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Wang S, Lin X, Tang Y, Liang Y, Zhang M, Xie Z, Guo Y, Dong Y, Zhao Q, Guo Z, Wang D, He X, Ju W, Chen M. Ischemia-free liver transplantation improves the prognosis of recipients using functionally marginal liver grafts. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024; 30:421-435. [PMID: 38600871 PMCID: PMC11261232 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2024.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The shortage of donor liver hinders the development of liver transplantation. This study aimed to clarify the poor outcomes of functionally marginal liver grafts (FMLs) and provide evidence for the improvement of ischemia-free liver transplantation (IFLT) after FML transplantation. METHODS Propensity score matching was used to control for confounding factors. The outcomes of the control group and FML group were compared to demonstrate the negative impact of FMLs on liver transplantation patients. We compared the clinical improvements of the different surgical types. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted bioinformatic analysis based on transcriptome and single-cell profiles. RESULTS FMLs had a significantly greater hazard ratio (HR: 1.969, P=0.018) than did other marginal livers. A worse 90-day survival (Mortality: 12.3% vs. 5.0%, P=0.007) was observed in patients who underwent FML transplantation. Patients who received FMLs had a significant improvement in overall survival after IFLT (Mortality: 10.4% vs 31.3%, P=0.006). Pyroptosis and inflammation were inhibited in patients who underwent IFLT. The infiltration of natural killer cells was lower in liver grafts from these patients. Bulk transcriptome profiles revealed a positive relationship between IL-32 and Caspase 1 (R=0.73, P=0.01) and between IL-32 and Gasdermin D (R=0.84, P=0.0012). CONCLUSION FML is a more important negative prognostic parameter than other marginal liver parameters. IFLT might ameliorate liver injury in FMLs by inhibiting the infiltration of NK cells, consequently leading to the abortion of IL-32, which drives pyroptosis in monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Tang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yichen Liang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghao Xie
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongping Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Ju
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao J, Chen H, Sun J. Dendritic Cell-Related Immune Marker CD1C for Predicting Prognosis and Immunotherapy Opportunities of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04973-9. [PMID: 38907868 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most frequent type of lung cancer with a high mortality rate. Here, we aim to explore novel immune-related biomarkers for LUAD patients. Datasets, mRNA expression profiles, and clinical data concerned with LUAD were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), respectively. Differential expression analysis was performed to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Based on DEGs, we conducted functional enrichment analyses. Subsequently, Kaplan‑Meier (KM) was performed to analyze survival differences among different groups. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration proportion was calculated by CIBERSORT and TIMER. The relationship between gene and immune response was analyzed using Tumor Immune System Interactions (TISIDB) database. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed between CD1C and six immune checkpoints. We identified dendritic cells (DCs)-related expression profiles from four LUAD samples. DCs' immune marker CD1C in LUAD was selected by univariate Cox regression analysis. Low CD1C expression patients had a poor prognosis. A total of 332 DEGs were identified in high and low CD1C expression groups, which primarily enriched in 348 GO terms and 30 KEGG pathways. There were significant differences in the infiltration proportion of 17 immune cells between high and low CD1C expression groups. Most immunomodulators, chemokines, and chemokine receptors were positively associated with CD1C expression. Six immune checkpoints were also positively correlated with CD1C expression. DCs related immunomarker CD1C probably plays a pivotal part in prognosis and immunotherapy of LUAD via a joint analysis of single-cell and bulk sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, No. 166, Yulong West Road, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, No. 166, Yulong West Road, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Li X, Ma Y, Li G, Jin G, Xu L, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L. Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298749. [PMID: 38440733 PMCID: PMC10909994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the leprosy cases have fallen dramatically, the incidence of leprosy has remained stable over the past years, indicating that multidrug therapy seems unable to eradicate leprosy. More seriously, the emergence of rifampicin-resistant strains also affects the effectiveness of treatment. Immunoprophylaxis was mainly carried out through vaccination with the BCG but also included vaccines such as LepVax and MiP. Meanwhile, it is well known that the infection and pathogenesis largely depend on the host's genetic background and immunity, with the onset of the disease being genetically regulated. The immune process heavily influences the clinical course of the disease. However, the impact of immune processes and genetic regulation of leprosy on pathogenesis and immunological levels is largely unknown. Therefore, we summarize the latest research progress in leprosy treatment, prevention, immunity and gene function. The comprehensive research in these areas will help elucidate the pathogenesis of leprosy and provide a basis for developing leprosy elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Chronic Infectious Disease Control Section, Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjie Jin
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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4
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Wang Z, Liu T, Li W, Yu G, Mi Z, Wang C, Liao X, Huai P, Chu T, Liu D, Sun L, Fu X, Sun Y, Wang H, Wang N, Liu J, Liu H, Zhang F. Genome-wide meta-analysis and fine-mapping prioritize potential causal variants and genes related to leprosy. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e415. [PMID: 38020709 PMCID: PMC10674079 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered 35 susceptible loci of leprosy; however, the cumulative effects of these loci can only partially explain the overall risk of leprosy, and the causal variants and genes within these loci remain unknown. Here, we conducted out new GWASs in two independent cohorts of 5007 cases and 4579 controls and then a meta-analysis in these newly generated and multiple previously published (2277 cases and 3159 controls) datasets were performed. Three novel and 15 previously reported risk loci were identified from these datasets, increasing the known leprosy risk loci of explained genetic heritability from 23.0 to 38.5%. A comprehensive fine-mapping analysis was conducted, and 19 causal variants and 14 causal genes were identified. Specifically, manual checking of epigenomic information from the Epimap database revealed that the causal variants were mainly located within the immune-relevant or immune-specific regulatory elements. Furthermore, by using gene-set, tissue, and cell-type enrichment analyses, we highlighted the key roles of immune-related tissues and cells and implicated the PD-1 signaling pathways in the pathogenetic mechanism of leprosy. Collectively, our study identified candidate causal variants and elucidated the potential regulatory and coding mechanisms for genes associated with leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of BiostatisticsSchool of Public HealthCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Wenchao Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiaojie Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Pengcheng Huai
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Tongsheng Chu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Dianchang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanShandongChina
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5
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Wallimann A, Schenk M. IL-32 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in skin inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264236. [PMID: 37727785 PMCID: PMC10505650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-32 is a recently described cytokine that performs a variety of functions under inflammatory conditions. Serum IL-32 has been shown to be elevated in several diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV infection, and atopic diseases including atopic dermatitis. There are nine different isoforms of IL-32, with IL-32γ being the most biologically active one. The following review summarizes the different roles of the various IL-32 isoforms in the context of skin inflammation, with a focus on atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wallimann
- Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Sang X, Xue X, Mi Z, Wang Z, Yu X, Sun L, Ma S, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Induction of IL-32 in the immune response of keratinocytes to Mycobacterium marinum infection. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1451-1458. [PMID: 37309674 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the skin epidermis, and they not only protect the skin from the influence of external physical factors but also function as an immune barrier against microbial invasion. However, little is known regarding the immune defence mechanisms of keratinocytes against mycobacteria. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on skin biopsy samples from patients with Mycobacterium marinum infection and bulk RNA sequencing (bRNA-seq) on M. marinum-infected keratinocytes in vitro. The combined analysis of scRNA-seq and bRNA-seq data revealed that several genes were upregulated in M. marinum-infected keratinocytes. Further in vitro validation of these genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assay confirmed the induction of IL-32 in the immune response of keratinocytes to M. marinum infection. Immunohistochemistry also showed the high expression of IL-32 in patients' lesions. These findings suggest that IL-32 induction is a possible mechanism through which keratinocytes defend against M. marinum infection; this could provide new targets for the immunotherapy of chronic cutaneous mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaotong Xue
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xueping Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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7
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Abstract
Mycobacteria are responsible for several human and animal diseases. NOD2 is a pattern recognition receptor that has an important role in mycobacterial recognition. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in NOD2 alter the course of mycobacterial infection remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to review the totality of studies directly addressing the relationship between NOD2 and mycobacteria as a foundation for moving the field forward. NOD2 was linked to mycobacterial infection at 3 levels: (1) genetic, through association with mycobacterial diseases of humans; (2) chemical, through the distinct NOD2 ligand in the mycobacterial cell wall; and (3) immunologic, through heightened NOD2 signaling caused by the unique modification of the NOD2 ligand. The immune response to mycobacteria is shaped by NOD2 signaling, responsible for NF-κB and MAPK activation, and the production of various immune effectors like cytokines and nitric oxide, with some evidence linking this to bacteriologic control. Absence of NOD2 during mycobacterial infection of mice can be detrimental, but the mechanism remains unknown. Conversely, the success of immunization with mycobacteria has been linked to NOD2 signaling and NOD2 has been targeted as an avenue of immunotherapy for diseases even beyond mycobacteria. The mycobacteria-NOD2 interaction remains an important area of study, which may shed light on immune mechanisms in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
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Lei X, Khatri I, de Wit T, de Rink I, Nieuwland M, Kerkhoven R, van Eenennaam H, Sun C, Garg AD, Borst J, Xiao Y. CD4 + helper T cells endow cDC1 with cancer-impeding functions in the human tumor micro-environment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:217. [PMID: 36639382 PMCID: PMC9839676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their low abundance in the tumor microenvironment (TME), classical type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) play a pivotal role in anti-cancer immunity, and their abundance positively correlates with patient survival. However, their interaction with CD4+ T-cells to potentially enable the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response has not been elucidated. Here we show that contact with activated CD4+ T-cells enables human ex vivo cDC1, but no other DC types, to induce a CTL response to cell-associated tumor antigens. Single cell transcriptomics reveals that CD4+ T-cell help uniquely optimizes cDC1 in many functions that support antigen cross-presentation and T-cell priming, while these changes don't apply to other DC types. We robustly identify "helped" cDC1 in the TME of a multitude of human cancer types by the overlap in their transcriptomic signature with that of recently defined, tumor-infiltrating DC states that prove to be positively prognostic. As predicted from the functional effects of CD4+ T-cell help, the transcriptomic signature of "helped" cDC1 correlates with tumor infiltration by CTLs and Thelper(h)-1 cells, overall survival and response to PD-1-targeting immunotherapy. These findings reveal a critical role for CD4+ T-cell help in enabling cDC1 function in the TME and may establish the helped cDC1 transcriptomic signature as diagnostic marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Indu Khatri
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom de Wit
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Nieuwland
- Genomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Kerkhoven
- Genomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chong Sun
- Immune Regulation in Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Numasaki M, Ito K, Takagi K, Nagashima K, Notsuda H, Ogino H, Ando R, Tomioka Y, Suzuki T, Okada Y, Nishioka Y, Unno M. Diverse and divergent functions of IL-32β and IL-32γ isoforms in the regulation of malignant pleural mesothelioma cell growth and the production of VEGF-A and CXCL8. Cell Immunol 2023; 383:104652. [PMID: 36516653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to elucidate the roles of the interleukin (IL)-32β and IL-32γ in mesothelioma cell growth, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) expression. IL-32 elicited a growth-promoting effect against one of the six mesotheliomas lines and exerted diverse regulatory functions in VEGF-A and CXCL8 secretion from mesotheliomas stimulated with or without IL-17A. Retroviral-mediated transduction of mesothelioma lines with IL-32γ resulted in enhanced IL-32β expression, which facilitated or suppressed the in vitro growth, and VEGF-A and CXCL8 expression. Overexpressed IL-32β-augmented growth and VEGF-A and CXCL8 production were mainly mediated through the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. On the other hand, overexpressed IL-32β-deceased growth was mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. NCI-H2373IL-32γ tumors grew faster than NCI-H2373Neo tumors in a xenograft model, which was associated with increased vascularity. These findings indicate that IL-32 are involved in the regulation of growth and angiogenic factor production in mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Numasaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Koyu Ito
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagashima
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Notsuda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rika Ando
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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10
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Aass KR, Tryggestad SS, Mjelle R, Kastnes MH, Nedal TMV, Misund K, Standal T. IL-32 is induced by activation of toll-like receptors in multiple myeloma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107844. [PMID: 36875074 PMCID: PMC9978100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological cancer characterized by accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. The patients are immune suppressed and suffer from recurrent and chronic infections. Interleukin-32 is a non-conventional, pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in a subgroup of MM patients with a poor prognosis. IL-32 has also been shown to promote proliferation and survival of the cancer cells. Here we show that activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) promotes expression of IL-32 in MM cells through NFκB activation. In patient-derived primary MM cells, IL-32 expression is positively associated with expression of TLRs. Furthermore, we found that several TLR genes are upregulated from diagnosis to relapse in individual patients, predominantly TLRs sensing bacterial components. Interestingly, upregulation of these TLRs coincides with an increase in IL-32. Taken together, these results support a role for IL-32 in microbial sensing in MM cells and suggest that infections can induce expression of this pro-tumorigenic cytokine in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Roseth Aass
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Synne Stokke Tryggestad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robin Mjelle
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Bioinformatics Core Facility - BioCore, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin H Kastnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tonje Marie Vikene Nedal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae. Virulence 2022; 13:1985-2011. [PMID: 36326715 PMCID: PMC9635560 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugawara-Mikami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,West Yokohama Sugawara Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Demaria O, Gauthier L, Vetizou M, Blanchard Alvarez A, Vagne C, Habif G, Batista L, Baron W, Belaïd N, Girard-Madoux M, Cesari C, Caratini M, Bosco F, Benac O, Lopez J, Fenis A, Galluso J, Trichard S, Carrette B, Carrette F, Maguer A, Jaubert S, Sansaloni A, Letay-Drouet R, Kosthowa C, Lovera N, Dujardin A, Chanuc F, Le Van M, Bokobza S, Jarmuzynski N, Fos C, Gourdin N, Remark R, Lechevallier E, Fakhry N, Salas S, Deville JL, Le Grand R, Bonnafous C, Vollmy L, Represa A, Carpentier S, Rossi B, Morel A, Cornen S, Perrot I, Morel Y, Vivier E. Antitumor immunity induced by antibody-based natural killer cell engager therapeutics armed with not-alpha IL-2 variant. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100783. [PMID: 36260981 PMCID: PMC9589122 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing innate immunity is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach in cancer. We report here the design of tetraspecific molecules engaging natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptors NKp46 and CD16a, the β-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA). In vitro, these tetraspecific antibody-based natural killer cell engager therapeutics (ANKETs) induce a preferential activation and proliferation of NK cells, and the binding to the targeted TAA triggers NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine and chemokine production. In vivo, tetraspecific ANKETs induce NK cell proliferation and their accumulation at the tumor bed, as well as the control of local and disseminated tumors. Treatment of non-human primates with CD20-directed tetraspecific ANKET leads to CD20+ circulating B cell depletion, with minimal systemic cytokine release and no sign of toxicity. Tetraspecific ANKETs, thus, constitute a technological platform for harnessing NK cells as next-generation cancer immunotherapies. Tetraspecific ANKETs constitute a technological platform to harness NK cells in cancer Tetraspecific ANKETs target NKp46, CD16a, IL-2Rβ, and a tumor antigen Tetraspecific ANKETs stimulate NK cell proliferation, activation, and antitumor functions In vivo, tetraspecific ANKETs promote NK cell tumor accumulation and antitumor activity
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Lechevallier
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Chirurgie Urologique et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Fakhry
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Salas
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service d'Oncologie Médicale et de Soins Palliatifs, CHU Timone Adulte, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Deville
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma, Marseille, France,Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France,Corresponding author
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13
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Wong NKY, Dong X, Lin YY, Xue H, Wu R, Lin D, Collins C, Wang Y. Framework of Intrinsic Immune Landscape of Dormant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091550. [PMID: 35563856 PMCID: PMC9105276 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard therapy for men with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). PCa often responds to ADT and enters a dormancy period, which can be recognized clinically as a minimal residual disease. However, the majority of these patients will eventually experience a relapse in the form of castration-resistant PCa with poor survival. Therefore, ADT-induced dormancy is a unique time window for treatment that can provide a cure. The study of this well-recognized phase of prostate cancer progression is largely hindered by the scarcity of appropriate clinical tissue and clinically relevant preclinical models. Here, we report the utility of unique and clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft models in the study of the intrinsic immune landscape of dormant PCa. Using data from RNA sequencing, we have reconstructed the immune evasion mechanisms that can be utilized by dormant PCa cells. Since dormant PCa cells need to evade the host immune surveillance for survival, our results provide a framework for further study and for devising immunomodulatory mechanisms that can eliminate dormant PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson K. Y. Wong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Yen-Yi Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (Y.-Y.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (Y.-Y.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada; (N.K.Y.W.); (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (Y.-Y.L.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-675-8013
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14
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Barton A, Hill J, Bibi S, Chen L, Jones C, Jones E, Camara S, Shrestha S, Jin C, Gibani MM, Dobinson H, Waddington C, Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Pollard AJ. Genetic Susceptibility to Enteric Fever in Experimentally Challenged Human Volunteers. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0038921. [PMID: 35254093 PMCID: PMC9022534 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00389-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A cause an estimated 14 million cases of enteric fever annually. Here, the controlled nature of challenge studies is exploited to identify genetic variants associated with enteric fever susceptibility. Human challenge participants were genotyped by Illumina OmniExpress-24 BeadChip array (n = 176) and/or transcriptionally profiled by RNA sequencing (n = 174). While the study was underpowered to detect any single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significant at the whole-genome level, two SNPs within CAPN14 and MIATNB were identified with P < 10-5 for association with development of symptoms or bacteremia following oral S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A challenge. Imputation of classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types from genomic and transcriptomic data identified HLA-B*27:05, previously associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella-induced reactive arthritis, as the HLA type most strongly associated with enteric fever susceptibility (P = 0.011). Gene sets relating to the unfolded protein response/heat shock and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation were overrepresented in HLA-B*27:05+ participants following challenge. Furthermore, intracellular replication of S. Typhi is higher in C1R cells transfected with HLA-B*27:05 (P = 0.02). These data suggest that activation of the unfolded protein response by HLA-B*27:05 misfolding may create an intracellular environment conducive to S. Typhi replication, increasing susceptibility to enteric fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liye Chen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Camara
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonu Shrestha
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Malick M. Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Dobinson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Marin A, Van Huss K, Corbett J, Kim S, Mohl J, Hong BY, Cervantes J. Human macrophage polarization in the response to Mycobacterium leprae genomic DNA. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100015. [PMID: 34841308 PMCID: PMC8610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium leprae, the causative organism of leprosy, is still endemic in numerous parts of the world including the southwestern United States. The broad variation of symptoms in the leprosy disease spectrum range from the milder tuberculoid leprosy (paucibacillary) to the more severe and disfiguring lepromatous leprosy (multibacillary). The established thinking in the health community is that host response, rather than M. leprae strain variation, is the reason for the range of disease severity. More recent discoveries suggest that macrophage polarization also plays a significant role in the spectrum of leprosy disease but to what degree it contributes is not fully established. In this study, we aimed to analyze if different strains of M. leprae elicit different transcription responses in human macrophages, and to examine the role of macrophage polarization in these responses. Genomic DNA from three different strains of M. leprae DNA (Strains NHDP, Br4923, and Thai-53) were used to stimulate human macrophages under three polarization conditions (M1, M1-activated, and M2). Transcriptome analysis revealed a large number of differentially expressed (DE) genes upon stimulation with DNA from M. leprae strain Thai-53 compared to strains NHDP and Br4923, independent of the macrophage polarization condition. We also found that macrophage polarization affects the responses to M. leprae DNA, with up-regulation of numerous interferon stimulated genes. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the role of macrophage polarization in the recognition of M. leprae DNA, with the potential to improve leprosy treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Marin
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Kristopher Van Huss
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - John Corbett
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sangjin Kim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jonathon Mohl
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Bo-young Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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16
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Research Progress on the Mechanism of Natural Product Ingredients in the Treatment of Uveitis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6683411. [PMID: 34778467 PMCID: PMC8585548 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6683411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the spectrum of ophthalmic diseases keeps changing, uveitis has gradually become one of the major blinding eye diseases in the world. In recent years, it has become a research hotspot to select effective components for uveitis treatment from natural drugs. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies written in English as well as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), CQVIP, and Wan Fang database for studies written in Chinese (inception through 30 December 2020). Results Eight kinds of natural product ingredients were included in this article. They were found to not only regulate the expression of cytokines, proliferation, and differentiation of T help cells but also inhibit the damage of cytokines and inflammatory cells to uvea, blood aqueous barrier, and blood retinal barrier. Conclusion Natural product ingredients have their unique advantages in the treatment of uveitis. They have good anti-inflammatory effects without causing serious adverse reactions, which enables them to be promising choices for preventive and therapeutic strategy of uveitis.
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17
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TLR or NOD receptor signaling skews monocyte fate decision via distinct mechanisms driven by mTOR and miR-155. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109225118. [PMID: 34686603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are rapidly recruited to inflamed tissues where they differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-mac) or dendritic cells (mo-DC). At infection sites, monocytes encounter a broad range of microbial motifs. How pathogen recognition impacts monocyte fate decision is unclear. Here, we show, using an in vitro model allowing the simultaneous differentiation of human mo-mac and mo-DC, that viruses promote mo-mac while Mycobacteria favor mo-DC differentiation. Mechanistically, we found that pathogen sensing through toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands increases mo-mac differentiation via mTORC1. By contrast, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ligands favor mo-DC through the induction of TNF-α secretion and miR-155 expression. We confirmed these results in vivo, in mouse skin and by analyzing transcriptomic data from human individuals. Overall, our findings allow a better understanding of the molecular control of monocyte differentiation and of monocyte plasticity upon pathogen sensing.
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18
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Silva BJDA, Bittencourt TL, Leal-Calvo T, Mendes MA, Prata RBDS, Barbosa MGDM, Andrade PR, Côrte-Real S, Sperandio da Silva GM, Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy-Associated IL-15 Production Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Leprosy Type 1 Reaction. Cells 2021; 10:2215. [PMID: 34571865 PMCID: PMC8468917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactional episodes are acute inflammatory events that may occur during the clinical course of the disease. Type 1 reaction (T1R) is associated with an increase in neural damage, and the understanding of the molecular pathways related to T1R onset is pivotal for the development of strategies that may effectively control the reaction. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine associated with T1R onset and is also associated with autophagy induction. Here, we evaluated the modulation of the autophagy pathway in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated cells in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. We observed that IFN-γ treatment promoted autophagy activation and increased the expression of genes related to the formation of phagosomes, autophagy regulation and function, or lysosomal pathways in M. leprae-stimulated cells. IFN-γ increased interleukin (IL)-15 secretion in M. leprae-stimulated THP-1 cells in a process associated with autophagy activation. We also observed higher IL15 gene expression in multibacillary (MB) patients who later developed T1R during clinical follow-up when compared to MB patients who did not develop the episode. By overlapping gene expression patterns, we observed 13 common elements shared between T1R skin lesion cells and THP-1 cells stimulated with both M. leprae and IFN-γ. Among these genes, the autophagy regulator Translocated Promoter Region, Nuclear Basket Protein (TPR) was significantly increased in T1R cells when compared with non-reactional MB cells. Overall, our results indicate that IFN-γ may induce a TPR-mediated autophagy transcriptional program in M. leprae-stimulated cells similar to that observed in skin cells during T1R by a pathway that involves IL-15 production, suggesting the involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of T1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Jorge de Andrade Silva
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Tamiris Lameira Bittencourt
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Rhana Berto da Silva Prata
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Mayara Garcia de Mattos Barbosa
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Priscila Ribeiro Andrade
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Suzana Côrte-Real
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (B.J.d.A.S.); (T.L.B.); (T.L.-C.); (M.A.M.); (R.B.d.S.P.); (M.G.d.M.B.); (P.R.A.); (M.O.M.); (E.N.S.)
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19
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IL32: The multifaceted and unconventional cytokine. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:659-667. [PMID: 34024634 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 32 is a unique intracellular cytokine which affects many cellular and physiological functions like cell death and survival, inflammation and response to pathogens. With numerous transcripts, more than one biologically active isoforms, IL32 drives its effect in diverse cellular functions. A cytokine restricted to higher mammals, it is known to fine tune multiple pathways involved in metabolic processes or infection. It modulates the immune response against diverse pathogens like Leishmania, Mycobacterium and HIV. IL32 has been associated with cancers of inflammatory nature too. It also plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases like RA, lung and airway disease like COPD. In this review we have discussed about identification and characterization of this non classical cytokine IL32, its structure and function at gene as well as at protein level, isoforms and their diverse functions. Role of IL32 in multiple diseases and particularly mycobacterial disease has been highlighted here. We have also summarised the genetic variants present in the IL32 gene and it's promoter region. Association of these variants, with cellular phenotype, patho-physiological conditions in different disease have also been discussed here.
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20
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van Hooij A, Geluk A. In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:175-192. [PMID: 33709405 PMCID: PMC8251784 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is still actively transmitted in endemic areas reflected by the fairly stable number of new cases detected each year. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of leprosy is challenging, especially at an early stage. Improved diagnostic tools, based on sensitive and specific biomarkers, that facilitate diagnosis of leprosy are therefore urgently needed. In this review, we address the challenges that leprosy biomarker research is facing by reviewing cell types reported to be involved in host immunity to M leprae. These cell types can be associated with different possible fates of M leprae infection being either protective immunity, or pathogenic immune responses inducing nerve damage. Unraveling these responses will facilitate the search for biomarkers. Implications for further studies to disentangle the complex interplay between host responses that lead to leprosy disease are discussed, providing leads for the identification of new biomarkers to improve leprosy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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de Albuquerque R, Komsi E, Starskaia I, Ullah U, Lahesmaa R. The role of Interleukin-32 in autoimmunity. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13012. [PMID: 33336406 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces other cytokines involved in inflammation, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Recent evidence suggests that IL-32 has a crucial role in host defence against pathogens, as well as in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Abnormal IL-32 expression has been linked to several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, and a recent study suggested the importance of IL-32 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. However, despite accumulating evidence, many molecular characteristics of this cytokine, including the secretory route and the receptor for IL-32, remain largely unknown. In addition, the IL-32 gene is found in higher mammals but not in rodents. In this review, we outline the current knowledge of IL-32 biological functions, properties, and its role in autoimmune diseases. We particularly highlight the role of IL-32 in rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Albuquerque
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Komsi
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Inna Starskaia
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ubaid Ullah
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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22
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Li M, Chen Y, Chen T, Hu S, Chen L, Shen L, Li F, Yang J, Sun Y, Wang D, He L, Qin S, Shu Y. A host-based whole genome sequencing study reveals novel risk loci associated with severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:123-131. [PMID: 33393450 PMCID: PMC7832503 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1870412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has remained in a seasonal circulation since being recognized in 2009. Although it followed a mild course in most patients, in others it caused a series of severe clinical illnesses. Epidemiologic studies have implicated that host factors have a major influence on the disease severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. However, an understanding of relevant genetic variations and the underlying mechanisms is still limited. In this present study, we used a host-based whole genome sequencing (WGS) method to comprehensively explore the genetic risk loci associated with severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. From the common single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) analysis, we identified the abnormal nominally significant (P < 1 × 10−4) common SNVs enriched in PTBP3 gene. The results of rare functional SNVs analysis supported that there were several novel candidate genes might confer risk of severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 diseases, such as FTSJ3, CPVL, BST2, NOD2 and MAVS. Moreover, our results of gene set based analysis indicated that the HIF-1 transcription factor and IFN-γ pathway might play an important role in the underlying mechanism of severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. These findings will increase our knowledge about biological mechanism underlying the severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and facilitate to design novel personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Luan Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Kremenovic M, Schenk M, Lee DJ. Clinical and molecular insights into BCG immunotherapy for melanoma. J Intern Med 2020; 288:625-640. [PMID: 32128919 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma and the mortality rate of advanced melanoma patients continue to rise globally. Despite the recent success of immunotherapy including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab checkpoint inhibitors, a large proportion of patients are refractory to such treatment modalities. The application of mycobacteria such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the treatment of various malignancies, including cutaneous melanoma, has been clearly demonstrated after almost a century of observations and experimentation. Intralesional BCG (IL-BCG) immunotherapy is a highly efficient and cost-effective treatment option for inoperable stage III in-transit melanoma, as recommended in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. IL-BCG has shown great efficacy in the regression of directly injected metastatic melanoma lesions, as well as distal noninjected nodules in immunocompetent patients. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that BCG serves as a strong immune modulator, inducing the recruitment of various immune cells that contribute to antitumour immunity. However, the specific mechanism of BCG-mediated tumour immunity remains poorly understood. Comparative genome analyses have revealed that different BCG strains exhibit distinct immunological activity and virulence, which might impact the therapeutic response and clinical outcome of patients. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory potential of different BCG substrains and highlight clinical studies utilizing BCG immunotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Furthermore, the review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the BCG-induced immune responses of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Furthermore, the review discussed the administration of BCG as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kremenovic
- From the, Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, Universitat Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Schenk
- From the, Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, Universitat Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D J Lee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Gong L, Liu G, Zhu H, Li C, Li P, Liu C, Tang H, Wu K, Wu J, Liu D, Tang X. IL-32 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress in A549 cells. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:278. [PMID: 33097029 PMCID: PMC7585222 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in the onset and development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with unclear mechanisms. Our previous studies found that bleomycin and tunicamycin could induce ER stress and consequently trigger EMT accompanying with IL-32 overexpression. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of IL-32 on EMT and ER stress to elucidate the pathogenesis of IPF. Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were treated with recombinant human (rh)IL-32, IL-32 siRNA and EMT inducer tunicamycin, or 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), respectively. Then the cell morphology was observed and the expression of ER-related markers and EMT-related markers were detected by RT-qPCR or western blotting. Results Stimulation of A549 cells with rhIL-32 led to a morphological change from a pebble-like shape to an elongated shape in a portion of the cells, accompanied by down regulated expression of the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and up regulated expression of the mesenchymal cell markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Zeb-1. However, these rhIL-32 induced changes were inhibited by the ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA. Suppression of IL-32 expression with siRNA inhibited TM-induced EMT. Further stimulation of the A549 cells with rhIL-32 demonstrated an increase in the expression of GRP78, although this increase was also inhibited by 4-PBA. Conclusions These results suggest that IL-32 induces EMT in A549 cells by triggering ER stress, and IL-32 may be a novel marker for IPF. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12890-020-01319-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, 601 W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Honglan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Caihong Li
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Pengmei Li
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Changlu Liu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.,Scientific Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.,Scientific Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Daishun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China. .,Department of Respiratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), No.98 Fenghuang Road, Zunyi, 563002, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, 601 W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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25
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Qu P, Wuest T, Min Y, Alevizos I, Young HA, Lin PC. Natural Killer Cell Transcript 4 promotes the development of Sjӧgren's syndrome via activation of Rap1 on B cells. J Autoimmun 2020; 116:102559. [PMID: 33087256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are the third most common diseases in the United States, and affect the daily lives of millions of people. In this study, we analyzed patient samples, utilized a transgenic mouse model and human B cells to reveal Natural Killer Cell Transcript 4 (NK4) as a novel regulator that promotes the development of autoimmune disorders. NK4 was significantly elevated in samples from patients with Sjӧgren's Syndrome (SS). SS patients show elevated NK4 levels. There is a strong and positive correlation between the increased levels of NK4 and the duration of SS. Interestingly, transgenic expression of NK4 in a mouse model led to the development of autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands similar to those in SS patients. Those phenotypes were associated with increased B1a cells in the peritoneum, plasma cells in the spleen, and increased IgM, IgA, and IgG2a in serum of the NK4 transgenic mice. The autoimmune phenotypes became more severe in older mice. Moreover, after NK4 transfection, human naïve B cells were activated and memory B cells differentiation into IgG and IgA-plasmablasts, resulting in an increased production of autoantibodies.NK4 regulated the differentiation and activation of B cells through activating Rap1 activity. NK4 also promoted B cell migration in a paracrine fashion through an induction of CXCL13 in endothelial cells. Collectively, these findings identify NK4 as a promoter of the development of autoimmune disorders through its roles on B cells. Therefore, NK4 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA.
| | - Todd Wuest
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - Yongfen Min
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjӧgren's Syndrome Clinic, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Howard A Young
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - P Charles Lin
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA.
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26
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Gruber T, Kremenovic M, Sadozai H, Rombini N, Baeriswyl L, Maibach F, Modlin RL, Gilliet M, von Werdt D, Hunger RE, Seyed Jafari SM, Parisi G, Abril-Rodriguez G, Ribas A, Schenk M. IL-32γ potentiates tumor immunity in melanoma. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138772. [PMID: 32841222 PMCID: PMC7526542 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells orchestrate the antitumor immune response and influence the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. We and others have previously shown that IL-32 mediates DC differentiation and macrophage activation. Here, we demonstrate that IL-32 expression in human melanoma positively correlates with overall survival, response to ICB, and an immune-inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME) enriched in mature DC, M1 macrophages, and CD8+ T cells. Treatment of B16F10 murine melanomas with IL-32 increased the frequencies of activated, tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, leading to the induction of systemic tumor immunity. Our mechanistic in vivo studies revealed a potentially novel role of IL-32 in activating intratumoral DC and macrophages to act in concert to prime CD8+ T cells and recruit them into the TME through CCL5. Thereby, IL-32 treatment reduced tumor growth and rendered ICB-resistant B16F10 tumors responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy without toxicity. Furthermore, increased baseline IL-32 gene expression was associated with response to nivolumab and pembrolizumab in 2 independent cohorts of patients with melanoma, implying that IL-32 is a predictive biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy. Collectively, this study suggests IL-32 as a potent adjuvant in immunotherapy to enhance the efficacy of ICB in patients with non-T cell-inflamed TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, and.,Graduate School Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Kremenovic
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, and.,Graduate School Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Sadozai
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, and.,Graduate School Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego von Werdt
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, and.,Graduate School Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Abril-Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Aass KR, Kastnes MH, Standal T. Molecular interactions and functions of IL-32. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:143-159. [PMID: 32869391 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0620-550r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-32 is a multifaceted cytokine associated with several diseases and inflammatory conditions. Its expression is induced in response to cellular stress such as hypoxia, infections, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-32 can be secreted from cells and can induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from several cell types but are also described to have anti-inflammatory functions. The intracellular form of IL-32 is shown to play an important role in various cellular processes, including the defense against intracellular bacteria and viruses and in modulation of cell metabolism. In this review, we discuss current literature on molecular interactions of IL-32 with other proteins. We also review data on the role of intracellular IL-32 as a metabolic regulator and its role in antimicrobial host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Roseth Aass
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin H Kastnes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Hematology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Smiljanovic B, Grützkau A, Sörensen T, Grün JR, Vogl T, Bonin M, Schendel P, Stuhlmüller B, Claussnitzer A, Hermann S, Ohrndorf S, Aupperle K, Backhaus M, Radbruch A, Burmester GR, Häupl T. Synovial tissue transcriptomes of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis are dominated by activated macrophages that reflect microbial stimulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7907. [PMID: 32404914 PMCID: PMC7220941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in microbiome research suggest involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Searching for initial trigger(s) in RA, we compared transcriptome profiles of highly inflamed RA synovial tissue (RA-ST) and osteoarthritis (OA)-ST with 182 selected reference transcriptomes of defined cell types and their activation by exogenous (microbial) and endogenous inflammatory stimuli. Screening for dominant changes in RA-ST demonstrated activation of monocytes/macrophages with gene-patterns induced by bacterial and fungal triggers. Gene-patterns of activated B- or T-cells in RA-ST reflected a response to activated monocytes/macrophages rather than inducing their activation. In contrast, OA-ST was dominated by gene-patterns of non-activated macrophages and fibroblasts. The difference between RA and OA was more prominent in transcripts of secreted proteins and was confirmed by protein quantification in synovial fluid (SF) and serum. In total, 24 proteins of activated cells were confirmed in RA-SF compared to OA-SF and some like CXCL13, CCL18, S100A8/A9, sCD14, LBP reflected this increase even in RA serum. Consequently, pathogen-like response patterns in RA suggest that direct microbial influences exist. This challenges the current concept of autoimmunity and immunosuppressive treatment and advocates new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that consider microbial persistence as important trigger(s) in the etiopathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Smiljanovic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Sörensen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim R Grün
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Bonin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Schendel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Stuhlmüller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Claussnitzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Hermann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karlfried Aupperle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Backhaus
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32373110 PMCID: PMC7176874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a stigmatized disease even now. Since clinical manifestations of leprosy patients present as an immune-related spectrum, leprosy is regarded as an ideal model for studying the interaction between host immune response and infection; in fact, the landscape of leprosy immune responses has been extensively investigated. Meanwhile, leprosy is to some extent a genetic disease because the genetic factors of hosts have long been considered major contributors to this disease. Many immune-related genes have been discovered to be associated with leprosy. However, immunological and genetic findings have rarely been studied and discussed together, and as a result, the effects of gene variants on leprosy immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of leprosy pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized advances in both the immunology and genetics of leprosy and discussed the perspective of the combination of immunological and genetic approaches in studying the molecular mechanism of leprosy pathogenesis. In our opinion, the integrating of immunological and genetic approaches in the future may be promising to elucidate the molecular mechanism of leprosy onset and how leprosy develops into different types of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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30
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Sohn DH, Nguyen TT, Kim S, Shim S, Lee S, Lee Y, Jhun H, Azam T, Kim J, Kim S. Structural Characteristics of Seven IL-32 Variants. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e8. [PMID: 31089435 PMCID: PMC6494766 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-32 exists as seven mRNA transcripts that can translate into distinct individual IL-32 variants with specific protein domains. These translated protein domains of IL-32 variants code for specific functions that allow for interaction with different molecules intracellularly or extracellularly. The longest variant is IL-32γ possessing 234 amino acid residues with all 11 protein domains, while the shortest variant is IL-32α possessing 131 amino acid residues with three of the protein domains. The first domain exists in 6 variants except IL-32δ variant, which has a distinct translation initiation codon due to mRNA splicing. The last eleventh domain is common domain for all seven IL-32 variants. Numerous studies in different fields, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, pathogen infection, and cancer biology, have claimed the specific biological activity of individual IL-32 variant despite the absence of sufficient data. There are 4 additional IL-32 variants without proper transcripts. In this review, the structural characteristics of seven IL-32 transcripts are described based on the specific protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Tam T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sinae Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Saerok Shim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- YbdYbiotech Research Center, Seoul 08589, Korea
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Medicine, Pusan Paik Hospital, Collage of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyunjhung Jhun
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Technical Assistance Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tania Azam
- YbdYbiotech Research Center, Seoul 08589, Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Kyungdong University Medical Campus, Wonju 24695, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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31
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Paz H, Tsoi J, Kalbasi A, Grasso CS, McBride WH, Schaue D, Butterfield LH, Maurer DM, Ribas A, Graeber TG, Economou JS. Interleukin 32 expression in human melanoma. J Transl Med 2019; 17:113. [PMID: 30953519 PMCID: PMC6449995 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various proinflammatory cytokines can be detected within the melanoma tumor microenvironment. Interleukin 32 (IL32) is produced by T cells, NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, but also by a subset of melanoma cells. We sought to better understand the biology of IL32 in human melanoma. Methods We analyzed RNA sequencing data from 53 in-house established human melanoma cell lines and 479 melanoma tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. We evaluated global gene expression patterns associated with IL32 expression. We also evaluated the impact of proinflammatory molecules TNFα and IFNγ on IL32 expression and dedifferentiation in melanoma cell lines in vitro. In order to study the transcriptional regulation of IL32 in these cell lines, we cloned up to 10.5 kb of the 5′ upstream region of the human IL32 gene into a luciferase reporter vector. Results A significant proportion of established human melanoma cell lines express IL32, with its expression being highly correlated with a dedifferentiation genetic signature (high AXL/low MITF). Non IL32-expressing differentiated melanoma cell lines exposed to TNFα or IFNγ can be induced to express the three predominant isoforms (α, β, γ) of IL32. Cis-acting elements within this 5′ upstream region of the human IL32 gene appear to govern both induced and constitutive gene expression. In the tumor microenvironment, IL32 expression is highly correlated with genes related to T cell infiltration, and also positively correlates with high AXL/low MITF dedifferentiated gene signature. Conclusions Expression of IL32 in human melanoma can be induced by TNFα or IFNγ and correlates with a treatment-resistant dedifferentiated genetic signature. Constitutive and induced expression are regulated, in part, by cis-acting sequences within the 5′ upstream region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1862-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helicia Paz
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Deena M Maurer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James S Economou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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32
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Dang AT, Teles RM, Weiss DI, Parvatiyar K, Sarno EN, Ochoa MT, Cheng G, Gilliet M, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1926-1939. [PMID: 30939123 DOI: 10.1172/jci99550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-26 is an antimicrobial protein secreted by Th17 cells that has the ability to directly kill extracellular bacteria. To ascertain whether IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria, we studied leprosy, caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae, as a model. Analysis of leprosy skin lesions by gene expression profiling and immunohistology revealed that IL-26 was more strongly expressed in lesions from the self-limited tuberculoid compared with expression in progressive lepromatous patients. IL-26 directly bound to M. leprae in axenic culture and reduced bacteria viability. Furthermore, IL-26, when added to human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with M. leprae, entered the infected cell, colocalized with the bacterium, and reduced bacteria viability. In addition, IL-26 induced autophagy via the cytoplasmic DNA receptor stimulator of IFN genes (STING), as well as fusion of phagosomes containing bacilli with lysosomal compartments. Altogether, our data suggest that the Th17 cytokine IL-26 contributes to host defense against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Tilly Dang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - David I Weiss
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria T Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology Service, Lausanne University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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33
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Montoya D, Mehta M, Ferguson BG, Teles RMB, Krutzik SR, Cruz D, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Plasticity of antimicrobial and phagocytic programs in human macrophages. Immunology 2019; 156:164-173. [PMID: 30357820 PMCID: PMC6328994 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage (MΦ) polarization is triggered during the innate immune response to defend against microbial pathogens, but can also contribute to disease pathogenesis. In a previous study, we found that interleukin-15 (IL-15) -derived classically activated macrophages (M1 MΦ) have enhanced antimicrobial activity, whereas IL-10-derived alternatively activated macrophages (M2 MΦ) were highly phagocytic but lacked antimicrobial activity. Given that the ability to modulate MΦ polarization from M2 MΦ to M1 MΦ may promote a more effective immune response to infection, we investigated the plasticity of these MΦ programs. Addition of IL-10 to M1 MΦ induced M2-like MΦ, but IL-15 had little effect on M2 MΦ. We determined the set of immune receptors that are present on M2 MΦ, elucidating two candidates for inducing plasticity of M2 MΦ, Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and interferonγ (IFN-γ) receptor 1. Stimulation of M2 MΦ with TLR2/1 ligand (TLR2/1L) or IFN-γ alone was not sufficient to alter M2 MΦ phenotype or function. However, co-addition of TLR2/1L and IFN-γ re-educated M2 MΦ towards the M1 MΦ phenotype, with a decrease in the phagocytosis of lipids and mycobacteria, as well as recovery of the vitamin-D-dependent antimicrobial pathway compared with M2 MΦ maintained in polarizing conditions. Similarly, treatment of M2 MΦ with both TLR2/1L and anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies led to polarization to the M1-like MΦ phenotype and function. Together, our data demonstrate an approach to induce MΦ plasticity that provides the potential for re-educating MΦ function in human mycobacterial disease to promote host defense and limit pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Montoya
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Manali Mehta
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Rosane M. B. Teles
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Stephan R. Krutzik
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of DermatologyDepartment of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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34
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Li Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Xing X, Zhang Y. Interleukin‐32ε induces caspase‐independent apoptosis mediated by N‐Myc interactor in macrophages infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J 2018; 286:572-583. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Xupeng Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University Yangling China
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35
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Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
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36
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The Biology and Role of Interleukin-32 in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1535194. [PMID: 30426023 PMCID: PMC6217754 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1535194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with nearly 10.4 million new cases of incidence and over 1.7 million deaths annually. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, especially multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant strains, have further intensified the problem associated with tuberculosis control. Host-directed therapy is a promising alternative for tuberculosis control. IL-32 is increasingly recognized as an important host molecule against tuberculosis. In this review, we highlight the proinflammatory properties of IL-32 and the mode of action of IL-32 in mycobacterial infections to inspire the development of novel immunity-based countermeasures and host-directed therapies against tuberculosis.
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37
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Xin T, Chen M, Duan L, Xu Y, Gao P. Interleukin-32: its role in asthma and potential as a therapeutic agent. Respir Res 2018; 19:124. [PMID: 29940981 PMCID: PMC6019726 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-32, also named natural killer cell transcript 4 (NK4), has increasingly been described as an immunoregulator that controls cell differentiation and cell death and is involved in the stimulation of anti−/pro-inflammatory cytokines. Abnormal presence of IL-32 has been repeatedly noticed during the pathogenesis of allergic, infectious, cancerous, and inflammatory diseases. Of particular note was the observation of the anti-inflammatory property of IL-32 in a murine ovalbumin model of allergic asthma. Compared to wild-type mice, IL-32γ transgenic mice show decreased levels of inflammatory cells, recruited eosinophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a mouse model of acute asthma. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of IL-32 in asthma remains to be elucidated. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the pathophysiology of asthma and describe the links to IL-32. The possibilities of using IL-32 as an airway inflammation biomarker and an asthma therapeutic agent are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Duan
- Department of Gastrointestinal medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Department of Geriatrics and General Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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38
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de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Andrade Silva BJ, Assis TQ, da Silva Prata RB, Ferreira H, Andrade PR, da Paixão de Oliveira JA, Sperandio da Silva GM, da Costa Nery JA, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy Impairment Is Associated With Increased Inflammasome Activation and Reversal Reaction Development in Multibacillary Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1223. [PMID: 29915584 PMCID: PMC5994478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are responsible for incapacities in leprosy and represent the major cause of permanent neuropathy. The identification of biomarkers able to identify patients more prone to develop reaction could contribute to adequate clinical management and the prevention of disability. Reversal reaction may occur in unstable borderline patients and also in lepromatous patients. To identify biomarker signature profiles related with the reversal reaction onset, multibacillary patients were recruited and classified accordingly the occurrence or not of reversal reaction during or after multidrugtherapy. Analysis of skin lesion cells at diagnosis of multibacillary leprosy demonstrated that in the group that developed reaction (T1R) in the future there was a downregulation of autophagy associated with the overexpression of TLR2 and MLST8. The autophagy impairment in T1R group was associated with increased expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 (p10) and IL-1β production. In addition, analysis of IL-1β production in serum from multibacillary patients demonstrated that patients who developed reversal reaction have significantly increased concentrations of IL-1β at diagnosis, suggesting that the pattern of innate immune responses could predict the reactional episode outcome. In vitro analysis demonstrated that the blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated human primary monocytes increased the assembly of NLRP3 specks assembly, and it was associated with an increase of IL-1β and IL-6 production. Together, our data suggest an important role for autophagy in multibacillary leprosy patients to avoid exacerbated inflammasome activation and the onset of reversal reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tayná Quintella Assis
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Toledo Pinto TG, Batista-Silva LR, Medeiros RCA, Lara FA, Moraes MO. Type I Interferons, Autophagy and Host Metabolism in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:806. [PMID: 29755459 PMCID: PMC5932357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For those with leprosy, the extent of host infection by Mycobacterium leprae and the progression of the disease depend on the ability of mycobacteria to shape a safe environment for its replication during early interaction with host cells. Thus, variations in key genes such as those in pattern recognition receptors (NOD2 and TLR1), autophagic flux (PARK2, LRRK2, and RIPK2), effector immune cytokines (TNF and IL12), and environmental factors, such as nutrition, have been described as critical determinants for infection and disease progression. While parkin-mediated autophagy is observed as being essential for mycobacterial clearance, leprosy patients present a prominent activation of the type I IFN pathway and its downstream genes, including OASL, CCL2, and IL10. Activation of this host response is related to a permissive phenotype through the suppression of IFN-γ response and negative regulation of autophagy. Finally, modulation of host metabolism was observed during mycobacterial infection. Both changes in lipid and glucose homeostasis contribute to the persistence of mycobacteria in the host. M. leprae-infected cells have an increased glucose uptake, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate generation by pentose phosphate pathways, and downregulation of mitochondrial activity. In this review, we discussed new pathways involved in the early mycobacteria–host interaction that regulate innate immune pathways or metabolism and could be new targets to host therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Flávio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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40
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Keegan C, Krutzik S, Schenk M, Scumpia PO, Lu J, Pang YLJ, Russell BS, Lim KS, Shell S, Prestwich E, Su D, Elashoff D, Hershberg RM, Bloom BR, Belisle JT, Fortune S, Dedon PC, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transfer RNA Induces IL-12p70 via Synergistic Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors within a Cell Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3244-3258. [PMID: 29610140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of a microbial pathogen, the innate and adaptive immune systems are linked to generate a cell-mediated immune response against the foreign invader. The culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains ligands, such as M. tuberculosis tRNA, that activate the innate immune response and secreted Ags recognized by T cells to drive adaptive immune responses. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of gene-expression profiles derived from human PBMCs treated with distinct microbial ligands identified a mycobacterial tRNA-induced innate immune network resulting in the robust production of IL-12p70, a cytokine required to instruct an adaptive Th1 response for host defense against intracellular bacteria. As validated by functional studies, this pathway contained a feed-forward loop, whereby the early production of IL-18, type I IFNs, and IL-12p70 primed NK cells to respond to IL-18 and produce IFN-γ, enhancing further production of IL-12p70. Mechanistically, tRNA activates TLR3 and TLR8, and this synergistic induction of IL-12p70 was recapitulated by the addition of a specific TLR8 agonist with a TLR3 ligand to PBMCs. These data indicate that M. tuberculosis tRNA activates a gene network involving the integration of multiple innate signals, including types I and II IFNs, as well as distinct cell types to induce IL-12p70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Keegan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephan Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yan Ling Joy Pang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brandon S Russell
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kok Seong Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Scarlet Shell
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Erin Prestwich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Barry R Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V, Silva BJDA, Dias AA, de Souza BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Almeida Esquenazi D, Pessolani MCV, Sarno EN. Innate Immune Responses in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:518. [PMID: 29643852 PMCID: PMC5882777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease that may present different clinical forms depending on host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Several studies have clarified the role of various T cell populations in leprosy; however, recent evidences suggest that local innate immune mechanisms are key determinants in driving the disease to its different clinical manifestations. Leprosy is an ideal model to study the immunoregulatory role of innate immune molecules and its interaction with nervous system, which can affect homeostasis and contribute to the development of inflammatory episodes during the course of the disease. Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and keratinocytes are the major cell populations studied and the comprehension of the complex networking created by cytokine release, lipid and iron metabolism, as well as antimicrobial effector pathways might provide data that will help in the development of new strategies for leprosy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - André Alves Dias
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dos Santos JC, Damen MSMA, Joosten LAB, Ribeiro-Dias F. Interleukin-32: An endogenous danger signal or master regulator of intracellular pathogen infections-Focus on leishmaniases. Semin Immunol 2018; 38:15-23. [PMID: 29551246 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is an intracellular cytokine produced by immune and non immune cells after different stimuli. It contributes to inflammation and control of intracellular pathogens mainly by inducing proinflammatory cytokines and microbicidal molecules. Evidence is rising showing that IL-32 can be considered an endogenous danger signal after tissue injury, amplifying the inflammatory process and acquired immune responses. It seems to be a master regulator of intracellular infectious diseases. In this review, first the general properties of IL-32 are described followed by its role in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Roles of IL-32 in the control of infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens are reported, and later a focus on IL-32 in leishmaniases, diseases caused by an intracellular protozoan, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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43
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Sadozai H, Gruber T, Hunger RE, Schenk M. Recent Successes and Future Directions in Immunotherapy of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1617. [PMID: 29276510 PMCID: PMC5727014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health burden associated with melanoma continues to increase while treatment options for metastatic melanoma are limited. Nevertheless, in the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has witnessed remarkable advances for the treatment of a number of malignancies including metastatic melanoma. Although the earliest observations of an immunological antitumor response were made nearly a century ago, it was only in the past 30 years, that immunotherapy emerged as a viable therapeutic option, in particular for cutaneous melanoma. As such, melanoma remains the focus of various preclinical and clinical studies to understand the immunobiology of cancer and to test various tumor immunotherapies. Here, we review key recent developments in the field of immune-mediated therapy of melanoma. Our primary focus is on therapies that have received regulatory approval. Thus, a brief overview of the pathophysiology of melanoma is provided. The purported functions of various tumor-infiltrating immune cell subsets are described, in particular the recently described roles of intratumoral dendritic cells. The section on immunotherapies focuses on strategies that have proved to be the most clinically successful such as immune checkpoint blockade. Prospects for novel therapeutics and the potential for combinatorial approaches are delineated. Finally, we briefly discuss nanotechnology-based platforms which can in theory, activate multiple arms of immune system to fight cancer. The promising advances in the field of immunotherapy signal the dawn of a new era in cancer treatment and warrant further investigation to understand the opportunities and barriers for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sadozai
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Le Nours J, Shahine A, Gras S. Molecular features of lipid-based antigen presentation by group 1 CD1 molecules. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 84:48-57. [PMID: 29113870 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are now widely considered to play a variety of important roles in T-cell mediated immunity, including serving as antigens. Lipid-based antigens are presented by a specialised group of glycoproteins termed CD1. In humans, three classes of CD1 molecules exist: group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c), group 2 (CD1d), and group 3 (CD1e). While CD1d-mediated T-cell immunity has been extensively investigated, we have only recently gained insights into the structure and function of group 1 CD1 molecules. Structural studies have revealed how lipid-based antigens are presented by group 1 CD1 molecules, as well as shedding light on the molecular requirements for T-cell recognition. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of lipid presentation by group 1 CD1 molecules in humans and their recognition by T-cells, as well as examining the potential differences in lipid presentation that may occur across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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45
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Park AJ, Agak GW, Qin M, Hisaw LD, Pirouz A, Kao S, Marinelli LJ, Garbán HJ, Thiboutot D, Liu PT, Kim J. G2A Attenuates Propionibacterium acnes Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Monocytes. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:688-698. [PMID: 29200756 PMCID: PMC5705349 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.6.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization, and immune responses to Propionibacterium acnes (PA). Here, we explore a possible mechanism by which a lipid receptor, G2A, regulates immune responses to a commensal bacterium. Objective To elucidate the inflammatory properties of G2A in monocytes in response to PA stimulation. Furthermore, our study sought to investigate pathways by which lipids modulate immune responses in response to PA. Methods Our studies focused on monocytes collected from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the monocytic cell line THP-1, and a lab strain of PA. Our studies involved the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent, Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and microarray analysis of human acne lesions in the measurements of inflammatory markers. Results G2A gene expression is higher in acne lesions compared to normal skin and is inducible by the acne therapeutic, 13-cis-retinoic acid. In vitro, PA induces both the Toll-like receptor 2-dependent expression of G2A as well as the production of the G2A ligand, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, from human monocytes. G2A gene knockdown through siRNA enhances PA stimulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β possibly through increased activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase and nuclear factor kappa B p65 pathways. Conclusion G2A may play a role in quelling inflammatory cytokine response to PA, revealing G2A as a potential attenuator of inflammatory response in a disease associated with a commensal bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Park
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa D Hisaw
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aslan Pirouz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Kao
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Marinelli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hermes J Garbán
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane Thiboutot
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Philip T Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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46
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Thomi R, Yerly D, Yawalkar N, Simon D, Schlapbach C, Hunger RE. Interleukin-32 is highly expressed in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1358-1366. [PMID: 28301691 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Its immunopathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-32 is implicated in the pathogenesis of other inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES To investigate the tissue expression and systemic levels of IL-32, as well as its cellular sources, in patients with HS in comparison with healthy donors and patients with two other inflammatory skin diseases: psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from healthy skin and lesional HS, psoriatic and AD skin to analyse the expression of IL-32 by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cellular source of the cytokine was determined by double immunofluorescence staining. Serum from the four donor groups was used to measure systemic levels of IL-32 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IL-32 was upregulated in patients with HS in both lesional skin and serum when compared with healthy donors and patients with AD or psoriasis. In HS, IL-32 was found to be expressed by natural killer cells, T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in highly infiltrated areas of the dermis. High IL32 mRNA levels in lesional HS skin coincided with high amounts of T cells and macrophages. Additionally, IL32 mRNA levels in lesional HS skin correlate positively with interferon-γ and IL-17A and negatively with IL-13. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IL-32 is overexpressed in HS. Targeting IL-32 may therefore represent a new therapeutic option for the treatment of this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomi
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Yerly
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Yawalkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R E Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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47
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Sales-Marques C, Cardoso CC, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Illaramendi X, Sales AM, Hacker MDA, Barbosa MGDM, Nery JADC, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Genetic polymorphisms of the IL6 and NOD2 genes are risk factors for inflammatory reactions in leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005754. [PMID: 28715406 PMCID: PMC5531687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways that trigger exacerbated immune reactions in leprosy could be determined by genetic variations. Here, in a prospective approach, both genetic and non-genetic variables influencing the amount of time before the development of reactional episodes were studied using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the genetic effect was estimated by the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. In a sample including 447 leprosy patients, we confirmed that gender (male), and high bacillary clinical forms are risk factors for leprosy reactions. From the 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 8 candidate genes genotyped (TNF/LTA, IFNG, IL10, TLR1, NOD2, SOD2, and IL6) we observed statistically different survival curves for rs751271 at the NOD2 and rs2069845 at the IL6 genes (log-rank p-values = 0.002 and 0.023, respectively), suggesting an influence on the amount of time before developing leprosy reactions. Cox models showed associations between the SNPs rs751271 at NOD2 and rs2069845 at IL6 with leprosy reactions (HRGT = 0.45, p = 0.002; HRAG = 1.88, p = 0.0008, respectively). Finally, IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were confirmed as high, while IL-10 titers were low in the sera of reactional patients. Rs751271-GT genotype-bearing individuals correlated (p = 0.05) with lower levels of IL-6 in sera samples, corroborating the genetic results. Although the experimental size may be considered a limitation of the study, the findings confirm the association of classical variables such as sex and clinical forms with leprosy, demonstrating the consistency of the results. From the results, we conclude that SNPs at the NOD2 and IL6 genes are associated with leprosy reactions as an outcome. NOD2 also has a clear functional pro-inflammatory link that is coherent with the exacerbated responses observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ximena Illaramendi
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Sales
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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48
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Gorvel L, Korenfeld D, Tung T, Klechevsky E. Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-32α: A Novel Inhibitory Cytokine of NK Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1290-1300. [PMID: 28701509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines produced by dendritic cells (DCs) can largely determine the direction of immunity. Transcriptional analysis revealed that besides IL-15, IL-32 was the only other cytokine expressed by human Langerhans cells. IL-32 is a human cytokine that exists in four main isoforms. Currently, little is known about the regulation and function of the various IL-32 isoforms. In this study, we found that IL-15 is a potent inducer of IL-32α in DCs. Because IL-15 promotes NK cell activation, we investigated the interplay between IL-32 and IL-15 and their role in NK cell activity. We show that IL-32α acts on NK cells to inhibit IL-15-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation and to suppress their IL-15-induced effector molecule expression and cytolytic capacity. IL-32α also acted on DCs by downregulating IL-15-induced IL-18 production, an important cytokine in NK cell activity. Blocking IL-32α during DC:NK cell coculture enhanced NK cell effector molecule expression as well as their cytolytic capacity. Taken together, our findings suggest a feedback inhibition of IL-15-mediated NK cell activity by IL-32α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gorvel
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Thomas Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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Abstract
The key question our work has sought to address has been, "What are the necessary and sufficient conditions that engender protection from intracellular pathogens in the human host?" The origins of this work derive from a long-standing interest in the mechanisms of protection against two such paradigmatic intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, that have brilliantly adapted to the human host. It was obvious that these pathogens, which cause chronic diseases and persist in macrophages, must have acquired subtle strategies to resist host microbicidal mechanisms, yet since the vast majority of individuals infected with M. tuberculosis do not develop disease, there must be some potent human antimicrobial mechanisms. What follows is not a comprehensive review of the vast literature on the role of human macrophages in protection against infectious disease, but a summary of the research in our two laboratories with collaborators that we hope has contributed to some understanding of mechanisms of resistance and pathogenesis. While mouse models revealed some necessary conditions for protection, e.g., innate immunity, Th1 cells and their cytokines, and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells, here we emphasize multiple antimicrobial mechanisms that exist in human macrophages that differ from those of most experimental animals. Prominent here is the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway common to human macrophages activated by innate and acquired immune responses, mediated by antimicrobial peptides, e.g., cathelicidin, through an interleukin-15- and interleukin-32-dependent common pathway that is necessary for macrophage killing of M. tuberculosis in vitro.
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory innate and adaptive immune cell responses to commensal bacteria underlie the pathogenesis of human chronic inflammatory diseases. Intestinal dysbiosis has been described in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and seems to be correlated with histologic and immunologic alterations. Purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship occurring between intestinal dysbiosis and innate immune responses in patients with axial SpA. RECENT FINDINGS Intestinal dysbiosis and differential activation of intestinal immune responses in patients with SpA have been demonstrated. Furthermore, innate cells that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of SpA may control intestinal homeostasis through induction of apoptotic cell death and deletion of activated commensal bacteria-specific T cells. SUMMARY Although the evidence shows that dysbiosis occurs in SpA, it is not clear the role of dysbiosis in regulating innate immune responses in SpA. Relationships between cause and effect remain to be answered. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COR/A34.
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