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Li W, Yang Y, Zhuo F, Liu S, Zhang K, Zhang W, Huang C, Yu B. Paxbp1 is indispensable for the maintenance of peripheral CD4 T cell homeostasis. Immunology 2024; 172:641-652. [PMID: 38750609 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The size and condition of the peripheral CD4 T cell population determine the capacity of the immune response. Under homeostatic conditions, the size of the peripheral CD4 T cell population is maintained through turnover and survival. However, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Here, we observed a significant decrease in the percentage of CD4 T cells in the periphery following the targeted deletion of the Paxbp1 gene in mouse T cells. In the absence of Paxbp1, naïve CD4 T cells displayed reduced surface interleukin-7 receptor levels and a decreased capacity to respond to survival signals mediated by interleukin-7. In addition, naïve CD4 T cells deficient in Paxbp1 demonstrated impaired T cell antigen receptor signalling, compromised cell cycle entry, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis following stimulation, all of which contributed to the reduction in the number of peripheral CD4 T cells. Therefore, our study highlights the indispensable role of Paxbp1 in maintaining peripheral CD4 T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Zhuo
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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3
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Yabas M, Hoyne GF. Immunological Phenotyping of Mice with a Point Mutation in Cdk4. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2847. [PMID: 37893220 PMCID: PMC10603874 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play a crucial role in regulation of the mammalian cell cycle. CDK4 and CDK6 control the G1/S restriction checkpoint through their ability to associate with cyclin D proteins in response to growth factor signals. CDK4 deficiency in mice gives rise to a range of endocrine-specific phenotypes including diabetes, infertility, dwarfism, and atrophy of the anterior pituitary. Although CDK6 deficiency can cause thymic atrophy due to a block in the double-negative (DN) to double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development, there are no overt defects in immune cell development reported for CDK4-deficient mice. Here, we examined the impact of a novel N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced point mutation in the gene encoding CDK4 on immune cell development. Mutant mice (Cdk4wnch/wnch) showed normal development and differentiation of major immune cell subsets in the thymus and spleen. Moreover, T cells from Cdk4wnch/wnch mice exhibited normal cytokine production in response to in vitro stimulation. However, analysis of the mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Cdk4wnch/wnch-derived T cell subsets and NK cells are at a competitive disadvantage compared to Cdk4+/+-derived cells in the thymus and periphery of recipients. These results suggest a possible role for the CDK4wnch mutation in the development of some immune cells, which only becomes apparent when the Cdk4wnch/wnch mutant cells are in direct competition with wild-type immune cells in the mixed bone marrow chimera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya 44210, Türkiye
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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4
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Smid AI, Garforth SJ, Obaid MS, Bollons HR, James JR. Pre-T cell receptor localization and trafficking are independent of its signaling. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212106. [PMID: 37516909 PMCID: PMC10373305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the pre-T cell receptor (preTCR) is an important checkpoint during the development of T cells, an essential cell type of our adaptive immune system. The preTCR complex is only transiently expressed and rapidly internalized in developing T cells and is thought to signal in a ligand-independent manner. However, identifying a mechanistic basis for these unique features of the preTCR compared with the final TCR complex has been confounded by the concomitant signaling that is normally present. Thus, we have reconstituted preTCR expression in non-immune cells to uncouple receptor trafficking dynamics from its associated signaling. We find that all the defining features of the preTCR are intrinsic properties of the receptor itself, driven by exposure of an extracellular hydrophobic region, and are not the consequence of receptor activation. Finally, we show that transitory preTCR cell surface expression can sustain tonic signaling in the absence of ligand binding, suggesting how the preTCR can nonetheless drive αβTCR lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I. Smid
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council–Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam J. Garforth
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Maryam S. Obaid
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hannah R. Bollons
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John R. James
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council–Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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5
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Li W, Yang Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Ren X, Tang M, Zhang W, Chen X, Huang C, Yu B. Paxbp1 is indispensable for the survival of CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183367. [PMID: 37404821 PMCID: PMC10315898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of double-positive (DP) thymocytes is critical for intrathymic development and shaping the peripheral T cell repertoire. However, the molecular mechanisms that control DP thymocyte survival remain poorly understood. Paxbp1 is a conserved nuclear protein that has been reported to play important roles in cell growth and development. Its high expression in T cells suggests a possible role in T cell development. Here, we observed that deletion of Paxbp1 resulted in thymic atrophy in mice lacking Paxbp1 in the early stages of T cell development. Conditional loss of Paxbp1 resulted in fewer CD4+CD8+ DP T cells, CD4 and CD8 single positive (SP) T cells in the thymus, and fewer T cells in the periphery. Meanwhile, Paxbp1 deficiency had limited effects on the CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) or immature single-positive (ISP) cell populations. Instead, we observed a significant increase in the susceptibility of Paxbp1-deficient DP thymocytes to apoptosis. Consistent with this, RNA-Seq analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the apoptotic pathway within differentially expressed genes in Paxbp1-deficient DP cells compared to control DP cells. Together, our results suggest a new function for Paxbp1, which is an important mediator of DP thymocyte survival and critical for proper thymic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanyao Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Mindan Tang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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6
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Chann AS, Charnley M, Newton LM, Newbold A, Wiede F, Tiganis T, Humbert PO, Johnstone RW, Russell SM. Stepwise progression of β-selection during T cell development involves histone deacetylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201645. [PMID: 36283704 PMCID: PMC9595210 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During T cell development, the first step in creating a unique T cell receptor (TCR) is genetic recombination of the TCRβ chain. The quality of the new TCRβ is assessed at the β-selection checkpoint. Most cells fail this checkpoint and die, but the coordination of fate at the β-selection checkpoint is not yet understood. We shed new light on fate determination during β-selection using a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6, ACY1215. ACY1215 disrupted the β-selection checkpoint. Characterising the basis for this disruption revealed a new, pivotal stage in β-selection, bookended by up-regulation of TCR co-receptors, CD28 and CD2, respectively. Within this "DN3bPre" stage, CD5 and Lef1 are up-regulated to reflect pre-TCR signalling, and their expression correlates with proliferation. These findings suggest a refined model of β-selection in which a coordinated increase in expression of pre-TCR, CD28, CD5 and Lef1 allows for modulating TCR signalling strength and culminates in the expression of CD2 to enable exit from the β-selection checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchi S Chann
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Newbold
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Thompson PK, Chen EL, de Pooter RF, Frelin C, Vogel WK, Lee CR, Venables T, Shah DK, Iscove NN, Leid M, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Realization of the T Lineage Program Involves GATA-3 Induction of Bcl11b and Repression of Cdkn2b Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:77-92. [PMID: 35705252 PMCID: PMC9248976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-3 plays a crucial role during early T cell development and also dictates later T cell differentiation outcomes. However, its role and collaboration with the Notch signaling pathway in the induction of T lineage specification and commitment have not been fully elucidated. We show that GATA-3 deficiency in mouse hematopoietic progenitors results in an early block in T cell development despite the presence of Notch signals, with a failure to upregulate Bcl11b expression, leading to a diversion along a myeloid, but not a B cell, lineage fate. GATA-3 deficiency in the presence of Notch signaling results in the apoptosis of early T lineage cells, as seen with inhibition of CDK4/6 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6) function, and dysregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2b (Cdkn2b) expression. We also show that GATA-3 induces Bcl11b, and together with Bcl11b represses Cdkn2b expression; however, loss of Cdkn2b failed to rescue the developmental block of GATA-3-deficient T cell progenitor. Our findings provide a signaling and transcriptional network by which the T lineage program in response to Notch signals is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja K. Thompson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Edward L.Y. Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Renée F. de Pooter
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Catherine Frelin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Walter K. Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | | | - Divya K. Shah
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
| | - Norman N. Iscove
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON
| | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Michele K. Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON;,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON
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8
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Papadogkonas G, Papamatheakis DA, Spilianakis C. 3D Genome Organization as an Epigenetic Determinant of Transcription Regulation in T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921375. [PMID: 35812421 PMCID: PMC9257000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the heart of innate and adaptive immunity lies the proper spatiotemporal development of several immune cell lineages. Multiple studies have highlighted the necessity of epigenetic and transcriptional regulation in cell lineage specification. This mode of regulation is mediated by transcription factors and chromatin remodelers, controlling developmentally essential gene sets. The core of transcription and epigenetic regulation is formulated by different epigenetic modifications determining gene expression. Apart from “classic” epigenetic modifications, 3D chromatin architecture is also purported to exert fundamental roles in gene regulation. Chromatin conformation both facilitates cell-specific factor binding at specified regions and is in turn modified as such, acting synergistically. The interplay between global and tissue-specific protein factors dictates the epigenetic landscape of T and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineages. The expression of global genome organizers such as CTCF, YY1, and the cohesin complexes, closely cooperate with tissue-specific factors to exert cell type-specific gene regulation. Special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) is an important tissue-specific genome organizer and regulator controlling both long- and short-range chromatin interactions. Recent indications point to SATB1’s cooperation with the aforementioned factors, linking global to tissue-specific gene regulation. Changes in 3D genome organization are of vital importance for proper cell development and function, while disruption of this mechanism can lead to severe immuno-developmental defects. Newly emerging data have inextricably linked chromatin architecture deregulation to tissue-specific pathophysiological phenotypes. The combination of these findings may shed light on the mechanisms behind pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papadogkonas
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dionysios-Alexandros Papamatheakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Charalampos Spilianakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Charalampos Spilianakis,
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9
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Jaufmann J, Franke FC, Sperlich A, Blumendeller C, Kloos I, Schneider B, Sasaki D, Janssen KP, Beer-Hammer S. The emerging and diverse roles of the SLy/SASH1-protein family in health and disease-Overview of three multifunctional proteins. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21470. [PMID: 33710696 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002495r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular adaptor proteins are indispensable for the transduction of receptor-derived signals, as they recruit and connect essential downstream effectors. The SLy/SASH1-adaptor family comprises three highly homologous proteins, all of them sharing conserved structural motifs. The initial characterization of the first member SLy1/SASH3 (SH3 protein expressed in lymphocytes 1) in 2001 was rapidly followed by identification of SLy2/HACS1 (hematopoietic adaptor containing SH3 and SAM domains 1) and SASH1/SLy3 (SAM and SH3 domain containing 1). Based on their pronounced sequence similarity, they were subsequently classified as one family of intracellular scaffold proteins. Despite their obvious homology, the three SLy/SASH1-members fundamentally differ with regard to their expression and function in intracellular signaling. On the contrary, growing evidence clearly demonstrates an important role of all three proteins in human health and disease. In this review, we systematically summarize what is known about the SLy/SASH1-adaptors in the field of molecular cell biology and immunology. To this end, we recapitulate current research about SLy1/SASH3, SLy2/HACS1, and SASH1/SLy3, with an emphasis on their similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jaufmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomik and ICePhA, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Christoph Franke
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Blumendeller
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomik and ICePhA, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Kloos
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomik and ICePhA, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomik and ICePhA, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical SC New Technology Strategy Office, General Research Institute, Nitto Boseki, Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomik and ICePhA, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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10
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Assumpção ALFV, Fu G, Singh DK, Lu Z, Kuehnl AM, Welch R, Ong IM, Wen R, Pan X. A lineage-specific requirement for YY1 Polycomb Group protein function in early T cell development. Development 2021; 148:dev.197319. [PMID: 33766932 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and mammalian Polycomb Group protein (PcG) with important functions for regulating lymphocyte development and stem cell self-renewal. YY1 mediates stable PcG-dependent transcriptional repression via recruitment of PcG proteins that result in histone modifications. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how cell- and tissue-specificity is achieved by PcG proteins. Here, we demonstrate that a conditional knockout of Yy1 in the hematopoietic system results in an early T cell developmental blockage at the double negative (DN) 1 stage with reduced Notch1 signaling. There is a lineage-specific requirement for YY1 PcG function. YY1 PcG domain is required for T and B cell development but not necessary for myeloid cells. YY1 functions in early T cell development are multicomponent and involve both PcG-dependent and -independent regulations. Although YY1 promotes early T cell survival through its PcG function, its function to promote the DN1-to-DN2 transition and Notch1 expression and signaling is independent of its PcG function. Our results reveal how a ubiquitously expressed PcG protein mediates lineage-specific and context-specific functions to control early T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L F V Assumpção
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 57306, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Guoping Fu
- Versiti, Blood Research Institute, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53223, USA
| | - Deependra K Singh
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 57306, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhanping Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 57306, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ashley M Kuehnl
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 57306, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rene Welch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Renren Wen
- Versiti, Blood Research Institute, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53223, USA
| | - Xuan Pan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 57306, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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11
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Abstract
The cornea is a special interface between the internal ocular tissue and the external environment that provides a powerful chemical, physical, and biological barrier against the invasion of harmful substances and pathogenic microbes. This protective effect is determined by the unique anatomical structure and cellular composition of the cornea, especially its locally resident innate immune cells, such as Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells (MCs), macrophages, γδ T lymphocytes, and innate lymphoid cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of these immune cells in terms of producing different cytokines and other growth factors in corneal homeostasis and its pathologic conditions. This review paper briefly describes the latest information on these resident immune cells by specifically analyzing research from our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University Medical School, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Loss of MBD2 affects early T cell development by inhibiting the WNT signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112400. [PMID: 33271126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation alters the expression of certain genes without any alteration to the DNA sequence and is a dynamic process during normal hematopoietic differentiation. As an epigenetic regulator, methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) is an important member of the MBD protein family and is acknowledged as a "reader" of DNA methylation. We used a mouse model to study the effects of MBD2 on the early development of T cells. Here, we found that MBD2 deficiency led to retardation of T cell differentiation at the DN3 stage. Meanwhile, decreased proliferative capacity and increased apoptosis were detected in Mbd2-/- DN thymocytes. Furthermore, we found the WNT pathway was significantly down-regulated in Mbd2-/- DN thymocytes: DKK1 (Dickkopf-1) expression was significantly increased, while TCF7 (transcription factor 7) and c-MYC were down-regulated. Thus, these findings established that MBD2 acted as a dominant regulator to imprint DN T cell development via the WNT pathway.
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13
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Solanki A, Yánez DC, Lau CI, Rowell J, Barbarulo A, Ross S, Sahni H, Crompton T. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 promotes pre-TCR-induced thymocyte differentiation and attenuates Notch1 activation. Development 2020; 147:dev.192203. [PMID: 32907850 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction is required for developing thymocytes to differentiate from CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) cell to CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) cell. Notch signalling is required for T-cell fate specification and must be maintained throughout β-selection, but inappropriate Notch activation in DN4 and DP cells is oncogenic. Here, we show that pre-TCR signalling leads to increased expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6 and that Bcl6 is required for differentiation to DP. Conditional deletion of Bcl6 from thymocytes reduced pre-TCR-induced differentiation to DP cells, disrupted expansion and enrichment of intracellular TCRβ+ cells within the DN population and increased DN4 cell death. Deletion also increased Notch1 activation and Notch-mediated transcription in the DP population. Thus, Bcl6 is required in thymocyte development for efficient differentiation from DN3 to DP and to attenuate Notch1 activation in DP cells. Given the importance of inappropriate NOTCH1 signalling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), and the involvement of BCL6 in other types of leukaemia, this study is important to our understanding of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Solanki
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Diana C Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jasmine Rowell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hemant Sahni
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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14
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Saadi W, Kermezli Y, Dao LTM, Mathieu E, Santiago-Algarra D, Manosalva I, Torres M, Belhocine M, Pradel L, Loriod B, Aribi M, Puthier D, Spicuglia S. A critical regulator of Bcl2 revealed by systematic transcript discovery of lncRNAs associated with T-cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4707. [PMID: 30886319 PMCID: PMC6423290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal T-cell differentiation requires a complex regulatory network which supports a series of maturation steps, including lineage commitment, T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement, and thymic positive and negative selection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are difficult to assess due to limited T-cell models. Here we explore the use of the pro-T-cell line P5424 to study early T-cell differentiation. Stimulation of P5424 cells by the calcium ionophore ionomycin together with PMA resulted in gene regulation of T-cell differentiation and activation markers, partially mimicking the CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) to double positive (DP) transition and some aspects of subsequent T-cell maturation and activation. Global analysis of gene expression, along with kinetic experiments, revealed a significant association between the dynamic expression of coding genes and neighbor lncRNAs including many newly-discovered transcripts, thus suggesting potential co-regulation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic deletion of Robnr, an inducible lncRNA located downstream of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2, demonstrated a critical role of the Robnr locus in the induction of Bcl2. Thus, the pro-T-cell line P5424 is a powerful model system to characterize regulatory networks involved in early T-cell differentiation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Saadi
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Yasmina Kermezli
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Lan T M Dao
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.,Vinmec Research Institute of Stem cell and Gene technology (VRISG), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Evelyne Mathieu
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - David Santiago-Algarra
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Iris Manosalva
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Torres
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Belhocine
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.,Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lydie Pradel
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Beatrice Loriod
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Denis Puthier
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France. .,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, TAGC, UMR1090, Marseille, France. .,Equipe Labélisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
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15
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NKT Cells in Mice Originate from Cytoplasmic CD3-Positive, CD4 -CD8 - Double-Negative Thymocytes that Express CD44 and IL-7Rα. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1874. [PMID: 30755654 PMCID: PMC6372634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are thought to be generated from CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes, the developmental origin of CD4−CD8− (DN) NKT cells has remained unclear. In this study, we found the level of NK1.1 expression was highest in DN cells, followed by CD4 and CD8 (SP) and DP cells. The level of NK1.1 expression was highest in CD44+CD25− (DN1) cells, after that CD44+CD25+ (DN2), finally, CD44−CD25− (DN3) and CD44− CD25+ (DN4) cells. Unexpectedly, cytoplasmic CD3 was not only expressed in SP and DP thymocytes but also in most DN thymocytes at various stages. The mean fluorescence of cytoplasmic and surface CD3 in DN cells was significantly lower than in mature (SP) T and NKT cells in the thymus and spleen. Interestingly, there were more NKT cells in DN-cytoplasmic CD3 expression cells was higher than in DN-surface CD3 expression cells. There were more CD3-NKT cells in DN1 thymocytes than in TCR-β-NKT cells. NKT cells expressed higher levels of IL-7Rα which was correlated with CD44 expression in the thymus. Our data suggest that T cells and NKT cells follow similar patterns of expression with respect to cytoplasmic and surface CD3. Cytoplasmic CD3 could be used as a marker for early stage T cells. Both cytoplasmic CD3 and surface CD3 were expressed in mature T cells and immature T cells, including the immature cytoplasmic CD3+ surface CD3− and surface CD3+TCR-β− cells in DN1-NKT thymocytes. CD44 could be used as an additional marker of NKT cells which may originate from cytoplasmic CD3-positive DN thymocytes that express CD44 and IL-7Rα in mice.
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16
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Deroost K, Langhorne J. Gamma/Delta T Cells and Their Role in Protection Against Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2973. [PMID: 30619330 PMCID: PMC6306408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how γδT cells play a protective role in immunity against Plasmodium infection remain open questions. γδT cells expand in patients and mice infected with Plasmodium spp, and cytokine production and cytotoxic responses against blood-stage parasites are observed in vitro. Their expansion is associated with protective immunity induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization, and depletion of γδT cells in some mouse models of malaria excacerbates blood-stage infections. It is now clear that these cells can have many different functions, and data are emerging suggesting that in addition to having direct parasitocidal effects, they can regulate other immune cells during Plasmodium infections. Here we review some of the historic and more recent data on γδT cells, and in light of the new information on their potential protective roles we suggest that it is a good time to re-evaluate their activation requirements, specificity and function during malaria.
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17
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CD5 -NK1.1 + γδ T Cells that Develop in a Bcl11b-Independent Manner Participate in Early Protection against Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1191-1202. [PMID: 29091759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found that a unique subset of innate-like γδ T cells develops from the DN2a stage of the fetal thymus independently of the zinc-finger transcription factor B cell leukemia/lymphoma 11b (Bcl11b). Herein, we characterize these Bcl11b-independent γδ T cells in the periphery as CD5-NK1.1+ and Granzyme B+, and we show that they are capable of producing interferon (IFN)-γ upon T cell receptor stimulation without Ca2+ influx. In wild-type mice, these cells were sparse in lymphoid tissues but abundant in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the liver. Bcl11b-independent CD5-NK1.1+ γδ T cells appeared and contributed to early protection before Bcl11b-dependent CD5+NK1.1- γδ T cells following Listeria monocytogenes infection, resembling their sequential appearance during development in the thymus.
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18
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Hosokawa H, Rothenberg EV. Cytokines, Transcription Factors, and the Initiation of T-Cell Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028621. [PMID: 28716889 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent blood progenitor cells migrate into the thymus and initiate the T-cell differentiation program. T-cell progenitor cells gradually acquire T-cell characteristics while shedding their multipotentiality for alternative fates. This process is supported by extracellular signaling molecules, including Notch ligands and cytokines, provided by the thymic microenvironment. T-cell development is associated with dynamic change of gene regulatory networks of transcription factors, which interact with these environmental signals. Together with Notch or pre-T-cell-receptor (TCR) signaling, cytokines always control proliferation, survival, and differentiation of early T cells, but little is known regarding their cross talk with transcription factors. However, recent results suggest ways that cytokines expressed in distinct intrathymic niches can specifically modulate key transcription factors. This review discusses how stage-specific roles of cytokines and transcription factors can jointly guide development of early T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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19
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Daley SR, Teh C, Hu DY, Strasser A, Gray DH. Cell death and thymic tolerance. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:9-20. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Charis Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | | | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Daniel H.D. Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC Australia
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20
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Murakami T, Hatano S, Yamada H, Iwakura Y, Yoshikai Y. Two Types of Interleukin 17A-Producing γδ T Cells in Protection Against Pulmonary Infection With Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1752-1761. [PMID: 27651419 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae frequently causes life-threatening infection in children. Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is known to be involved in protection against K. pneumoniae infection through activation of neutrophils. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that IL-17A-producing γδ T cells existed more frequently in younger mice on examination of IL-17A-producing lymphocytes in the lung of naive mice at various ages. We hence compared the protective role of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells against pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection in young (3 weeks old) and adult (8-12 weeks old) mice. IL-17A-deficient mice were susceptible to K. pneumonia regardless of age. Cγ-, Vγ4/6-, or Vδ1-deficient mice were susceptible to K. pneumonia at young age, while interleukin 23p19 (IL-23p19)-deficient mice were susceptible at adult age. IL-17A-producing Vγ1-Vγ4- γδ T cells expressing canonical Vγ6/Vδ1 genes were dominant over IL-17A-producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells in the lungs of young mice after infection. The IL-17A-producing Vγ1-Vγ4- γδ T cells expressed an activation marker, CD69, and proliferated in an IL-23-independent manner, while the IL-17A-producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells expressing IL-23 receptor but no CD69 proliferated in IL-23-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 2 types of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells are activated for host defense against K. pneumoniae infection by IL-23-dependent or independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesshin Murakami
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | - Shinya Hatano
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
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21
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Christopoulos P, Dopfer EP, Malkovsky M, Esser PR, Schaefer HE, Marx A, Kock S, Rupp N, Lorenz MR, Schwarz K, Harder J, Martin SF, Werner M, Bogdan C, Schamel WWA, Fisch P. A novel thymoma-associated immunodeficiency with increased naive T cells and reduced CD247 expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:3045-53. [PMID: 25732729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying thymoma-associated immunodeficiency are largely unknown, and the significance of increased blood γδ Τ cells often remains elusive. In this study we address these questions based on an index patient with thymoma, chronic visceral leishmaniasis, myasthenia gravis, and a marked increase of rare γδ T cell subsets in the peripheral blood. This patient showed cutaneous anergy, even though he had normal numbers of peripheral blood total lymphocytes as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Despite his chronic infection, analyses of immunophenotypes and spectratyping of his lymphocytes revealed an unusual accumulation of naive γδ and αβ T cells, suggesting a generalized T cell activation defect. Functional studies in vitro demonstrated substantially diminished IL-2 and IFN-γ production following TCR stimulation of his "untouched" naive CD4(+) T cells. Biochemical analysis revealed that his γδ and αβ T cells carried an altered TCR complex with reduced amounts of the ζ-chain (CD247). No mutations were found in the CD247 gene that encodes the homodimeric ζ protein. The diminished presence of CD247 and increased numbers of γδ T cells were also observed in thymocyte populations obtained from three other thymoma patients. Thus, our findings describe a novel type of a clinically relevant acquired T cell immunodeficiency in thymoma patients that is distinct from Good's syndrome. Its characteristics are an accumulation of CD247-deficient, hyporresponsive naive γδ and αβ T cells and an increased susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elaine P Dopfer
- Department of Molecular Immunology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Malkovsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology (Allergy Research Group), University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Eckart Schaefer
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kock
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Rupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Myriam R Lorenz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Harder
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Stefan F Martin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology (Allergy Research Group), University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Department of Molecular Immunology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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22
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Patil RS, Bhat SA, Dar AA, Chiplunkar SV. The Jekyll and Hyde story of IL17-Producing γδT Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:37. [PMID: 25699053 PMCID: PMC4316782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to conventional αβT cells, γδT cells are considered as specialized T cells based on their contributions in regulating immune response. γδT cells sense early environmental signals and initiate local immune-surveillance. The development of functional subtypes of γδT cells takes place in the thymus but they also exhibit plasticity in response to the activating signals and cytokines encountered in the extrathymic region. Thymic development of Tγδ1 requires strong TCR, CD27, and Skint-1 signals. However, differentiation of IL17-producing γδT cells (Tγδ17) is independent of Skint-1 or CD27 but requires notch signaling along with IL6 and TGFβ cytokines in the presence of weak TCR signal. In response to cytokines like IL23, IL6, and IL1β, Tγδ17 outshine Th17 cells for early activation and IL17 secretion. Despite expressing similar repertoire of lineage transcriptional factors, cytokines, and chemokine receptors, Tγδ17 cells differ from Th17 in spatial and temporal fashion. There are compelling reasons to consider significant role of Tγδ17 cells in regulating inflammation and thereby disease outcome. Tγδ17 cells regulate mobilization of innate immune cells and induce keratinocytes to secrete anti-microbial peptides thus exhibiting protective functions in anti-microbial immunity. In contrast, dysregulated Tγδ17 cells inhibit Treg cells, exacerbate autoimmunity, and are also known to support carcinogenesis by enhancing angiogenesis. The mechanism associated with this dual behavior of Tγδ17 is not clear. To exploit, Tγδ17 cells for beneficial use requires comprehensive analysis of their biology. Here, we summarize the current understanding on the characteristics, development, and functions of Tγδ17 cells in various pathological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh S Patil
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar , India
| | - Sajad A Bhat
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar , India
| | - Asif A Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar , India
| | - Shubhada V Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Kharghar , India
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Stable long-term mixed chimerism achieved in a canine model of allogeneic in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:1987-95. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-537571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Optimization of IUHCT in a preclinical canine model yields stable long-term donor engraftment. Clinically significant levels of chimerism can be achieved without conditioning, immunosuppression, or graft-versus-host disease.
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24
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Bettini ML, Guy C, Dash P, Vignali KM, Hamm DE, Dobbins J, Gagnon E, Thomas PG, Wucherpfennig KW, Vignali DAA. Membrane association of the CD3ε signaling domain is required for optimal T cell development and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:258-67. [PMID: 24899501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR:CD3 complex transduces signals that are critical for optimal T cell development and adaptive immunity. In resting T cells, the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail associates with the plasma membrane via a proximal basic-rich stretch (BRS). In this study, we show that mice lacking a functional CD3ε-BRS exhibited substantial reductions in thymic cellularity and limited CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) 3 to DN4 thymocyte transition, because of enhanced DN4 TCR signaling resulting in increased cell death and TCR downregulation in all subsequent populations. Furthermore, positive, but not negative, T cell selection was affected in mice lacking a functional CD3ε-BRS, which led to limited peripheral T cell function and substantially reduced responsiveness to influenza infection. Collectively, these results indicate that membrane association of the CD3ε signaling domain is required for optimal thymocyte development and peripheral T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - David E Hamm
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102; and
| | - Jessica Dobbins
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105;
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25
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The role of the γ δ T cell in allergic diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:963484. [PMID: 24995350 PMCID: PMC4065764 DOI: 10.1155/2014/963484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant distribution of γδ T cells in the mucosal and epithelial tissues makes these unconventional lymphocytes the “guards” to contact external environment (like allergens) and to contribute to immune surveillance, as well as “vanguards” to participate in initiating mucosal inflammation. Therefore, γδ T cells have been considered to bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. The role these cells play in allergy seems to be complicated and meaningful, so it makes sense to review the characteristics and role of γδ T cells in allergic diseases.
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26
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Prado C, Rodríguez M, Cortegano I, Ruiz C, Alía M, de Andrés B, Gaspar ML. Postnatal and adult immunoglobulin repertoires of innate-like CD19(+)CD45R(lo) B Cells. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:499-514. [PMID: 24603602 DOI: 10.1159/000358237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity in antibody repertoire relies on different B cell populations working efficiently to fulfil distinct specific functions. We recently described an innate-like CD19(+)CD45R(-/lo) (19(+)45R(lo)) cell population in postnatal unstimulated adult mice, a heterogeneous population containing cells expressing immunoglobulin M (IgM) and others behaving as differentiated mature B lymphocytes (intracytoplasmic IgG1, AID(+), Blimp-1(+)RAG2(-)). In the present study, we characterized the Ig repertoire expressed by splenic 19(+)45R(lo) cells, assuming that they would bear a restricted repertoire biased for germline rearrangements and low mutation rates similar to other innate-like cells. Sequences from 19(+)45R(lo) cells displayed a variety of V, D and J regions, and the analysis of the CDR-H3 region revealed an intermediate overall CDR-H3 length and moderate hydrophobicity. Both IgM and switched sequences of PD15 19(+)45R(lo) cells had shorter CDR-H3 region and fewer non-template N nucleotides than adult sequences, as expected for profiles that correspond to an immature phenotype. Regarding the mutation rate in the VH regions, IgG1 sequences already carried a high rate of replacement mutations at PD15, which increased further in the sequences obtained from adult mice. Moreover, statistical models suggest that a proportion of the switched sequences in adult 19(+)45R(lo) cells had experienced antigen selection, unlike other innate-like B cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Prado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Lepoivre C, Belhocine M, Bergon A, Griffon A, Yammine M, Vanhille L, Zacarias-Cabeza J, Garibal MA, Koch F, Maqbool MA, Fenouil R, Loriod B, Holota H, Gut M, Gut I, Imbert J, Andrau JC, Puthier D, Spicuglia S. Divergent transcription is associated with promoters of transcriptional regulators. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:914. [PMID: 24365181 PMCID: PMC3882496 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Divergent transcription is a wide-spread phenomenon in mammals. For instance, short bidirectional transcripts are a hallmark of active promoters, while longer transcripts can be detected antisense from active genes in conditions where the RNA degradation machinery is inhibited. Moreover, many described long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed antisense from coding gene promoters. However, the general significance of divergent lncRNA/mRNA gene pair transcription is still poorly understood. Here, we used strand-specific RNA-seq with high sequencing depth to thoroughly identify antisense transcripts from coding gene promoters in primary mouse tissues. Results We found that a substantial fraction of coding-gene promoters sustain divergent transcription of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)/mRNA gene pairs. Strikingly, upstream antisense transcription is significantly associated with genes related to transcriptional regulation and development. Their promoters share several characteristics with those of transcriptional developmental genes, including very large CpG islands, high degree of conservation and epigenetic regulation in ES cells. In-depth analysis revealed a unique GC skew profile at these promoter regions, while the associated coding genes were found to have large first exons, two genomic features that might enforce bidirectional transcription. Finally, genes associated with antisense transcription harbor specific H3K79me2 epigenetic marking and RNA polymerase II enrichment profiles linked to an intensified rate of early transcriptional elongation. Conclusions We concluded that promoters of a class of transcription regulators are characterized by a specialized transcriptional control mechanism, which is directly coupled to relaxed bidirectional transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Christophe Andrau
- Technological Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), Case 928, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France.
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28
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Boudil A, Skhiri L, Candéias S, Pasqualetto V, Legrand A, Bedora-Faure M, Gautreau-Rolland L, Rocha B, Ezine S. Single-cell analysis of thymocyte differentiation: identification of transcription factor interactions and a major stochastic component in αβ-lineage commitment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73098. [PMID: 24098325 PMCID: PMC3787938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell commitment and αβ/γδ lineage specification in the thymus involves interactions between many different genes. Characterization of these interactions thus requires a multiparameter analysis of individual thymocytes. We developed two efficient single-cell methods: (i) the quantitative evaluation of the co-expression levels of nine different genes, with a plating efficiency of 99–100% and a detection limit of 2 mRNA molecules/cell; and (ii) single-cell differentiation cultures, in the presence of OP9 cells transfected with the thymus Notch1 ligand DeltaL4. We show that during T cell commitment, Gata3 has a fundamental, dose-dependent role in maintaining Notch1 expression, with thymocytes becoming T-cell-committed when they co-express Notch1, Gata3 and Bc11b. Of the transcription factor expression patterns studied here, only that of Bcl11b was suggestive of a role in Pu1 down-regulation. Individual thymocytes became αβ/γδ lineage-committed at very different stages (from the TN2a stage onwards). However, 20% of TN3 cells are not αβ/γδ-lineage committed and TN4 cells comprise two main subpopulations with different degrees of maturity. The existence of a correlation between differentiation potential and expression of the pre-TCR showed that 83% of αβ-committed cells do not express the pre-TCR and revealed a major stochastic component in αβ-lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Boudil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Lamia Skhiri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Serge Candéias
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 549 Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Pasqualetto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Legrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Marie Bedora-Faure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Gautreau-Rolland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ezine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Tomura M, Sakaue-Sawano A, Mori Y, Takase-Utsugi M, Hata A, Ohtawa K, Kanagawa O, Miyawaki A. Contrasting quiescent G0 phase with mitotic cell cycling in the mouse immune system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73801. [PMID: 24066072 PMCID: PMC3774768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A transgenic mouse line expressing Fucci (fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator) probes allows us to monitor the cell cycle in the hematopoietic system. Two populations with high and low intensities of Fucci signals for Cdt1(30/120) accumulation were identified by FACS analysis, and these correspond to quiescent G0 and cycling G1 cells, respectively. We observed the transition of immune cells between quiescent and proliferative phases in lymphoid organs during differentiation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Tomura
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
- Life Function and Dynamics, ERATO, JST, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mori
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Takase-Utsugi
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hata
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohtawa
- Research Resource Center, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osami Kanagawa
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Regulation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (AM); (OK)
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
- Life Function and Dynamics, ERATO, JST, Wako City, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (AM); (OK)
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30
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Roux A, Mourin G, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, Urrutia A, Gorochov G, Autran B, Donner C, Sidi D, Sibony-Prat J, Marchant A, Stern M, Sauce D, Appay V. Differential impact of age and cytomegalovirus infection on the γδ T cell compartment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1300-6. [PMID: 23817410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells represent a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that are known for their reactivity against different pathogens and considered as intermediate mediators between adaptive and innate immunity. We provide in this paper further insights underlying the changes that affect the γδ T cell compartment with advanced age in humans. We show that both aging and CMV infection impact independently on the γδ T cell compartment. Most γδ T cells are significantly affected by age and present a decreased frequency in the elderly. The decline of the γδ T cell pool appears to be independent from the activity of the thymus, arguing in favor of an extrathymic site of γδ T cell production in humans. Of note, CMV infection, which is directly associated with the activation of the pool of Vδ2(-) γδ T cells, promotes nonetheless the inflation of this compartment throughout life. CMV seropositivity accentuates further the accumulation of highly differentiated lymphocytes in Vδ2(-) γδ T cell subsets with time, in contrast to Vδ2(+) γδ T cells, which maintain a less differentiated phenotype. This is similar to the effect of CMV on αβ T cells and suggests that γδ T cells may vary in differentiation phenotype according to distinct stimuli or pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roux
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S945, Infections and Immunity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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31
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Luche H, Nageswara Rao T, Kumar S, Tasdogan A, Beckel F, Blum C, Martins VC, Rodewald HR, Fehling HJ. In vivo fate mapping identifies pre-TCRα expression as an intra- and extrathymic, but not prethymic, marker of T lymphopoiesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:699-714. [PMID: 23509324 PMCID: PMC3620354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel pre-TCRα (pTα) reporter mouse reveals that expression of pTα is confined to the T lineage and does not occur on prethymic progenitors. Expression of the pre–T cell receptor α (pTα) gene has been exploited in previous studies as a molecular marker to identify tiny cell populations in bone marrow (BM) and blood that were suggested to contain physiologically relevant thymus settling progenitors (TSPs). But to what extent these cells genuinely contribute to thymopoiesis has remained obscure. We have generated a novel pTαiCre knockin mouse line and performed lineage-tracing experiments to precisely quantitate the contribution of pTα-expressing progenitors to distinct differentiation pathways and to the genealogy of mature hematopoietic cells under physiological in vivo conditions. Using these mice in combination with fluorescent reporter strains, we observe highly consistent labeling patterns that identify pTα expression as a faithful molecular marker of T lineage commitment. Specifically, the fate of pTα-expressing progenitors was found to include all αβ and most γδ T cells but, in contrast to previous assumptions, to exclude B, NK, and thymic dendritic cells. Although we could detect small numbers of T cell progenitors with a history of pTα expression in BM and blood, our data clearly exclude these populations as physiologically important precursors of thymopoiesis and indicate that they instead belong to a pathway of T cell maturation previously defined as extrathymic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Luche
- Institute of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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32
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Bhavsar PJ, Infante E, Khwaja A, Ridley AJ. Analysis of Rho GTPase expression in T-ALL identifies RhoU as a target for Notch involved in T-ALL cell migration. Oncogene 2013; 32:198-208. [PMID: 22349824 PMCID: PMC3378627 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NOTCH1 is frequently mutated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), and can stimulate T-ALL cell survival and proliferation. Here we explore the hypothesis that Notch1 also alters T-ALL cell migration. Rho GTPases are well known to regulate cell adhesion and migration. We have analysed the expression levels of Rho GTPases in primary T-ALL samples compared with normal T cells by quantitative PCR. We found that 5 of the 20 human Rho genes are highly and consistently upregulated in T-ALL, and 3 further Rho genes are expressed in T-ALL but not detectable in normal T cells. Of these, RHOU expression is highly correlated with the expression of the Notch1 target DELTEX-1. Inhibition of Notch1 signalling with a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) or Notch1 RNA interference reduced RhoU expression in T-ALL cells, whereas constitutively active Notch1 increased RhoU expression. In addition, Notch1 or RhoU depletion, or GSI treatment, inhibits T-ALL cell adhesion, migration and chemotaxis. These results indicate that NOTCH1 mutation stimulates T-ALL cell migration through RhoU upregulation that could contribute to the leukaemia cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag J. Bhavsar
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elvira Infante
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Asim Khwaja
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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WASH knockout T cells demonstrate defective receptor trafficking, proliferation, and effector function. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:958-73. [PMID: 23275443 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01288-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WASH is an Arp2/3 activator of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein superfamily that functions during endosomal trafficking processes in collaboration with the retromer and sorting nexins, but its in vivo function has not been examined. To elucidate the physiological role of WASH in T cells, we generated a WASH conditional knockout (WASHout) mouse model. Using CD4(Cre) deletion, we found that thymocyte development and naive T cell activation are unaltered in the absence of WASH. Surprisingly, despite normal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and interleukin-2 production, WASHout T cells demonstrate significantly reduced proliferative potential and fail to effectively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Interestingly, after activation, WASHout T cells fail to maintain surface levels of TCR, CD28, and LFA-1. Moreover, the levels of the glucose transporter, GLUT1, are also reduced compared to wild-type T cells. We further demonstrate that the loss of surface expression of these receptors in WASHout cells results from aberrant accumulation within the collapsed endosomal compartment, ultimately leading to degradation within the lysosome. Subsequently, activated WASHout T cells experience reduced glucose uptake and metabolic output. Thus, we found that WASH is a newly recognized regulator of TCR, CD28, LFA-1, and GLUT1 endosome-to-membrane recycling. Aberrant trafficking of these key T cell proteins may potentially lead to attenuated proliferation and effector function.
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34
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Almeida ARM, Arroz-Madeira S, Fonseca-Pereira D, Ribeiro H, Lasrado R, Pachnis V, Veiga-Fernandes H. RET/GFRα signals are dispensable for thymic T cell development in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52949. [PMID: 23300832 PMCID: PMC3531415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of thymocyte regulators is a central issue in T cell biology. Interestingly, growing evidence indicates that common key molecules control neuronal and immune cell functions. The neurotrophic factor receptor RET mediates critical functions in foetal hematopoietic subsets, thus raising the possibility that RET-related molecules may also control T cell development. We show that Ret, Gfra1 and Gfra2 are abundantly expressed by foetal and adult immature DN thymocytes. Despite the developmentally regulated expression of these genes, analysis of foetal thymi from Gfra1, Gfra2 or Ret deficient embryos revealed that these molecules are dispensable for foetal T cell development. Furthermore, analysis of RET gain of function and Ret conditional knockout mice showed that RET is also unnecessary for adult thymopoiesis. Finally, competitive thymic reconstitution assays indicated that Ret deficient thymocytes maintained their differentiation fitness even in stringent developmental conditions. Thus, our data demonstrate that RET/GFRα signals are dispensable for thymic T cell development in vivo, indicating that pharmacological targeting of RET signalling in tumours is not likely to result in T cell production failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sílvia Arroz-Madeira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Hélder Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Reena Lasrado
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council (MRC), National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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35
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de Oliveira Henriques MDGM, Penido C. γδ T Lymphocytes Coordinate Eosinophil Influx during Allergic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23316161 PMCID: PMC3540995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue eosinophil infiltration, which is a hallmark of allergic and helminthic diseases, is mainly coordinated by T lymphocytes, via the production of eosinophilotactic chemokines. Among T lymphocyte subsets, lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor have been determined as a key factor for eosinophil accumulation via direct and indirect mechanisms. This knowledge is strongly supported by the fact that, in different experimental models of eosinophilic airway inflammation and helminth-induced Th2 lung inflammation, an evident tissue accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes is observed. In addition, the depletion of γδ T lymphocytes is correlated with the impairment of eosinophil accumulation in inflamed tissue. γδ T lymphocytes are non-conventional T lymphocytes, which comprise a minor T lymphocyte subset, mainly distributed in the tissue, and present crucial roles in innate and acquired immune responses. γδ T lymphocytes recognize several danger- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and stress antigens in a MHC-independent fashion and can provide rapid tissue-specific responses, via the production of a wide range of chemical mediators capable to modulate other cell populations. These mediators include chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines that attract eosinophils into the tissue by either direct recognition (such as IL-5, CCL11/eotaxin), or indirect mechanisms via the modulation of αβ T lymphocytes and macrophages (through the production of interferon-γ, IL-4, and CCL2/Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1, for example). The present review presents an overview of how γδ T lymphocytes coordinate eosinophil accumulation in allergy, by focusing on their role in airway inflammation and by discussing the involvement of cytokines and chemokines in this phenomenon.
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Clarke KJ, Porter RK. Uncoupling protein 1 dependent reactive oxygen species production by thymus mitochondria. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:81-9. [PMID: 23036787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that uncoupling protein 1 is present in thymus and has a role in T-cell development. As reactive oxygen species have been implicated in T-cell development, we set out to determine whether uncoupling protein 1 had the potential to regulate reactive oxygen species production in mitochondria isolated from thymus. This was achieved by inhibiting proton leak through uncoupling protein 1 using the purine nucleotide GDP and through ablation of uncoupling protein 1, measuring the amplex red sensitive reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria. In this work we demonstrate, for the first time, that uncoupling protein 1 has the potential to regulate reactive oxygen species production in thymus mitochondria. We also show that reverse electron transport is possible in thymus mitochondria respiring on succinate and glycerol-3-phosphate. The implications of this regulatory role for uncoupling protein 1 are discussed in the context of thymus function. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Clarke
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Institute of Biomedical Science, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Gaudreau MC, Heyd F, Bastien R, Wilhelm B, Möröy T. Alternative splicing controlled by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L regulates development, proliferation, and migration of thymic pre-T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5377-88. [PMID: 22523384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of posttranscriptional modifications of pre-mRNA by alternative splicing is important for cellular function, development, and immunity. The receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45, which is expressed on all hematopoietic cells, is known for its role in the development and activation of T cells. CD45 is known to be alternatively spliced, a process that is partially regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) L. To investigate the role of hnRNP L further, we have generated conditional hnRNP L knockout mice and found that LckCre-mediated deletion of hnRNP L results in a decreased thymic cellularity caused by a partial block at the transition stage between double-negative 4 and double-positive cells. In addition, hnRNP L(-/-) thymocytes express aberrant levels of the CD45RA splice isoforms and show high levels of phosphorylated Lck at the activator tyrosine Y394, but lack phosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosine Y505. This indicated an increased basal Lck activity and correlated with higher proliferation rates of double-negative 4 cells in hnRNP L(-/-) mice. Deletion of hnRNP L also blocked the migration and egress of single-positive thymocytes to peripheral lymphoid organs in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate and the chemokines CCL21 and CXCL12 very likely as a result of aberrant splicing of genes encoding GTPase regulators and proteins affecting cytoskeletal organization. Our results indicate that hnRNP L regulates T cell differentiation and migration by regulating pre-TCR and chemokine receptor signaling.
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Lee K, Nam KT, Cho SH, Gudapati P, Hwang Y, Park DS, Potter R, Chen J, Volanakis E, Boothby M. Vital roles of mTOR complex 2 in Notch-driven thymocyte differentiation and leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:713-28. [PMID: 22473959 PMCID: PMC3328370 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rictor is essential in Notch-driven T-ALL pathogenesis. Notch plays critical roles in both cell fate decisions and tumorigenesis. Notch receptor engagement initiates signaling cascades that include a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. Mammalian TOR (mTOR) participates in two distinct biochemical complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and the relationship between mTORC2 and physiological outcomes dependent on Notch signaling is unknown. In this study, we report contributions of mTORC2 to thymic T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) driven by Notch. Conditional deletion of Rictor, an essential component of mTORC2, impaired Notch-driven proliferation and differentiation of pre-T cells. Furthermore, NF-κB activity depended on the integrity of mTORC2 in thymocytes. Active Akt restored NF-κB activation, a normal rate of proliferation, and differentiation of Rictor-deficient pre-T cells. Strikingly, mTORC2 depletion lowered CCR7 expression in thymocytes and leukemic cells, accompanied by decreased tissue invasion and delayed mortality in T-ALL driven by Notch. Collectively, these findings reveal roles for mTORC2 in promoting thymic T cell development and T-ALL and indicate that mTORC2 is crucial for Notch signaling to regulate Akt and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunwook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Autonomous murine T-cell progenitor production in the extra-embryonic yolk sac before HSC emergence. Blood 2012; 119:5706-14. [PMID: 22431573 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-397489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extra-embryonic yolk sac (YS) is the first hematopoietic site in the mouse embryo and is thought to generate only primitive erythroid and myeloerythroid progenitor cells before definitive HSC emergence within the embryo on E10.5. Here, we have shown the existence of T cell-restricted progenitors in the E9.5 YS that directly engraft in recipient immunodeficient mice. T-cell progenitors were also produced in vitro from both YS and para-aortic splanchnopleura hemogenic endothelial cells, and these T-cell progenitors repopulated the thymus and differentiated into mature T-cell subsets in vivo on transplantation. Our data confirm that the YS produces T-lineage-restricted progenitors that are available to colonize the thymus and provide new insight into the YS as a definitive hematopoietic site in the mouse embryo.
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Fuchs T, Püellmann K, Scharfenstein O, Eichner R, Stobe E, Becker A, Pechlivanidou I, Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Ganser A, Neumaier M, Beham AW, Kaminski WE. The neutrophil recombinatorial TCR-like immune receptor is expressed across the entire human life span but repertoire diversity declines in old age. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Korn T, Petermann F. Development and function of interleukin 17-producing γδ T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:34-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pereira P, Boucontet L, Cumano A. Temporal Predisposition to αβ and γδ T Cell Fates in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1600-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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An J, Golech S, Klaewsongkram J, Zhang Y, Subedi K, Huston GE, Wood WH, Wersto RP, Becker KG, Swain SL, Weng N. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) directly regulates proliferation in thymocyte development and IL-17 expression during Th17 differentiation. FASEB J 2011; 25:3634-45. [PMID: 21685331 PMCID: PMC3177573 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor, plays a key role in the pluripotency of stem cells. We sought to determine the function of KLF4 in T-cell development and differentiation by using T-cell-specific Klf4-knockout (KO) mice. We found that KLF4 was highly expressed in thymocytes and mature T cells and was rapidly down-regulated in mature T cells after activation. In Klf4-KO mice, we observed a modest reduction of thymocytes (27%) due to the reduced proliferation of double-negative (DN) thymocytes. We demonstrated that a direct repression of Cdkn1b by KLF4 was a cause of decreased DN proliferation. During in vitro T-cell differentiation, we observed significant reduction of IL-17-expressing CD4(+) T cells (Th17; 24%) but not in other types of Th differentiation. The reduction of Th17 cells resulted in a significant attenuation of the severity (35%) of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo in Klf4-KO mice as compared with the Klf4 wild-type littermates. Finally, we demonstrated that KLF4 directly binds to the promoter of Il17a and positively regulates its expression. In summary, these findings identify KLF4 as a critical regulator in T-cell development and Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie An
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | - Gail E. Huston
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, New York, USA; and
| | | | - Robert P. Wersto
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Pekowska A, Benoukraf T, Zacarias-Cabeza J, Belhocine M, Koch F, Holota H, Imbert J, Andrau JC, Ferrier P, Spicuglia S. H3K4 tri-methylation provides an epigenetic signature of active enhancers. EMBO J 2011; 30:4198-210. [PMID: 21847099 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of post-translational histone modifications shape the chromatin landscape during cell development in eukaryotes. However, little is known about the modifications exactly delineating functionally engaged regulatory elements. For example, although histone H3 lysine 4 mono-methylation (H3K4me1) indicates the presence of transcriptional gene enhancers, it does not provide clearcut information about their actual position and stage-specific activity. Histone marks were, therefore, studied here at genomic loci differentially expressed in early stages of T-lymphocyte development. The concomitant presence of the three H3K4 methylation states (H3K4me1/2/3) was found to clearly reflect the activity of bona fide T-cell gene enhancers. Globally, gain or loss of H3K4me2/3 at distal genomic regions correlated with, respectively, the induction or the repression of associated genes during T-cell development. In the Tcrb gene enhancer, the H3K4me3-to-H3K4me1 ratio decreases with the enhancer's strength. Lastly, enhancer association of RNA-polymerase II (Pol II) correlated with the presence of H3K4me3 and Pol II accumulation resulted in local increase of H3K4me3. Our results suggest the existence of functional links between Pol II occupancy, H3K4me3 enrichment and enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pekowska
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 906, Marseille, France
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Saba I, Kosan C, Vassen L, Klein-Hitpass L, Möröy T. Miz-1 is required to coordinate the expression of TCRbeta and p53 effector genes at the pre-TCR "beta-selection" checkpoint. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2982-92. [PMID: 21841135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Miz-1 is a Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Bric-à-brac/pox virus zinc finger domain (BTB/POZ)-containing protein expressed in lymphoid precursors that can activate or repress transcription. We report in this article that mice expressing a nonfunctional Miz-1 protein lacking the BTB/POZ domain (Miz-1(ΔPOZ)) have a severe differentiation block at the pre-T cell "β-selection" checkpoint, evident by a drastic reduction of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative-3 (DN3) and DN4 cell numbers. T cell-specific genes including Rag-1, Rag-2, CD3ε, pTα, and TCRβ are expressed in Miz-1-deficient cells and V(D)J recombination is intact, but few DN3/DN4 cells express a surface pre-TCR. Miz-1-deficient DN3 cells are highly apoptotic and do not divide, which is consistent with enhanced expression of p53 target genes such as Cdkn1a, PUMA, and Noxa. However, neither coexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 nor the deletion of p21(CIP1) nor the combination of both relieved Miz-1-deficient DN3/DN4 cells from their differentiation block. Only the coexpression of rearranged TCRαβ and Bcl2 fully rescued Miz-1-deficient DN3/DN4 cell numbers and enabled them to differentiate into DN4TCRβ(+) and double-positive cells. We propose that Miz-1 is a critical factor for the β-selection checkpoint and is required for both the regulation of p53 target genes and proper expression of the pre-TCR to support the proliferative burst of DN3 cells during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Saba
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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Mahtani-Patching J, Neves JF, Pang DJ, Stoenchev KV, Aguirre-Blanco AM, Silva-Santos B, Pennington DJ. PreTCR and TCRγδ signal initiation in thymocyte progenitors does not require domains implicated in receptor oligomerization. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra47. [PMID: 21775286 PMCID: PMC3475409 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Whether thymocytes adopt an αβ or a γδ T cell fate in the thymus is determined at the β selection checkpoint by the relatively weak or strong signals that are delivered by either the pre-T cell receptor (preTCR) or the γδ TCR, respectively. Signal initiation at the β selection checkpoint is thought to be independent of ligand engagement of these receptors. Some reports have suggested that receptor oligomerization, which is thought to be mediated by either the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the preTCRα (pTα) chain or the variable domain of TCRδ, is a unifying mechanism that initiates signaling in early CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) thymocyte progenitors. Here, we demonstrate that the extracellular regions of pTα and TCRδ that are implicated in mediating receptor oligomerization were not required for signal initiation from the preTCR or TCRγδ. Indeed, a truncated TCRγδ that lacked all of its extracellular Ig-like domains still formed a signaling-competent TCR that drove cells through the β selection checkpoint. These observations suggest that signal initiation in DN thymocytes is simply a consequence of the surface-pairing of TCR chains, with signal strength being a function of the abundances of surface TCRs. Thus, processes that regulate the surface abundances of TCR complexes in DN cells, such as oligomerization-induced endocytosis, would be predicted to have a major influence in determining whether cells adopt an αβ versus γδ T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Mahtani-Patching
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Joana F. Neves
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
- Programa Doutoral de Biologia Experimental e Biomedicina, Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dick John Pang
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Kostadin V. Stoenchev
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Aguirre-Blanco
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Absence of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3: effect on thymus and spleen in the fed and fasted mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1064-74. [PMID: 21689632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is constitutively expressed in mitochondria from thymus and spleen of mice, and confocal microscopy has been used to visualize UCP3 in situ in mouse thymocytes. UCP3 is present in mitochondria of thymus and spleen up to at least 16 weeks after birth, but levels decrease by a half in thymus and a fifth in spleen after three weeks, probably reflecting the suckling to weaning transition. UCP3 protein levels increase approximately 3-fold in thymus on starvation, but expression levels in spleen were unaffected by starvation. Lack of UCP3 had little effect on thymus mass or thymocyte number. However, lack of UCP3 affected spleen mass and splenocyte number (in the fasted state) and results in reduced CD4+ single positive cell numbers and reduced double negative cells in the thymus, but as a 2-fold increase in the proportion of CD4(+), CD8(+) and DP cells in spleen. Starvation attenuates these proportionate differences in the spleen. A lack of UCP3 had no apparent effect on basal oxygen consumption of thymocytes or splenocytes or on oxygen consumption due to mitochondrial proton leak. Splenocytes from UCP3 knock-out mice are also more resistant to apoptosis than those from wild-type mice. Overall we can conclude that UCP3 affects thymocyte and spleen cell profiles in the fed and fasted states.
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Merck E, Lees RK, Voyle RB, Held W, MacDonald HR. Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:110-7. [PMID: 21632721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating and inhibitory NK receptors regulate the development and effector functions of NK cells via their ITAM and ITIM motifs, which recruit protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, respectively. In the T cell lineage, inhibitory Ly49 receptors are expressed by a subset of activated T cells and by CD1d-restricted NKT cells, but virtually no expression of activating Ly49 receptors is observed. Using mice transgenic for the activating receptor Ly49D and its associated ITAM signaling DAP12 chain, we show in this article that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development due to a block in maturation from the double negative (DN) to double positive (DP) stages. A large proportion of Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic thymocytes were able to bypass the pre-TCR checkpoint at the DN3 stage, leading to the appearance of unusual populations of DN4 and DP cells that lacked expression of intracellular (ic) TCRβ-chain. High levels of CD5 were expressed on ic TCRβ(-) DN and DP thymocytes from Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, further suggesting that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling mimics physiological ITAM signaling via the pre-TCR. We also observed unusual ic TCRβ(-) single positive thymocytes with an immature CD24(high) phenotype that were not found in the periphery. Importantly, thymocyte development was completely rescued by expression of an Ly49A transgene in Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, indicating that Ly49A-mediated ITIM signaling can fully counteract ITAM signaling via Ly49D/DAP12. Collectively, our data indicate that inappropriate ITAM signaling by activating NK receptors on immature thymocytes can subvert T cell development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Merck
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Ramakrishnan P, Kahn DA, Baltimore D. Anti-apoptotic effect of hyperglycemia can allow survival of potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:690-9. [PMID: 21164518 PMCID: PMC3131907 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte development is a tightly controlled multi-step process involving selective elimination of self-reactive and non-functional T cells by apoptosis. This developmental process depends on signaling by Notch, IL-7 and active glucose metabolism. In this study, we explored the requirement of glucose for thymocyte survival and found that in addition to metabolic regulation, glucose leads to the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Under hyperglycemic conditions, both mouse and human thymocytes demonstrate enhanced survival. We show that glucose-induced anti-apoptotic genes are dependent on NF-κB p65 because high glucose is unable to attenuate normal ongoing apoptosis of thymocytes isolated from p65 knockout mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo hyperglycemia decreases apoptosis of thymocytes allowing for survival of potentially self-reactive thymocytes. These results imply that hyperglycemic conditions could contribute to the development of autoimmunity through dysregulated thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramakrishnan
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D A Kahn
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of OB/GYN, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, BOX 951740, 22-168 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - D Baltimore
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Abstract
Vertebrate development requires the formation of multiple cell types from a single genetic blueprint, an extraordinary feat that is guided by the dynamic and finely tuned reprogramming of gene expression. The sophisticated orchestration of gene expression programs is driven primarily by changes in the patterns of covalent chromatin modifications. These epigenetic changes are directed by cis elements, positioned across the genome, which provide docking sites for transcription factors and associated chromatin modifiers. Epigenetic changes impact all aspects of gene regulation, governing association with the machinery that drives transcription, replication, repair and recombination, a regulatory relationship that is dramatically illustrated in developing lymphocytes. The program of somatic rearrangements that assemble antigen receptor genes in precursor B and T cells has proven to be a fertile system for elucidating relationships between the genetic and epigenetic components of gene regulation. This chapter describes our current understanding of the cross-talk between key genetic elements and epigenetic programs during recombination of the Tcrb locus in developing T cells, how each contributes to the regulation of chromatin accessibility at individual DNA targets for recombination, and potential mechanisms that coordinate their actions.
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