1
|
Guerrache A, Micheau O. TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: Non-Apoptotic Signalling. Cells 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38534365 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or Apo2 or TNFSF10) belongs to the TNF superfamily. When bound to its agonistic receptors, TRAIL can induce apoptosis in tumour cells, while sparing healthy cells. Over the last three decades, this tumour selectivity has prompted many studies aiming at evaluating the anti-tumoral potential of TRAIL or its derivatives. Although most of these attempts have failed, so far, novel formulations are still being evaluated. However, emerging evidence indicates that TRAIL can also trigger a non-canonical signal transduction pathway that is likely to be detrimental for its use in oncology. Likewise, an increasing number of studies suggest that in some circumstances TRAIL can induce, via Death receptor 5 (DR5), tumour cell motility, potentially leading to and contributing to tumour metastasis. While the pro-apoptotic signal transduction machinery of TRAIL is well known from a mechanistic point of view, that of the non-canonical pathway is less understood. In this study, we the current state of knowledge of TRAIL non-canonical signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Guerrache
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Micheau
- Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- INSERM Research Center U1231, «Equipe DesCarTes», 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, 21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Wang J, Pi J, Hu D, Xu J, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Identification and Validation of Genes Related to Macrophage Polarization and Cell Death Modes Under Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1397-1411. [PMID: 38476473 PMCID: PMC10927374 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s448372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the correlation between M1/M2 macrophages (M1/M2 Mφ) and cell death mode under Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Methods Raw gene expression profiles were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Genes related to different cell death modes were collected from the KEGG, FerrDb and GSEA databases. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the gene expression profiles were identified using the limma package in R. The intersection genes of M1/M2 Mφ with different cell death modes were obtained by the VennDiagram package. Hub genes were obtained by constructing the protein-protein interactions (PPI) network and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The expression of cell death modes marker genes and Hub genes were verified by Western Blot and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Results Bioinformatics analysis was performed to screen Hub genes of Mtb-infected M1 Mφ and different cell death modes, naming NFKB1, TNF, CFLAR, TBK1, IL6, RELA, SOCS1, AIM2; Hub genes of Mtb-infected M2 Mφ and different cell death modes, naming TNF, BIRC3, MAP1LC3C, DEPTOR, UVRAG, SOCS1. Combined with experimental validation, M1 Mφ under Mtb infection showed higher expression of death (including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis) genes compared to M2 Mφ and genes such as NFKB1, TNF, CFLAR, TBK1, IL6, RELA, AIM2, BIRC3, DEPTOR show differential expression. Conclusion NFKB1, TNF, CFLAR, TBK1, IL6, RELA, AIM2 in Mtb-infected M1 Mφ, and TNF, BIRC3, DEPTOR in Mtb-infected M2 Mφ might be used as potential diagnostic targets for TB. At early stage of Mtb infection, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis occurred more significantly in M1 Mφ than that in M2 Mφ, which may contribute to the transition of Mtb-infected Mφ from M1-dominant to M2-dominant and contribute to the immune escape mechanisms of Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zisha Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523713, People's Republic of China
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramon-Luing LA, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Chavez-Galan L. Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:839. [PMID: 37375529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates diverse cell death pathways to escape the host immune responses and favor its dissemination, a complex process of interest in pathogenesis-related studies. The main virulence factors of Mtb that alter cell death pathways are classified according to their origin as either non-protein (for instance, lipomannan) or protein (such as the PE family and ESX secretion system). The 38 kDa lipoprotein, ESAT-6 (early antigen-secreted protein 6 kDa), and another secreted protein, tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT), induces necroptosis, thereby allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the cell. The inhibition of pyroptosis by blocking inflammasome activation by Zmp1 and PknF is another pathway that aids the intracellular replication of Mtb. Autophagy inhibition is another mechanism that allows Mtb to escape the immune response. The enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, other proteins, such as ESX-1, SecA2, SapM, PE6, and certain microRNAs, also facilitate Mtb host immune escape process. In summary, Mtb affects the microenvironment of cell death to avoid an effective immune response and facilitate its spread. A thorough study of these pathways would help identify therapeutic targets to prevent the survival of mycobacteria in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yadira Palacios
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
- Department of Biological Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Norma A Téllez-Navarrete
- Department of Healthcare Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park HE, Lee W, Choi S, Jung M, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Modulating macrophage function to reinforce host innate resistance against Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931876. [PMID: 36505429 PMCID: PMC9730288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the main causative agent of infectious diseases in humans among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that are ubiquitous organisms found in environmental media such as soil as well as in domestic and natural waters. MAC is a primary causative agent of NTM-lung disease that threaten immunocompromised or structural lung disease patients. The incidence and the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection have been reduced, while MAC infections and mortality rates have increased, making it a cause of global health concern. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of long-term drug use have led to a poor outcome of treatment regimens against MAC infections. Therefore, the development of host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently gained interest, aiming to accelerate mycobacterial clearance and reversing lung damage by employing the immune system using a novel adjuvant strategy to improve the clinical outcome of MAC infection. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the innate immune responses that contribute to MAC infection focusing on macrophages, chief innate immune cells, and host susceptibility factors in patients. We also discuss potential HDTs that can act on the signaling pathway of macrophages, thereby contributing to antimycobacterial activity as a part of the innate immune response during MAC infection. Furthermore, this review provides new insights into MAC infection control that modulates and enhances macrophage function, promoting host antimicrobial activity in response to potential HDTs and thus presenting a deeper understanding of the interactions between macrophages and MACs during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ivanisenko NV, Seyrek K, Hillert-Richter LK, König C, Espe J, Bose K, Lavrik IN. Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling by c-FLIP: towards targeting cancer networks. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:190-209. [PMID: 34973957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic pathway is mediated by death receptors (DRs), including CD95 (APO-1/Fas) or TRAILR-1/2. Defects in apoptosis regulation lead to cancer and other malignancies. The master regulator of the DR networks is the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). In addition to its key role in apoptosis, c-FLIP may exert other cellular functions, including control of necroptosis, pyroptosis, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and tumorigenesis. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of c-FLIP action in cancer networks, we focus on the structure, isoforms, interactions, and post-translational modifications of c-FLIP. We also discuss various avenues to target c-FLIP in cancer cells for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamil Seyrek
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert-Richter
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna König
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Espe
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Transmembrane TNF and Its Receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 in Mycobacterial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115461. [PMID: 34067256 PMCID: PMC8196896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the main cytokines regulating a pro-inflammatory environment. It has been related to several cell functions, for instance, phagocytosis, apoptosis, proliferation, mitochondrial dynamic. Moreover, during mycobacterial infections, TNF plays an essential role to maintain granuloma formation. Several effector mechanisms have been implicated according to the interactions of the two active forms, soluble TNF (solTNF) and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF), with their receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. We review the impact of these interactions in the context of mycobacterial infections. TNF is tightly regulated by binding to receptors, however, during mycobacterial infections, upstream activation signalling pathways may be influenced by key regulatory factors either at the membrane or cytosol level. Detailing the structure and activation pathways used by TNF and its receptors, such as its interaction with solTNF/TNFRs versus tmTNF/TNFRs, may bring a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in activation pathways which can be helpful for the development of new therapies aimed at being more efficient against mycobacterial infections.
Collapse
|
7
|
Crilly NP, Ayeh SK, Karakousis PC. The New Frontier of Host-Directed Therapies for Mycobacterium avium Complex. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623119. [PMID: 33552087 PMCID: PMC7862709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for pulmonary infection in patients with underlying lung disease and disseminated disease in patients with AIDS. MAC has evolved various virulence strategies to subvert immune responses and persist in the infected host. Current treatment for MAC is challenging, requiring a combination of multiple antibiotics given over a long time period (for at least 12 months after negative sputum culture conversion). Moreover, even after eradication of infection, many patients are left with residual lung dysfunction. In order to address similar challenges facing the management of patients with tuberculosis, recent attention has focused on the development of novel adjunctive, host-directed therapies (HDTs), with the goal of accelerating the clearance of mycobacteria by immune defenses and reducing or reversing mycobacterial-induced lung damage. In this review, we will summarize the evidence supporting specific adjunctive, HDTs for MAC, with a focus on the repurposing of existing immune-modulatory agents targeting a variety of different cellular pathways. We also highlight areas meriting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Crilly
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Samuel K Ayeh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dysregulated Immune Responses by ASK1 Deficiency Alter Epithelial Progenitor Cell Fate and Accelerate Metaplasia Development during H. pylori Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121995. [PMID: 33542169 PMCID: PMC7765114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of H. pylori-induced atrophy and metaplasia has not been fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the novel role of Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and downstream MAPKs as a regulator of host immune responses and epithelial maintenance against H. pylori infection. ASK1 gene deficiency resulted in enhanced inflammation with numerous inflammatory cells including Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruited into the infected stomach. Increase of IL-1β release from apoptotic macrophages and enhancement of TH1-polarized immune responses caused STAT1 and NF-κB activation in epithelial cells in ASK1 knockout mice. Dysregulated immune and epithelial activation in ASK1 knockout mice led to dramatic expansion of gastric progenitor cells and massive metaplasia development. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that ASK1 in inflammatory cells is critical for inducing immune disorder and metaplastic changes in epithelium, while ASK1 in epithelial cells regulates cell proliferation in stem/progenitor zone without changes in inflammation and differentiation. These results suggest that H. pylori-induced immune cells may regulate epithelial homeostasis and cell fate as an inflammatory niche via ASK1 signaling.
Collapse
|
9
|
DHX36, BAX, and ARPC1B May Be Critical for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:4348371. [PMID: 32774561 PMCID: PMC7396107 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4348371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has the highest mortality rate among infectious diseases. This study is designed to identify the key genes affecting the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Methods GSE54992, which included 39 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples, was extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. After the samples were classified into type and time groups by limma package, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance. Using pheatmap package, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for the DEGs. Then, the key modules correlated with TB were selected using the WGCNA package. Finally, functional and pathway enrichment analyses were carried out using clusterProfiler package. Results The DEGs in subclusters 3, 6, 7, and 8 were chosen for further analyses. Based on WGCNA analysis, blue and green modules in type group and pink module in time group were selected as key modules. From the key modules, 9 (including BAX and ARPC1B) hub genes in type group and 6 (including DHX36) hub genes in time group were screened. Through pathway enrichment analysis, the TNF signaling pathway was enriched for the green module. Conclusion DHX36, BAX, and ARPC1B might be key genes acting in the mechanisms of TB. Besides, the TNF signaling pathway might also be critical for the diagnosis and therapy of the disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Seyrek K, Ivanisenko NV, Richter M, Hillert LK, König C, Lavrik IN. Controlling Cell Death through Post-translational Modifications of DED Proteins. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:354-369. [PMID: 32302548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, deregulation of which occurs in multiple disorders, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. The formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and death effector domain (DED) filaments are critical for initiation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DED-containing DISC components such as FADD, procaspase-8, and c-FLIP comprise an additional level of apoptosis regulation, which is necessary to overcome the threshold for apoptosis induction. In this review we discuss the influence of PTMs of FADD, procaspase-8, and c-FLIP on DED filament assembly and cell death induction, with a focus on the 3D organization of the DED filament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Seyrek
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Max Richter
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna König
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou X, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Lie L, Zhu B, Xu L, Gao Y, Du X, Huang Y, Wang R, Liu H, Li Y, Hu S, Zhou C, Wen Q, Pan Q, Ma L. Interferon regulatory factor 1 eliminates mycobacteria by suppressing p70 S6 kinase via mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling. J Infect 2019; 79:262-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
12
|
Gao Y, Wen Q, Hu S, Zhou X, Xiong W, Du X, Zhang L, Fu Y, Yang J, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liu H, Huang Y, Ma L. IL-36γ Promotes Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Macrophages via WNT5A-Induced Noncanonical WNT Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:922-935. [PMID: 31235551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily infects mononuclear phagocytes, remains the leading bacterial cause of enormous morbidity and mortality because of bacterial infections in humans throughout the world. The IL-1 family of cytokines is critical for host resistance to M. tuberculosis As a newly discovered subgroup of the IL-1 family, although IL-36 cytokines have been proven to play roles in protection against M. tuberculosis infection, the antibacterial mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-36γ conferred to human monocyte-derived macrophages bacterial resistance through activation of autophagy as well as induction of WNT5A, a reported downstream effector of IL-1 involved in several inflammatory diseases. Further studies showed that WNT5A could enhance autophagy of monocyte-derived macrophages by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and in turn decrease phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR via noncanonical WNT signaling. Consistently, the underlying molecular mechanisms of IL-36γ function are also mediated by the COX-2/AKT/mTOR signaling axis. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel activity for IL-36γ as an inducer of autophagy, which represents a critical inflammatory cytokine that control the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection in human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Gao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wajant H, Siegmund D. TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the Control of the Life and Death Balance of Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:91. [PMID: 31192209 PMCID: PMC6548990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages sense a broad range of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) by plasma membrane and intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Intriguingly, the overwhelming majority of PPRs trigger the production of the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). TNF affects almost any type of cell including macrophages themselves. TNF promotes the inflammatory activity of macrophages but also controls macrophage survival and death. TNF exerts its activities by stimulation of two different types of receptors, TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, which are both expressed by macrophages. The two TNF receptor types trigger distinct and common signaling pathways that can work in an interconnected manner. Based on a brief general description of major TNF receptor-associated signaling pathways, we focus in this review on research of recent years that revealed insights into the molecular mechanisms how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network controls the life and death balance of macrophages. In particular, we discuss how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network is integrated into PRR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Siegmund
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin J, Chang Q, Dai X, Liu D, Jiang Y, Dai Y. Early secreted antigenic target of 6-kDa of Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes caspase-9/caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 457:179-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Yang E, Yang R, Guo M, Huang D, Wang W, Zhang Z, Chen C, Wang F, Ho W, Shen L, Xiao H, Chen ZW, Shen H. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strain infection in macaques results in high bacilli burdens in airways, driving broad innate/adaptive immune responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:207. [PMID: 30538219 PMCID: PMC6290002 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has become the most deadly infectious diseases due to epidemics of HIV/AIDS and multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant TB (MDR-/XDR-TB). Although person-to-person transmission contributes to MDR-TB, it remains unknown whether infection with MDR strains resembles infection with drug-sensitive (DS) TB strains, manipulating limited or broad immune responses. To address these questions, macaques were infected with MDR strain V791 and a drug-sensitive Erdman strain of TB. MDR bacilli burdens in the airway were significantly higher than those of the Erdman control after pulmonary exposure. This productive MDR strain infection upregulated the expression of caspase 3 in macrophages/monocytes and induced appreciable innate-like effector responses of CD3-negative lymphocytes and Ag-specific γδ T-cell subsets. Concurrently, MDR strain infection induced broad immune responses of T-cell subpopulations producing Th1, Th17, Th22, and CTL cytokines. Furthermore, MDR bacilli, like the Erdman strain, were capable of inducing typical TB disease characterized by weight loss, lymphocytopenia, and severe TB lesions. For the first time, our results suggest that MDR-TB infection acts like DS to induce high bacterial burdens in the airway (transmission advantage), innate/adaptive immune responses, and disease processes. Because nonhuman primates are biologically closer to humans than other species, our data may provide useful information for predicting the effects of primary MDR strain infection after person-to-person transmission. The findings also support the hypothesis that a vaccine or host-directed adjunctive modality that is effective for drug-sensitive TB is likely to also impact MDR-TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzhuo Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Medicine,Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wandang Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Crystal Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- College of Medicine,Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heping Xiao
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Unit of Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Seo J, Kim MW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Song J, Lee EW. The roles of ubiquitination in extrinsic cell death pathways and its implications for therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 162:21-40. [PMID: 30452908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cell survival and death, including apoptosis and necroptosis, is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis, and disruption of these processes can cause cancer, inflammatory diseases, and degenerative diseases. Ubiquitination is a cellular process that induces proteasomal degradation by covalently attaching ubiquitin to the substrate protein. In addition to proteolytic ubiquitination, nonproteolytic ubiquitination, such as M1-linked and K63-linked ubiquitination, has been shown to be important in recent studies, which have demonstrated its function in cell signaling pathways that regulate inflammation and cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize the TRAIL- and TNF-induced death receptor signaling pathways along with recent advances in this field and illustrate how different types of ubiquitination control cell death and survival. In particular, we provide an overview of the different types of ubiquitination, target residues, and modifying enzymes, including E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. Given the relevance of these regulatory pathways in human disease, we hope that a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cell death pathways will provide insights into and therapeutic strategies for related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Wook Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yao J, Du X, Chen S, Shao Y, Deng K, Jiang M, Liu J, Shen Z, Chen X, Feng G. Rv2346c enhances mycobacterial survival within macrophages by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 production via the p38/miRNA/NF-κB pathway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:158. [PMID: 30232332 PMCID: PMC6145905 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a central role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Mtb Rv2346c is a member of 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target family of proteins, which are known to inhibit the host immune responses to promote bacillary persistence in macrophages. However, the mechanism through which Rv2346c participates in Mtb pathogenesis is unclear. In the present study, recombinant Rv2346c protein was synthesized and used to treat Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected macrophages. The results showed that Rv2346c inhibited the proliferation of BCG-infected macrophages and enhanced the survival of BCG in macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were upregulated during BCG infection but downregulated by Rv2346c. Additional experiments showed that nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) in BCG-infected macrophages induced the production of TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, miR-155 and miR-99b had a suppressive effect on NF-κB, and the expression of these miRNAs was promoted by p38. Furthermore, Rv2346c was shown to decrease the activation of NF-κB, whereas it enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 and the expression of miR-155 and miR-99b. The function of Rv2346c was also verified in Mtb-infected mice. The results showed that Rv2346c increased the observed bacterial load and lung injury and downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 in vivo. Overall, our results reveal that Rv2346c enhances mycobacterial survival in macrophages via inhibiting the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in a p38/miRNA/NF-κB pathway-dependent manner, suggesting that Rv2346c acts as a crucial virulence factor in Mtb infection and has potential use as a target for anti-tuberculosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Xingran Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Kaili Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Mingzi Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215300, China
| | - Jingning Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Ganzhu Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase c-cbl Inhibits Microglia Activation After Chronic Constriction Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1631-1640. [PMID: 29934689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Caritas B cell lymphoma (c-cbl) is associated with negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, signal transduction of antigens and cytokine receptors, and immune response. However, the expression and function of c-cbl in the regulation of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury (CCI) are unknown. In rat CCI model, c-cbl inhibited the activation of spinal cord microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which alleviated mechanical and heat pain through down-regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Additionally, exogenous TNF-α inhibited c-cbl protein level vice versa. In the primary microglia transfected with c-cbl siRNA, when treated with TNF-α or TNF-α inhibitor, the corresponding secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 did not change. In summary, CCI down-regulated c-cbl expression and induced the activation of microglia, then activated microglia released inflammatory factors via ERK signaling to cause pain. Our data might supply a novel molecular target for the therapy of CCI-induced neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mahadik K, Prakhar P, Rajmani RS, Singh A, Balaji KN. c-Abl-TWIST1 Epigenetically Dysregulate Inflammatory Responses during Mycobacterial Infection by Co-Regulating Bone Morphogenesis Protein and miR27a. Front Immunol 2018; 9:85. [PMID: 29449840 PMCID: PMC5799226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria propelled modulation of host responses is of considerable interest in the face of emerging drug resistance. Although it is known that Abl tyrosine kinases affect entry and persistence of mycobacteria, mechanisms that couple c-Abl to proximal signaling pathways during immunity are poorly understood. Loss-of-function of c-Abl through Imatinib, in a mouse model of tuberculosis or RNA interference, identified bone morphogenesis protein (BMP) signaling as its cellular target. We demonstrate that c-Abl promotes mycobacterial survival through epigenetic modification brought about by KAT5-TWIST1 at Bmp loci. c-Abl-BMP signaling deregulated iNOS, aggravating the inflammatory balance. Interestingly, BMP signaling was observed to have far-reaching effects on host immunity, as it attenuated TLR3 pathway by engaging miR27a. Significantly, these events were largely mediated via WhiB3 and DosR/S/T but not SecA signaling pathway of mycobacteria. Our findings suggest molecular mechanisms of host pathways hijacked by mycobacteria and expand our understanding of c-Abl inhibitors in potentiating innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mahadik
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Praveen Prakhar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - R S Rajmani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Okazaki T. ASK family in infection and inflammatory disease. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 66:37-45. [PMID: 29092784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are continuously exposed to pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Soon after a limited number of germline-encoded receptors, called pathogen recognition receptors, sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns, hosts trigger innate immune responses, including production of type Ⅰ interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, and cellular apoptosis, to limit propagation of invading pathogens. Importantly, these host responses are also activated during inflammatory diseases, irrespective of pathogen infection, and often play a causal role in pathogenesis and progression of these diseases, thereby implying an intimate link between immune responses and inflammatory disease. The apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family belongs to the larger MAP3K family that controls various stress responses. Here, I summarize the critical roles of members of the ASK family during infection and inflammatory disease, and discuss the relationship between these two noxious conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matsuzawa A. Physiological roles of ASK family members in innate immunity and their involvement in pathogenesis of immune diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 66:46-53. [PMID: 29122554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells are always exposed to various types of stress, including physical, chemical, and biological stresses, and are required to sense immediately and respond appropriately to these stresses. The apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members are stress-responsive kinases, which are activated by not only physicochemical stresses, such as oxidative stress, osmotic pressure, calcium overload, and anti-cancer drugs, but also biological stresses, such as inflammatory cytokines and pathogen infection. Recently, we found that ASK1, a member of ASK family, is activated by bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharide, in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner, demonstrating that ASK1 is required for the innate immune response and plays a critical role in the regulation of innate immune signaling. Moreover, our findings indicate that ROS are common mediators in physicochemical stress signaling, including redox signaling, and biological stress signaling, including innate immune signaling. This review especially focuses on the roles of ASK family in innate immunity and provides recent progress in our knowledge on activation mechanisms and physiological functions of ASK family kinases in innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang G, Liu X, Wang W, Cai Y, Li S, Chen Q, Liao M, Zhang M, Zeng G, Zhou B, Feng CG, Chen X. Down-regulation of miR-20a-5p triggers cell apoptosis to facilitate mycobacterial clearance through targeting JNK2 in human macrophages. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2527-38. [PMID: 27494776 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1215386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cell apoptosis is one of the major host defense mechanisms through which macrophages control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the mechanisms underlying macrophage apoptosis triggered by Mtb infection are still largely unknown. In this study, a microarray profiling survey revealed 14 miRNAs were down-regulated in CD14+ monocytes from active pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and only the reduction of miR-20a-5p could be reversed after successful anti-tuberculosis treatment. Validation of miR-20a-5p expression was confirmed using real time qPCR. Moreover, miR-20a-5p expression also decreased in differentiated THP-1 macrophages after mycobacterial infection in vitro. Functional assays through forced or inhibited expression of miR-20a-5p in THP-1 macrophages demonstrated that miR-20a-5p functioned as a negative regulator of mycobacterial-triggered apoptosis. Importantly, inhibition of miR-20a-5p expression resulted in more efficient mycobacterial clearance from infected THP-1 macrophages while miR-20a-5p overexpression promoted mycobacterial survival. Mechanistically, miR-20a-5p was demonstrated to regulate Bim expression in a JNK2-dependent manner, unlike Bcl2, and luciferase assay showed JNK2 was a novel direct target of miR-20a-5p. Together, our findings indicate that downregulation of miR-20a-5p triggers macrophage apoptosis as a novel mechanism for host defense against mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China.,b Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology , Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Xi Liu
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yi Cai
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Qi Chen
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- d Department of Microbiology , Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Boping Zhou
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Carl G Feng
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China.,b Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology , Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Xinchun Chen
- a Guangdong Key Lab for Diagnosis & Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Lab of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University , Shenzhen , China.,e Department of Pathogen , Shenzhen University School of Medicine , Shenzhen , China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu J, Qian C, Cao X. Post-Translational Modification Control of Innate Immunity. Immunity 2016; 45:15-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Tsuchiya Y, Nakabayashi O, Nakano H. FLIP the Switch: Regulation of Apoptosis and Necroptosis by cFLIP. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30321-41. [PMID: 26694384 PMCID: PMC4691174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
cFLIP (cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein) is structurally related to caspase-8 but lacks proteolytic activity due to multiple amino acid substitutions of catalytically important residues. cFLIP protein is evolutionarily conserved and expressed as three functionally different isoforms in humans (cFLIPL, cFLIPS, and cFLIPR). cFLIP controls not only the classical death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway, but also the non-conventional pattern recognition receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway. In addition, cFLIP regulates the formation of the death receptor-independent apoptotic platform named the ripoptosome. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that cFLIP is also involved in a non-apoptotic cell death pathway known as programmed necrosis or necroptosis. These functions of cFLIP are strictly controlled in an isoform-, concentration- and tissue-specific manner, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays an important role in regulating the stability of cFLIP. In this review, we summarize the current scientific findings from biochemical analyses, cell biological studies, mathematical modeling, and gene-manipulated mice models to illustrate the critical role of cFLIP as a switch to determine the destiny of cells among survival, apoptosis, and necroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jung KJ, Min KJ, Bae JH, Kwon TK. Carnosic acid sensitized TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through down-regulation of c-FLIP and Bcl-2 expression at the post translational levels and CHOP-dependent up-regulation of DR5, Bim, and PUMA expression in human carcinoma caki cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1556-68. [PMID: 25596735 PMCID: PMC4359314 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid is a phenolic diterpene from rosmarinus officinalis, and has multiple functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumor activity. In this study, we examined whether carnosic acid could sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human renal carcinoma Caki cells. We found that carnosic acid markedly induced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human renal carcinoma (Caki, ACHN, and A498), and human hepatocellular carcinoma (SK-HEP-1), and human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells, but not normal cells (TMCK-1 and HSF). Carnosic acid induced down-regulation of c-FLIP and Bcl-2 expression at the post-translational levels, and the over-expression of c-FLIP and Bcl-2 markedly blocked carnosic acid-induced TRAIL sensitization. Furthermore, carnosic acid induced death receptor (DR)5, Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), and p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression at the transcriptional levels via CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP). Down-regulation of CHOP expression by siRNA inhibited DR5, Bim, and PUMA expression, and attenuated carnosic acid plus TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our study demonstrates that carnosic acid enhances sensitization against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through the down-regulation of c-FLIP and Bcl-2 expression, and up-regulation of ER stress-mediated DR5, Bim, and PUMA expression at the transcriptional levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Jin Jung
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-jin Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Halder P, Kumar R, Jana K, Chakraborty S, Ghosh Z, Kundu M, Basu J. Gene expression profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan-treated macrophages: A role of the Bcl-2 family member A1 in inhibition of apoptosis in mycobacteria-infected macrophages. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:726-36. [PMID: 26337784 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in the establishment of infection by intracellular pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to inhibit apoptosis and to downregulate immune responses of host cells using various strategies, including activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is one of the known bacterial effectors that plays a role in subversion of host immunity and activation of PPARγ. Here, we have used an unbiased global gene expression profiling approach to understand (a) how ManLAM regulates host cell immune responses and (b) the role of PPARγ in modulating ManLAM-induced host cell signaling. We have demonstrated that ManLAM-dependent inhibition of macrophage apoptosis is mediated by the upregulation of the antiapoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family member A1. Our in silico analyses suggested that ManLAM-mediated PPARγ signaling is linked to important functions such as phagocytosis, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell survival, and autophagy. We have validated that ManLAM upregulates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5)α, an important transcriptional regulator of cell survival in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhitao J, Long L, Jia L, Yunchao B, Anhua W. Temozolomide sensitizes stem-like cells of glioma spheres to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via upregulation of casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) protein. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9621-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
29
|
Robins R, Baldwin C, Aoudjit L, Gupta IR, Takano T. Loss of Rho-GDIα sensitizes podocytes to lipopolysaccharide-mediated injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1207-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00225.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome is a disease of glomerular permselectivity that can arise as a consequence of heritable or acquired changes to the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. We recently reported two siblings with heritable nephrotic syndrome caused by a loss of function mutation in the gene ARHGDIA, which encodes for Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor-α (GDIα). GDIs are known to negatively regulate Rho-GTPase signaling. We hypothesized that loss of GDIα sensitizes podocytes to external injury via hyperactivation of Rho-GTPases and p38 MAPK. We examined the response of cultured podocytes with and without knockdown of GDIα to LPS injury by assessing the levels of phospho-p38 as well as the degree of synaptopodin loss. GDIα knockdown podocytes showed more pronounced and sustained p38 phosphorylation in response to LPS compared with control podocytes, and this was blunted significantly by the Rac1 inhibitor. In LPS-treated control podocytes, synaptopodin degradation occurred, and this was dependent on p38, the proteasome, and cathepsin L. In GDIα knockdown podocytes, the same events were triggered, but the levels of synaptopodin after LPS treatment were significantly lower than in control podocytes. These experiments reveal a common pathway by which heritable and environmental risk factors converge to injure podocytes, from Rac1 hyperactivation to p38 phosphorylation and synaptopodin degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and cathepsin L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Robins
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Cindy Baldwin
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Lamine Aoudjit
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morlé A, Garrido C, Micheau O. Hyperthermia restores apoptosis induced by death receptors through aggregation-induced c-FLIP cytosolic depletion. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1633. [PMID: 25675293 PMCID: PMC4669817 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TRAIL is involved in immune tumor surveillance and is considered a promising anti-cancer agent owing to its limited side effects on healthy cells. However, some cancer cells display resistance, or become resistant to TRAIL-induced cell death. Hyperthermia can enhance sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death in various resistant cancer cell lines, including lung, breast, colon or prostate carcinomas. Mild heat shock treatment has been proposed to restore Fas ligand or TRAIL-induced apoptosis through c-FLIP degradation or the mitochondrial pathway. We demonstrate here that neither the mitochondria nor c-FLIP degradation are required for TRAIL-induced cell death restoration during hyperthermia. Our data provide evidence that insolubilization of c-FLIP, alone, is sufficient to enhance apoptosis induced by death receptors. Hyperthermia induced c-FLIP depletion from the cytosolic fraction, without apparent degradation, thereby preventing c-FLIP recruitment to the TRAIL DISC and allowing efficient caspase-8 cleavage and apoptosis. Hyperthermia-induced c-FLIP depletion was independent of c-FLIP DED2 FL chain assembly motif or ubiquitination-mediated c-FLIP degradation, as assessed using c-FLIP point mutants on lysine 167 and 195 or threonine 166, a phosphorylation site known to regulate ubiquitination of c-FLIP. Rather, c-FLIP depletion was associated with aggregation, because addition of glycerol not only prevented the loss of c-FLIP from the cytosol but also enabled c-FLIP recruitment within the TRAIL DISC, thus inhibiting TRAIL-induced apoptosis during hyperthermia. Altogether our results demonstrate that c-FLIP is a thermosensitive protein whose targeting by hyperthermia allows restoration of apoptosis induced by TNF ligands, including TRAIL. Our findings suggest that combining TRAIL agonists with whole-body or localized hyperthermia may be an interesting approach in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Morlé
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France [3] Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, F-21000 France
| | - O Micheau
- 1] INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, F-21079 France [2] Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Univ. Bourgogne, Dijon, F-21079 France [3] Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, F-21000 France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Venkatasubramanian S, Dhiman R, Paidipally P, Cheekatla SS, Tripathi D, Welch E, Tvinnereim AR, Jones B, Theodorescu D, Barnes PF, Vankayalapati R. A rho GDP dissociation inhibitor produced by apoptotic T-cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004617. [PMID: 25659138 PMCID: PMC4450061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells from persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis (M. tb) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). A soluble factor, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (D4GDI), produced by apoptotic CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells is responsible for this inhibition of M. tb growth in human macrophages and in mice. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+D4GDI+ cells do not produce IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ. D4GDI inhibited growth of M. tb in MDMs by enhancing production of IL-1β, TNF-α and ROS, and by increasing apoptosis of M. tb-infected MDMs. D4GDI was concentrated at the site of disease in tuberculosis patients, with higher levels detected in pleural fluid than in serum. However, in response to M. tb, PBMC from tuberculosis patients produced less D4GDI than PBMC from persons with LTBI. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells and D4GDI induced intracellular M. tb to express the dormancy survival regulator DosR and DosR-dependent genes, suggesting that D4GDI induces a non-replicating state in the pathogen. Our study provides the first evidence that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells enhances immunity to M. tb, and that production of D4GDI by this subpopulation inhibits M. tb growth. Most people who are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with protective immunity. Patients with active tuberculosis have severe disease and ineffective immunity. Understanding how LTBI individuals control infection without developing disease provides important insight into the mechanisms of protective immunity against tuberculosis, and this information is essential for development of an effective vaccine. It is known that a lymphocyte population called T-cells contributes significantly to protective immunity against tuberculosis infection. In the current study, using human and murine models of M. tb infection, we found that a soluble factor, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (D4GDI), produced by a subpopulation of T-cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) inhibits M. tb growth. We also found that D4GDI induces M. tb genes that are expressed during the non-replicative state. Our results suggest that D4GDI has a previously undescribed positive effect on immunity by enhancing host antimicrobial activity. These findings also may aid in understanding the factors that induce LTBI. Further, this information will facilitate development of improved vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent and treat tuberculosis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Satyanarayana S. Cheekatla
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elwyn Welch
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Tvinnereim
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brenda Jones
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Barnes
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bim is a crucial regulator of apoptosis induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1343. [PMID: 25032866 PMCID: PMC4123102 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, induces apoptosis in infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism controlling this process is not known. In order to study the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in M. tuberculosis-induced apoptosis, we analysed cell death in M. tuberculosis-infected embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from different knockout mice for genes involved in this route. We found that apoptosis induced by M. tuberculosis is abrogated in the absence of Bak and Bax, caspase 9 or the executioner caspases 3 and 7. Notably, we show that MEF deficient in the BH3-only BCL-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) protein were also resistant to this process. The relevance of these results has been confirmed in the mouse macrophage cell line J774, where cell transfection with siRNA targeting Bim impaired apoptosis induced by virulent mycobacteria. Notably, only infection with a virulent strain, but not with attenuated ESX-1-defective strains, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and live-attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine strain MTBVAC, induced Bim upregulation and apoptosis, probably implicating virulence factor early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein in this process. Our results suggest that Bim upregulation and apoptosis is mediated by the p38MAPK-dependent pathway. Our findings show that Bim is a master regulator of apoptosis induced by M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu G, Wang J, Gao GF, Liu CH. Insights into battles between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages. Protein Cell 2014; 5:728-36. [PMID: 24938416 PMCID: PMC4180456 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on macrophages can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs) on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and type I Interferons (IFNs). In addition, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Vitamin D-1-hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune responses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, type I IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in mycobacterial infection. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
35
|
Zhao L, Sun SY. c-FLIP links mTORC2 to apoptosis. Oncoscience 2014; 1:306-7. [PMID: 25594024 PMCID: PMC4278307 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kawarazaki Y, Ichijo H, Naguro I. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:651-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.896903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
37
|
Parandhaman DK, Narayanan S. Cell death paradigms in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:31. [PMID: 24634891 PMCID: PMC3943388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death or senescence is a fundamental event that helps maintain cellular homeostasis, shapes the growth of organism, and provides protective immunity against invading pathogens. Decreased or increased cell death is detrimental both in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Cell death is executed both by regulated enzymic reactions and non-enzymic sudden collapse. In this brief review we have tried to summarize various cell death modalities and their impact on the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Parandhaman
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai, India ; Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giampietri C, Petrungaro S, Padula F, D'Alessio A, Marini ES, Facchiano A, Filippini A, Ziparo E. Autophagy modulators sensitize prostate epithelial cancer cell lines to TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2014; 17:1210-22. [PMID: 22923157 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha levels in prostate cancer correlate with the extent of disease and are significantly elevated in the metastatic stage. TNF receptor superfamily controls two distinct signalling cascades, leading to opposite effects, i.e. apoptosis and survival; in prostate cancer TNF-alpha-mediated signalling induces cell survival and resistance to therapy. The apoptosis of prostate epithelial cancer cells LNCaP and PC3 was investigated upon treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and the autophagy inducer rapamycin, in combination with TNF-alpha. Cells were exposed to these molecules for 18, 24 and 48 h. Autophagy was assessed via LC3 Western blot analysis; propidium iodide and TUNEL stainings followed by flow cytometry or caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis. TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis was potentiated by 3-methyladenine in the androgen-responsive LNCaP cells, whereas no effect was observed in the androgen-insensitive PC3 cells. Interestingly such pro-apoptosis effect in LNCaP cells was associated with reduced c-Flip levels through proteasomal degradation via increased reactive oxygen species production and p38 activation; such c-Flip reduction was reversed in the presence of either the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine. Conversely in PC3 but not in LNCaP cells, rapamycin stimulated TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis; such effect was associated with reduced c-Flip promoter activity and FoxO3a activation. We conclude that TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis may be potentiated, in prostate cancer epithelial cells, through autophagy modulators. Increased sensitivity to TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis correlates with reduced c-Flip levels which are consequent to a post-transcriptional and a transcriptional mechanism in LNCaP and PC3 cells respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Aguiló N, Marinova D, Martín C, Pardo J. ESX-1-induced apoptosis during mycobacterial infection: to be or not to be, that is the question. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:88. [PMID: 24364000 PMCID: PMC3850411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The major Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor ESAT-6 exported by the ESX-1 secretion system has been described as a pro-apoptotic factor by several independent groups in recent years, sustaining a role for apoptosis in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. This role has been supported by independent studies in which apoptosis has been shown as a hallmark feature in human and mouse lungs infected with virulent strains. Nevertheless, the role of apoptosis during mycobacterial infection is subject to an intense debate. Several works maintain that apoptosis is more evident with attenuated strains, whereas virulent mycobacteria tend to inhibit this process, suggesting that apoptosis induction may be a host mechanism to control infection. In this review, we summarize the evidences that support the involvement of ESX-1-induced apoptosis in virulence, intending to provide a rational treatise for the role of programmed cell death during M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguiló
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Department of Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain ; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Department of Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain ; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Department of Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain ; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Cell Immunity in Cancer, Inflammation and Infection group, Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Aragon I+D Foundation, IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Aguilo JI, Alonso H, Uranga S, Marinova D, Arbués A, de Martino A, Anel A, Monzon M, Badiola J, Pardo J, Brosch R, Martin C. ESX-1-induced apoptosis is involved in cell-to-cell spread ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1994-2005. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. I. Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - H. Alonso
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - D. Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Arbués
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - A. de Martino
- Unidad Anatomía Patológica; IIS Aragón Zaragoza Spain
| | - A. Anel
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular; Fac. Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - M. Monzon
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. Pardo
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular; Fac. Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
- Fundación Aragón I+D (ARAID); Gobierno de Aragón; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur; Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics; Paris France
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet; ISS Aragón, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rakotosamimanana N, Doherty TM, Andriamihantasoa LH, Richard V, Gicquel B, Soares JL, Zumla A, Razanamparany VR. Expression of TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis-related genes in the peripheral blood of Malagasy subjects with tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61154. [PMID: 23593415 PMCID: PMC3625145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections remain asymptomatic with only up to 10% progressing to clinical tuberculosis. However, the constituents of the effective “protective immunity” against tuberculosis responsible for containing most infections remain unknown. Evaluating gene transcriptional profiles in tuberculosis clinical cohorts is one approach to understanding the spectrum of tuberculosis progression. It is clear that apoptosis plays a role in the control of tuberculosis but the utility of apoptosis-related genes as surrogate markers of protection against tuberculosis has not been well investigated. To characterize potential surrogate markers that could discriminate different phases of the clinical tuberculosis spectrum, we investigated gene expression of several TNF-alpha dependent apoptotic genes (TNFR1, TNFR2, FLICE, FLIPs) by real-time RT-PCR of peripheral blood cells from cohorts of individuals with active tuberculosis or potential exposure to tuberculosis. Newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 23), their close household contacts (n = 80), and community controls (n = 46) were tested at intervals over a period of up to two years. Latent infection or previous Mtb contact was assessed by ELISPOT and TST and complete blood counts were performed during the follow up. Results showed significant upregulation of FLIPs expression by infected individuals regardless of clinical status at entry to the study. A higher percentage of lymphocytes was found in the infected household contacts that remained healthy. In contrast, in individuals with active TB, a significant upregulation of TNFR2 expression, a significantly higher percentage of monocytes and a significantly decreased lymphocyte count were seen, compared to subjects that remained healthy. Moreover, the household contacts who subsequently developed signs of TB also had a significantly high number of monocytes. These data suggest tuberculosis may be associated with decreased T-cell survival (perhaps due to apoptosis) while inhibition of apoptosis in monocytes could lead to a relative increase in these cells: a situation predicted to favour Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Richard
- Unité d'épidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Soares
- Unité d'épidémiologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao L, Yue P, Khuri FR, Sun SY. mTOR complex 2 is involved in regulation of Cbl-dependent c-FLIP degradation and sensitivity of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1946-57. [PMID: 23319802 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR positively regulates cell proliferation and survival through forming 2 complexes with raptor (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) or rictor (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2). Compared with the mTORC1, relatively little is known about the biologic functions of mTORC2. This study focuses on addressing whether mTORC2 regulates apoptosis, particularly induced by TRAIL (TNFSF10). Using the mTOR kinase inhibitor, PP242, as a research tool, we found that it synergized with TRAIL to augment apoptosis of cancer cells. PP242 reduced the abundance of the short form of c-FLIP (FLIP(S), CFLAR(S)) and survivin (BIRC5). Enforced expression of ectopic FLIP(S), but not survivin, attenuated augmented apoptosis induced by PP242 plus TRAIL. Thus, it is FLIP(S) downregulation that contributes to synergistic induction of apoptosis by PP242 plus TRAIL. PP242 decreased FLIP(S) stability, increased FLIP(S) ubiquitination, and facilitated FLIP(S) degradation. Moreover, knockdown of the E3 ligase Cbl (CBL) abolished PP242-induced FLIP(S) reduction. Thus, PP242 induces Cbl-dependent degradation of FLIP(S), leading to FLIP(S) downregulation. Consistently, knockdown of rictor or mTOR, but not raptor, mimicked PP242 in decreasing FLIP(S) levels and sensitizing cells to TRAIL. Rictor knockdown decreased FLIP(S) stability, whereas enforced expression of rictor stabilized FLIP(S). Moreover, silencing of Cbl abrogated FLIP(S) reduction induced by rictor knockdown. Collectively we conclude that it is mTORC2 inhibition that results in FLIP(S) downregulation and subsequent sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Our findings provide the first evidence showing that mTORC2 stabilizes FLIP(S), hence connecting mTORC2 signaling to the regulation of death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evasion of apoptosis (programmed cell death) is one of the characteristic hallmarks of human cancers and may be caused by aberrant expression of antiapoptotic proteins. Among those is c-FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), a protein that not only blocks apoptosis signaling but also regulates additional cell death pathways. AREAS COVERED Because c-FLIP is regulated both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level by various mechanisms and is a short-lived protein with a rapid turnover, the regulation of c-FLIP expression represents a versatile tool to modulate cell death signaling pathways. Because c-FLIP is aberrantly expressed in various cancers, it represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention. EXPERT OPINION Therefore, insights into the molecular events that regulate c-FLIP expression and activity in human cancers will provide the basis for the development of new strategies to target c-FLIP expression in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Studies over the past decade have helped to decipher molecular networks dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, in mycobacteria-infected macrophages. Stimulation of TLRs by mycobacteria and their antigenic components rapidly induces intracellular signaling cascades involved in the activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, which play important roles in orchestrating proinflammatory responses and innate defense through generation of a variety of antimicrobial effector molecules. Recent studies have provided evidence that mycobacterial TLR-signaling cross talks with other intracellular antimicrobial innate pathways, the autophagy process and functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling. In this article we describe recent advances in the recognition, responses, and regulation of mycobacterial signaling through TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang G, Liu J, Zhang Y, Qu J, Xu L, Zheng H, Liu Y, Qu X. Cbl-b-dependent degradation of FLIP(L) is involved in ATO-induced autophagy in leukemic K562 and gastric cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3104-10. [PMID: 22884570 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various molecular mechanisms are involved in the efficacy of arsenic trioxide (ATO) against malignant hematologic and some solid tumors. FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) is an inhibitor of apoptosis mediated by death receptors. In this study, we identified a new link between the down-regulation of cellular FLIP(L) and ATO-induced autophagy. ATO induced the degradation of FLIP(L) in K562 and MGC803 cells, which was mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, the casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) was involved in this process, which interacted with FLIP(L) and promoted proteasomal degradation of FLIP(L). Our findings lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of ATO, and suggest that a novel signaling pathway is required for ATO-induced autophagy in K562 and MGC803 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory proteins (c-FLIPs): fine-tuners of life and death decisions. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1324-31. [PMID: 22309778 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
c-FLIP proteins (isoforms: c-FLIP(L), c-FLIP(S), and c-FLIP(R)) play an essential role in the regulation of death receptor (DR)-induced apoptosis and NF-κB activation. Here, we discuss multiple mechanisms by which c-FLIPs control NF-κB activation and the life/death decision made in cancer and immune cells. We focus on the role of c-FLIP in cellular signaling. We concentrate on c-FLIP protein modifications as well as on the regulation of c-FLIP expression levels. Furthermore, we discuss in detail how the exact quantity and dynamics of different c-FLIP isoforms in the cell influence the induction of pro- versus anti-apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
|
47
|
Obregón-Henao A, Duque-Correa MA, Rojas M, García LF, Brennan PJ, Ortiz BL, Belisle JT. Stable extracellular RNA fragments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induce early apoptosis in human monocytes via a caspase-8 dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29970. [PMID: 22253841 PMCID: PMC3253812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of pathogen-induced host cell apoptosis is well characterized for a number of microorganisms. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to induce apoptosis and it was shown that live but not heat killed M. tuberculosis stimulates this biological pathway in monocytes. The dependence of this activity on live bacilli led us to hypothesize that products released or secreted by M. tuberculosis are the primary apoptotic factors for human monocytes. Thus, the culture filtrate of in vitro grown M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv was fractioned by conventional chromatography and the apoptosis-inducing activity of individual fractions was measured on human monocytes. The tests employed included measurement of cell membrane damage, caspase activation, and cytokine release. Small molecular weight RNAs of M. tuberculosis were recognized as the predominant apoptosis inducing factors. The RNA was comprised primarily of tRNA and rRNA fragments that stably accumulate in the culture filtrate during early log-phase growth. The RNA fragments signaled through a caspase-8 dependent, caspase-1 and TNF-α independent pathway that ultimately compromised the human monocytes' ability to control M. tuberculosis infection. These studies provide the first report of bacterial RNA inducing apoptosis. They also provide a foundation to pursue pathways for secretion or release of nucleic acids from M. tuberculosis and the impact of secreted RNA fragments on pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - María A. Duque-Correa
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F. García
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Blanca L. Ortiz
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - John T. Belisle
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
González-Juarrero M, O'Sullivan MP. Optimization of inhaled therapies for tuberculosis: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:86-92. [PMID: 20888298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled therapies in the form of drugs or vaccines for tuberculosis treatment were reported about a decade ago. Experts around the world met to discuss the scientific progress in inhaled therapies at the international symposium "Optimization of inhaled Tuberculosis therapies and implications for host-pathogen interactions" held in New Delhi, India on November 3-5, 2009. The meeting was organized by the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow, India. The lung is the main route for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and the primary site of reactivation of latent disease. The only available vaccine BCG is relatively ineffective at preventing tuberculosis disease and current therapy requires prolonged treatment with drugs which results in low patient compliance. Consequently, there is a need to design new vaccines and therapies for this disease. Recently there has been increased interest in the development of inhaled formulations to deliver anti-mycobacterial drugs and vaccines directly to the lung and many of these therapies are designed to target lung macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the development of effective inhaled therapies requires an understanding of the unique function and immunosuppressive environment of the lung which is driven, in part, by alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the host immune response to M. tuberculosis infection and the ways in which inhaled therapies might enhance the anti-microbial response of phagocytes and boost pulmonary immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Natarajan K, Kundu M, Sharma P, Basu J. Innate immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:427-31. [PMID: 21550855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite for successful establishment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host is its ability to survive after internalization in alveolar macrophages that they encounter after inhalation. The innate immune response protects some individuals to the extent that they remain uninfected. In others, the innate immune system is not sufficient and an adaptive immune response is generated. This is usually protective, but not sterilizing, and individuals remain latently infected. In susceptible individuals, M. tuberculosis successfully escapes immune surveillance. The interplay between the host innate immune response and the bacterial mechanisms in play to offset this response, is of considerable importance in dictating the course of the disease. In order to gain an understanding of this interplay it is of importance to analyze how M. tuberculosis interacts with innate immune receptors and makes its entry into macrophages, how it subverts the bactericidal effects of macrophages, and dampens processes required for protective immunity, including cytokine and chemokine induction. This review will focus on some of the Indian efforts in these areas, concentrating mainly on the interaction of M. tuberculosis with macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). The role of the PE/PPE family of proteins in regulating the immune response, will not be discussed in this chapter. The genome-wide approaches of analyzing host-M. tuberculosis interactions will also be discussed elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Diseases Immunology Lab, Dr. B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Apoptosis is an innate defense function of macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:279-87. [PMID: 21307848 PMCID: PMC3155700 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two different forms of death are commonly observed when Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages die: (i) necrosis, a death modality defined by cell lysis and (ii) apoptosis, a form of death that maintains an intact plasma membrane. Necrosis is a mechanism used by bacteria to exit the macrophage, evade host defenses, and spread. In contrast, apoptosis of infected macrophages is associated with diminished pathogen viability. Apoptosis occurs when tumor necrosis factor activates the extrinsic death domain pathway, leading to caspase-8 activation. In addition, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is required. Both pathways lead to caspase-3 activation, which results in apoptosis. We have recently demonstrated that during mycobacterial infection, cell death is regulated by the eicosanoids, prostaglandin E(2) (proapoptotic) and lipoxin (LX)A(4) (pronecrotic). Although PGE(2) protects against necrosis, virulent Mtb induces LXA(4) and inhibits PGE(2) production. Under such conditions, mitochondrial inner membrane damage leads to macrophage necrosis. Thus, virulent Mtb subverts eicosanoid regulation of cell death to foil innate defense mechanisms of the macrophage.
Collapse
|