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Berndt H, Fuchs S, Kraus-Stojanowic I, Pees B, Gelhaus C, Leippe M. Molecular and functional characterization of ILYS-5, a major invertebrate lysozyme of Caenorhabditis elegans. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105220. [PMID: 38925432 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
To overcome bacterial invasion and infection, animals have evolved various antimicrobial effectors such as antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes. Although C. elegans is exposed to a variety of microbes due to its bacterivorous lifestyle, previous work on the components of its immune system mainly based on the description of transcriptional changes during bacterial challenges. Very few effector components of its immune system have been characterized so far. To investigate the role of lysozymes in terms of antibacterial defense and digestion, we studied a member of the widely neglected family of C. elegans invertebrate lysozymes (ILYS). We focused on the so far virtually undescribed ILYS-5, which we purified from protein extracts of C. elegans tracing its peptidoglycan-degrading activity and localized the tissue expression of the gene in vivo using a translational reporter construct. We recombinantly synthesized ILYS-5 and determined the physicochemical activity optimum and the antibacterial spectrum of a lysozyme from C. elegans for the first time. With an activity optimum at low ionic strength (≤100 mM) and at acidic pH (≤ pH 4.0), ILYS-5 is likely to be involved in killing and digestion of bacteria within acidified phagolysosomes and acidic regions of the gut, presumably secreted by lysosome-like vesicles. This notion is supported by potent activity against various live Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, members of the natural associated microbiome of C. elegans are substantially less susceptible to ILYS-5. Ablation of the ilys-5 gene resulted in reduction of lifespan and fertility when cultured on the standard food bacterium Escherichia coli OP50, whereas exposure of the ilys-5 knock-out mutant to the host-associated bacterium Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 did not have a clear effect. These findings indicate a role of ILYS-5 in immunity and nutrition and a co-evolved adaptation of host and bacteria to the mutualistic nature of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Berndt
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silja Fuchs
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Pees
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gelhaus
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Leippe
- Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Yu X, Zhou J, Ye W, Xu J, Li R, Huang L, Chai Y, Wen M, Xu S, Zhou Y. Time-course swRNA-seq uncovers a hierarchical gene regulatory network in controlling the response-repair-remodeling after wounding. Commun Biol 2024; 7:694. [PMID: 38844830 PMCID: PMC11156874 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wounding initiates intricate responses crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. Yet, the gene regulatory networks governing wound healing remain poorly understood. Here, employing single-worm RNA sequencing (swRNA-seq) across 12 time-points, we delineated a three-stage wound repair process in C. elegans: response, repair, and remodeling. Integrating diverse datasets, we constructed a dynamic regulatory network comprising 241 transcription regulators and their inferred targets. We identified potentially seven autoregulatory TFs and five cross-autoregulatory loops involving pqm-1 and jun-1. We revealed that TFs might interact with chromatin factors and form TF-TF combinatory modules via intrinsically disordered regions to enhance response robustness. We experimentally validated six regulators functioning in transcriptional and translocation-dependent manners. Notably, nhr-76, daf-16, nhr-84, and oef-1 are potentially required for efficient repair, while elt-2 may act as an inhibitor. These findings elucidate transcriptional responses and hierarchical regulatory networks during C. elegans wound repair, shedding light on mechanisms underlying tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenkai Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingxiu Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Chai
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China
| | - Miaomiao Wen
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang, 314400, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, RNA Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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3
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Kywe C, Lundquist EA, Ackley BD, Lansdon P. The MAB-5/Hox family transcription factor is important for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae054. [PMID: 38478633 PMCID: PMC11075571 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity functions as a rapid defense against broad classes of pathogenic agents. While the mechanisms of innate immunity in response to antigen exposure are well-studied, how pathogen exposure activates the innate immune responses and the role of genetic variation in immune activity is currently being investigated. Previously, we showed significant survival differences between the N2 and the CB4856 Caenorhabditis elegans isolates in response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. One of those differences was expression of the mab-5 Hox family transcription factor, which was induced in N2, but not CB4856, after infection. In this study, we use survival assays and RNA-sequencing to better understand the role of mab-5 in response to S. epidermidis. We found that mab-5 loss-of-function (LOF) mutants were more susceptible to S. epidermidis infection than N2 or mab-5 gain-of-function (GOF) mutants, but not as susceptible as CB4856 animals. We then conducted transcriptome analysis of infected worms and found considerable differences in gene expression profiles when comparing animals with mab-5 LOF to either N2 or mab-5 GOF. N2 and mab-5 GOF animals showed a significant enrichment in expression of immune genes and C-type lectins, whereas mab-5 LOF mutants did not. Overall, gene expression profiling in mab-5 mutants provided insight into MAB-5 regulation of the transcriptomic response of C. elegans to pathogenic bacteria and helps us to understand mechanisms of innate immune activation and the role that transcriptional regulation plays in organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kywe
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Patrick Lansdon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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4
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González R, Félix MA. Caenorhabditis elegans immune responses to microsporidia and viruses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105148. [PMID: 38325500 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is susceptible to infection by obligate intracellular pathogens, specifically microsporidia and viruses. These intracellular pathogens infect intestinal cells, or, for some microsporidia, epidermal cells. Strikingly, intestinal cell infections by viruses or microsporidia trigger a common transcriptional response, activated in part by the ZIP-1 transcription factor. Among the strongest activated genes in this response are ubiquitin-pathway members and members of the pals family, an intriguing gene family with cross-regulations of different members of genomic clusters. Some of the induced genes participate in host defense against the pathogens, for example through ubiquitin-mediated inhibition. Other mechanisms defend the host specifically against viral infections, including antiviral RNA interference and uridylation. These various immune responses are altered by environmental factors and by intraspecific genetic variation of the host. These pathogens were first isolated 15 years ago and much remains to be discovered using C. elegans genetics; also, other intracellular pathogens of C. elegans may yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, 75005, Paris, France
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5
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Pop M, Klemke AL, Seidler L, Wernet N, Steudel PL, Baust V, Wohlmann E, Fischer R. Caenorhabditis elegans neuropeptide NLP-27 enhances neurodegeneration and paralysis in an opioid-like manner during fungal infection. iScience 2024; 27:109484. [PMID: 38784855 PMCID: PMC11112505 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous system of metazoans is involved in host-pathogen interactions to control immune activation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this includes sleep induction, mediated by neuropeptide-like proteins (NLPs), which increases the chance of survival after wounding. Here we analyzed the role of NLP-27 in the infection of C. elegans with the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys flagrans. Early responses of C. elegans were the upregulation of nlp-27, the induction of paralysis (sleep), and neurodegeneration of the mechanosensing PVD (Posterior Ventral Process D) neurons. Deletion of nlp-27 reduced neurodegeneration during fungal attack. Induction of nlp-27 was independent of the MAP kinase PMK-1, and expression of nlp-27 in the hypodermis was sufficient to induce paralysis, although NLP-27 was also upregulated in head neurons. NLP-27 contains the pentapeptide YGGYG sequence known to bind the human μ- and κ-type opioid receptors suggesting NLP-27 or peptides thereof act on opioid receptors. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone shortened the paralysis time like overexpression of NLP-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pop
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Klemke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena Seidler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Wernet
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pietrina Loredana Steudel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baust
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Wohlmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Tse-Kang S, Wani KA, Peterson ND, Page A, Pukkila-Worley R. Activation of intestinal immunity by pathogen effector-triggered aggregation of lysosomal TIR-1/SARM1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.04.569946. [PMID: 38106043 PMCID: PMC10723332 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
TIR-domain proteins with enzymatic activity are essential for immunity in plants, animals, and bacteria. However, it is not known how these proteins function in pathogen sensing in animals. We discovered that a TIR-domain protein (TIR-1/SARM1) is strategically expressed on the membranes of a lysosomal sub-compartment, which enables intestinal epithelial cells in the nematode C. elegans to survey for pathogen effector-triggered host damage. We showed that a redox active virulence effector secreted by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkalinized and condensed a specific subset of lysosomes by inducing intracellular oxidative stress. Concentration of TIR-1/SARM1 on the surface of these organelles triggered its multimerization, which engages its intrinsic NADase activity, to activate the p38 innate immune pathway and protect the host against microbial intoxication. Thus, lysosomal TIR-1/SARM1 is a sensor for oxidative stress induced by pathogenic bacteria to activate metazoan intestinal immunity.
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7
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Tran TD, Luallen RJ. An organismal understanding of C. elegans innate immune responses, from pathogen recognition to multigenerational resistance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:77-84. [PMID: 36966075 PMCID: PMC10517082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a model for studying infection since the early 2000s and many major discoveries have been made regarding its innate immune responses. C. elegans has been found to utilize some key conserved aspects of immune responses and signaling, but new interesting features of innate immunity have also been discovered in the organism that might have broader implications in higher eukaryotes such as mammals. Some of the distinctive features of C. elegans innate immunity involve the mechanisms this bacterivore uses to detect infection and mount specific immune responses to different pathogens, despite lacking putative orthologs of many important innate immune components, including cellular immunity, the inflammasome, complement, or melanization. Even when orthologs of known immune factors exist, there appears to be an absence of canonical functions, most notably the lack of pattern recognition by its sole Toll-like receptor. Instead, recent research suggests that C. elegans senses infection by specific pathogens through contextual information, including unique products produced by the pathogen or infection-induced disruption of host physiology, similar to the proposed detection of patterns of pathogenesis in mammalian systems. Interestingly, C. elegans can also transfer information of past infection to their progeny, providing robust protection for their offspring in face of persisting pathogens, in part through the RNAi pathway as well as potential new mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Altogether, some of these strategies employed by C. elegans share key conceptual features with vertebrate adaptive immunity, as the animal can differentiate specific microbial features, as well as propagate a form of immune memory to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan D Tran
- Department of Biology San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Robert J Luallen
- Department of Biology San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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8
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Chen L, Zhang S, Liu S, Gao S. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mechanism: Insights from the Caenorhabditis elegans Models. Cells 2024; 13:99. [PMID: 38201303 PMCID: PMC10778397 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Despite extensive research in various model animals, the cellular signal mechanisms of ALS remain elusive, impeding the development of efficacious treatments. Among these models, a well-characterized and diminutive organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), has emerged as a potent tool for investigating the molecular and cellular dimensions of ALS pathogenesis. This review summarizes the contributions of C. elegans models to our comprehension of ALS, emphasizing pivotal findings pertaining to genetics, protein aggregation, cellular pathways, and potential therapeutic strategies. We analyze both the merits and constraints of the C. elegans system in the realm of ALS research and point towards future investigations that could bridge the chasm between C. elegans foundational discoveries and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shangbang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (L.C.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
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9
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Jacob TV, Doshi GM. New Promising Routes in Peptic Ulcers: Toll-like Receptors and Semaphorins. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:865-878. [PMID: 37605412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230821102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Peptic ulcers (PU) are one of the commonest yet problematic diseases found to be existing in the majority of the population. Today, drugs from a wide range of therapeutic classes are available for the management of the disease. Still, the complications of the condition are difficult to tackle and the side effect profile is quite a concern. The literature indicates that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Semaphorins (SEMAs) have been under study for their various pharmacological actions over the past few decades. Both these signalling pathways are found to regulate immunological and inflammatory responses. Moreover, receptors and signalling molecules from the family of TLRs and SEMAs are found to have bacterial recognition and antibacterial properties which are essential in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the major causative agents of PU. Our understanding of SEMAs, a class of proteins involved in cell signalling, is relatively less developed compared to TLRs, another class of proteins involved in the immune response. SEMAs and TLRs play different roles in biological processes, with SEMAs primarily involved in guiding cell migration and axon guidance during development, while TLRs are responsible for recognizing pathogens and initiating an immune response. Here, in this review, we will discuss in detail the signalling cascade of TLRs and SEMAs and thereby understand its association with PU for future therapeutic targeting. The review also aims at providing an overview of the study that has been into exploring the role of these signalling pathways in the management of PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa V Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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10
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Taouktsi E, Kyriakou E, Voulgaraki E, Verganelakis D, Krokou S, Rigas S, Voutsinas GE, Syntichaki P. Mitochondrial p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase: Insights into Its Regulation of and Role in LONP1-Deficient Nematodes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17209. [PMID: 38139038 PMCID: PMC10743222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades are central regulators of numerous physiological cellular processes, including stress response signaling. In C. elegans, mitochondrial dysfunction activates a PMK-3/p38 MAPK signaling pathway (MAPKmt), but its functional role still remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate the induction of MAPKmt in worms deficient in the lonp-1 gene, which encodes the worm ortholog of mammalian mitochondrial LonP1. This induction is subjected to negative regulation by the ATFS-1 transcription factor through the CREB-binding protein (CBP) ortholog CBP-3, indicating an interplay between both activated MAPKmt and mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) surveillance pathways. Our results also reveal a genetic interaction in lonp-1 mutants between PMK-3 kinase and the ZIP-2 transcription factor. ZIP-2 has an established role in innate immunity but can also modulate the lifespan by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis during ageing. We show that in lonp-1 animals, ZIP-2 is activated in a PMK-3-dependent manner but does not confer increased survival to pathogenic bacteria. However, deletion of zip-2 or pmk-3 shortens the lifespan of lonp-1 mutants, suggesting a possible crosstalk under conditions of mitochondrial perturbation that influences the ageing process. Furthermore, loss of pmk-3 specifically diminished the extreme heat tolerance of lonp-1 worms, highlighting the crucial role of PMK-3 in the heat shock response upon mitochondrial LONP-1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Taouktsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleni Kyriakou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Evangelia Voulgaraki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Dimitris Verganelakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
- Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stefania Krokou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Gerassimos E. Voutsinas
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Rare Disease Genetics, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 15341 Athens, Greece;
| | - Popi Syntichaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (E.V.); (D.V.); (S.K.)
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11
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Funakoshi M, Araki T. Mechanism of initiation and regulation of axonal degeneration with special reference to NMNATs and Sarm1. Neurosci Res 2023; 197:3-8. [PMID: 34767875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is observed in a variety of contexts in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Pathological signaling to regulate the progression of axonal degeneration has long been studied using Wallerian degeneration, the prototypical axonal degradation observed after injury, as a representative model. Understanding metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and the functional regulation of Sarm1 has generated great progress in this field, but there are a number of remaining questions. Here, in this short review, we describe our current understanding of the axonal degeneration mechanism, with special reference to the biology related to wlds mice and Sarm1. Furthermore, variations of axonal degeneration initiation are discussed in order to address the remaining questions needed for mechanistic clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masabumi Funakoshi
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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12
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Waller TJ, Collins CA. Opposing roles of Fos, Raw, and SARM1 in the regulation of axonal degeneration and synaptic structure. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1283995. [PMID: 38099151 PMCID: PMC10719852 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1283995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The degeneration of injured axons is driven by conserved molecules, including the sterile armadillo TIR domain-containing protein SARM1, the cJun N-terminal kinase JNK, and regulators of these proteins. These molecules are also implicated in the regulation of synapse development though the mechanistic relationship of their functions in degeneration vs. development is poorly understood. Results and discussion Here, we uncover disparate functional relationships between SARM1 and the transmembrane protein Raw in the regulation of Wallerian degeneration and synaptic growth in motoneurons of Drosophila melanogaster. Our genetic data suggest that Raw antagonizes the downstream output MAP kinase signaling mediated by Drosophila SARM1 (dSarm). This relationship is revealed by dramatic synaptic overgrowth phenotypes at the larval neuromuscular junction when motoneurons are depleted for Raw or overexpress dSarm. While Raw antagonizes the downstream output of dSarm to regulate synaptic growth, it shows an opposite functional relationship with dSarm for axonal degeneration. Loss of Raw leads to decreased levels of dSarm in axons and delayed axonal degeneration that is rescued by overexpression of dSarm, supporting a model that Raw promotes the activation of dSarm in axons. However, inhibiting Fos also decreases dSarm levels in axons but has the opposite outcome of enabling Wallerian degeneration. The combined genetic data suggest that Raw, dSarm, and Fos influence each other's functions through multiple points of regulation to control the structure of synaptic terminals and the resilience of axons to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Waller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Catherine A. Collins
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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13
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Beets I, Zels S, Vandewyer E, Demeulemeester J, Caers J, Baytemur E, Courtney A, Golinelli L, Hasakioğulları İ, Schafer WR, Vértes PE, Mirabeau O, Schoofs L. System-wide mapping of peptide-GPCR interactions in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113058. [PMID: 37656621 PMCID: PMC7615250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the organization of the peptidergic network and roles of many peptides remain elusive, as our insight into peptide-receptor interactions is limited and many peptide GPCRs are still orphan receptors. Here we report a genome-wide peptide-GPCR interaction map in Caenorhabditis elegans. By reverse pharmacology screening of over 55,384 possible interactions, we identify 461 cognate peptide-GPCR couples that uncover a broad signaling network with specific and complex combinatorial interactions encoded across and within single peptidergic genes. These interactions provide insights into peptide functions and evolution. Combining our dataset with phylogenetic analysis supports peptide-receptor co-evolution and conservation of at least 14 bilaterian peptidergic systems in C. elegans. This resource lays a foundation for system-wide analysis of the peptidergic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Beets
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sven Zels
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; VIB - KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Caers
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esra Baytemur
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amy Courtney
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | | | - William R Schafer
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Inserm U1224, Brain-Immune Communication Lab, 75015 Paris, France
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14
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Irvine A, Huws SA, Atkinson LE, Mousley A. Exploring the antimicrobial peptidome of nematodes through phylum-spanning in silico analyses highlights novel opportunities for pathogen control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011618. [PMID: 37672536 PMCID: PMC10506718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are key constituents of the invertebrate innate immune system and provide critical protection against microbial threat. Nematodes display diverse life strategies where they are exposed to heterogenous, microbe rich, environments highlighting their need for an innate immune system. Within the Ecdysozoa, arthropod AMPs have been well characterised, however nematode-derived AMP knowledge is limited. In this study the distribution and abundance of putative AMP-encoding genes was examined in 134 nematode genomes providing the most comprehensive profile of AMP candidates within phylum Nematoda. Through genome and transcriptome analyses we reveal that phylum Nematoda is a rich source of putative AMP diversity and demonstrate (i) putative AMP group profiles that are influenced by nematode lifestyle where free-living nematodes appear to display enriched putative AMP profiles relative to parasitic species; (ii) major differences in the putative AMP profiles between nematode clades where Clade 9/V and 10/IV species possess expanded putative AMP repertoires; (iii) AMP groups with highly restricted profiles (e.g. Cecropins and Diapausins) and others [e.g. Nemapores and Glycine Rich Secreted Peptides (GRSPs)] which are more widely distributed; (iv) complexity in the distribution and abundance of CSαβ subgroup members; and (v) that putative AMPs are expressed in host-facing life stages and biofluids of key nematode parasites. These data indicate that phylum Nematoda displays diversity in putative AMPs and underscores the need for functional characterisation to reveal their role and importance to nematode biology and host-nematode-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister Irvine
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Atkinson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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15
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Torzone SK, Park AY, Breen PC, Cohen NR, Dowen RH. Opposing action of the FLR-2 glycoprotein hormone and DRL-1/FLR-4 MAP kinases balance p38-mediated growth and lipid homeostasis in C. elegans. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002320. [PMID: 37773960 PMCID: PMC10566725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals integrate developmental and nutritional signals before committing crucial resources to growth and reproduction; however, the pathways that perceive and respond to these inputs remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that DRL-1 and FLR-4, which share similarity with mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases, maintain lipid homeostasis in the C. elegans intestine. DRL-1 and FLR-4 function in a protein complex at the plasma membrane to promote development, as mutations in drl-1 or flr-4 confer slow growth, small body size, and impaired lipid homeostasis. To identify factors that oppose DRL-1/FLR-4, we performed a forward genetic screen for suppressors of the drl-1 mutant phenotypes and identified mutations in flr-2 and fshr-1, which encode the orthologues of follicle stimulating hormone and its putative G protein-coupled receptor, respectively. In the absence of DRL-1/FLR-4, neuronal FLR-2 acts through intestinal FSHR-1 and protein kinase A signaling to restrict growth. Furthermore, we show that opposing signaling through DRL-1 and FLR-2 coordinates TIR-1 oligomerization, which modulates downstream p38/PMK-1 activity, lipid homeostasis, and development. Finally, we identify a surprising noncanonical role for the developmental transcription factor PHA-4/FOXA in the intestine where it restricts growth in response to impaired DRL-1 signaling. Our work uncovers a complex multi-tissue signaling network that converges on p38 signaling to maintain homeostasis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Torzone
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aaron Y. Park
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Breen
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Cohen
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Dowen
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Huang T, Suzuki K, Kunitomo H, Tomioka M, Iino Y. Multiple p38/JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways mediate salt chemotaxis learning in C. elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad129. [PMID: 37310929 PMCID: PMC10468299 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Animals are able to adapt their behaviors to the environment. In order to achieve this, the nervous system plays integrative roles, such as perception of external signals, sensory processing, and behavioral regulations via various signal transduction pathways. Here genetic analyses of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) found that mutants of components of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, also known as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathways, exhibit various types of defects in the learning of salt chemotaxis. C. elegans homologs of JNK MAPKKK and MAPKK, MLK-1 and MEK-1, respectively, are required for avoidance of salt concentrations experienced during starvation. In contrast, homologs of p38 MAPKKK and MAPKK, NSY-1 and SEK-1, respectively, are required for high-salt chemotaxis after conditioning. Genetic interaction analyses suggest that a JNK family MAPK, KGB-1, functions downstream of both signaling pathways to regulate salt chemotaxis learning. Furthermore, we found that the NSY-1/SEK-1 pathway functions in sensory neurons, ASH, ADF, and ASER, to regulate the learned high-salt chemotaxis. A neuropeptide, NLP-3, expressed in ASH, ADF, and ASER neurons, and a neuropeptide receptor, NPR-15, expressed in AIA interneurons that receive synaptic input from these sensory neurons, function in the same genetic pathway as NSY-1/SEK-1 signaling. These findings suggest that this MAPK pathway may affect neuropeptide signaling between sensory neurons and interneurons, thus promoting high-salt chemotaxis after conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoruo Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kota Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kunitomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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17
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Wang Q, Fu R, Li G, Xiong S, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Hedgehog receptors exert immune-surveillance roles in the epidermis across species. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112929. [PMID: 37527037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues. However, whether and how Hedgehog signaling directly regulates innate immunity in epithelial cells remains unknown. By utilizing C. elegans epidermis as the model, we found that several Hedgehog receptors are involved in cell-autonomous regulation of the innate immune response in the epidermis. Particularly, loss of the Patched family receptor induces aberrant up-regulation of epidermal antimicrobial peptides in a STAT-dependent manner. External or internal insult to the epidermis triggers rapid rearrangement of Patched distribution along the plasma membrane, indicating that the Hedgehog (Hh) receptor is likely involved in recognition and defense against epidermal damage. Loss of PTCH1 function in primary human keratinocytes and intact mouse skin also results in STAT-dependent immune activation. These findings reveal an evolutionally conserved immune-surveillance function of Hedgehog receptors and an insult-sensing and response strategy of epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shaojie Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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18
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Bhattacharya MRC. A nerve-wracking buzz: lessons from Drosophila models of peripheral neuropathy and axon degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1166146. [PMID: 37614471 PMCID: PMC10442544 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1166146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of axons and their terminals occurs following traumatic, toxic, or genetically-induced insults. Common molecular mechanisms unite these disparate triggers to execute a conserved nerve degeneration cascade. In this review, we will discuss how models of peripheral nerve injury and neuropathy in Drosophila have led the way in advancing molecular understanding of axon degeneration and nerve injury pathways. Both neuron-intrinsic as well as glial responses to injury will be highlighted. Finally, we will offer perspective on what additional questions should be answered to advance these discoveries toward clinical interventions for patients with neuropathy.
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19
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Ma L, Ling C, Hu S, Ye S, Chen C. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing reveals the protective role of adenosine receptor-related genes in paraquat-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:564-573. [PMID: 37663816 PMCID: PMC10470339 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to identify the genes associated with adenosine's protective action against paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress via the adenosine receptor (ADOR-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The C. elegans was divided into 3 groups-2 groups exposed to PQ, one in presence, and one in absence of adenosine-and a control group that was not treated. Each group's total RNA was extracted and sequenced. When the transcriptomes of these groups were analyzed, several genes were found to be differently expressed. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in adenosine-response biological processes and pathways, including gene ontology terms related to neuropeptide and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways associated to cAMP pathway regulator activity. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR confirmed that G-protein-coupled receptors signaling pathway involving dop-1, egl-30, unc-13, kin-1, and goa-1 genes may play crucial roles in modulating adenosine's protective action. Interestingly, there are no significant variations in the expression of the ador-1 gene across the 3 treatments, thereby indicating that adenosine receptor exerts a consistent and stable influence on its related pathways irrespective of the presence or absence of PQ. Furthermore, the wild-type group with ador-1 gene has higher survival rate than that of the ador-1-/RNA interference group while treated with PQ in the presence of adenosine. Conclusively, our study uncovered a number of novel PQ-response genes and adenosine receptor-related genes in C. elegans, which may function as major regulators of PQ-induced oxidative stress and indicate the possible protective effects of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Training Centre/College of Innovation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chunyan Ling
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Training Centre/College of Innovation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuning Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Training Centre/College of Innovation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sudan Ye
- College of Applied Engineering, Zhejiang Institute of Economics and Trade, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Training Centre/College of Innovation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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20
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang D. Paeoniflorin increases the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Caenorhabditis elegans at the immunosuppression stage by activating PMK-1, BAR-1, and EGL-1 signals. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:616-628. [PMID: 37535304 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is the major active compound of total glycoside of paeony in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Although several aspects of beneficial effects of paeoniflorin have been described, whether the paeoniflorin treatment is helpful for inhibiting the pathogen infection-induced immunosuppression remains largely unclear. Using the immunosuppression model in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we here examined the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment against the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection. In this immunosuppression model, we observed that the survival rate of P. aeruginosa infected nematodes at the immunosuppression stage could be significantly increased by 25-100 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment. P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen of nematodes at the immunosuppression stage was reduced by paeoniflorin treatment. Paeoniflorin could activate the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Moreover, at the immunosuppression stage, paeoniflorin treatment increased the expressions of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 required for the control of innate immunity against bacterial infection. Meanwhile, RNAi of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 inhibited the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment in increasing the survival, reducing the P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen, and activating the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Therefore, paeoniflorin treatment could effectively inhibit the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection in the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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21
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Soo SK, Rudich ZD, Ko B, Moldakozhayev A, AlOkda A, Van Raamsdonk JM. Biological resilience and aging: Activation of stress response pathways contributes to lifespan extension. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101941. [PMID: 37127095 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While aging was traditionally viewed as a stochastic process of damage accumulation, it is now clear that aging is strongly influenced by genetics. The identification and characterization of long-lived genetic mutants in model organisms has provided insights into the genetic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in extending longevity. Long-lived genetic mutants exhibit activation of multiple stress response pathways leading to enhanced resistance to exogenous stressors. As a result, lifespan exhibits a significant, positive correlation with resistance to stress. Disruption of stress response pathways inhibits lifespan extension in multiple long-lived mutants representing different pathways of lifespan extension and can also reduce the lifespan of wild-type animals. Combined, this suggests that activation of stress response pathways is a key mechanism by which long-lived mutants achieve their extended longevity and that many of these pathways are also required for normal lifespan. These results highlight an important role for stress response pathways in determining the lifespan of an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Soo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zenith D Rudich
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bokang Ko
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alibek Moldakozhayev
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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22
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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23
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Czech VL, O'Connor LC, Philippon B, Norman E, Byrne AB. TIR-1/SARM1 inhibits axon regeneration and promotes axon degeneration. eLife 2023; 12:80856. [PMID: 37083456 PMCID: PMC10121217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and destruction are central components of the neuronal injury response. Injured axons that are capable of repair, including axons in the mammalian peripheral nervous system and in many invertebrate animals, often regenerate and degenerate on either side of the injury. Here we show that TIR-1/dSarm/SARM1, a key regulator of axon degeneration, also inhibits regeneration of injured motor axons. The increased regeneration in tir-1 mutants is not a secondary consequence of its effects on degeneration, nor is it determined by the NADase activity of TIR-1. Rather, we found that TIR-1 functions cell-autonomously to regulate each of the seemingly opposite processes through distinct interactions with two MAP kinase pathways. On one side of the injury, TIR-1 inhibits axon regeneration by activating the NSY-1/ASK1 MAPK signaling cascade, while on the other side of the injury, TIR-1 simultaneously promotes axon degeneration by interacting with the DLK-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. In parallel, we found that the ability to cell-intrinsically inhibit axon regeneration is conserved in human SARM1. Our finding that TIR-1/SARM1 regulates axon regeneration provides critical insight into how axons coordinate a multidimensional response to injury, consequently informing approaches to manipulate the response toward repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Czech
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Chan Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | | | - Emily Norman
- Department of Neurobiology, UMass Chan Massachusetts Medical School
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24
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Huang Z, Wang W, Xu P, Gong S, Hu Y, Liu Y, Su F, Anjum KM, Deng WM, Yang S, Liu J, Jiao R, Chen J. Drosophila Ectoderm-expressed 4 modulates JAK/STAT pathway and protects flies against Drosophila C virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135625. [PMID: 36817462 PMCID: PMC9937023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha and HEAT/Armadillo motif-containing protein (SARM) is conserved in evolution and negatively regulates TRIF-dependent Toll signaling in mammals. The SARM protein from Litopenaeus vannamei and its Drosophila orthologue Ectoderm-expressed (Ect4) are also involved in immune defense against pathogen infection. However, the functional mechanism of the protective effect remains unclear. In this study, we show that Ect4 is essential for the viral load in flies after a Drosophila C virus (DCV) infection. Viral load is increased in Ect4 mutants resulting in higher mortality rates than wild-type. Overexpression of Ect4 leads to a suppression of virus replication and thus improves the survival rate of the animals. Ect4 is required for the viral induction of STAT-responsive genes, TotA and TotM. Furthermore, Ect4 interacts with Stat92E, affecting the tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Stat92E in S2 cells. Altogether, our study identifies the adaptor protein Ect4 of the Toll pathway contributes to resistance to viral infection and regulates JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Pengpeng Xu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shangyu Gong
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingshan Hu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Su
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Khalid Mahmood Anjum
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Suping Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jiyong Liu, ; Renjie Jiao, ; Jianming Chen,
| | - Renjie Jiao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jiyong Liu, ; Renjie Jiao, ; Jianming Chen,
| | - Jianming Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jiyong Liu, ; Renjie Jiao, ; Jianming Chen,
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25
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Zhang JX, Li Y, Tang JC, Li KQ, Shen JJ, Liu C, Jiang YH, Zhang ZP, Wang YL, Zou PF. SARM suppresses TRIF, TRAF3, and IRF3/7 mediated antiviral signaling in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1021443. [PMID: 36713393 PMCID: PMC9880191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a TIR domain-containing molecular, sterile α-and armadillo motif-containing protein (SARM) acts as an adaptor in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and also plays important roles in mediating apoptosis and neuronal injury. In the present study, the ortholog of SARM, named as Lc-SARM, was cloned and identified in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The full-length ORF of Lc-SARM consists of 2,154 bp, encoding a protein of 717 amino acids (aa), which is comprised of an N-terminal ARM domain, two SAM domains, and a C-terminal TIR domain. Confocal microscopy revealed that Lc-SARM was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm, and the mRNA expression level of Lc-SARM was broadly distributed in all the detected organs/tissues, with the highest expression level found in the brain. The expression patterns of Lc-SARM could be induced in response to poly I:C, LPS, PGN stimulations, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. Notably, although the overexpression of Lc-SARM could significantly induce NF-κB, IRF3, IRF7, and type I IFN promoter activation, whereas the co-expression of Lc-SARM with Lc-TRIF, Lc-TRAF3, Lc-IRF3, or Lc-IRF7 significantly down-regulated the induction of NF-κB, IRF3, IRF7, or type I IFN promoter activation, and suppressed the antiviral effects as well as the downstream antiviral-related genes expression compared to the only overexpression of Lc-TRIF, Lc-TRAF3, Lc-IRF3, or Lc-IRF7. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays also demonstrated that Lc-SARM interacts separately with Lc-TRIF, Lc-TRAF3, Lc-IRF3, and Lc-IRF7. It is thus collectively suggested that Lc-SARM functions as a negative regulator in Lc-TRIF, Lc-TRAF3, and Lc-IRF3/7 involved antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health, Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Ying Li, ; Yi Lei Wang, ; Peng Fei Zou,
| | - Jun Chun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Qing Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juan Juan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zi Ping Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Ying Li, ; Yi Lei Wang, ; Peng Fei Zou,
| | - Peng Fei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ornamental Aquarium Engineering Research Centre in University of Fujian Province, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Ying Li, ; Yi Lei Wang, ; Peng Fei Zou,
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26
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Characterization of the novel temperate Staphylococcus haemolyticus phage IME1365_01. Arch Virol 2023; 168:41. [PMID: 36609576 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a novel functional prophage, IME1365_01, was predicted from bacterial high-throughput sequencing data and then successfully induced from Staphylococcus haemolyticus by mitomycin C treatment. Transmission electron microscopy showed that phage IME1365_01 has an icosahedral head (43 nm in diameter) and a long tail (172 nm long). This phage possesses a double-stranded DNA genome of 44,875 bp with a G+C content of 35.35%. A total of 63 putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in its genome. BLASTn analysis revealed that IME1365_01 is similar to Staphylococcus phage vB_SepS_E72, but with a genome homology coverage of only 26%. The phage genome does not have fixed termini. In ORF24 of phage IME1365_01, a conserved Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain of the TIR_2 superfamily (accession no. c123749) is located at its N-terminus, and this might serve as a component of an anti-bacterial system. In conclusion, we developed a platform to obtain active temperate phage from prediction, identification, and induction from its bacterial host. After mass screening using this platform, numerous temperate phages and their innate anti-bacterial elements can provide extensive opportunities for therapy against bacterial (especially drug-resistant bacterial) infections.
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27
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Chandler LM, Rodriguez M, Choe KP. RNAi screening for modulators of an osmo-sensitive gene response to extracellular matrix damage reveals negative feedback and interactions with translation inhibition. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285328. [PMID: 37155688 PMCID: PMC10166495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In epidermal tissues, extracellular matrices (ECMs) function as barriers between the organism and environment. Despite being at the interface with the environment, little is known about the role of animal barrier ECMs in sensing stress and communicating with cytoprotective gene pathways in neighboring cells. We and others have identified a putative damage sensor in the C. elegans cuticle that regulates osmotic, detoxification, and innate immune response genes. This pathway is associated with circumferential collagen bands called annular furrows; mutation or loss of furrow collagens causes constitutive activation of osmotic, detoxification, and innate immune response genes. Here, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for modulators of osmotic stress response gene gpdh-1 in a furrow collagen mutant strain. RNAi of six genes identified in this screen were tested under other conditions and for effects on other stress responses. The functions of these genes suggest negative feedback within osmolyte accumulation pathways and interactions with ATP homeostasis and protein synthesis. Loss of these gpdh-1 modulators had distinct effects on canonical detoxification and innate immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Chandler
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Keith P Choe
- Department of Biology and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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28
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Sun T. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1139. [PMID: 36302976 PMCID: PMC9613993 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been characterized as useful for maintaining the balance of host gut flora and conferring health effects, but few studies have focused on their potential for delaying aging in the host. Here we show that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 (Probio-M9), a healthy breast milk probiotic, enhances the locomotor ability and slows the decline in muscle function of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Live Probio-M9 significantly extends the lifespan of C. elegans in a dietary restriction-independent manner. By screening various aging-related mutants of C. elegans, we find that Probio-M9 extends lifespan via p38 cascade and daf-2 signaling pathways, independent on daf-16 but dependent on skn-1. Probio-M9 protects and repairs damaged mitochondria by activating mitochondrial unfolded protein response. The significant increase of amino acids, sphingolipid, galactose and fatty acids in bacterial metabolites might be involved in extending the lifespan of C. elegans. We reveal that Probio-M9 as a dietary supplementation had the potential to delay aging in C. elegans and also provide new methods and insights for further analyzing probiotics in improving host health and delaying the occurrence of age-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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29
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Expanding the Landscape of Amino Acid-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides: Definition, Deployment in Nature, Implications for Peptide Design and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112874. [PMID: 36361660 PMCID: PMC9658076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike the α-helical and β-sheet antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), our knowledge on amino acid-rich AMPs is limited. This article conducts a systematic study of rich AMPs (>25%) from different life kingdoms based on the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) using the program R. Of 3425 peptides, 724 rich AMPs were identified. Rich AMPs are more common in animals and bacteria than in plants. In different animal classes, a unique set of rich AMPs is deployed. While histidine, proline, and arginine-rich AMPs are abundant in mammals, alanine, glycine, and leucine-rich AMPs are common in amphibians. Ten amino acids (Ala, Cys, Gly, His, Ile, Lys, Leu, Pro, Arg, and Val) are frequently observed in rich AMPs, seven (Asp, Glu, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Tyr) are occasionally observed, and three (Met, Asn, and Gln) were not yet found. Leucine is much more frequent in forming rich AMPs than either valine or isoleucine. To date, no natural AMPs are simultaneously rich in leucine and lysine, while proline, tryptophan, and cysteine-rich peptides can simultaneously be rich in arginine. These findings can be utilized to guide peptide design. Since multiple candidates are potent against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, rich AMPs stand out as promising future antibiotics.
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30
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Gauthier AE, Rotjan RD, Kagan JC. Lipopolysaccharide detection by the innate immune system may be an uncommon defence strategy used in nature. Open Biol 2022; 12:220146. [PMID: 36196535 PMCID: PMC9533005 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities has accelerated. Most studies in this area have been conducted in model organisms, which leaves many open questions about the universality of PAMP biology across living systems. Mammals have evolved multiple proteins that operate as receptors for the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, but LPS is not immuno-stimulatory in all eukaryotes. In this review, we examine the history of LPS as a PAMP in mammals, recent data on LPS structure and its ability to activate mammalian innate immune receptors, and how these activities compare across commonly studied eukaryotes. We discuss why LPS may have evolved to be immuno-stimulatory in some eukaryotes but not others and propose two hypotheses about the evolution of PAMP structure based on the ecology and environmental context of the organism in question. Understanding PAMP structures and stimulatory mechanisms across multi-cellular life will provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity and may lead to the discovery of new PAMP variations of scientific and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Gauthier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi D. Rotjan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, USA
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31
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Wang S, Song M, Yong H, Zhang C, Kang K, Liu Z, Yang Y, Huang Z, Wang S, Ge H, Zhao X, Song F. Mitochondrial Localization of SARM1 in Acrylamide Intoxication Induces Mitophagy and Limits Neuropathy. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7337-7353. [PMID: 36171479 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sterile α and toll/interleukin 1 receptor motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is the defining molecule and central executioner of programmed axon death, also known as Wallerian degeneration. SARM1 has a mitochondrial targeting sequence, and it can bind to and stabilize PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) for mitophagy induction, but the deletion of the mitochondrial localization sequence is found to disrupt the mitochondrial localization of SARM1 in neurons without altering its ability to promote axon degeneration after axotomy. The biological significance of SARM1 mitochondrial localization remains elusive. In this study, we observed that the pro-degeneration factor, SARM1, was upregulated in acrylamide (ACR) neuropathy, a slow, Wallerian-like, programmed axonal death process. The upregulated SARM1 accumulated on mitochondria, interfered with mitochondrial dynamics, and activated PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Importantly, rapamycin (RAPA) intervention eliminated mitochondrial accumulation of SARM1 and partly attenuated ACR neuropathy. Thus, mitochondrial localization of SARM1 may contribute to its clearance through the SARM1-PINK1 mitophagy pathway, which inhibits axonal degeneration through a negative feedback loop. The mitochondrial localization of SARM1 complements the coordinated activity of the pro-survival factor, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2), and SARM1 and is part of the self-limiting molecular mechanisms underpinning programmed axon death in ACR neuropathy. Mitophagy clearance of SARM1 is complementary to the coordinated activity of NMNAT2 and SARM1 in ACR neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxue Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Yong
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Cuiqin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengcheng Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shu'e Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Haotong Ge
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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32
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Zhou C, Li T, Dong Q, Liang H, Xu L. SARM suppresses glioma progression in GL261 glioma cells and regulates microglial polarization. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1927-1936. [PMID: 35971755 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is the major cellular component of glioma mass that promotes glioma growth, invasion, and chemoresistance by releasing inflammatory factors. Sterile alpha and HEAT/Armadillo motif (SARM), a member of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor family, is primarily expressed in the central nervous system. However, the role of SARM in glioma is still undefined. In the present work, we examined the function of SARM in microglial polarization and glioma progression. Our results showed that forced the expression of SARM in GL261 glioma cells inhibited tumor growth, and reduced interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in conditioned media. Silencing of SARM in microglia cells inhibited IL-4-induced M2 polarization, enhanced lipopolysaccharide -induced M1 microglial polarization. Furthermore, overexpression of SARM increased the migration of microglia cells upon TGFβ stimulation. These data suggested that SARM is involved in neuro-inflammation and microglia activation. In summary, this study provides novel insight into the mechanisms of microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianzun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lunshan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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33
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Trung NB, Nguyen TP, Hsueh HY, Loh JY, Wangkahart E, Wong ASF, Lee PT. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 is a negative regulator in the anti-bacterial immune responses in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:940877. [PMID: 35928810 PMCID: PMC9344004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fish in the world. However, the farming industry has encountered significant challenges, such as pathogen infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the initiation of the innate immune system against pathogens. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is one of the most evolutionarily conserved TLR adaptors, and its orthologs are present in various species from worms to humans. SARM1 plays an important role in negatively regulating TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins inducing IFNβ (TRIF)-dependent TLR signaling in mammals, but its immune function remains poorly understood in fish. In this study, O. niloticus SARM1 (OnSARM1) was cloned and its evolutionary status was verified using bioinformatic analyses. mRNA expression of OnSARM1 was found at a higher level in the trunk kidney and muscle in healthy fish. The examination of its subcellular location showed that the OnSARM1 was detected only in the cytoplasm of THK cells, and colocalized with OnMyD88, OnTRIF and OnTRIF in small speckle-like condensed granules. The transcript levels of OnMyD88, OnTIRAP, OnTRIF, and downstream effectors, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12b and type I interferon (IFN)d2.13, were regulated conversely to the expression of OnSARM1 in the head kidney from Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae infected fish. Moreover, the treatment of THK cells with lysates from A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae enhanced the activity of the NF-κB promoter, but the effects were inhibited in the OnSARM1 overexpressed THK cells. Overexpression of OnSARM1 alone did not activate the NF-κB-luciferase reporter, but it suppressed OnMyD88- and OnTIRAP-mediated NF-κB promoter activity. Additionally, OnSARM1 inhibited the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and hepcidin in A. hydrophila lysate stimulated THK cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that OnSARM1 serves as a negative regulator by inhibiting NF-κB activity, thereby influencing the transcript level of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in the antibacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Bao Trung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tan-Phat Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yun Hsueh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Centre of Research for Advanced Aquaculture (CORAA), UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Alice Sui Fung Wong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Po-Tsang Lee,
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Essuman K, Milbrandt J, Dangl JL, Nishimura MT. Shared TIR enzymatic functions regulate cell death and immunity across the tree of life. Science 2022; 377:eabo0001. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a protein domain shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/Interleukin-1/Resistance-gene (TIR) domain. The TIR domain is found in several protein architectures and was defined as an adaptor mediating protein-protein interactions in animal innate immunity and developmental signaling pathways. However, studies of nerve degeneration in animals, and subsequent breakthroughs in plant, bacterial and archaeal systems, revealed that TIR domains possess enzymatic activities. We provide a synthesis of TIR functions and the role of various related TIR enzymatic products in evolutionarily diverse immune systems. These studies may ultimately guide interventions that would span the tree of life, from treating human neurodegenerative disorders and bacterial infections, to preventing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow Essuman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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35
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Shi Y, Qin L, Wu M, Zheng J, Xie T, Shao Z. Gut neuroendocrine signaling regulates synaptic assembly in C. elegans. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53267. [PMID: 35748387 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections are essential to build a functional brain. How synapses are formed during development is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Recent studies provided evidence that the gut plays an important role in neuronal development through processing signals derived from gut microbes or nutrients. Defects in gut-brain communication can lead to various neurological disorders. Although the roles of the gut in communicating signals from its internal environment to the brain are well known, it remains unclear whether the gut plays a genetically encoded role in neuronal development. Using C. elegans as a model, we uncover that a Wnt-endocrine signaling pathway in the gut regulates synaptic development in the brain. A canonical Wnt signaling pathway promotes synapse formation through regulating the expression of the neuropeptides encoding gene nlp-40 in the gut, which functions through the neuronally expressed GPCR/AEX-2 receptor during development. Wnt-NLP-40-AEX-2 signaling likely acts to modulate neuronal activity. Our study reveals a genetic role of the gut in synaptic development and identifies a novel contribution of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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36
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Kitisin T, Muangkaew W, Sukphopetch P. Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-16 regulates lifespan and immune responses to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii infections. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:162. [PMID: 35733100 PMCID: PMC9214972 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection is primarily caused by two sibling species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Several virulence-related factors of these cryptococci have been widely investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans, representing a facile in vivo model of host–pathogen interaction. While recent studies elucidated cryptococcal virulence factors, intrinsic host factors that affect susceptibility to infections by cryptococci remain unclear and poorly investigated. Results Here, we showed that defects in C. elegans insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) pathway influenced animal lifespan and mechanisms of host resistance in cryptococcal infections, which required the activation of aging regulator DAF-16/Forkhead box O transcription factor. Moreover, accumulation of lipofuscin, DAF-16 nuclear localization, and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD-3) were elevated in C. elegans due to host defenses during cryptococcal infections. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the relationship between longevity and immunity, which may provide a possibility for novel therapeutic intervention to improve host resistance against cryptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinan Kitisin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Brace EJ, Essuman K, Mao X, Palucki J, Sasaki Y, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A. Distinct developmental and degenerative functions of SARM1 require NAD+ hydrolase activity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010246. [PMID: 35737728 PMCID: PMC9223315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SARM1 is the founding member of the TIR-domain family of NAD+ hydrolases and the central executioner of pathological axon degeneration. SARM1-dependent degeneration requires NAD+ hydrolysis. Prior to the discovery that SARM1 is an enzyme, SARM1 was studied as a TIR-domain adaptor protein with non-degenerative signaling roles in innate immunity and invertebrate neurodevelopment, including at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Here we explore whether the NADase activity of SARM1 also contributes to developmental signaling. We developed transgenic Drosophila lines that express SARM1 variants with normal, deficient, and enhanced NADase activity and tested their function in NMJ development. We find that NMJ overgrowth scales with the amount of NADase activity, suggesting an instructive role for NAD+ hydrolysis in this developmental signaling pathway. While degenerative and developmental SARM1 signaling share a requirement for NAD+ hydrolysis, we demonstrate that these signals use distinct upstream and downstream mechanisms. These results identify SARM1-dependent NAD+ hydrolysis as a heretofore unappreciated component of developmental signaling. SARM1 now joins sirtuins and Parps as enzymes that regulate signal transduction pathways via mechanisms that involve NAD+ cleavage, greatly expanding the potential scope of SARM1 TIR NADase functions. SARM1 is the central executioner of axon loss, and inhibition of SARM1 is a therapeutic target for many devastating neurodegenerative disorders. SARM1 is the founding member of the TIR-domain family of NAD+ cleaving enzymes, destroying the essential metabolite NAD+ and inducing an energetic crisis in the axon. This was a surprising finding, as previously studied TIR-domain proteins were characterized as scaffolds that bind signaling proteins to coordinate signal transduction cascades. Indeed, before the discovery of the role of SARM1 in axon degeneration, SARM1 was studied as a regulator of intracellular signaling in immunity and neurodevelopment where it was assumed to act as a scaffold. Here we investigate whether the recently described SARM1 enzymatic activity also regulates such signal transduction pathways. Indeed, we show that a developmental signaling pathway scales with the amount of NADase activity, suggesting an instructive role for NAD+ cleavage. While degenerative and developmental SARM1 signaling share a requirement for NAD+ cleavage, they utilize distinct upstream and downstream mechanisms. With these findings, SARM1 now joins sirtuins and Parps as enzymes that regulate signal transduction pathways via mechanisms that involve NAD+ cleavage, greatly expanding the potential scope of SARM1 TIR NADase functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Brace
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kow Essuman
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xianrong Mao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Palucki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeff Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.,Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.,Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Cao Y, Wang Y, Yang J. NAD +-dependent mechanism of pathological axon degeneration. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100019. [PMID: 37193131 PMCID: PMC10120281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathological axon degeneration is broadly observed in neurodegenerative diseases. This unique process of axonal pathology could directly interfere with the normal functions of neurocircuitries and contribute to the onset of clinical symptoms in patients. It has been increasingly recognized that functional preservation of axonal structures is an indispensable part of therapeutic strategies for treating neurological disorders. In the past decades, the research field has witnessed significant breakthroughs in understanding the stereotyped self-destruction of axons upon neurodegenerative insults, which is distinct from all the known types of programmed cell death. In particular, the novel NAD+-dependent mechanism involving the WLDs, NMNAT2, and SARM1 proteins has emerged. This review summarizes the landmark discoveries elucidating the molecular pathway of pathological axon degeneration and highlights the evolving concept that neurodegeneration would be intrinsically linked to NAD+ and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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39
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Peterson ND, Icso JD, Salisbury JE, Rodríguez T, Thompson PR, Pukkila-Worley R. Pathogen infection and cholesterol deficiency activate the C. elegans p38 immune pathway through a TIR-1/SARM1 phase transition. eLife 2022; 11:e74206. [PMID: 35098926 PMCID: PMC8923663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signaling regulators can be concentrated into membrane-free, higher ordered protein assemblies to initiate protective responses during stress - a process known as phase transition. Here, we show that a phase transition of the Caenorhabditis elegans Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain protein (TIR-1), an NAD+ glycohydrolase homologous to mammalian sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), underlies p38 PMK-1 immune pathway activation in C. elegans intestinal epithelial cells. Through visualization of fluorescently labeled TIR-1/SARM1 protein, we demonstrate that physiologic stresses, both pathogen and non-pathogen, induce multimerization of TIR-1/SARM1 into visible puncta within intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that, like mammalian SARM1, the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of C. elegans TIR-1 is dramatically potentiated by protein oligomerization and a phase transition. Accordingly, C. elegans with genetic mutations that specifically block either multimerization or the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of TIR-1/SARM1 fail to induce p38 PMK phosphorylation, are unable to increase immune effector expression, and are dramatically susceptible to bacterial infection. Finally, we demonstrate that a loss-of-function mutation in nhr-8, which alters cholesterol metabolism and is used to study conditions of sterol deficiency, causes TIR-1/SARM1 to oligomerize into puncta in intestinal epithelial cells. Cholesterol scarcity increases p38 PMK-1 phosphorylation, primes immune effector induction in a manner that requires TIR-1/SARM1 oligomerization and its intrinsic NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, and reduces pathogen accumulation in the intestine during a subsequent infection. These data reveal a new adaptive response that allows a metazoan host to anticipate pathogen threats during cholesterol deprivation, a time of relative susceptibility to infection. Thus, a phase transition of TIR-1/SARM1 as a prerequisite for its NAD+ glycohydrolase activity is strongly conserved across millions of years of evolution and is essential for diverse physiological processes in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Peterson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Janneke D Icso
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - J Elizabeth Salisbury
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Tomás Rodríguez
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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40
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Zuo H, Liu X, Luo M, Yang L, Zhu Z, Weng S, He J, Xu X. miR-10c Facilitates White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection by Targeting Toll3 in Litopenaeus vannemei. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733730. [PMID: 34950131 PMCID: PMC8688535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are canonical cell membrane receptors functioning to recognize pathogens and transduce signals to activate immune responses. It has been known that Toll3 in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvToll3) plays a critical role in antiviral immunity by inducing the transcription of interferon regulatory factor (IRF), which mediates a signaling axis that is similar to the interferon system of vertebrates. However, the regulatory mechanism of the Toll3-IRF signaling is still unclear. In this study, a novel microRNA (miRNA) of miR-10 family, temporarily named as miR-10c, was identified from L. vannamei. miR-10c may play a nonnegligible regulatory role in shrimp immune responses since it was constitutively expressed in all detected tissues and transcriptionally induced by immune stimulation. Functional analysis validated that miR-10c could target LvToll3 to inhibit its expression, through which miR-10c blocked the nuclear translocation of IRF and facilitated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. To our knowledge, the present study revealed the first report of a Toll targeted by miRNA in crustaceans and provided a solid evidence base for supporting the role of LvToll3 in antiviral defense by activating IRF signaling in L. vannamei. Identification of the miR-10c/Toll3/IRF regulatory axis in shrimp provides new insights into the participation of miRNA in the regulation of immune responses and contributes to in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of Toll-induced immune responses in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Wan J, Yuan L, Jing H, Zheng Q, Xiao H. Defective apoptotic cell clearance activates innate immune response to protect Caenorhabditis elegans against pathogenic bacteria. Virulence 2021; 12:75-83. [PMID: 33372828 PMCID: PMC7781629 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1857982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate clearance of dead cells generated by apoptosis is critical to the development of multicellular organisms and tissue homeostasis. In mammals, the removal of apoptotic cell is mediated by polarized monocyte/macrophage populations of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is essential for anti-viral and anti-microbial defense. However, our current understanding of the relationship between apoptotic cell clearance and the innate immune response has remained rather limited. Here, we study how apoptotic cell clearance programs contribute to the innate immune response in C. elegans. We find apoptotic cell clearance mutant worms are more resistant to pathogenic bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and Salmonella typhimurium SL1344 due to significant upregulation of innate immune-dependent pathogen response genes. In addition, genetic epistasis analysis indicates that defects in apoptotic cell clearance can activate the innate immune response through PMK-1 p38 MAPK and MPK-1/ERK MAPK pathways in C. elegans. Taken together, our results provide evidence that insufficient clearance of apoptotic cell can protect Caenorhabditis elegans from bacterial infection through innate immune response activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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42
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Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. C. elegans: out on an evolutionary limb. Immunogenetics 2021; 74:63-73. [PMID: 34761293 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The natural environment of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is rich in pathogenic microbes. There is now ample evidence to indicate that these pathogens exert a strong selection pressure on C. elegans, and have shaped its genome, physiology, and behaviour. In this short review, we concentrate on how C. elegans stands out from other animals in terms of its immune repertoire and innate immune signalling pathways. We discuss how C. elegans often detects pathogens because of their effects on essential cellular processes, or organelle integrity, in addition to direct microbial recognition. We illustrate the extensive molecular plasticity that is characteristic of immune defences in C. elegans and highlight some remarkable instances of lineage-specific innovation in innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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43
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An integrated view of innate immune mechanisms in C. elegans. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2307-2317. [PMID: 34623403 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The simple notion 'infection causes an immune response' is being progressively refined as it becomes clear that immune mechanisms cannot be understood in isolation, but need to be considered in a more global context with other cellular and physiological processes. In part, this reflects the deployment by pathogens of virulence factors that target diverse cellular processes, such as translation or mitochondrial respiration, often with great molecular specificity. It also reflects molecular cross-talk between a broad range of host signalling pathways. Studies with the model animal C. elegans have uncovered a range of examples wherein innate immune responses are intimately connected with different homeostatic mechanisms, and can influence reproduction, ageing and neurodegeneration, as well as various other aspects of its biology. Here we provide a short overview of a number of such connections, highlighting recent discoveries that further the construction of a fully integrated view of innate immunity.
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44
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Dinić M, Jakovljević S, Đokić J, Popović N, Radojević D, Strahinić I, Golić N. Probiotic-mediated p38 MAPK immune signaling prolongs the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to pathogenic bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21258. [PMID: 34711881 PMCID: PMC8553853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-microbiota cross-talk represents an important factor contributing to innate immune response and host resistance during infection. It has been shown that probiotic lactobacilli exhibit the ability to modulate innate immunity and enhance pathogen elimination. Here we showed that heat-inactivated probiotic strain Lactobacillus curvatus BGMK2-41 stimulates immune response and resistance of the Caenorhabditis elegans against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By employing qRT-PCR and western blot analysis we showed that heat-inactivated BGMK2-41 activated PMK-1/p38 MAPK immunity pathway which prolongs the survival of C. elegans exposed to pathogenic bacteria in nematode killing assays. The C. elegans pmk-1 mutant was used to demonstrate a mechanistic basis for the antimicrobial potential of BGMK2-41, showing that BGMK2-41 upregulated PMK-1/p38 MAPK dependent transcription of C-type lectins, lysozymes and tight junction protein CLC-1. Overall, this study suggests that PMK-1/p38 MAPK-dependent immune regulation by BGMK2-41 is essential for probiotic-mediated C. elegans protection against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and could be further explored for development of probiotics with the potential to increase resistance of the host towards pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Stefan Jakovljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Radojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strahinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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45
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Nguyen VTT, Meyer SC, Rieger H, Endres K. A liquid-culture-based screening approach to study compounds affecting inflammatory processes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol Chem 2021; 403:123-129. [PMID: 34535046 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of biomedical drugs makes use of novel biological sources of limited availability and is often in need of fast, small-scale initial screening approaches. Here, we present a screening, based on the reporter Caenorhabditis elegans strain IG692, for identification of anti- and pro-inflammatory properties. The elaborated workflow is based on cultivation in fluid and by this, allows fast and reproducible seeding in 96 well plates. LPS and dexamethasone served as reliable controls, comparable to application in the human cell line THP-1. This in vivo approach offers a first step for selection of e.g. natural products or for repurposing of compounds from drug libraries and by this can serve as a tool in drug discovery for inflammatory human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thu Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Christina Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanna Rieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131Mainz, Germany
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46
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Wang KL, Chen SN, Li L, Huo HJ, Nie P. Functional characterization of four TIR domain-containing adaptors, MyD88, TRIF, MAL, and SARM in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104110. [PMID: 33933533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptors, serve as pivotal signal transduction molecules in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway to mediate downstream signalling cascades. In this study, four TIR-domain containing adaptors, MyD88, TRIF, MAL and SARM, were identified in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi, and they all contain TIR domains, of which MyD88 and SARM had high sequence homology with their vertebrate homologues. The expression analysis at mRNA level indicated that these genes were ubiquitously distributed in different tissues, being high in immune- and mucosa-related tissues such as head-kidney and intestine. The transcripts of these adaptor genes were up-regulated by poly(I:C) and LPS stimulation in isolated head-kidney lymphocytes (HKLs) of mandarin fish. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that all these molecules were localized in cytoplasm, and further investigations showed that the over-expression of MyD88, TRIF and MAL activated the NF-κB, ISRE or type Ι IFN promoters and inhibited SVCV replication, whereas their antiviral effects were significantly impaired when co-transfected with SARM. It was also confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) that SARM interacts separately with MyD88, TRIF and MAL, and MAL interacts with MyD88. However, the regulatory mechanisms of these adaptors involved in signalling pathways of different TLRs should be of interest for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, And Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, And Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, And Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jun Huo
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, And Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Luo A, Jing H, Yuan L, Wang Y, Xiao H, Zheng Q. Loss of Function of Scavenger Receptor SCAV-5 Protects C. elegans Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:593745. [PMID: 34414127 PMCID: PMC8370389 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.593745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors play a critical role in innate immunity by acting as the pattern-recognition receptors. There are six class B scavenger receptors homologs in C. elegans. However, it remains unclear whether they are required for host defense against bacterial pathogens. Here, we show that, of the six SCAV proteins, only loss of function scav-5 protect C. elegans against pathogenic bacteria S. typhimurium SL1344 and P. aeruginosa PA14 by different mechanism. scav-5 mutants are resistant to S. typhimurium SL1344 due to dietary restriction. While scav-5 acts upstream of or in parallel to tir-1 in conserved PMK-1 p38 MAPK pathway to upregulate the innate immune response to defend worms against P. aeruginosa PA14. This is the first demonstration of a role for SCAV-5 in host defense against pathogenic bacteria. Our results provide an important basis for further elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism by which scav-5 regulates innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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48
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Lukácsi S, Farkas Z, Saskői É, Bajtay Z, Takács-Vellai K. Conserved and Distinct Elements of Phagocytosis in Human and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168934. [PMID: 34445642 PMCID: PMC8396242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis provides the cellular nutrition and homeostasis of organisms, but pathogens often take advantage of this entry point to infect host cells. This is counteracted by phagocytosis that plays a key role in the protection against invading microbes both during the initial engulfment of pathogens and in the clearance of infected cells. Phagocytic cells balance two vital functions: preventing the accumulation of cell corpses to avoid pathological inflammation and autoimmunity, whilst maintaining host defence. In this review, we compare elements of phagocytosis in mammals and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Initial recognition of infection requires different mechanisms. In mammals, pattern recognition receptors bind pathogens directly, whereas activation of the innate immune response in the nematode rather relies on the detection of cellular damage. In contrast, molecules involved in efferocytosis—the engulfment and elimination of dying cells and cell debris—are highly conserved between the two species. Therefore, C. elegans is a powerful model to research mechanisms of the phagocytic machinery. Finally, we show that both mammalian and worm studies help to understand how the two phagocytic functions are interconnected: emerging data suggest the activation of innate immunity as a consequence of defective apoptotic cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in recent years in identifying the genetic components of Wallerian degeneration, the process that brings the progressive destruction and removal of injured axons. It has now been accepted that Wallerian degeneration is an active and dynamic cellular process that is well regulated at molecular and cellular levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding of Wallerian degeneration, focusing on the molecular players and mechanisms that mediate the injury response, activate the degenerative program, transduce the death signal, execute the destruction order, and finally, clear away the debris. By highlighting the starring roles and sketching out the molecular script of Wallerian degeneration, we hope to provide a useful framework to understand Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration and to lay a foundation for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat axon degeneration in neural injury as well as in neurodegenerative disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanshan Fang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; , , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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50
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Hopkins EL, Gu W, Kobe B, Coleman MP. A Novel NAD Signaling Mechanism in Axon Degeneration and its Relationship to Innate Immunity. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:703532. [PMID: 34307460 PMCID: PMC8295901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.703532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration represents a pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease where axons die before the neuronal soma, and axonopathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Over the last two decades, it has slowly emerged that a central signaling pathway forms the basis of this process in many circumstances. This is an axonal NAD-related signaling mechanism mainly regulated by the two key proteins with opposing roles: the NAD-synthesizing enzyme NMNAT2, and SARM1, a protein with NADase and related activities. The crosstalk between the axon survival factor NMNAT2 and pro-degenerative factor SARM1 has been extensively characterized and plays an essential role in maintaining the axon integrity. This pathway can be activated in necroptosis and in genetic, toxic or metabolic disorders, physical injury and neuroinflammation, all leading to axon pathology. SARM1 is also known to be involved in regulating innate immunity, potentially linking axon degeneration to the response to pathogens and intercellular signaling. Understanding this NAD-related signaling mechanism enhances our understanding of the process of axon degeneration and enables a path to the development of drugs for a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor L. Hopkins
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P. Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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