H3 antibodies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 38:62-7. [PMID: 27295423 PMCID: PMC6667352 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cow antibodies are unusual in having an exceptionally long third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3). These CDR H3s have a multitude of cysteines and form a distinct domain characterized by a β-ribbon 'stalk' and disulfide bonded 'knob'. Cows appear to utilize somatic hypermutation of a single VDJ rearrangement to produce an astounding variety of distinct CDR H3 sequences with different disulfide bonding patterns within the knob. Thus, cows may be unique amongst vertebrates in evolving an antibody system with both a different scaffold for binding antigen as well as an unusual diversity creating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Vadnais
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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27
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Stepanova LA, Sergeeva MV, Shuklina MA, Shaldzhyan AA, Potapchuk MV, Korotkov AV, Tsybalova LM. A Fusion Protein Based on the Second Subunit of Hemagglutinin of Influenza A/H2N2 Viruses Provides Cross Immunity. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:116-26. [PMID: 27437146 PMCID: PMC4947995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved fragments of the second subunit of hemagglutinin (HA2) are of great interest for the design of vaccine constructs that can provide protective immunity against influenza A viruses of different subtypes. A recombinant fusion protein, FlgMH, was constructed on the basis of flagellin and a highly conserved HA2 fragment (35-107) of influenza viruses of the subtype A/H2N2, containing B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell epitopes. The native conformation of the HA2 fragment was partially preserved upon its attachment to the C-terminus of flagellin within the recombinant fusion protein FlgMH. FlgMH was shown to stimulate a mixed Th1/Th2 response of cross-reactive antibodies, which bind to influenza viruses of the first phylogenetic group (H1, H2, H5), to the target sequence as well as the induction of specific cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+IFNγ+). Immunization with the recombinant protein protected animals from a lethal influenza infection. The developed FlgMH protein is a promising agent that may be included in an influenza vaccine with a wide spectrum of action which will be able to stimulate the T and B cell immune responses.
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28
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Gong X, Yin H, Shi Y, Guan S, He X, Yang L, Yu Y, Kuai Z, Jiang C, Kong W, Wang S, Shan Y. Conserved stem fragment from H3 influenza hemagglutinin elicits cross-clade neutralizing antibodies through stalk-targeted blocking of conformational change during membrane fusion. Immunol Lett 2016; 172:11-20. [PMID: 26875772 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently available influenza vaccines typically fail to elicit/boost broadly neutralizing antibodies due to the mutability of virus sequences and conformational changes during protective immunity, thereby limiting their efficacy. This problem needs to be addressed by further understanding the mechanisms of neutralization and finding the desired neutralizing site during membrane fusion. This study specifically focused on viruses of the H3N2 subtype, which have persisted as a principal source of influenza-related morbidity and mortality in humans since the 1968 influenza pandemic. Through sequence alignment and epitope prediction, a series of highly conserved stem fragments (spanning 47 years) were found and coupled to the Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) protein. By application of a combinatorial display library and crystal structure modeling, a stem fragment immunogen, located at the turning point of the HA neck undergoing conformational change during membrane fusion with both B- and T-cell epitopes, was identified. After synthesis of the optimal stem fragment using a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system, strong humoral immune responses and cross-clade neutralizing activities against strains from the H3 subtype of group 2 influenza viruses after animal immunizations were observed. By detection of nuclear protein immunofluorescence with acid bypass treatment, antisera raised against MAP4 immunogens of the stem fragment showed the potential to inhibit the conformational change of HA in stem-targeted virus neutralization. The identification of this conserved stem fragment provides great potential for exploitation of this site of vulnerability in therapeutic and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoqiu He
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongjiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyu Kuai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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29
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de los Rios M, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Structural and genetic diversity in antibody repertoires from diverse species. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 33:27-41. [PMID: 26188469 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibody repertoire is the fundamental unit that enables development of antigen specific adaptive immune responses against pathogens. Different species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective antibody repertoires. Here we review the shark, chicken, camel, and cow repertoires as unique examples of structural and genetic diversity. Given the enormous importance of antibodies in medicine and biological research, the novel properties of these antibody repertoires may enable discovery or engineering of antibodies from these non-human species against difficult or important epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de los Rios
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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30
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Mallajosyula VVA, Citron M, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Liang X, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Hemagglutinin Sequence Conservation Guided Stem Immunogen Design from Influenza A H3 Subtype. Front Immunol 2015; 6:329. [PMID: 26167164 PMCID: PMC4481277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal epidemics caused by influenza A (H1 and H3 subtypes) and B viruses are a major global health threat. The traditional, trivalent influenza vaccines have limited efficacy because of rapid antigenic evolution of the circulating viruses. This antigenic variability mediates viral escape from the host immune responses, necessitating annual vaccine updates. Influenza vaccines elicit a protective antibody response, primarily targeting the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). However, the predominant humoral response is against the hypervariable head domain of HA, thereby restricting the breadth of protection. In contrast, the conserved, subdominant stem domain of HA is a potential "universal" vaccine candidate. We designed an HA stem-fragment immunogen from the 1968 pandemic H3N2 strain (A/Hong Kong/1/68) guided by a comprehensive H3 HA sequence conservation analysis. The biophysical properties of the designed immunogen were further improved by C-terminal fusion of a trimerization motif, "isoleucine-zipper", or "foldon". These immunogens elicited cross-reactive, antiviral antibodies and conferred partial protection against a lethal, homologous HK68 virus challenge in vivo. Furthermore, bacterial expression of these immunogens is economical and facilitates rapid scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Chatham, Kent , UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Chatham, Kent , UK
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31
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Lacek K, Urbanowicz RA, Troise F, De Lorenzo C, Severino V, Di Maro A, Tarr AW, Ferrara F, Ploss A, Temperton N, Ball JK, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Pessi A. Dramatic potentiation of the antiviral activity of HIV antibodies by cholesterol conjugation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35015-28. [PMID: 25342747 PMCID: PMC4263897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The broadly neutralizing antibodies HIV 2F5 and 4E10, which bind to overlapping epitopes in the membrane-proximal external region of the fusion protein gp41, have been proposed to use a two-step mechanism for neutralization; first, they bind and preconcentrate at the viral membrane through their long, hydrophobic CDRH3 loops, and second, they form a high affinity complex with the protein epitope. Accordingly, mutagenesis of the CDRH3 can abolish their neutralizing activity, with no change in the affinity for the peptide epitope. We show here that we can mimic this mechanism by conjugating a cholesterol group outside of the paratope of an antibody. Cholesterol-conjugated antibodies bind to lipid raft domains on the membrane, and because of this enrichment, they show increased antiviral potency. In particular, we find that cholesterol conjugation (i) rescues the antiviral activity of CDRH3-mutated 2F5, (ii) increases the antiviral activity of WT 2F5, (iii) potentiates the non-membrane-binding HIV antibody D5 10–100-fold (depending on the virus strain), and (iv) increases synergy between 2F5 and D5. Conjugation can be made at several positions, including variable and constant domains. Cholesterol conjugation therefore appears to be a general strategy to boost the potency of antiviral antibodies, and, because membrane affinity is engineered outside of the antibody paratope, it can complement affinity maturation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Lacek
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy, the Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- the School of Life Sciences and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvia Troise
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Claudia De Lorenzo
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy, the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Valeria Severino
- the Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (CE), Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- the Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta (CE), Italy
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- the School of Life Sciences and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- the Viral Pseudotype Unit, Infectious Diseases and Allergy group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ploss
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, and
| | - Nigel Temperton
- the Viral Pseudotype Unit, Infectious Diseases and Allergy group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- the School of Life Sciences and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy, the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Riccardo Cortese
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Antonello Pessi
- From Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy, JV Bio, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli (NA), Italy
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32
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Visualization of retroviral envelope spikes in complex with the V3 loop antibody 447-52D on intact viruses by cryo-electron tomography. J Virol 2014; 88:12265-75. [PMID: 25122783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01596-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gp120 portion of the envelope spike on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a critical role in viral entry into host cells and is a key target for the humoral immune response, and yet many structural details remain elusive. We have used cryoelectron tomography to visualize the binding of the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) 447-52D to intact envelope spikes on virions of HIV-1 MN strain. Antibody 447-52D has previously been shown to bind to the tip of the V3 loop. Our results show antibody arms radiating from the sides of the gp120 protomers at a range of angles and place the antibody-bound V3 loop in an orientation that differs from that predicted by most current models but consistent with the idea that antibody binding dislodges the V3 loop from its location in the Env spike, making it flexible and disordered. These data reveal information on the position of the V3 loop and its relative flexibility and suggest that 447-52D neutralizes HIV-1 MN by capturing the V3 loop, blocking its interaction with the coreceptor and altering the structure of the envelope spike. IMPORTANCE Antibody neutralization is one of the primary ways that the body fights infection with HIV. Because HIV is a highly mutable virus, the body must constantly produce new antibodies to counter new strains of HIV that the body itself is producing. Consequently, antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple HIV strains are comparatively few. An improved understanding of the mechanism of antibody neutralization might advance the development of immunogens. Most neutralizing antibodies target the Env glycoprotein spikes found on the virus surface. The broadly neutralizing antibody 447-52D targets the highly conserved β-turn of variable loop 3 (V3) of gp120. The importance of V3 lies in its contribution to the coreceptor binding site on the target cell. We show here that 447-52D binding to V3 converts the Env conformation from closed to open and makes the V3 loop highly flexible, implying disruption of coreceptor binding and attachment to the target cell.
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33
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Hufton SE, Risley P, Ball CR, Major D, Engelhardt OG, Poole S. The breadth of cross sub-type neutralisation activity of a single domain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin can be increased by antibody valency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103294. [PMID: 25084445 PMCID: PMC4118869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic has highlighted the need for additional strategies for intervention which preclude the prior availability of the influenza strain. Here, 18 single domain VHH antibodies against the 2009 A(H1N1) hemagglutinin (HA) have been isolated from a immune alpaca phage displayed library. These antibodies have been grouped as having either (i) non-neutralising, (ii) H1N1 restricted neutralising or (iii) broad cross-subtype neutralising activity. The ability to neutralise different viral subtypes, including highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), correlated with the absence of hemagglutination inhibition activity, loss of binding to HA at acid pH and the absence of binding to the head domain containing the receptor binding site. This data supports their binding to epitopes in the HA stem region and a mechanism of action other than blocking viral attachment to cell surface receptors. After conversion of cross-neutralising antibodies R1a-B6 and R1a-A5 into a bivalent format, no significant enhancement in neutralisation activity was seen against A(H1N1) and A(H5N1) viruses. However, bivalent R1a-B6 showed an 18 fold enhancement in potency against A(H9N2) virus and, surprisingly, gained the ability to neutralise an A(H2N2) virus. This demonstrates that cross-neutralising antibodies, which make lower affinity interactions with the membrane proximal stem region of more divergent HA sub-types, can be optimised by bivalency so increasing their breadth of anti-viral activity. The broad neutralising activity and favourable characteristics, such as high stability, simple engineering into bivalent molecules and low cost production make these single domain antibodies attractive candidates for diagnostics and immunotherapy of pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Hufton
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Risley
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christina R. Ball
- Technology Development and Infrastructure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Major
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Poole
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a centre of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Influenza hemagglutinin stem-fragment immunogen elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies and confers heterologous protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2514-23. [PMID: 24927560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402766111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary target of the humoral response during infection/vaccination. Current influenza vaccines typically fail to elicit/boost broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), thereby limiting their efficacy. Although several bnAbs bind to the conserved stem domain of HA, focusing the immune response to this conserved stem in the presence of the immunodominant, variable head domain of HA is challenging. We report the design of a thermotolerant, disulfide-free, and trimeric HA stem-fragment immunogen which mimics the native, prefusion conformation of HA and binds conformation specific bnAbs with high affinity. The immunogen elicited bnAbs that neutralized highly divergent group 1 (H1 and H5 subtypes) and 2 (H3 subtype) influenza virus strains in vitro. Stem immunogens designed from unmatched, highly drifted influenza strains conferred robust protection against a lethal heterologous A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus challenge in vivo. Soluble, bacterial expression of such designed immunogens allows for rapid scale-up during pandemic outbreaks.
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35
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Ringe R, Bhattacharya J. Preventive and therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:67-80. [PMID: 24757516 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613494534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a preventive vaccine to neutralize the highly variable and antigenically diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been an indomitable goal. The recent discovery of a number of cross-neutralizing and potent monoclonal antibodies from elite neutralizers has provided important insights in this field. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are useful in identifying neutralizing epitopes of vaccine utility and for understanding the mechanism of potent and broad cross-neutralization thus providing a modality of preventive and therapeutic value. In this article we review the current understanding on the potential use of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in their full-length IgG structure, engineered domain antibody or bispecific versions towards preventive and therapeutic applications. The potential implications of NAbs are discussed in the light of the recent developments as key components in vaccination against HIV-1. The development of a vaccine immunogen which elicits bNAbs and confers protective immunity remains a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ringe
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), THSTI-IAVI HVTR Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Gurgaon-122016, Haryana, India
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Isik G, van Montfort T, Chung NPY, Moore JP, Sanders RW. Autoantibodies induced by chimeric cytokine-HIV envelope glycoprotein immunogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4628-35. [PMID: 24729614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are often used as adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity of vaccines because they can improve the immune response and/or direct it into a desired direction. As an alternative to codelivering Ags and cytokines separately, they can be fused into a composite protein, with the advantage that both moieties act on the same immune cells. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike, located on the outside of virus particles and the only relevant protein for the induction of neutralizing Abs, is poorly immunogenic. The induction of anti-Env Abs can be improved by coupling Env proteins to costimulatory molecules such as a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL). In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of chimeric molecules containing uncleaved Env gp140 fused to the species-matched cytokines IL-21 or GM-CSF in rabbits and mice. Each cytokine was either fused to the C terminus of Env or embedded within Env at the position of the variable loops 1 and 2. The cytokine components of the chimeric Env-GM-CSF and Env-IL-21 molecules were functional in vitro, but none of the Env-cytokine fusion proteins resulted in improved Ab responses in vivo. Both the Env-GM-CSF and the Env-IL-21 molecules induced strong anticytokine Ab responses in both test species. These autoimmune responses were independent of the location of the cytokine in the chimeric Env molecules in that they were induced by cytokines inserted within the variable loops 1 and 2 of Env or fused to its C terminus. The induction of undesired autoimmune responses should be considered when using cytokines as costimulatory molecules in fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Isik
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mashoof S, Pohlenz C, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Gatlin D, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF. Expressed IgH μ and τ transcripts share diversity segment in ranched Thunnus orientalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:76-86. [PMID: 24231183 PMCID: PMC7039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M and D isotypes fish also make the mucosal IgT. In this study we sequenced the full length of Ig τ as well as μ in the commercially important Thunnus orientalis (Pacific bluefin tuna), the first molecular analysis of these two Ig isotypes in a member of the order Perciformes. Tuna IgM and IgT are each composed of four constant (CH) domains. We cloned and sequenced 48 different variable (VH) domain gene rearrangements of tuna immunoglobulins and grouped the VH gene sequences to four VH gene segment families based on 70% nucleotide identity. Three VH gene families were used by both IgM and IgT but one group was only found to be used by IgM. Most interestingly, both μ and τ clones appear to use the same diversity (DH) segment, unlike what has been described in other species, although they have dedicated IgT and IgM joining (JH) gene segments. We complemented this repertoire study with phylogenetic and tissue expression analysis. In addition to supporting the development of humoral vaccines in this important aquaculture species, these data suggest that the DH-JH recombination rather than the VH-DH recombination may be instructive for IgT versus IgM/D bearing lymphocyte lineages in some fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Delbert Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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De novo identification of VRC01 class HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies by next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4088-97. [PMID: 24106303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306262110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of antibody transcripts provides a wealth of data, but the ability to identify function-specific antibodies solely on the basis of sequence has remained elusive. We previously characterized the VRC01 class of antibodies, which target the CD4-binding site on gp120, appear in multiple donors, and broadly neutralize HIV-1. Antibodies of this class have developmental commonalities, but typically share only ∼50% amino acid sequence identity among different donors. Here we apply next-generation sequencing to identify VRC01 class antibodies in a new donor, C38, directly from B cell transcript sequences. We first tested a lineage rank approach, but this was unsuccessful, likely because VRC01 class antibody sequences were not highly prevalent in this donor. We next identified VRC01 class heavy chains through a phylogenetic analysis that included thousands of sequences from C38 and a few known VRC01 class sequences from other donors. This "cross-donor analysis" yielded heavy chains with little sequence homology to previously identified VRC01 class heavy chains. Nonetheless, when reconstituted with the light chain from VRC01, half of the heavy chain chimeric antibodies showed substantial neutralization potency and breadth. We then identified VRC01 class light chains through a five-amino-acid sequence motif necessary for VRC01 light chain recognition. From over a million light chain sequences, we identified 13 candidate VRC01 class members. Pairing of these light chains with the phylogenetically identified C38 heavy chains yielded functional antibodies that effectively neutralized HIV-1. Bioinformatics analysis can thus directly identify functional HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies of the VRC01 class from a sequenced antibody repertoire.
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Abstract
Antiviral vaccines have been the most successful biomedical intervention for preventing epidemic viral disease. Vaccination for smallpox in humans and rinderpest in cattle was the basis for disease eradication, and recent progress in polio eradication is promising. Although early vaccines were developed empirically by passage in live animals or eggs, more recent vaccines have been developed because of the advent of new technologies, particularly cell culture and molecular biology. Recent technological advances in gene delivery and expression, nanoparticles, protein manufacturing, and adjuvants have created the potential for new vaccine platforms that may provide solutions for vaccines against viral pathogens for which no interventions currently exist. In addition, the technological convergence of human monoclonal antibody isolation, structural biology, and high-throughput sequencing is providing new opportunities for atomic-level immunogen design. Selection of human monoclonal antibodies can identify immunodominant antigenic sites associated with neutralization and provide reagents for stabilizing and solving the structure of viral surface proteins. Understanding the structural basis for neutralization can guide selection of vaccine targets. Deep sequencing of the antibody repertoire and defining the ontogeny of the desired antibody responses can reveal the junctional recombination and somatic mutation requirements for B-cell recognition and affinity maturation. Collectively, this information will provide new strategic approaches for selecting vaccine antigens, formulations, and regimens. Moreover, it creates the potential for rational vaccine design and establishing a catalogue of vaccine technology platforms that would be effective against any given family or class of viral pathogens and improve our readiness to address new emerging viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- NIAID, NIH, Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA.
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Wang F, Ekiert DC, Ahmad I, Yu W, Zhang Y, Bazirgan O, Torkamani A, Raudsepp T, Mwangi W, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Reshaping antibody diversity. Cell 2013; 153:1379-93. [PMID: 23746848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some species mount a robust antibody response despite having limited genome-encoded combinatorial diversity potential. Cows are unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 loops and few V regions, but the mechanism for creating diversity is not understood. Deep sequencing reveals that ultralong CDR H3s contain a remarkable complexity of cysteines, suggesting that disulfide-bonded minidomains may arise during repertoire development. Indeed, crystal structures of two cow antibodies reveal that these CDR H3s form a very unusual architecture composed of a β strand "stalk" that supports a structurally diverse, disulfide-bonded "knob" domain. Diversity arises from somatic hypermutation of an ultralong DH with a severe codon bias toward mutation to cysteine. These unusual antibodies can be elicited to recognize defined antigens through the knob domain. Thus, the bovine immune system produces an antibody repertoire composed of ultralong CDR H3s that fold into a diversity of minidomains generated through combinations of somatically generated disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Mallajosyula VVA, Citron M, Lu X, Meulen JT, Varadarajan R, Liang X. In vitro
and in vivo
characterization of designed immunogens derived from the CD-helix of the stem of influenza hemagglutinin. Proteins 2013; 81:1759-75. [PMID: 23625724 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Citron
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Xianghan Lu
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
| | | | - Xiaoping Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories; West Point Pennsylvania 19486
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Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) typically play a key role in controlling viral infections and contribute to the protective effect of many successful vaccines. In the case of HIV-1 infection, there is compelling data in experimental animal models that NAbs can prevent HIV-1 acquisition, although there is no similar data in humans and their role in controlling established infection in humans is also limited. It is clear HIV-specific NAbs drive the evolution of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein within an infected individual. The virus's ability to evade immune selection may be the main reason HIV-1 NAbs exert limited control during infection. The extraordinary antigenic diversity of HIV-1 also presents formidable challenges to defining NAbs that could provide broad protection against diverse circulating HIV-1 strains. Several new potent monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been identified, and are beginning to yield important clues into the epitopes common to diverse HIV-1 strains. In addition, antibodies can also act in concert with effector cells to kill HIV-infected cells; this could provide another mechanism for antibody-mediated control of HIV-1 replication. Understanding the impact of antibodies on HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis is critical to helping move forward with rational HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Isik G, Chung NPY, van Montfort T, Menis S, Matthews K, Schief WR, Moore JP, Sanders RW. An HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer with an embedded IL-21 domain activates human B cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67309. [PMID: 23826263 PMCID: PMC3691133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) can prevent virus acquisition, but several Env properties limit its ability to induce an antibody response that is of sufficient quantity and quality. The immunogenicity of Env can be increased by fusion to co-stimulatory molecules and here we describe novel soluble Env trimers with embedded interleukin-4 (IL-4) or interleukin-21 (IL-21) domains, designed to activate B cells that recognize Env. In particular, the chimeric EnvIL-21 molecule activated B cells efficiently and induced the differentiation of antibody secreting plasmablast-like cells. We studied whether we could increase the activity of the embedded IL-21 by designing a chimeric IL-21/IL-4 (ChimIL-21/4) molecule and by introducing amino acid substitutions in the receptor binding domain of IL-21 that were predicted to enhance its binding. In addition, we incorporated IL-21 into a cleavable Env trimer and found that insertion of IL-21 did not impair Env cleavage, while Env cleavage did not impair IL-21 activity. These studies should guide the further design of chimeric proteins and EnvIL-21 may prove useful in improving antibody responses against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Isik
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy P. Y. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thijs van Montfort
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Parra GI, Azure J, Fischer R, Bok K, Sandoval-Jaime C, Sosnovtsev SV, Sander P, Green KY. Identification of a Broadly Cross-Reactive Epitope in the Inner Shell of the Norovirus Capsid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67592. [PMID: 23805319 PMCID: PMC3689733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are major pathogens associated with acute gastroenteritis. They are diverse viruses, with at least six genogroups (GI-GVI) and multiple genotypes defined by differences in the major capsid protein, VP1. This diversity has challenged the development of broadly cross-reactive vaccines as well as efficient detection methods. Here, we report the characterization of a broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibody (MAb) raised against the capsid protein of a GII.3 norovirus strain. The MAb reacted with VLPs and denatured VP1 protein from GI, GII, GIV and GV noroviruses, and mapped to a linear epitope located in the inner shell domain. An alignment of all available VP1 sequences showed that the putative epitope (residues 52–56) is highly conserved across the genus Norovirus. This broadly cross-reactive MAb thus constitutes a valuable reagent for the diagnosis and study of these diverse viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I. Parra
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYG); (GIP)
| | - JoLynn Azure
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Karin Bok
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Sander
- Clinical Diagnostics, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KYG); (GIP)
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45
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Multiantibody strategies for HIV. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:632893. [PMID: 23840243 PMCID: PMC3690221 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies depend entirely on the appropriate responsiveness of our immune system against particular antigens. For this active immunization to be truly effective, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) need to efficiently counter the infectivity or propagation of the pathogen. Some viruses, including HIV, are able to take advantage of this immune response in order to evade nAbs. This review focuses on viral immune evasion strategies that result directly from a robust immune response to infection or vaccination. A rationale for multi-Ab therapy to circumvent this phenomenon is discussed. Progress in the formulation, production, and regulatory approval of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is presented.
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Sandgren KJ, Smed-Sörensen A, Forsell MN, Soldemo M, Adams WC, Liang F, Perbeck L, Koup RA, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Loré K. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells efficiently capture HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins via CD4 for antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:60-9. [PMID: 23729440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 vaccine clinical trials and preclinical research indicate that the virus envelope glycoproteins (Env) are likely to be an essential component of a prophylactic vaccine. Efficient Ag uptake and presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is important for strong CD4(+) Th cell responses and the development of effective humoral immune responses. In this study, we examined the capacity of distinct primary human DC subsets to internalize and present recombinant Env to CD4(+) T cells. Consistent with their specific receptor expression, skin DCs bound and internalized Env via C-type lectin receptors, whereas blood DC subsets, including CD1c(+) myeloid DCs, CD123(+) plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs), and CD141(+) DCs exhibited a restricted repertoire of C-type lectin receptors and relied on CD4 for uptake of Env. Despite a generally poor capacity for Ag uptake compared with myeloid DCs, the high expression of CD4 on PDCs allowed them to bind and internalize Env very efficiently. CD4-mediated uptake delivered Env to EEA1(+) endosomes that progressed to Lamp1(+) and MHC class II(+) lysosomes where internalized Env was degraded rapidly. Finally, all three blood DC subsets were able to internalize an Env-CMV pp65 fusion protein via CD4 and stimulate pp65-specific CD4(+) T cells. Thus, in the in vitro systems described in this paper, CD4-mediated uptake of Env is a functional pathway leading to Ag presentation, and this may therefore be a mechanism used by blood DCs, including PDCs, for generating immune responses to Env-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie J Sandgren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Subbarao K, Matsuoka Y. The prospects and challenges of universal vaccines for influenza. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:350-8. [PMID: 23685068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce the impact of epidemic as well as pandemic influenza. However, the licensed inactivated influenza vaccine induces strain-specific immunity and must be updated annually. When novel viruses appear, matched vaccines are not likely to be available in time for the first wave of a pandemic. Yet, the enormous diversity of influenza A viruses in nature makes it impossible to predict which subtype or strain will cause the next pandemic. Several recent scientific advances have generated renewed enthusiasm and hope for universal vaccines that will induce broad protection from a range of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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48
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Georgiev IS, Doria-Rose NA, Zhou T, Do Kwon Y, Staupe RP, Moquin S, Chuang GY, Louder MK, Schmidt SD, Altae-Tran HR, Bailer RT, McKee K, Nason M, O'Dell S, Ofek G, Pancera M, Srivatsan S, Shapiro L, Connors M, Migueles SA, Morris L, Nishimura Y, Martin MA, Mascola JR, Kwong PD. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science 2013; 340:751-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1233989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Brooke
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50
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Stewart A, Harrison JS, Regula LK, Lai JR. Side chain requirements for affinity and specificity in D5, an HIV-1 antibody derived from the VH1-69 germline segment. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 14:9. [PMID: 23566198 PMCID: PMC3626704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-14-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Analysis of factors contributing to high affinity antibody-protein interactions provides insight into natural antibody evolution, and guides the design of antibodies with new or enhanced function. We previously studied the interaction between antibody D5 and its target, a designed protein based on HIV-1 gp41 known as 5-Helix, as a model system [Da Silva, G. F.; Harrison, J. S.; Lai, J. R., Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 5464–5472]. Antibody D5 represents an interesting case study because it is derived from the VH1-69 germline segment; this germline segment is characterized by a hydrophobic second heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR2) that constitutes the major functional paratope in D5 and several antibodies derived from the same progenitor. Results Here we explore side chain requirements for affinity and specificity in D5 using phage display. Two D5-based libraries were prepared that contained diversity in all three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDRs 1–3), and in the third HCDR (HCDR3). The first library allowed residues to vary among a restricted set of six amino acids (Tyr/Ala/Asp/Ser/His/Pro; D5-Lib-I). The second library was designed based on a survey of existing VH1-69 antibody structures (D5-Lib-II). Both libraries were subjected to multiple rounds of selection against 5-Helix, and individual clones characterized. We found that selectants from D5-Lib-I generally had moderate affinity and specificity, while many clones from D5-Lib-II exhibited D5-like properties. Additional analysis of the D5-Lib-II functional population revealed position-specific biases for particular amino acids, many that differed from the identity of those side chains in D5. Conclusions Together these results suggest that there is some permissiveness for alternative side chains in the LCDRs and HCDR3 of D5, but that replacement with a minimal set of residues is not tolerated in this scaffold for 5-Helix recognition. This work provides novel information about this high-affinity interaction involving an antibody from the VH1-69 germline segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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