1
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Shin B, Chang SJ, MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Transcriptional network dynamics in early T cell development. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230893. [PMID: 39167073 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rate at which cells enter the T cell pathway depends not only on the immigration of hematopoietic precursors into the strong Notch signaling environment of the thymus but also on the kinetics with which each individual precursor cell reaches T-lineage commitment once it arrives. Notch triggers a complex, multistep gene regulatory network in the cells in which the steps are stereotyped but the transition speeds between steps are variable. Progenitor-associated transcription factors delay T-lineage differentiation even while Notch-induced transcription factors within the same cells push differentiation forward. Progress depends on regulator cross-repression, on breaching chromatin barriers, and on shifting, competitive collaborations between stage-specific and stably expressed transcription factors, as reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Wang B, Bian Q. Regulation of 3D genome organization during T cell activation. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38944686 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Within the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear space, the genome organizes into a series of orderly structures that impose important influences on gene regulation. T lymphocytes, crucial players in adaptive immune responses, undergo intricate transcriptional remodeling upon activation, leading to differentiation into specific effector and memory T cell subsets. Recent evidence suggests that T cell activation is accompanied by dynamic changes in genome architecture at multiple levels, providing a unique biological context to explore the functional relevance and molecular mechanisms of 3D genome organization. Here, we summarize recent advances that link the reorganization of genome architecture to the remodeling of transcriptional programs and conversion of cell fates during T cell activation and differentiation. We further discuss how various chromatin architecture regulators, including CCCTC-binding factor and several transcription factors, collectively modulate the genome architecture during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Shanghai lnstitute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qian Bian
- Shanghai lnstitute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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3
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García-Aznar JM, Alonso Alvarez S, Bernal Del Castillo T. Pivotal role of BCL11B in the immune, hematopoietic and nervous systems: a review of the BCL11B-associated phenotypes from the genetic perspective. Genes Immun 2024; 25:232-241. [PMID: 38472338 PMCID: PMC11178493 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-024-00263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor BCL11B plays an essential role in the development of central nervous system and T cell differentiation by regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in several pathways. Monoallelic defects in the BCL11B gene leading to loss-of-function are associated with a wide spectrum of phenotypes, including neurological disorders with or without immunological features and susceptibility to hematological malignancies. From the genetic point of view, the landscape of BCL11B mutations reported so far does not fully explain the genotype-phenotype correlation. In this review, we sought to compile the phenotypic and genotypic variables associated with previously reported mutations in this gene in order to provide a better understanding of the consequences of deleterious variants. We also highlight the importance of a careful evaluation of the mutation type, its location and the pattern of inheritance of the variants in order to assign the most accurate pathogenicity and actionability of the genetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María García-Aznar
- Healthincode, A Coruña, Spain.
- Universitary Institute of Oncology of Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sara Alonso Alvarez
- Universitary Institute of Oncology of Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Teresa Bernal Del Castillo
- Universitary Institute of Oncology of Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Ordway AJ, Helt RN, Johnston RJ. Transcriptional priming and chromatin regulation during stochastic cell fate specification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230046. [PMID: 38432315 PMCID: PMC10909510 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stochastic cell fate specification, in which a cell chooses between two or more fates with a set probability, diversifies cell subtypes in development. Although this is a vital process across species, a common mechanism for these cell fate decisions remains elusive. This review examines two well-characterized stochastic cell fate decisions to identify commonalities between their developmental programmes. In the fly eye, two subtypes of R7 photoreceptors are specified by the stochastic ON/OFF expression of a transcription factor, spineless. In the mouse olfactory system, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) randomly select to express one copy of an olfactory receptor (OR) gene out of a pool of 2800 alleles. Despite the differences in these sensory systems, both stochastic fate choices rely on the dynamic interplay between transcriptional priming, chromatin regulation and terminal gene expression. The coupling of transcription and chromatin modifications primes gene loci in undifferentiated neurons, enabling later expression during terminal differentiation. Here, we compare these mechanisms, examine broader implications for gene regulation during development and posit key challenges moving forward. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Ordway
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rina N. Helt
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Robert J. Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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5
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Andersson E, Rothenberg EV, Peterson C, Olariu V. T-cell commitment inheritance-an agent-based multi-scale model. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:40. [PMID: 38632273 PMCID: PMC11024127 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
T-cell development provides an excellent model system for studying lineage commitment from a multipotent progenitor. The intrathymic development process has been thoroughly studied. The molecular circuitry controlling it has been dissected and the necessary steps like programmed shut off of progenitor genes and T-cell genes upregulation have been revealed. However, the exact timing between decision-making and commitment stage remains unexplored. To this end, we implemented an agent-based multi-scale model to investigate inheritance in early T-cell development. Treating each cell as an agent provides a powerful tool as it tracks each individual cell of a simulated T-cell colony, enabling the construction of lineage trees. Based on the lineage trees, we introduce the concept of the last common ancestors (LCA) of committed cells and analyse their relations, both at single-cell level and population level. In addition to simulating wild-type development, we also conduct knockdown analysis. Our simulations predicted that the commitment is a three-step process that occurs on average over several cell generations once a cell is first prepared by a transcriptional switch. This is followed by the loss of the Bcl11b-opposing function approximately two to three generations later. This is when our LCA analysis indicates that the decision to commit is taken even though in general another one to two generations elapse before the cell actually becomes committed by transitioning to the DN2b state. Our results showed that there is decision inheritance in the commitment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Andersson
- Computational Science for Health and Environment, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carsten Peterson
- Computational Science for Health and Environment, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Olariu
- Computational Science for Health and Environment, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Abadie K, Clark EC, Valanparambil RM, Ukogu O, Yang W, Daza RM, Ng KKH, Fathima J, Wang AL, Lee J, Nasti TH, Bhandoola A, Nourmohammad A, Ahmed R, Shendure J, Cao J, Kueh HY. Reversible, tunable epigenetic silencing of TCF1 generates flexibility in the T cell memory decision. Immunity 2024; 57:271-286.e13. [PMID: 38301652 PMCID: PMC10922671 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The immune system encodes information about the severity of a pathogenic threat in the quantity and type of memory cells it forms. This encoding emerges from lymphocyte decisions to maintain or lose self-renewal and memory potential during a challenge. By tracking CD8+ T cells at the single-cell and clonal lineage level using time-resolved transcriptomics, quantitative live imaging, and an acute infection model, we find that T cells will maintain or lose memory potential early after antigen recognition. However, following pathogen clearance, T cells may regain memory potential if initially lost. Mechanistically, this flexibility is implemented by a stochastic cis-epigenetic switch that tunably and reversibly silences the memory regulator, TCF1, in response to stimulation. Mathematical modeling shows how this flexibility allows memory T cell numbers to scale robustly with pathogen virulence and immune response magnitudes. We propose that flexibility and stochasticity in cellular decisions ensure optimal immune responses against diverse threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Abadie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisa C Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rajesh M Valanparambil
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Obinna Ukogu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Riza M Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth K H Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jumana Fathima
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allan L Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Judong Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Laboratory of Single-Cell Genomics and Population Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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7
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Andersson E, Rothenberg EV, Peterson C, Olariu V. T-cell commitment inheritance - an agent-based multi-scale model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562905. [PMID: 37905091 PMCID: PMC10614897 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
T-cell development provides an excellent model system for studying lineage commitment from a multipotent progenitor. The intrathymic development process has been thoroughly studied. The molecular circuitry controlling it has been dissected and the necessary steps like programmed shut off of progenitor genes and T-cell genes upregulation have been revealed. However, the exact timing between decision-making and commitment stage remains unexplored. To this end, we implemented an agent-based multi-scale model to investigate inheritance in early T-cell development. Treating each cell as an agent provides a powerful tool as it tracks each individual cell of a simulated T-cell colony, enabling the construction of lineage trees. Based on the lineage trees, we introduce the concept of the last common ancestors (LCA) of committed cells and analyse their relations, both at single-cell level and population level. In addition to simulating wild-type development, we also conduct knockdown analysis. Our simulations showed that the commitment is a three-step process over several cell generations where a cell is first prepared by a transcriptional switch. This is followed by the loss of the Bcl11b-opposing function two to three generations later which is when the decision to commit is taken. Finally, after another one to two generations, the cell becomes committed by transitioning to the DN2b state. Our results showed that there is inheritance in the commitment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Andersson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Carsten Peterson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Olariu
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Shin B, Zhou W, Wang J, Gao F, Rothenberg EV. Runx factors launch T cell and innate lymphoid programs via direct and gene network-based mechanisms. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1458-1472. [PMID: 37563311 PMCID: PMC10673614 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Runx factors are essential for lineage specification of various hematopoietic cells, including T lymphocytes. However, they regulate context-specific genes and occupy distinct genomic regions in different cell types. Here, we show that dynamic Runx binding shifts in mouse early T cell development are mostly not restricted by local chromatin state but regulated by Runx dosage and functional partners. Runx cofactors compete to recruit a limited pool of Runx factors in early T progenitor cells, and a modest increase in Runx protein availability at pre-commitment stages causes premature Runx occupancy at post-commitment binding sites. This increased Runx factor availability results in striking T cell lineage developmental acceleration by selectively activating T cell-identity and innate lymphoid cell programs. These programs are collectively regulated by Runx together with other, Runx-induced transcription factors that co-occupy Runx-target genes and propagate gene network changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- BillionToOne, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Beckman Institute of California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Lyterian Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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9
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Xu Z, He L, Wu Y, Yang L, Li C, Wu H. PTEN regulates hematopoietic lineage plasticity via PU.1-dependent chromatin accessibility. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112967. [PMID: 37561626 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN loss in fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) leads to alterations in myeloid, T-, and B-lineage potentials and T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) development. To explore the mechanism underlying PTEN-regulated hematopoietic lineage choices, we carry out integrated assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), single-cell RNA-seq, and in vitro culture analyses using in vivo-isolated mouse pre-leukemic HSCs and progenitors. We find that PTEN loss alters chromatin accessibility of key lineage transcription factor (TF) binding sites at the prepro-B stage, corresponding to increased myeloid and T-lineage potentials and reduced B-lineage potential. Importantly, we find that PU.1 is an essential TF downstream of PTEN and that altering PU.1 levels can reprogram the chromatin accessibility landscape and myeloid, T-, and B-lineage potentials in Ptennull prepro-B cells. Our study discovers prepro-B as the key developmental stage underlying PTEN-regulated hematopoietic lineage choices and suggests a critical role of PU.1 in modulating the epigenetic state and lineage plasticity of prepro-B progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Libing He
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Liu H, Tsai H, Yang M, Li G, Bian Q, Ding G, Wu D, Dai J. Three-dimensional genome structure and function. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e326. [PMID: 37426677 PMCID: PMC10329473 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear DNA undergoes a series of compression and folding events, forming various three-dimensional (3D) structural units in mammalian cells, including chromosomal territory, compartment, topologically associating domain, and chromatin loop. These structures play crucial roles in regulating gene expression, cell differentiation, and disease progression. Deciphering the principles underlying 3D genome folding and the molecular mechanisms governing cell fate determination remains a challenge. With advancements in high-throughput sequencing and imaging techniques, the hierarchical organization and functional roles of higher-order chromatin structures have been gradually illuminated. This review systematically discussed the structural hierarchy of the 3D genome, the effects and mechanisms of cis-regulatory elements interaction in the 3D genome for regulating spatiotemporally specific gene expression, the roles and mechanisms of dynamic changes in 3D chromatin conformation during embryonic development, and the pathological mechanisms of diseases such as congenital developmental abnormalities and cancer, which are attributed to alterations in 3D genome organization and aberrations in key structural proteins. Finally, prospects were made for the research about 3D genome structure, function, and genetic intervention, and the roles in disease development, prevention, and treatment, which may offer some clues for precise diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
- School of StomatologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Hsiangyu Tsai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Maoquan Yang
- School of Clinical MedicineWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Guozhi Li
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Bian
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Gang Ding
- School of StomatologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Cranio‐Maxillofacial SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineCollege of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of StomatologyShanghaiChina
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11
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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12
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MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Speed and navigation control of thymocyte development by the fetal T-cell gene regulatory network. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:171-196. [PMID: 36722494 PMCID: PMC10771342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
T-cell differentiation is a tightly regulated developmental program governed by interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin landscapes and affected by signals received from the thymic stroma. This process is marked by a series of checkpoints: T-lineage commitment, T-cell receptor (TCR)β selection, and positive and negative selection. Dynamically changing combinations of TFs drive differentiation along the T-lineage trajectory, through mechanisms that have been most extensively dissected in adult mouse T-lineage cells. However, fetal T-cell development differs from adult in ways that suggest that these TF mechanisms are not fully deterministic. The first wave of fetal T-cell differentiation occurs during a unique developmental window during thymic morphogenesis, shows more rapid kinetics of differentiation with fewer rounds of cell division, and gives rise to unique populations of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and invariant γδT cells that are not generated in the adult thymus. As the characteristic kinetics and progeny biases are cell-intrinsic properties of thymic progenitors, the differences could be based on distinct TF network circuitry within the progenitors themselves. Here, we review recent single-cell transcriptome data that illuminate the TF networks involved in T-cell differentiation in the fetal and adult mouse thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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13
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Shin B, Rothenberg EV. Multi-modular structure of the gene regulatory network for specification and commitment of murine T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108368. [PMID: 36817475 PMCID: PMC9928580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells develop from multipotent progenitors by a gradual process dependent on intrathymic Notch signaling and coupled with extensive proliferation. The stages leading them to T-cell lineage commitment are well characterized by single-cell and bulk RNA analyses of sorted populations and by direct measurements of precursor-product relationships. This process depends not only on Notch signaling but also on multiple transcription factors, some associated with stemness and multipotency, some with alternative lineages, and others associated with T-cell fate. These factors interact in opposing or semi-independent T cell gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuits that are increasingly well defined. A newly comprehensive picture of this network has emerged. Importantly, because key factors in the GRN can bind to markedly different genomic sites at one stage than they do at other stages, the genes they significantly regulate are also stage-specific. Global transcriptome analyses of perturbations have revealed an underlying modular structure to the T-cell commitment GRN, separating decisions to lose "stem-ness" from decisions to block alternative fates. Finally, the updated network sheds light on the intimate relationship between the T-cell program, which depends on the thymus, and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) program, which does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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14
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Zhao X, Zhu S, Peng W, Xue HH. The Interplay of Transcription and Genome Topology Programs T Cell Development and Differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2269-2278. [PMID: 36469845 PMCID: PMC9731349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells are essential for mounting defense against various pathogens and malignantly transformed cells. Thymic development and peripheral T cell differentiation are highly orchestrated biological processes that require precise gene regulation. Higher-order genome organization on multiple scales, in the form of chromatin loops, topologically associating domains and compartments, provides pivotal control of T cell gene expression. CTCF and the cohesin machinery are ubiquitously expressed architectural proteins responsible for establishing chromatin structures. Recent studies indicate that transcription factors, such as T lineage-defining Tcf1 and TCR-induced Batf, may have intrinsic ability and/or engage CTCF to shape chromatin architecture. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on the dynamic changes in genome topology that underlie normal or leukemic T cell development, CD4+ helper T cell differentiation, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell functions. The knowledge lays a solid foundation for elucidating the causative link of spatial chromatin configuration to transcriptional and functional output in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ 07110
| | - Shaoqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ 07110
- New Jersey Veterans Affairs Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018
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15
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Liang T, Wang X, Liu Y, Ai H, Wang Q, Wang X, Wei X, Song Y, Yin Q. Decreased TCF1 and BCL11B expression predicts poor prognosis for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985280. [PMID: 36211334 PMCID: PMC9539190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immune dysfunction is a prominent characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and the main cause of failure for immunotherapy and multi-drug resistance. There remains a lack of specific biomarkers for evaluating T cell immune status with outcome for CLL patients. T cell factor 1 (TCF1, encoded by the TCF7 gene) can be used as a critical determinant of successful anti-tumor immunotherapy and a prognostic indicator in some solid tumors; however, the effects of TCF1 in CLL remain unclear. Here, we first analyzed the biological processes and functions of TCF1 and co-expressing genes using the GEO and STRING databases with the online tools Venny, Circos, and Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Then the expression and prognostic values of TCF1 and its partner gene B cell leukemia/lymphoma 11B (BCL11B) were explored for 505 CLL patients from 6 datasets and validated with 50 CLL patients from Henan cancer hospital (HNCH). TCF1 was downregulated in CLL patients, particularly in CD8+ T cells, which was significantly correlated with poor time-to-first treatment (TTFT) and overall survival (OS) as well as short restricted mean survival time (RMST). Function and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that TCF1 was positively correlated with BCL11B, which is involved in regulating the activation and differentiation of T cells in CLL patients. Intriguingly, BCL11B was highly consistent with TCF1 in its decreased expression and prediction of poor prognosis. More importantly, the combination of TCF1 and BCL11B could more accurately assess prognosis than either alone. Additionally, decreased TCF1 and BCL11B expression serves as an independent risk factor for rapid disease progression, coinciding with high-risk indicators, including unmutated IGHV, TP53 alteration, and advanced disease. Altogether, this study demonstrates that decreased TCF1 and BCL11B expression is significantly correlated with poor prognosis, which may be due to decreased TCF1+CD8+ T cells, impairing the effector CD8+ T cell differentiation regulated by TCF1/BCL11B.
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16
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Thompson PK, Chen EL, de Pooter RF, Frelin C, Vogel WK, Lee CR, Venables T, Shah DK, Iscove NN, Leid M, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Realization of the T Lineage Program Involves GATA-3 Induction of Bcl11b and Repression of Cdkn2b Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:77-92. [PMID: 35705252 PMCID: PMC9248976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-3 plays a crucial role during early T cell development and also dictates later T cell differentiation outcomes. However, its role and collaboration with the Notch signaling pathway in the induction of T lineage specification and commitment have not been fully elucidated. We show that GATA-3 deficiency in mouse hematopoietic progenitors results in an early block in T cell development despite the presence of Notch signals, with a failure to upregulate Bcl11b expression, leading to a diversion along a myeloid, but not a B cell, lineage fate. GATA-3 deficiency in the presence of Notch signaling results in the apoptosis of early T lineage cells, as seen with inhibition of CDK4/6 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6) function, and dysregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2b (Cdkn2b) expression. We also show that GATA-3 induces Bcl11b, and together with Bcl11b represses Cdkn2b expression; however, loss of Cdkn2b failed to rescue the developmental block of GATA-3-deficient T cell progenitor. Our findings provide a signaling and transcriptional network by which the T lineage program in response to Notch signals is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja K. Thompson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Edward L.Y. Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Renée F. de Pooter
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Catherine Frelin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Walter K. Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | | | - Divya K. Shah
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Norman N. Iscove
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Michele K. Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
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17
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Fang H, Khoury JD, Torres-Cabala CA, Ng SB, Xu J, El Hussein S, Hu S, Vega F, Li S, Tang Z, Tang G, Medeiros LJ, Wang W. Expression pattern and diagnostic utility of BCL11B in mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms. Pathology 2022; 54:893-899. [PMID: 35864006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BCL11B is an essential transcription factor for T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation, and its dysregulation has been shown to be associated with T-cell tumourigenesis. In this study, we investigated BCL11B expression by immunohistochemical analysis in 120 cases of mature T-cell lymphoma, 34 B-cell lymphomas, 11 NK-cell neoplasms and 17 reactive cutaneous conditions. All cases of mycosis fungoides (n=23), primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (n=8) and T-prolymphocytic leukaemia (n=6) were positive for BCL11B and the staining intensity was higher than that of reactive T-cells. Fourteen of 15 (93%) cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 10 of 12 (83%) T-large granular lymphocytic leukaemia and 14 of 20 (70%) peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, were also positive for BCL11B with an intensity comparable to reactive T-cells. Other T-cell neoplasms were uncommonly positive including one of three (33%) cases of primary cutaneous gamma delta T-cell lymphoma, one of four (25%) cases of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, one of four (25%) cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, and one of 20 (5%) cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (8 ALK-positive, 12 ALK-negative). T-cells in reactive cutaneous infiltrates were also positive for BCL11B, but staining intensity was much weaker than in mycosis fungoides. All NK-cell (n=11) and B-cell neoplasms (n=34) were negative for BCL11B. In conclusion, BCL11B shows a distinct expression pattern in various T-cell neoplasms. BCL11B appears to have utility as another T-cell marker and may be useful in the differential diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siok Bian Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siba El Hussein
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shimin Hu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhenya Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Wang W, Chandra A, Goldman N, Yoon S, Ferrari EK, Nguyen SC, Joyce EF, Vahedi G. TCF-1 promotes chromatin interactions across topologically associating domains in T cell progenitors. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1052-1062. [PMID: 35726060 PMCID: PMC9728953 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) transcription factor TCF-1 is essential for early T cell development. Although in vitro biochemical assays suggest that HMG proteins can serve as architectural elements in the assembly of higher-order nuclear organization, the contribution of TCF-1 on the control of three-dimensional (3D) genome structures during T cell development remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of TCF-1 in 3D genome reconfiguration. Using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we discovered that the co-occupancy of TCF-1 and the architectural protein CTCF altered the structure of topologically associating domains in T cell progenitors, leading to interactions between previously insulated regulatory elements and target genes at late stages of T cell development. The TCF-1-dependent gain in long-range interactions was linked to deposition of active enhancer mark H3K27ac and recruitment of the cohesin-loading factor NIPBL at active enhancers. These data indicate that TCF-1 has a role in controlling global genome organization during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aditi Chandra
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naomi Goldman
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sora Yoon
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily K Ferrari
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Son C Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Al-Khreisat MJ, Hussain FA, Abdelfattah AM, Almotiri A, Al-Sanabra OM, Johan MF. The Role of NOTCH1, GATA3, and c-MYC in T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112799. [PMID: 35681778 PMCID: PMC9179380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are heterogeneous malignant tumours of white blood cells characterised by the aberrant proliferation of mature lymphoid cells or their precursors. Lymphomas are classified into main types depending on the histopathologic evidence of biopsy taken from an enlarged lymph node, progress stages, treatment strategies, and outcomes: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Moreover, lymphomas can be further divided into subtypes depending on the cell origin, and immunophenotypic and genetic aberrations. Many factors play vital roles in the progression, pathogenicity, incidence, and mortality rate of lymphomas. Among NHLs, peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare lymphoid malignancies, that have various cellular morphology and genetic mutations. The clinical presentations are usually observed at the advanced stage of the disease. Many recent studies have reported that the expressions of NOTCH1, GATA3, and c-MYC are associated with poorer prognosis in PTCL and are involved in downstream activities. However, questions have been raised about the pathological relationship between these factors in PTCLs. Therefore, in this review, we investigate the role and relationship of the NOTCH1 pathway, transcriptional factor GATA3 and proto-oncogene c-MYC in normal T cell development and malignant PTCL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Ali Mahmoud Abdelfattah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Alhomidi Almotiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences—Dawadmi, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 17464, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ola Mohammed Al-Sanabra
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-97-67-62-00
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20
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Zhou W, Gao F, Romero-Wolf M, Jo S, Rothenberg EV. Single-cell deletion analyses show control of pro-T cell developmental speed and pathways by Tcf7, Spi1, Gata3, Bcl11a, Erg, and Bcl11b. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm1920. [PMID: 35594339 PMCID: PMC9273332 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As early T cell precursors transition from multipotentiality to T lineage commitment, they change expression of multiple transcription factors. It is unclear whether individual transcription factors directly control choices between T cell identity and some alternative fate or whether these factors mostly affect proliferation or survival during the normal commitment process. Here, we unraveled the impacts of deleting individual transcription factors at two stages in early T cell development, using synchronized in vitro differentiation systems, single-cell RNA-seq with batch indexing, and controlled gene-disruption strategies. First, using a customized method for single-cell CRISPR disruption, we defined how the early-acting transcription factors Bcl11a, Erg, Spi1 (PU.1), Gata3, and Tcf7 (TCF1) function before commitment. The results revealed a kinetic tug of war within individual cells between T cell factors Tcf7 and Gata3 and progenitor factors Spi1 and Bcl11a, with an unexpected guidance role for Erg. Second, we tested how activation of transcription factor Bcl11b during commitment altered ongoing cellular programs. In knockout cells where Bcl11b expression was prevented, the cells did not undergo developmental arrest, instead following an alternative path as T lineage commitment was blocked. A stepwise, time-dependent regulatory cascade began with immediate-early transcription factor activation and E protein inhibition, finally leading Bcl11b knockout cells toward exit from the T cell pathway. Last, gene regulatory networks of transcription factor cross-regulation were extracted from the single-cell transcriptome results, characterizing the specification network operating before T lineage commitment and revealing its links to both the Bcl11b knockout alternative network and the network consolidating T cell identity during commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology
- Current address: BillionToOne, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Fan Gao
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, Beckman Institute of Caltech
| | - Maile Romero-Wolf
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Current address: Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Suin Jo
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Current address: Washington University of St. Louis
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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21
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TCF-1: a maverick in T cell development and function. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:671-678. [PMID: 35487986 PMCID: PMC9202512 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell-specific DNA-binding protein TCF-1 is a central regulator of T cell development and function along multiple stages and lineages. Because it interacts with β-catenin, TCF-1 has been classically viewed as a downstream effector of canonical Wnt signaling, although there is strong evidence for β-catenin-independent TCF-1 functions. TCF-1 co-binds accessible regulatory regions containing or lacking its conserved motif and cooperates with other nuclear factors to establish context-dependent epigenetic and transcription programs that are essential for T cell development and for regulating immune responses to infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Although it has mostly been associated with positive regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, TCF-1 has the potential to reduce chromatin accessibility and thereby suppress gene expression. In addition, the binding of TCF-1 bends the DNA and affects the chromatin conformation genome wide. This Review discusses the current understanding of the multiple roles of TCF-1 in T cell development and function and their mechanistic underpinnings.
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22
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Jiang Z, Qin L, Tang Y, Liao R, Shi J, He B, Li S, Zheng D, Cui Y, Wu Q, Long Y, Yao Y, Wei Z, Hong Q, Wu Y, Mai Y, Gou S, Li X, Weinkove R, Norton S, Luo W, Feng W, Zhou H, Liu Q, Chen J, Lai L, Chen X, Pei D, Graf T, Liu X, Li Y, Liu P, Zhang Z, Li P. Human induced-T-to-natural killer cells have potent anti-tumour activities. Biomark Res 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35331335 PMCID: PMC8943975 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a particularly promising area of cancer immunotherapy, engineered T and NK cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are being explored for treating hematopoietic malignancies but exhibit limited clinical benefits for solid tumour patients, successful cellular immunotherapy of solid tumors demands new strategies. METHODS Inactivation of BCL11B were performed by CRISPR/Cas9 in human T cells. Immunophenotypic and transcriptional profiles of sgBCL11B T cells were characterized by cytometer and transcriptomics, respectively. sgBCL11B T cells are further engineered with chimeric antigen receptor. Anti-tumor activity of ITNK or CAR-ITNK cells were evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. RESULTS We report that inactivation of BCL11B in human CD8+ and CD4+ T cells induced their reprogramming into induced T-to-natural killer cells (ITNKs). ITNKs contained a diverse TCR repertoire; downregulated T cell-associated genes such as TCF7 and LEF1; and expressed high levels of NK cell lineage-associated genes. ITNKs and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced ITNKs selectively lysed a variety of cancer cells in culture and suppressed the growth of solid tumors in xenograft models. In a preliminary clinical study, autologous administration of ITNKs in patients with advanced solid tumors was well tolerated, and tumor stabilization was seen in six out nine patients, with one partial remission. CONCLUSIONS The novel ITNKs thus may be a promising novel cell source for cancer immunotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03882840 . Registered 20 March 2019-Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Jiang
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Qin
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuou Tang
- Department of Radiology; Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liao
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjia He
- Department of Radiology; Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanglin Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diwei Zheng
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbin Cui
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiting Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youguo Long
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Yao
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Wei
- Guangdong Zhaotai InVivo Biomedicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilan Hong
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yi Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbang Mai
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixue Gou
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Cancer Immunotherapy Programme, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Wei Luo
- Clinical Research Institute, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Weineng Feng
- Department of Head and Neck/Thoracic Medical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifa Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Graf
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xingguo Liu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology; Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peng Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China. .,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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23
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Carignano A, Chen DH, Mallory C, Wright RC, Seelig G, Klavins E. Modular, robust and extendible multicellular circuit design in yeast. eLife 2022; 11:74540. [PMID: 35312478 PMCID: PMC9000959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Division of labor between cells is ubiquitous in biology but the use of multi-cellular consortia for engineering applications is only beginning to be explored. A significant advantage of multi-cellular circuits is their potential to be modular with respect to composition but this claim has not yet been extensively tested using experiments and quantitative modeling. Here, we construct a library of 24 yeast strains capable of sending, receiving or responding to three molecular signals, characterize them experimentally and build quantitative models of their input-output relationships. We then compose these strains into two- and three-strain cascades as well as a four-strain bistable switch and show that experimentally measured consortia dynamics can be predicted from the models of the constituent parts. To further explore the achievable range of behaviors, we perform a fully automated computational search over all two-, three- and four-strain consortia to identify combinations that realize target behaviors including logic gates, band-pass filters and time pulses. Strain combinations that are predicted to map onto a target behavior are further computationally optimized and then experimentally tested. Experiments closely track computational predictions. The high reliability of these model descriptions further strengthens the feasibility and highlights the potential for distributed computing in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Carignano
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Dai Hua Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Cannon Mallory
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Georg Seelig
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Eric Klavins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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24
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Abstract
TCF1 and its homologue LEF1 are historically known as effector transcription factors downstream of the WNT signalling pathway and are essential for early T cell development. Recent advances bring TCF1 into the spotlight for its versatile, context-dependent functions in regulating mature T cell responses. In the cytotoxic T cell lineages, TCF1 is required for the self-renewal of stem-like CD8+ T cells generated in response to viral or tumour antigens, and for preserving heightened responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. In the helper T cell lineages, TCF1 is indispensable for the differentiation of T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells, and crucially regulates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells. Mechanistic investigations have also identified TCF1 as the first transcription factor that directly modifies histone acetylation, with the capacity to bridge transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. TCF1 also has the potential to become an important clinical biomarker for assessing the prognosis of tumour immunotherapy and the success of viral control in treating HIV and hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we summarize the key findings on TCF1 across the fields of T cell immunity and reflect on the possibility of exploring TCF1 and its downstream transcriptional programmes as therapeutic targets for improving antiviral and antitumour immunity.
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25
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Heydari T, A. Langley M, Fisher CL, Aguilar-Hidalgo D, Shukla S, Yachie-Kinoshita A, Hughes M, M. McNagny K, Zandstra PW. IQCELL: A platform for predicting the effect of gene perturbations on developmental trajectories using single-cell RNA-seq data. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009907. [PMID: 35213533 PMCID: PMC8906617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from various developmental systems provides the opportunity to infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs) directly from data. Herein we describe IQCELL, a platform to infer, simulate, and study executable logical GRNs directly from scRNA-seq data. Such executable GRNs allow simulation of fundamental hypotheses governing developmental programs and help accelerate the design of strategies to control stem cell fate. We first describe the architecture of IQCELL. Next, we apply IQCELL to scRNA-seq datasets from early mouse T-cell and red blood cell development, and show that the platform can infer overall over 74% of causal gene interactions previously reported from decades of research. We will also show that dynamic simulations of the generated GRN qualitatively recapitulate the effects of known gene perturbations. Finally, we implement an IQCELL gene selection pipeline that allows us to identify candidate genes, without prior knowledge. We demonstrate that GRN simulations based on the inferred set yield results similar to the original curated lists. In summary, the IQCELL platform offers a versatile tool to infer, simulate, and study executable GRNs in dynamic biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiam Heydari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Langley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia L. Fisher
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Hidalgo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shreya Shukla
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Notch Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ayako Yachie-Kinoshita
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Multi-objective optimization reveals time- and dose-dependent inflammatory cytokine-mediated regulation of human stem cell derived T-cell development. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:11. [PMID: 35087040 PMCID: PMC8795204 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of T-cells from stem cells in vitro could provide an alternative source of cells for immunotherapies. T-cell development from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is tightly regulated through Notch pathway activation by Delta-like (DL) ligands 1 and 4. Other molecules, such as stem cell factor (SCF) and interleukin (IL)-7, play a supportive role in regulating the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of developing T-cells. Numerous other signaling molecules influence T-lineage development in vivo, but little work has been done to understand and optimize their use for T-cell production. Using a defined engineered thymic niche system, we undertook a multi-stage statistical learning-based optimization campaign and identified IL-3 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) as a stage- and dose-specific enhancers of cell proliferation and T-lineage differentiation. We used this information to construct an efficient three-stage process for generating conventional TCRαβ+CD8+ T-cells expressing a diverse TCR repertoire from blood stem cells. Our work provides new insight into T-cell development and a robust system for generating T-cells to enable clinical therapies for treating cancer and immune disorders.
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27
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Montefiori LE, Mullighan CG. Redefining the biological basis of lineage-ambiguous leukemia through genomics: BCL11B deregulation in acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2021; 34:101329. [PMID: 34865701 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2021.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL), including mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) and related entities such as early T-cell precursor acute leukemia (ETP-ALL), remain diagnostic and clinical challenges due to limited understanding of pathogenesis, reliance of immunophenotyping to classify disease, and the lack of a rational approach to guide selection of appropriate therapy. Recent studies utilizing genomic sequencing and complementary approaches have provided key insights that are changing the way in which such leukemias are classified, and potentially, treated. Several recurrent genomic alterations define leukemias that straddle immunophenotypic entities, such as ZNF384-rearranged childhood B-ALL and B/myeloid MPAL, and BCL11B-rearranged T/myeloid MPAL, ETP-ALL and AML. In contrast, some cases of MPAL represent canonical ALL/AML entities exhibiting lineage aberrancy. For many cases of ALAL, experimental approaches indicate lineage aberrancy arises from acquisition of a founding genetic alteration into a hematopoietic stem or progenitor cell. Determination of optimal therapeutic approach requires genomic characterization of uniformly treated ALAL patients in prospective studies, but several approaches, including kinase inhibitors and BH3 mimetics may be efficacious in subsets of ALAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Montefiori
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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28
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Montefiori LE, Bendig S, Gu Z, Chen X, Pölönen P, Ma X, Murison A, Zeng A, Garcia-Prat L, Dickerson K, Iacobucci I, Abdelhamed S, Hiltenbrand R, Mead PE, Mehr CM, Xu B, Cheng Z, Chang TC, Westover T, Ma J, Stengel A, Kimura S, Qu C, Valentine MB, Rashkovan M, Luger S, Litzow MR, Rowe JM, den Boer ML, Wang V, Yin J, Kornblau SM, Hunger SP, Loh ML, Pui CH, Yang W, Crews KR, Roberts KG, Yang JJ, Relling MV, Evans WE, Stock W, Paietta EM, Ferrando AA, Zhang J, Kern W, Haferlach T, Wu G, Dick JE, Klco JM, Haferlach C, Mullighan CG. Enhancer Hijacking Drives Oncogenic BCL11B Expression in Lineage-Ambiguous Stem Cell Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2846-2867. [PMID: 34103329 PMCID: PMC8563395 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-ambiguous leukemias are high-risk malignancies of poorly understood genetic basis. Here, we describe a distinct subgroup of acute leukemia with expression of myeloid, T lymphoid, and stem cell markers driven by aberrant allele-specific deregulation of BCL11B, a master transcription factor responsible for thymic T-lineage commitment and specification. Mechanistically, this deregulation was driven by chromosomal rearrangements that juxtapose BCL11B to superenhancers active in hematopoietic progenitors, or focal amplifications that generate a superenhancer from a noncoding element distal to BCL11B. Chromatin conformation analyses demonstrated long-range interactions of rearranged enhancers with the expressed BCL11B allele and association of BCL11B with activated hematopoietic progenitor cell cis-regulatory elements, suggesting BCL11B is aberrantly co-opted into a gene regulatory network that drives transformation by maintaining a progenitor state. These data support a role for ectopic BCL11B expression in primitive hematopoietic cells mediated by enhancer hijacking as an oncogenic driver of human lineage-ambiguous leukemia. SIGNIFICANCE: Lineage-ambiguous leukemias pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to a poorly understood molecular and cellular basis. We identify oncogenic deregulation of BCL11B driven by diverse structural alterations, including de novo superenhancer generation, as the driving feature of a subset of lineage-ambiguous leukemias that transcend current diagnostic boundaries.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Montefiori
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
- Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alex Murison
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andy Zeng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura Garcia-Prat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kirsten Dickerson
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sherif Abdelhamed
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ryan Hiltenbrand
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Paul E Mead
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cyrus M Mehr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhongshan Cheng
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tamara Westover
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marcus B Valentine
- Cytogenetics Core Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marissa Rashkovan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Selina Luger
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacob M Rowe
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Victoria Wang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Yin
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kristine R Crews
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn G Roberts
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wendy Stock
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John E Dick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | | | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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29
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Hosokawa H, Koizumi M, Masuhara K, Romero-Wolf M, Tanaka T, Nakayama T, Rothenberg EV. Stage-specific action of Runx1 and GATA3 controls silencing of PU.1 expression in mouse pro-T cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202648. [PMID: 34180951 PMCID: PMC8241539 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PU.1 (encoded by Spi1), an ETS-family transcription factor with many hematopoietic roles, is highly expressed in the earliest intrathymic T cell progenitors but must be down-regulated during T lineage commitment. The transcription factors Runx1 and GATA3 have been implicated in this Spi1 repression, but the basis of the timing was unknown. We show that increasing Runx1 and/or GATA3 down-regulates Spi1 expression in pro-T cells, while deletion of these factors after Spi1 down-regulation reactivates its expression. Leveraging the stage specificities of repression and transcription factor binding revealed an unconventional but functional site in Spi1 intron 2. Acute Cas9-mediated deletion or disruption of the Runx and GATA motifs in this element reactivates silenced Spi1 expression in a pro-T cell line, substantially more than disruption of other candidate elements, and counteracts the repression of Spi1 in primary pro-T cells during commitment. Thus, Runx1 and GATA3 work stage specifically through an intronic silencing element in mouse Spi1 to control strength and maintenance of Spi1 repression during T lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Maria Koizumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Masuhara
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maile Romero-Wolf
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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30
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Zhang J, Lyu T, Cao Y, Feng H. Role of TCF-1 in differentiation, exhaustion, and memory of CD8 + T cells: A review. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21549. [PMID: 33913198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002566r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) (encoded by the TCF7 gene) is a transcription factor that plays important role during the T cell development and differentiation for T cell to exercise its functions including producing memory T cells. Not only TCF-1 can modulate the T cell development but also exerts various effects on the differentiation and function of mature CD8+ T cells. In addition, it drives the production and maintenance of the immune response of CD8+ T cells after PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy. TCF-1 can serve as a potential target of immunotherapy and may provide promising novel treatment strategies for patients with cancer and infections. Moreover, TCF-1 is a potential biomarker of CD8+ T cell functionality to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in fighting against cancer and infections. Herein, we summarize the role of TCF-1 in T cell development and its applications in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Zhang
- The First Clinical Medicine Faculty, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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31
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Nguyen P, Pease NA, Kueh HY. Scalable control of developmental timetables by epigenetic switching networks. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210109. [PMID: 34283940 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, progenitor cells follow timetables for differentiation that span many cell generations. These developmental timetables are robustly encoded by the embryo, yet scalably adjustable by evolution, facilitating variation in organism size and form. Epigenetic switches, involving rate-limiting activation steps at regulatory gene loci, control gene activation timing in diverse contexts, and could profoundly impact the dynamics of gene regulatory networks controlling developmental lineage specification. Here, we develop a mathematical framework to model regulatory networks with genes controlled by epigenetic switches. Using this framework, we show that such epigenetic switching networks uphold developmental timetables that robustly span many cell generations, and enable the generation of differentiated cells in precisely defined numbers and fractions. Changes to epigenetic switching networks can readily alter the timing of developmental events within a timetable, or alter the overall speed at which timetables unfold, enabling scalable control over differentiated population sizes. With their robust, yet flexibly adjustable nature, epigenetic switching networks could represent central targets on which evolution acts to manufacture diversity in organism size and form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Nguyen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Pease
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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32
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van Schoonhoven A, Huylebroeck D, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R. 3D genome organization during lymphocyte development and activation. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 19:71-82. [PMID: 31819944 PMCID: PMC7115705 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes have a complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture comprising A/B compartments, topologically associating domains and promoter-enhancer interactions. At all these levels, the 3D genome has functional consequences for gene transcription and therefore for cellular identity. The development and activation of lymphocytes involves strict control of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) operating in a three-dimensionally organized chromatin landscape. As lymphocytes are indispensable for tissue homeostasis and pathogen defense, and aberrant lymphocyte activity is involved in a wide range of human morbidities, acquiring an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control lymphocyte identity is highly relevant. Here we review current knowledge of the interplay between 3D genome organization and transcriptional control during B and T lymphocyte development and antigen-dependent activation, placing special emphasis on the role of TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne van Schoonhoven
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology,Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology,Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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33
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Hass MR, Brissette D, Parameswaran S, Pujato M, Donmez O, Kottyan LC, Weirauch MT, Kopan R. Runx1 shapes the chromatin landscape via a cascade of direct and indirect targets. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009574. [PMID: 34111109 PMCID: PMC8219162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) can act as both an activator and a repressor. Here we show that CRISPR-mediated deletion of Runx1 in mouse metanephric mesenchyme-derived mK4 cells results in large-scale genome-wide changes to chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Open chromatin regions near down-regulated loci enriched for Runx sites in mK4 cells lose chromatin accessibility in Runx1 knockout cells, despite remaining Runx2-bound. Unexpectedly, regions near upregulated genes are depleted of Runx sites and are instead enriched for Zeb transcription factor binding sites. Re-expressing Zeb2 in Runx1 knockout cells restores suppression, and CRISPR mediated deletion of Zeb1 and Zeb2 phenocopies the gained expression and chromatin accessibility changes seen in Runx1KO due in part to subsequent activation of factors like Grhl2. These data confirm that Runx1 activity is uniquely needed to maintain open chromatin at many loci, and demonstrate that Zeb proteins are required and sufficient to maintain Runx1-dependent genome-scale repression. Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) 1 & 2 impact development and disease by activating or repressing transcription. In this manuscript we used genome editing tools to remove Runx1, and as expected, observed widespread changes in chromatin accessibility. Newly closed areas contained Runx1 binding sites and were enriched near genes whose expression depended on Runx1. Interestingly, this occurred despite continued binding of Runx2 to the same regions of DNA, which suggests that Runx2 is insufficient to maintain open chromatin and expression of Runx1 target genes in this cellular context. By contrast, newly opened chromatin regions, many near genes that were upregulated in Runx1 knockout cells, did not enrich for Runx1 binding sites. Instead, these regions were enriched for sites for the repressor Zeb proteins. We found that the loss of Zeb 1 & 2 expression, direct transcriptional targets of Runx1, resulted in the opening of chromatin and upregulation of genes residing near the newly open sites in Runx1 knockout cells. The same sites were also open and nearby genes expressed in edited Zeb1 and Zeb2 knockout cells. Among them were transcription factors, such as the Grhl2 gene, which in turn bind to and upregulate their target genes. Thus, the loss of a single transcription factor initiates a cascade of direct and indirect ramifications with likely negative effects on development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel Brissette
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Pujato
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Omer Donmez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leah C. Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MTW); (RK)
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MTW); (RK)
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34
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Runx1 and Runx3 drive progenitor to T-lineage transcriptome conversion in mouse T cell commitment via dynamic genomic site switching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019655118. [PMID: 33479171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019655118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt domain-related (Runx) transcription factors are essential for early T cell development in mice from uncommitted to committed stages. Single and double Runx knockouts via Cas9 show that target genes responding to Runx activity are not solely controlled by the dominant factor, Runx1. Instead, Runx1 and Runx3 are coexpressed in single cells; bind to highly overlapping genomic sites; and have redundant, collaborative functions regulating genes pivotal for T cell development. Despite stable combined expression levels across pro-T cell development, Runx1 and Runx3 preferentially activate and repress genes that change expression dynamically during lineage commitment, mostly activating T-lineage genes and repressing multipotent progenitor genes. Furthermore, most Runx target genes are sensitive to Runx perturbation only at one stage and often respond to Runx more for expression transitions than for maintenance. Contributing to this highly stage-dependent gene regulation function, Runx1 and Runx3 extensively shift their binding sites during commitment. Functionally distinct Runx occupancy sites associated with stage-specific activation or repression are also distinguished by different patterns of partner factor cobinding. Finally, Runx occupancies change coordinately at numerous clustered sites around positively or negatively regulated targets during commitment. This multisite binding behavior may contribute to a developmental "ratchet" mechanism making commitment irreversible.
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Abstract
The regulatory circuits that define developmental decisions of thymocytes are still incompletely resolved. SATB1 protein is predominantly expressed at the CD4+CD8+cell stage exerting its broad transcription regulation potential with both activatory and repressive roles. A series of post-translational modifications and the presence of potential SATB1 protein isoforms indicate the complexity of its regulatory potential. The most apparent mechanism of its involvement in gene expression regulation is via the orchestration of long-range chromatin loops between genes and their regulatory elements. Multiple SATB1 perturbations in mice uncovered a link to autoimmune diseases while clinical investigations on cancer research uncovered that SATB1 has a promoting role in several types of cancer and can be used as a prognostic biomarker. SATB1 is a multivalent tissue-specific factor with a broad and yet undetermined regulatory potential. Future investigations on this protein could further uncover T cell-specific regulatory pathways and link them to (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Zelenka
- Department of Biology, University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Gene Regulation & Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas , Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Charalampos Spilianakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete , Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Gene Regulation & Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas , Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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36
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Belver L, Albero R, Ferrando AA. Deregulation of enhancer structure, function, and dynamics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:418-431. [PMID: 33858773 PMCID: PMC8091164 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers control dynamic changes in gene expression and orchestrate the tightly controlled transcriptional circuitries that direct and coordinate cell growth, proliferation, survival, lineage commitment, and differentiation during lymphoid development. Enhancer hijacking and neoenhancer formation at oncogene loci, as well as aberrant activation of oncogene-associated enhancers, can induce constitutive activation of self-perpetuating oncogenic transcriptional circuitries, and contribute to the malignant transformation of immature lymphoid progenitors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this review, we present recent discoveries of the role of enhancer dynamics in mouse and human lymphoid development, and discuss how genetic and epigenetic alterations of enhancer function can promote leukemogenesis, and potential strategies for targeting the enhancer machinery in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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37
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Chiara VD, Daxinger L, Staal FJT. The Route of Early T Cell Development: Crosstalk between Epigenetic and Transcription Factors. Cells 2021; 10:1074. [PMID: 33946533 PMCID: PMC8147249 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic multipotent progenitors seed the thymus and then follow consecutive developmental stages until the formation of mature T cells. During this process, phenotypic changes of T cells entail stage-specific transcriptional programs that underlie the dynamic progression towards mature lymphocytes. Lineage-specific transcription factors are key drivers of T cell specification and act in conjunction with epigenetic regulators that have also been elucidated as crucial players in the establishment of regulatory networks necessary for proper T cell development. In this review, we summarize the activity of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators that together orchestrate the intricacies of early T cell development with a focus on regulation of T cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Della Chiara
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (V.D.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (V.D.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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38
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Sidwell T, Rothenberg EV. Epigenetic Dynamics in the Function of T-Lineage Regulatory Factor Bcl11b. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669498. [PMID: 33936112 PMCID: PMC8079813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Bcl11b is critically required to support the development of diverse cell types, including T lymphocytes, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, neurons, craniofacial mesenchyme and keratinocytes. Although in T cell development its onset of expression is tightly linked to T-lymphoid lineage commitment, the Bcl11b protein in fact regulates substantially different sets of genes in different lymphocyte populations, playing strongly context-dependent roles. Somewhat unusually for lineage-defining transcription factors with site-specific DNA binding activity, much of the reported chromatin binding of Bcl11b appears to be indirect, or guided in large part by interactions with other transcription factors. We describe evidence suggesting that a further way in which Bcl11b exerts such distinct stage-dependent functions is by nucleating changes in regional suites of epigenetic modifications through recruitment of multiple families of chromatin-modifying enzyme complexes. Herein we explore what is - and what remains to be - understood of the roles of Bcl11b, its cofactors, and how it modifies the epigenetic state of the cell to enforce its diverse set of context-specific transcriptional and developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sidwell
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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39
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Rothenberg EV. Logic and lineage impacts on functional transcription factor deployment for T-cell fate commitment. Biophys J 2021; 120:4162-4181. [PMID: 33838137 PMCID: PMC8516641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are the major agents that read the regulatory sequence information in the genome to initiate changes in expression of specific genes, both in development and in physiological activation responses. Their actions depend on site-specific DNA binding and are largely guided by their individual DNA target sequence specificities. However, their action is far more conditional in a real developmental context than would be expected for simple reading of local genomic DNA sequence, which is common to all cells in the organism. They are constrained by slow-changing chromatin states and by interactions with other transcription factors, which affect their occupancy patterns of potential sites across the genome. These mechanisms lead to emergent discontinuities in function even for transcription factors with minimally changing expression. This is well revealed by diverse lineages of blood cells developing throughout life from hematopoietic stem cells, which use overlapping combinations of transcription factors to drive strongly divergent gene regulation programs. Here, using development of T lymphocytes from hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells as a focus, recent evidence is reviewed on how binding specificity and dynamics, transcription factor cooperativity, and chromatin state changes impact the effective regulatory functions of key transcription factors including PU.1, Runx1, Notch-RBPJ, and Bcl11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
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40
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Pongubala JMR, Murre C. Spatial Organization of Chromatin: Transcriptional Control of Adaptive Immune Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633825. [PMID: 33854505 PMCID: PMC8039525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order spatial organization of the genome into chromatin compartments (permissive and repressive), self-associating domains (TADs), and regulatory loops provides structural integrity and offers diverse gene regulatory controls. In particular, chromatin regulatory loops, which bring enhancer and associated transcription factors in close spatial proximity to target gene promoters, play essential roles in regulating gene expression. The establishment and maintenance of such chromatin loops are predominantly mediated involving CTCF and the cohesin machinery. In recent years, significant progress has been made in revealing how loops are assembled and how they modulate patterns of gene expression. Here we will discuss the mechanistic principles that underpin the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and how changes in chromatin structure relate to alterations in gene programs that establish immune cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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41
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Pease NA, Nguyen PHB, Woodworth MA, Ng KKH, Irwin B, Vaughan JC, Kueh HY. Tunable, division-independent control of gene activation timing by a polycomb switch. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108888. [PMID: 33761349 PMCID: PMC8024876 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, progenitors often differentiate many cell generations after receiving signals. These delays must be robust yet tunable for precise population size control. Polycomb repressive mechanisms, involving histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), restrain the expression of lineage-specifying genes in progenitors and may delay their activation and ensuing differentiation. Here, we elucidate an epigenetic switch controlling the T cell commitment gene Bcl11b that holds its locus in a heritable inactive state for multiple cell generations before activation. Integrating experiments and modeling, we identify a mechanism where H3K27me3 levels at Bcl11b, regulated by methyltransferase and demethylase activities, set the time delay at which the locus switches from a compacted, silent state to an extended, active state. This activation delay robustly spans many cell generations, is tunable by chromatin modifiers and transcription factors, and is independent of cell division. With their regulatory flexibility, such timed epigenetic switches may broadly control timing in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Pease
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Phuc H B Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marcus A Woodworth
- Biological Physics, Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth K H Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Blythe Irwin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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42
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Le J, Park JE, Ha VL, Luong A, Branciamore S, Rodin AS, Gogoshin G, Li F, Loh YHE, Camacho V, Patel SB, Welner RS, Parekh C. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Mapping of Human Thymopoiesis Reveals Lineage Specification Trajectories and a Commitment Spectrum in T Cell Development. Immunity 2021; 52:1105-1118.e9. [PMID: 32553173 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The challenges in recapitulating in vivo human T cell development in laboratory models have posed a barrier to understanding human thymopoiesis. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) to interrogate the rare CD34+ progenitor and the more differentiated CD34- fractions in the human postnatal thymus. CD34+ thymic progenitors were comprised of a spectrum of specification and commitment states characterized by multilineage priming followed by gradual T cell commitment. The earliest progenitors in the differentiation trajectory were CD7- and expressed a stem-cell-like transcriptional profile, but had also initiated T cell priming. Clustering analysis identified a CD34+ subpopulation primed for the plasmacytoid dendritic lineage, suggesting an intrathymic dendritic specification pathway. CD2 expression defined T cell commitment stages where loss of B cell potential preceded that of myeloid potential. These datasets delineate gene expression profiles spanning key differentiation events in human thymopoiesis and provide a resource for the further study of human T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Le
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Eun Park
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vi Luan Ha
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annie Luong
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Branciamore
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Andrei S Rodin
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Grigoriy Gogoshin
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Virginia Camacho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sweta B Patel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert S Welner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chintan Parekh
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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43
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Chu JM, Pease NA, Kueh HY. In search of lost time: Enhancers as modulators of timing in lymphocyte development and differentiation. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:134-151. [PMID: 33734444 PMCID: PMC8005465 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proper timing of gene expression is central to lymphocyte development and differentiation. Lymphocytes often delay gene activation for hours to days after the onset of signaling components, which act on the order of seconds to minutes. Such delays play a prominent role during the intricate choreography of developmental events and during the execution of an effector response. Though a number of mechanisms are sufficient to explain timing at short timescales, it is not known how timing delays are implemented over long timescales that may span several cell generations. Based on the literature, we propose that a class of cis-regulatory elements, termed "timing enhancers," may explain how timing delays are controlled over these long timescales. By considering chromatin as a kinetic barrier to state switching, the timing enhancer model explains experimentally observed dynamics of gene expression where other models fall short. In this review, we elaborate on features of the timing enhancer model and discuss the evidence for its generality throughout development and differentiation. We then discuss potential molecular mechanisms underlying timing enhancer function. Finally, we explore recent evidence drawing connections between timing enhancers and genetic risk for immunopathology. We argue that the timing enhancer model is a useful framework for understanding how cis-regulatory elements control the central dimension of timing in lymphocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Pease
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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44
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Rothenberg EV. Single-cell insights into the hematopoietic generation of T-lymphocyte precursors in mouse and human. Exp Hematol 2021; 95:1-12. [PMID: 33454362 PMCID: PMC8018899 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T-Cell development is a major branch of lymphoid development and a key output of hematopoiesis, especially in early life, but the molecular requirements for T-cell potential have remained obscure. Considerable advances have now been made toward solving this problem through single-cell transcriptome studies, interfaced with in vitro differentiation assays that monitor potential efficiently at the single-cell level. This review focuses on a series of recent reports studying mouse and human early T-cell precursors, both in the developing fetus and in stringently purified postnatal samples of intrathymic and prethymic T-lineage precursors. Cross-comparison of results reveals a robustly conserved core program in mouse and human, but with some informative and provocative variations between species and between ontogenic states. Repeated findings are the multipotent progenitor regulatory signature of thymus-seeding cells and the proximity of the T-cell program to dendritic cell programs, especially to plasmacytoid dendritic cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
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45
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Hosokawa H, Rothenberg EV. How transcription factors drive choice of the T cell fate. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:162-176. [PMID: 32918063 PMCID: PMC7933071 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has elucidated how multipotent blood progenitors transform their identities in the thymus and undergo commitment to become T cells. Together with environmental signals, a core group of transcription factors have essential roles in this process by directly activating and repressing specific genes. Many of these transcription factors also function in later T cell development, but control different genes. Here, we review how these transcription factors work to change the activities of specific genomic loci during early intrathymic development to establish T cell lineage identity. We introduce the key regulators and highlight newly emergent insights into the rules that govern their actions. Whole-genome deep sequencing-based analysis has revealed unexpectedly rich relationships between inherited epigenetic states, transcription factor-DNA binding affinity thresholds and influences of given transcription factors on the activities of other factors in the same cells. Together, these mechanisms determine T cell identity and make the lineage choice irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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46
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Hosokawa H, Masuhara K, Koizumi M. Transcription factors regulate early T cell development via redeployment of other factors: Functional dynamics of constitutively required factors in cell fate decisions. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000345. [PMID: 33624856 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of cell lineage identity from multipotent progenitors is controlled by cooperative actions of lineage-specific and stably expressed transcription factors, combined with input from environmental signals. Lineage-specific master transcription factors activate and repress gene expression by recruiting consistently expressed transcription factors and chromatin modifiers to their target loci. Recent technical advances in genome-wide and multi-omics analysis have shed light on unexpected mechanisms that underlie more complicated actions of transcription factors in cell fate decisions. In this review, we discuss functional dynamics of stably expressed and continuously required factors, Notch and Runx family members, throughout developmental stages of early T cell development in the thymus. Pre- and post-commitment stage-specific transcription factors induce dynamic redeployment of Notch and Runx binding genomic regions. Thus, together with stage-specific transcription factors, shared transcription factors across distinct developmental stages regulate acquisition of T lineage identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Masuhara
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maria Koizumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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47
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Vahedi G. Remodeling the chromatin landscape in T lymphocytes by a division of labor among transcription factors. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:167-180. [PMID: 33452686 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An extraordinary degree of condensation is required to fit the eukaryotic genome inside the nucleus. This compaction is attained by first coiling the DNA around structures called nucleosomes. Mammalian genomes are further folded into sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) configurations, enabling the genetic code to dictate a diverse range of cell fates. Recent advances in molecular and computational technologies have enabled the query of higher-order chromatin architecture at an unprecedented resolution and scale. In T lymphocytes, similar to other developmental programs, the hierarchical genome organization is shaped by a highly coordinated division of labor among different classes of sequence-specific transcription factors. In this review, we will summarize the general principles of 1D and 3D genome organization, introduce the common experimental and computational techniques to measure the multilayer chromatin organization, and discuss the pervasive role of transcription factors on chromatin organization in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Olariu V, Yui MA, Krupinski P, Zhou W, Deichmann J, Andersson E, Rothenberg EV, Peterson C. Multi-scale Dynamical Modeling of T Cell Development from an Early Thymic Progenitor State to Lineage Commitment. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108622. [PMID: 33440162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathymic development of committed progenitor (pro)-T cells from multipotent hematopoietic precursors offers an opportunity to dissect the molecular circuitry establishing cell identity in response to environmental signals. This transition encompasses programmed shutoff of stem/progenitor genes, upregulation of T cell specification genes, proliferation, and ultimately commitment. To explain these features in light of reported cis-acting chromatin effects and experimental kinetic data, we develop a three-level dynamic model of commitment based upon regulation of the commitment-linked gene Bcl11b. The levels are (1) a core gene regulatory network (GRN) architecture from transcription factor (TF) perturbation data, (2) a stochastically controlled chromatin-state gate, and (3) a single-cell proliferation model validated by experimental clonal growth and commitment kinetic assays. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) measurements of genes encoding key TFs and measured bulk population dynamics, this single-cell model predicts state-switching kinetics validated by measured clonal proliferation and commitment times. The resulting multi-scale model provides a mechanistic framework for dissecting commitment dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Olariu
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pawel Krupinski
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Julia Deichmann
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emil Andersson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Carsten Peterson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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49
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Daher MT, Bausero P, Agbulut O, Li Z, Parlakian A. Bcl11b/Ctip2 in Skin, Tooth, and Craniofacial System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581674. [PMID: 33363142 PMCID: PMC7758212 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ctip2/Bcl11b is a zinc finger transcription factor with dual action (repression/activation) that couples epigenetic regulation to gene transcription during the development of various tissues. It is involved in a variety of physiological responses under healthy and pathological conditions. Its role and mechanisms of action are best characterized in the immune and nervous systems. Furthermore, its implication in the development and homeostasis of other various tissues has also been reported. In the present review, we describe its role in skin development, adipogenesis, tooth formation and cranial suture ossification. Experimental data from several studies demonstrate the involvement of Bcl11b in the control of the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation during organ formation and repair, and more specifically in the context of stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. The impact of mutations in the coding sequences of Bcl11b on the development of diseases such as craniosynostosis is also presented. Finally, we discuss genome-wide association studies that suggest a potential influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms found in the 3’ regulatory region of Bcl11b on the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Daher
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Bausero
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ara Parlakian
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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50
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Kobia FM, Preusse K, Dai Q, Weaver N, Hass MR, Chaturvedi P, Stein SJ, Pear WS, Yuan Z, Kovall RA, Kuang Y, Eafergen N, Sprinzak D, Gebelein B, Brunskill EW, Kopan R. Notch dimerization and gene dosage are important for normal heart development, intestinal stem cell maintenance, and splenic marginal zone B-cell homeostasis during mite infestation. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000850. [PMID: 33017398 PMCID: PMC7561103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative DNA binding is a key feature of transcriptional regulation. Here we examined the role of cooperativity in Notch signaling by CRISPR-mediated engineering of mice in which neither Notch1 nor Notch2 can homo- or heterodimerize, essential for cooperative binding to sequence-paired sites (SPS) located near many Notch-regulated genes. Although most known Notch-dependent phenotypes were unaffected in Notch1/2 dimer-deficient mice, a subset of tissues proved highly sensitive to loss of cooperativity. These phenotypes include heart development, compromised viability in combination with low gene dose, and the gut, developing ulcerative colitis in response to 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The most striking phenotypes-gender imbalance and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma-emerged in combination with gene dose reduction or when challenged by chronic fur mite infestation. This study highlights the role of the environment in malignancy and colitis and is consistent with Notch-dependent anti-parasite immune responses being compromised in Notch dimer-deficient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Kobia
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristina Preusse
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Quanhui Dai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicholas Weaver
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Hass
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Warren S. Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Yuan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rhett A. Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yi Kuang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natanel Eafergen
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric W. Brunskill
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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