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Hanitrarimalala V, Bednarska I, Murakami T, Papadakos KS, Blom AM. Intracellular cartilage oligomeric matrix protein augments breast cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:480. [PMID: 38965233 PMCID: PMC11224260 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy persists as the primary intervention for breast cancer, with chemoresistance posing the principal obstacle to successful treatment. Herein, we show that cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) expression leads to increased cancer cell survival and attenuated apoptosis under treatment with several chemotherapeutic drugs, anti-HER2 targeted treatment, and endocrine therapy in several breast cancer cell lines tested. The COMP-induced chemoresistance was independent of the breast cancer subtype. Extracellularly delivered recombinant COMP failed to rescue cells from apoptosis while endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-restricted COMP-KDEL conferred resistance to apoptosis, consistent with the localization of COMP in the ER, where it interacted with calpain. Calpain activation was reduced in COMP-expressing cells and maintained at a lower level of activation during treatment with epirubicin. Moreover, the downstream caspases of calpain, caspases -9, -7, and -3, exhibited significantly reduced activation in COMP-expressing cells under chemotherapy treatment. Chemotherapy, when combined with calpain activators, rendered the cells expressing COMP more chemosensitive. Also, the anti-apoptotic proteins phospho-Bcl2 and survivin were increased in COMP-expressing cells upon chemotherapy. Cells expressing a mutant COMP lacking thrombospondin repeats exhibited reduced chemoresistance compared to cells expressing full-length COMP. Evaluation of calcium levels in the ER, cytosol, and mitochondria revealed that COMP expression modulates intracellular calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, patients undergoing chemotherapy or endocrine therapy demonstrated significantly reduced overall survival time when tumors expressed high levels of COMP. This study identifies a novel role of COMP in chemoresistance and calpain inactivation in breast cancer, a discovery with potential implications for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabela Bednarska
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, S-214 28, Sweden
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | | | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, S-214 28, Sweden
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2
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Giacomini I, Cortini M, Tinazzi M, Baldini N, Cocetta V, Ragazzi E, Avnet S, Montopoli M. Contribution of Mitochondrial Activity to Doxorubicin-Resistance in Osteosarcoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051370. [PMID: 36900165 PMCID: PMC10000149 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is considered the most common bone tumor affecting children and young adults. The standard of care is chemotherapy; however, the onset of drug resistance still jeopardizes osteosarcoma patients, thus making it necessary to conduct a thorough investigation of the possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon. In the last decades, metabolic rewiring of cancer cells has been proposed as a cause of chemotherapy resistance. Our aim was to compare the mitochondrial phenotype of sensitive osteosarcoma cells (HOS and MG-63) versus their clones when continuously exposed to doxorubicin (resistant cells) and identify alterations exploitable for pharmacological approaches to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Compared with sensitive cells, doxorubicin-resistant clones showed sustained viability with less oxygen-dependent metabolisms, and significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and ROS production. In addition, we found reduced expression of TFAM gene generally associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, combined treatment of resistant osteosarcoma cells with doxorubicin and quercetin, a known inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis, re-sensitizes the doxorubicin effect in resistant cells. Despite further investigations being needed, these results pave the way for the use of mitochondrial inducers as a promising strategy to re-sensitize doxorubicin cytotoxicity in patients who do not respond to therapy or reduce doxorubicin side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Cortini
- Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Tinazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Biomedical Science and Technologies and Nanobiotechnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (M.M.)
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3
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Endogenous Extracellular Matrix Regulates the Response of Osteosarcoma 3D Spheroids to Doxorubicin. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041221. [PMID: 36831562 PMCID: PMC9954237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates cell behavior, shape, and viability as well as mechanical properties. In recent years, ECM disregulation and aberrant remodeling has gained considerable attention in cancer targeting and prevention since it may stimulate tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here, we developed an in vitro model that aims at mimicking the in vivo tumor microenvironment by recapitulating the interactions between osteosarcoma (OS) cells and ECM with respect to cancer progression. We long-term cultured 3D OS spheroids made of metastatic or non-metastatic OS cells mixed with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs); confirmed the deposition of ECM proteins such as Type I collagen, Type III collagen, and fibronectin by the stromal component at the interface between tumor cells and MSCs; and found that ECM secretion is inhibited by a neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibody, suggesting a new role of this cytokine in OS ECM deposition. Most importantly, we showed that the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin is reduced by the presence of Type I collagen. We thus conclude that ECM protein deposition is crucial for modelling and studying drug response. Our results also suggest that targeting ECM proteins might improve the outcome of a subset of chemoresistant tumors.
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4
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Haider AS, Palmisciano P, Sagoo NS, Bin Alamer O, El Ahmadieh TY, Pan E, Garzon-Muvdi T. Primary Central Nervous System Sarcomas in Adults: A Systematic Review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 214:107127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Grünewald TGP, Alonso M, Avnet S, Banito A, Burdach S, Cidre‐Aranaz F, Di Pompo G, Distel M, Dorado‐Garcia H, Garcia‐Castro J, González‐González L, Grigoriadis AE, Kasan M, Koelsche C, Krumbholz M, Lecanda F, Lemma S, Longo DL, Madrigal‐Esquivel C, Morales‐Molina Á, Musa J, Ohmura S, Ory B, Pereira‐Silva M, Perut F, Rodriguez R, Seeling C, Al Shaaili N, Shaabani S, Shiavone K, Sinha S, Tomazou EM, Trautmann M, Vela M, Versleijen‐Jonkers YMH, Visgauss J, Zalacain M, Schober SJ, Lissat A, English WR, Baldini N, Heymann D. Sarcoma treatment in the era of molecular medicine. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11131. [PMID: 33047515 PMCID: PMC7645378 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are heterogeneous and clinically challenging soft tissue and bone cancers. Although constituting only 1% of all human malignancies, sarcomas represent the second most common type of solid tumors in children and adolescents and comprise an important group of secondary malignancies. More than 100 histological subtypes have been characterized to date, and many more are being discovered due to molecular profiling. Owing to their mostly aggressive biological behavior, relative rarity, and occurrence at virtually every anatomical site, many sarcoma subtypes are in particular difficult-to-treat categories. Current multimodal treatment concepts combine surgery, polychemotherapy (with/without local hyperthermia), irradiation, immunotherapy, and/or targeted therapeutics. Recent scientific advancements have enabled a more precise molecular characterization of sarcoma subtypes and revealed novel therapeutic targets and prognostic/predictive biomarkers. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the molecular biology of sarcomas and their effects on clinical oncology; it is meant for a broad readership ranging from novices to experts in the field of sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas GP Grünewald
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
- Institute of PathologyHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marta Alonso
- Program in Solid Tumors and BiomarkersFoundation for the Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra PamplonaPamplonaSpain
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Ana Banito
- Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Research GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center (CCRC)Technische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Florencia Cidre‐Aranaz
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merve Kasan
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Fernando Lecanda
- Division of OncologyAdhesion and Metastasis LaboratoryCenter for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Dario L Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)Italian National Research Council (CNR)TurinItaly
| | | | | | - Julian Musa
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Shunya Ohmura
- Max‐Eder Research Group for Pediatric Sarcoma BiologyInstitute of PathologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Miguel Pereira‐Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Francesca Perut
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
| | - Rene Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de AsturiasOviedoSpain
- CIBER en oncología (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
| | | | - Nada Al Shaaili
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Department of Drug DesignUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kristina Shiavone
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Snehadri Sinha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Marcel Trautmann
- Division of Translational PathologyGerhard‐Domagk‐Institute of PathologyMünster University HospitalMünsterGermany
| | - Maria Vela
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ)MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Marta Zalacain
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB)Italian National Research Council (CNR)TurinItaly
| | - Sebastian J Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center (CCRC)Technische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Andrej Lissat
- University Children′s Hospital Zurich – Eleonoren FoundationKanton ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - William R English
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine UnitIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico RizzoliBolognaItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Université de NantesInstitut de Cancérologie de l'OuestTumor Heterogeneity and Precision MedicineSaint‐HerblainFrance
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Chiappetta C, Puggioni C, Carletti R, Petrozza V, Della Rocca C, Di Crisfofano C. The nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of a chromatin-modifying and remodelling protein (KMT2C), in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30624-30634. [PMID: 30093974 PMCID: PMC6078128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common paediatric primary non-hematopoietic bone tumor; the survival is related to the response to chemotherapy and development of metastases. KMT2C is a chromatin-modifying and remodelling protein and its expression has never been studied in osteosarcoma. The aim of this study was to understand the role of KMT2C in the osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and metastatic progression to identify a new molecular target and to provide new therapeutic approach. We performed the immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis of KMT2C in 32 samples of patients with diagnosis of osteosarcoma with known clinic-pathological data and we analysed the expression of genes involved in the metastatic pathway in four osteosarcoma cell lines by blocking the KMT2C expression using siRNA. We found a nuclear-cytoplamic trafficking of KMT2C and the cytoplasmic localization was higher than the nuclear localization (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the percentage of cells with cytoplasmic positivity increased from low grade primary tissue to metastatic tissues. The cytoplasmic localization of KMT2C could lead to a change in its function supporting osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression. Our hypothesis is that KMT2C could affect the enhancer activity of genes influencing the invasive properties and metastatic potential of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Chiappetta
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Chiara Puggioni
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Carlo Della Rocca
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Crisfofano
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Avnet S, Lemma S, Cortini M, Pellegrini P, Perut F, Zini N, Kusuzaki K, Chano T, Grisendi G, Dominici M, De Milito A, Baldini N. Altered pH gradient at the plasma membrane of osteosarcoma cells is a key mechanism of drug resistance. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63408-63423. [PMID: 27566564 PMCID: PMC5325373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone malignancy, is based on a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression has been previously associated with treatment failure and progression of OS, although other mechanisms may also play a role. We considered the typical acidic extracellular pH (pHe) of sarcomas, and found that doxorubicin (DXR) cytotoxicity is reduced in P-gp negative OS cells cultured at pHe 6.5 compared to standard 7.4. Short-time (24-48 hours) exposure to low pHe significantly increased the number and acidity of lysosomes, and the combination of DXR with omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor targeting lysosomal acidity, significantly enhanced DXR cytotoxicity. In OS xenografts, the combination treatment of DXR and omeprazole significantly reduced tumor volume and body weight loss. The impaired toxicity of DXR at low pHe was not associated with increased autophagy or lysosomal acidification, but rather, as shown by SNARF staining, with a reversal of the pH gradient at the plasma membrane (ΔpHcm), eventually leading to a reduced DXR intracellular accumulation. Finally, the reversal of ΔpHcm in OS cells promoted resistance not only to DXR, but also to cisplatin and methotrexate, and, to a lesser extent, to vincristine. Altogether, our findings show that, in OS cells, short-term acidosis induces resistance to different chemotherapeutic drugs by a reversal of ΔpHcm, suggesting that buffer therapies or regimens including proton pump inhibitors in combination to low concentrations of conventional anticancer agents may offer novel solutions to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Cortini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Pellegrini
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Perut
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-hospital of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University-hospital of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Chiappetta C, Mancini M, Lessi F, Aretini P, De Gregorio V, Puggioni C, Carletti R, Petrozza V, Civita P, Franceschi S, Naccarato AG, Rocca CD, Mazzanti CM, Di Cristofano C. Whole-exome analysis in osteosarcoma to identify a personalized therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80416-80428. [PMID: 29113313 PMCID: PMC5655208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common pediatric primary non-hematopoietic bone tumor. Survival of these young patients is related to the response to chemotherapy and development of metastases. Despite many advances in cancer research, chemotherapy regimens for osteosarcoma are still based on non-selective cytotoxic drugs. It is essential to investigate new specific molecular therapies for osteosarcoma to increase the survival rate of these patients. We performed exomic sequence analyses of 8 diagnostic biopsies of patients with conventional high grade osteosarcoma to advance our understanding of their genetic underpinnings and to correlate the genetic alteration with the clinical and pathological features of each patient to identify a personalized therapy. We identified 18,275 somatic variations in 8,247 genes and we found three mutated genes in 7/8 (87%) samples (KIF1B, NEB and KMT2C). KMT2C showed the highest number of variations; it is an important component of a histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex and it is one of the histone modifiers previously implicated in carcinogenesis, never studied in osteosarcoma. Moreover, we found a group of 15 genes that showed variations only in patients that did not respond to therapy and developed metastasis and some of these genes are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in other tumors. These data could offer the opportunity to get a key molecular target to identify possible new strategies for early diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches for osteosarcoma and to provide a tailored treatment for each patient based on their genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Chiappetta
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mancini
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Puggioni
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Della Rocca
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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9
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Taxane resistance in breast cancer: mechanisms, predictive biomarkers and circumvention strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:890-903. [PMID: 22465195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxanes are established in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and early breast cancer (EBC) as potent chemotherapy agents. However, their therapeutic usefulness is limited by de-novo refractoriness or acquired resistance, which are common drawbacks to most anti-cancer cytotoxics. Considering that the taxanes will remain principle chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, we reviewed known mechanisms of resistance in with an outlook of optimizing their clinical use. METHODS We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles (from inception through to 9th January 2012; last search 10/01/2012) and journals known to publish information relevant to taxane chemotherapy. We imposed no language restrictions. Search terms included: cancer, breast cancer, response, resistance, taxane, paclitaxel, docetaxel, taxol. Due to the possibility of alternative mechanisms of resistance all combination chemotherapy treated data sets were removed from our overview. RESULTS Over-expression of the MDR-1 gene product Pgp was extensively studied in vitro in association with taxane resistance, but data are conflicting. Similarly, the target components microtubules, which are thought to mediate refractoriness through alterations of the expression pattern of tubulins or microtubule associated proteins and the expression of alternative tubulin isoforms, failed to confirm such associations. Little consensus has been generated for reported associations between taxane-sensitivity and mutated p53, or taxane-resistance and overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or NFkB. In contrary sufficient in vitro data support an association of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects with resistance. Clinical data have been limited and inconsistent, which relate to the variety of methods used, lack of standardization of cut-offs for quantitation, differences in clinical endpoints measured and in methods of tissue collection preparation and storage, and study/patient heterogeneity. The most prominent finding is that pharmaceutical down-regulation of HER-2 appears to reverse the taxane resistance. CONCLUSIONS Currently no valid practical biomarkers exist that can predict resistance to the taxanes in breast cancer supporting the principle of individualized cancer therapy. The incorporation of several biomarker analyses into prospectively designed studies in this setting are needed.
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10
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Shanmugam R, Kusumanchi P, Appaiah H, Cheng L, Crooks P, Neelakantan S, Peat T, Klaunig J, Matthews W, Nakshatri H, Sweeney CJ. A water soluble parthenolide analog suppresses in vivo tumor growth of two tobacco-associated cancers, lung and bladder cancer, by targeting NF-κB and generating reactive oxygen species. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2481-94. [PMID: 20669221 PMCID: PMC2982935 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) is a water soluble parthenolide analog with preclinical activity in hematologic malignancies. Using non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and H522) and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS2B) and TCC cell lines (UMUC-3, HT-1197 and HT-1376) and a bladder papilloma (RT-4), we aimed to characterize DMAPT's anticancer activity in tobacco-associated neoplasms. Flow cytometric, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA), and Western blot studies measured generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of NFκB DNA binding, and changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptotic proteins. DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and also decreased NFκB DNA binding and antiapoptotic proteins, TRAF-2 and XIAP. DMAPT-induced apoptotic cell death and altered cell cycle distribution with upregulation of p21 and p73 levels in a cell type-dependent manner. DMAPT suppressed cyclin D1 in BEAS2B. DMAPT retained NFκB and cell cycle inhibitory activity in the presence of the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine ketone, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Using a BrdU accumulation assay, 5-20 μM of DMAPT was shown to inhibit cellular proliferation of all cell lines by more than 95%. Oral dosing of DMAPT suppressed in vivo A549 and UMUC-3 subcutaneous xenograft growth by 54% (p = 0.015) and 63% (p < 0.01), respectively, and A549 lung metastatic volume by 28% (p = 0.043). In total, this data demonstrates DMAPT's novel anticancer properties in both early and late stage tobacco-associated neoplasms as well as its significant in vivo activity. The data provides support for the conduct of clinical trials in TCC and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitesh Appaiah
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sundar Neelakantan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tyler Peat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James Klaunig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Hara K, Kasahara E, Takahashi N, Konishi M, Inoue J, Jikumaru M, Kubo S, Okamura H, Sato E, Inoue M. Mitochondria Determine the Efficacy of Anticancer Agents that Interact with DNA but Not the Cytoskeleton. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:838-45. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Schön M, Wienrich BG, Kneitz S, Sennefelder H, Amschler K, Vöhringer V, Weber O, Stiewe T, Ziegelbauer K, Schön MP. KINK-1, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of IKKβ, and the Susceptibility of Melanoma Cells to Antitumoral Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 100:862-75. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Heikaus S, Casliskan E, Mahotka C, Gabbert HE, Ramp U. Differential gene expression in anticancer drug- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in renal cell carcinomas. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1645-57. [PMID: 17610067 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) exhibit marked differences in susceptibility towards anticancer drug- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms determining apoptosis-sensitivity or -resistance are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to compare gene expression patterns induced by DNA-damage- and death receptor-induced apoptosis and to detect differentially expressed genes responsible for differences in apoptosis-susceptibility. Therefore, we performed a comparative cDNA-array analysis in an apoptosis-resistant and an apoptosis-sensitive RCC cell line. In the sensitive cell line an upregulation of multiple E2F1- and p53-inducible proapaptotic and cell-cycle regulating target genes by Topotecan as well as TRAIL was observed. Interestingly, several antiapoptotic NFkappaB-dependent target genes were also induced. In the resistant cell line, however, only a small number of E2F1-, p53- and NFkappaB-dependent target genes were differentially regulated. Conclusively, anticancer drug- as well as TRAIL-sensitivity go along with an upregulation of multiple proapoptotic genes. In contrast, the mechanisms of apoptosis-resistance are-at least in part-located upstream of gene induction and seem not to depend upon upregulation of de-novo-synthesized antiapoptotic genes. Conclusively, the proapoptotic stimuli are confronted with a cellular context which allows apoptosis to be conducted-in the sensitive cell line-or not-in the resistant cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heikaus
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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14
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Löscher W, Potschka H. Drug resistance in brain diseases and the role of drug efflux transporters. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:591-602. [PMID: 16025095 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to drug treatment is an important hurdle in the therapy of many brain disorders, including brain cancer, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and infection of the brain with HIV. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop new and more effective treatment strategies. Mechanisms of resistance that operate in cancer and infectious diseases might also be relevant in drug-resistant brain disorders. In particular, drug efflux transporters that are expressed at the blood-brain barrier limit the ability of many drugs to access the brain. There is increasing evidence that drug efflux transporters have an important role in drug-resistant brain disorders, and this information should allow more efficacious treatment strategies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Singh RP, Mallikarjuna GU, Sharma G, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Chan DCF, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Oral silibinin inhibits lung tumor growth in athymic nude mice and forms a novel chemocombination with doxorubicin targeting nuclear factor kappaB-mediated inducible chemoresistance. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:8641-7. [PMID: 15623648 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The acute and cumulative dose-related toxicity and drug resistance, mediated via nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), of anthracycline anticancer drugs pose a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we report that oral silibinin (a flavanone) suppresses human non-small-cell lung carcinoma A549 xenograft growth (P = 0.003) and enhances the therapeutic response (P < 0.05) of doxorubicin in athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice together with a strong prevention of doxorubicin-caused adverse health effects. Immunohistochemical analyses of tumors showed that silibinin and doxorubicin decrease (P < 0.001) proliferation index and vasculature and increase (P < 0.001) apoptosis; these effects were further enhanced (P < 0.001) in combination treatment. Pharmacologic dose of silibinin (60 mumol/L) achieved in animal study was biologically effective (P < 0.01 to 0.001, growth inhibition and apoptosis) in vitro in A549 cell culture together with an increased efficacy (P < 0.05 to 0.001) in doxorubicin (25 nmol/L) combination. Furthermore, doxorubicin increased NFkappaB DNA binding activity as one of the possible mechanisms for chemoresistance in A549 cells, which was inhibited by silibinin in combination treatment. Consistent with this, silibinin inhibited doxorubicin-caused increased translocation of p65 and p50 from cytosol to nucleus. Silibinin also inhibited cyclooxygenase-2, an NFkappaB target, in doxorubicin combination. These findings suggest that silibinin inhibits in vivo lung tumor growth and reduces systemic toxicity of doxorubicin with an enhanced therapeutic efficacy most likely via an inhibition of doxorubicin-induced chemoresistance involving NFkappaB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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16
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Catalano A, Rodilossi S, Rippo MR, Caprari P, Procopio A. Induction of stem cell factor/c-Kit/slug signal transduction in multidrug-resistant malignant mesothelioma cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46706-14. [PMID: 15337769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406696200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is strongly resistant to conventional chemotherapy by unclear mechanisms. We and others have previously reported that cytokine- and growth factor-mediated signal transduction is involved in the growth and progression of MM. Here, we identified a pathway that involves stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit/Slug in mediating multidrug resistance of MM cells. When we compared gene expression profiles between five MM cells and their multidrug-resistant (MM DX) sublines, we found that MM DX cells expressed both SCF and c-Kit and had higher mRNA levels of Slug. Knockdown of c-Kit or Slug expression with their respective small interfering RNA sensitized MM DX cells to the induction of apoptosis by different chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and vincristine. Transfection of c-Kit in parental MM cells in the presence of SCF up-regulated Slug and increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, MM cells expressing Slug showed a similar increased resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents. These results indicate that induction of Slug by autocrine production of SCF and c-Kit activation plays a key role in conferring a broad spectrum chemoresistance on MM cells and reveal a novel signal transduction pathway for pharmacological or genetic intervention of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Catalano
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
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17
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Voboril R, Hochwald SN, Li J, Brank A, Weberova J, Wessels F, Moldawer LL, Camp ER, MacKay SLD. Inhibition of NF-Kappa B augments sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil/Folinic acid in colon cancer1. J Surg Res 2004; 120:178-88. [PMID: 15234211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the most common antimetabolite used for the treatment of colorectal cancer, exerts its cytotoxic effects through the induction of apoptosis. Folinic acid potentiates the effect of 5-FU. Drug activity is currently limited as a result of inducible chemoresistance. Limited research suggests that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), which has antiapoptotic properties, may play a major role in inducible chemoresistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS SW48 colon cancer cells were used for all experiments. Cell growth was determined by cell proliferation assay. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase 3 activity. Activation of NF-kappaB was ascertained by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, luciferase reporter assay, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Treatment with 5-FU (0.001-10 mm), not only inhibited growth and induced apoptosis but significantly activated NF-kappaB in SW48 cells. Folinic acid alone (0.01-100 mg/L) did not inhibit growth but improved the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, folinic acid alone did not activate NF-kappaB or induce apoptosis but enhanced 5-FU-mediated NF-kappaB activation and cell apoptosis. Transfection with adenovirus IkappaBalpha super-repressor strongly inhibited constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and significantly enhanced 5-FU and 5-FU/Folinic acid-mediated growth inhibition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 5-FU activates NF-kappaB. Folinic acid enhances 5-FU-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. Inhibition of NF-kappaB enhances the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU with or without Folinic acid in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Voboril
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room 6184, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Singh RP, Tyagi AK, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract inhibits advanced human prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Int J Cancer 2004; 108:733-40. [PMID: 14696100 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of many fruits and vegetables has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of cancer. We investigated the in vivo efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE, patented as Traconol) against prostate cancer (PCA) and associated molecular events. Athymic nude mice were implanted with hormone-refractory human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells and fed with 100 and 200 mg/kg/day (5 days/week) doses of GSE for 7 weeks. At the end of experiment, tumors were immunohistochemically analyzed for cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Our data show that GSE feeding strongly inhibited tumor growth that accounted for 59-73% (p < 0.001) inhibition in tumor volume and 37-47% (p < 0.05) decrease in tumor weight at the end of the experiment. It did not show any significant change in body weight gain profile and diet consumption. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors showed that GSE decreases proliferation index by 51-66% (p < 0.001) and increases apoptotic index by 3-4-fold (p < 0.001). CD31 staining for endothelial cells, showed decrease in intratumoral microvasculature in GSE-fed group of mice. Control tumors showed 64.0 +/- 1.6 CD31 positive cells/400x field compared to 23.2 +/- 0.9 and 15.7 +/- 0.08 (p < 0.001) CD31 positive cells in 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of GSE-treated tumors, respectively. GSE strongly inhibited (47-70%, p < 0.05) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in conditioned medium by DU145 cells. Recently, the circulating level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 is shown to inversely related with PCA risk, growth and prognosis. Consistent with this, we observed 6-7-fold (p < 0.001) increase in tumor-secreted levels of IGFBP-3 after GSE feeding. In other immunohistochemical studies, compared to controls, tumor xenografts from GSE-fed groups of mice showed a moderate decrease in VEGF but an increase in IGFBP-3 levels. These findings suggest that GSE possesses in vivo anticancer efficacy against hormone-refractory human PCA, which is associated with its antiproliferative, proapoptotic and antiangiogenic activities together with upregulation of IGFBP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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19
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Cusack JC. Overcoming antiapoptotic responses to promote chemosensitivity in metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10:852-62. [PMID: 14527902 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2003.07.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic colon cancer is highly resistant to chemotherapy. A variety of mechanisms by which cancer cells resist chemotherapy have been described including enhanced export of drug from cancer cells and alterations in drug metabolism. In addition, the response of cancer cells to genotoxic therapies may be diminished by acquired defects in either the response mechanisms to DNA damage or cell cycle regulatory pathways. Recently, attention has focused on mechanisms that are activated by treatment exposure and subsequently promote resistance by rescuing cancer cells from apoptosis. The objective of this review is to examine the role of antiapoptotic mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance and to determine the potential utility of therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms. METHODS To accomplish the objectives, a brief overview of mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance is provided. The concept of inducible chemotherapy resistance is introduced by examination of a specific antiapoptotic mechanism, mediated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). The ability to use inhibitors of NF-kappa B to promote chemosensitivity is examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Inhibition of chemotherapy-induced NF-kappa B activation enhances apoptosis and augments chemotherapy sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS NF-kappa B inhibition may overcome cancer cell defense against apoptosis. Molecular therapies that target this resistance mechanism may be useful adjuncts to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Cusack
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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20
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Lee CT, Seol JY, Lee SY, Park KH, Han SJ, Yoo CG, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim YW. The effect of adenovirus-IkappaBalpha transduction on the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cell line with resistance to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)(cisplatin) and doxorubicin(adriamycin). Lung Cancer 2003; 41:199-206. [PMID: 12871783 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(03)00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is the major reason for treatment failure of cancer chemotherapy. Some chemotherapeutic drugs induce the activation of NF-kappaB in cancer cells that results in their resistance to anticancer drugs. But the role of NF-kappaB in acquired resistance has not been well investigated. In this study, we transferred the "super-repressor" form of the NF-kappaB inhibitor by adenoviral vector (ad-IkappaBalpha) to human lung cancer cell lines with resistant to cisplatin (PC-14-DDP) and adriamycin (PC-14-ADR), and observed the sensitivity change. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that ad-IkappaBalpha blocked the activation of NF-kappaB induced by cisplatin and adriamycin. Transduction with ad-IkappaBalpha restored the sensitivity of cisplatin and adriamycin resistant lung cancer cell lines (PC-14-DDP and PC-14-ADR) to a level compatible to the parental cell lines. Annexin-V analysis suggested that the enhancement of chemosensitivity was probably a result of the induction of apoptosis. These data demonstrated that ad-IkappaBalpha blockade of chemotherapeutic induced NF-kappaB activation increased apoptosis induction and the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cell lines with acquired resistance to cisplatin and adriamycin. Therefore, gene transfer of IkappaBalpha-SR seems to represent a new therapeutic strategy for the solution of low sensitivity and lung cancer resistance to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Taek Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute of Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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21
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Sreenivasan Y, Sarkar A, Manna SK. Mechanism of cytosine arabinoside-mediated apoptosis: role of Rel A (p65) dephosphorylation. Oncogene 2003; 22:4356-69. [PMID: 12853972 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) has been shown both to block apoptosis and to promote cell proliferation, and hence has been considered an important target for anticancer drug development. The pyrimidine analogue cytosine arabinoside (araC) is among the most effective agents used in the treatment of acute leukemia, and we demonstrate in this study that its chemotherapeutic activity may be mediated by its inhibition of NF-kappaB. We found that in Jurkat cells, although tumor necrosis factor (TNF), araC, or ceramide induced NF-kappaB, the induction was only transient in the case of araC. In both HuT-78 and serum-activated LPS-stimulated Jurkat (SA-LPS/Jkt) cells that expressed NF-kappaB, TNF or ceramide treatments did not affect the NF-kappaB expression whereas araC downregulated it. AraC, but not TNF or ceramide was able to induce apoptosis in these cells as detected by assays for lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen intermediates generation, caspase activation, cytotoxicity, Bcl-2 degradation, and DNA fragmentation. AraC also potentiated apoptosis mediated by cis-platin, etoposide, or taxol in these cells. AraC was able to induce protein phosphatases (PP) 2A and 2B-A, and phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB in the HuT-78 and SA-LPS/Jkt cells was downregulated by araC treatment. Furthermore, calyculin A, a specific phospho-serine/phospho-threonine phosphatase inhibitor, protected HuT-78 and SA-LPS/Jkt cells from araC-mediated NF-kappaB downregulation and apoptosis. These observations collectively suggest that araC induces apoptosis in NF-kappaB-expressing cells by dephosphorylating the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashin Sreenivasan
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
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22
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Yeh PY, Chuang SE, Yeh KH, Song YC, Cheng AL. Involvement of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B in low-dose doxorubicin-induced drug resistance of cervical carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:25-33. [PMID: 12818362 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Administration of suboptimal doses of anticancer drugs not only fails to control tumor but often results in increased drug resistance of tumor cells. However, little is known about the effects of transient exposure to a minimally cytotoxic dose of chemotherapy on the development of drug resistance of the tumors. Previous studies have shown that upregulation of drug-exporter proteins (ATP-binding-cassette proteins) may be one of the key mechanisms involved in inducible drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that upregulation of NF-kappa B is another possible mechanism. SiHa cells were exposed to low-dose doxorubicin (100 nM; IC(30)) for 3 hr, and then were continuously cultured in drug-free culture media (designated as SiHa/DR cells). SiHa/DR cells at up to 9 passages showed increased resistance to doxorubicin and cross-resistance to cisplatin. Results of quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry assay indicated that the increased drug-resistance in SiHa/DR cells was not due to upregulation of drug-exporter proteins or to the decrease of intracellular concentration of anticancer drugs. Both the basal and drug-induced NF-kappa B activity were shown to be increased in SiHa/DR cells by EMSA and NF-kappa B-driven luciferase reporter gene assay. Suppression of NF-kappa B activation by transfection of a dominant negative I kappa B alpha prevented the development of drug resistance, indicating that the upregulated NF-kappa B activity was positively correlated with the low-dose doxorubicin-induced drug resistance. These results suggest that even a transient exposure to a small dose of anticancer drugs may induce drug resistance in some cancer cells via upregulation of NF-kappa B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yen Yeh
- Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Deng L, Tatebe S, Lin-Lee YC, Ishikawa T, Kuo MT. MDR and MRP gene families as cellular determinant factors for resistance to clinical anticancer agents. Cancer Treat Res 2003; 112:49-66. [PMID: 12481711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1173-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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24
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Paris R, Morales A, Coll O, Sánchez-Reyes A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Ganglioside GD3 sensitizes human hepatoma cells to cancer therapy. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49870-6. [PMID: 12351644 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GD3 (GD3) has emerged as a modulator of cell death pathways due to its ability to interact with mitochondria and disable survival pathways. Because NF-kappaB activation contributes to cancer therapy resistance, this study was undertaken to test whether GD3 modulates the response of human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells to radio- and chemotherapy. NF-kappaB was activated in HepG2 cells shortly after therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation or daunorubicin treatment that translated into up-regulation of kappaB-dependent genes. These effects were accompanied by minimal killing of HepG2 cells by either ionizing radiation or daunorubicin. However, GD3 pretreatment blocked the nuclear translocation of active kappaB members, without effect on Akt phosphorylation, induced by either treatment. The suppression of kappaB-dependent gene induction by GD3 was accompanied by enhanced apoptotic cell death caused by these therapies. Furthermore, the combination of GD3 plus ionizing radiation stimulated the formation of reactive species followed by the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo and caspase 3 activation. Pretreatment with cyclosporin A before radiotherapy protected HepG2 cells from the therapeutic combination of GD3 plus ionizing radiation. These findings underscore a key role of mitochondria in the response of tumor cells to cancer therapy and highlight the potential relevance of GD3 to overcome resistance to cancer therapy by combining its dual action as a mitochondria-interacting and NF-kappaB-inactivating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Paris
- Liver Unit, Instituto de Malalties Digestives, Servicio de Radioterapia, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas August Pi, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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25
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Shtil AA. Emergence of multidrug resistance in leukemia cells during chemotherapy: mechanisms and prevention. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2002; 11:231-41. [PMID: 11983096 DOI: 10.1089/152581602753658439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multifactorial resistance to extracellular stimuli is one of the major factors of tumor progression. Cells can acquire a multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype in response to a wide variety of stress-inducing agents including chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition to the mechanisms expressed in the tumor prior to chemotherapy (presumably these mechanisms allowed tumor cells to escape the control of growth and differentiation), a complex phenotype of pleiotropic resistance is presented in the residual or recurrent tumor. This review analyzes the molecular mechanisms of MDR acquisition with the focus on hematopoietic malignancies. In particular, the chemotherapy-induced up-regulation of P-glycoprotein, a broad-specificity transmembrane efflux pump, is considered a major event in establishment of MDR in leukemia cells that were sensitive before drug exposure. The pharmacological and genetic approaches to prevent the acquisition of Pgp-mediated MDR during chemotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Shtil
- Department of Medicine and Program in Cell Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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26
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Chano T, Ikegawa S, Kontani K, Okabe H, Baldini N, Saeki Y. Identification of RB1CC1, a novel human gene that can induce RB1 in various human cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:1295-8. [PMID: 11850849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2001] [Revised: 10/31/2001] [Accepted: 11/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance to anti-cancer agents (MDR) is a major barrier to successful cancer treatment. Current knowledge about genes that contribute to MDR is limited, however, and its mechanisms remain unclear. To identify genes involved in MDR, we performed differential display analysis and isolated a novel human gene, RB1CC1 (RBI-inducible Coiled-Coil 1). The 6.6-kb RB1CC1 cDNA encodes a putative 1594-amino-acid protein that contains a nuclear localization signal, a leucine zipper motif and a coiled-coil structure. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining with anti-RB1CC1 antibody showed that endogenously expressed RB1CC1 protein localized to the nucleus. In MDR variants of human osteosarcoma cells, RB1CC1 expression increased in response to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxic stress and remained elevated for the duration of drug treatment. RB1CC1 expression levels correlated closely with those of RB1 (retinoblastoma 1) in cancer cell lines as well as in various normal human tissues. Moreover, introduction of wild-type RB1CC1 significantly induced RB1 expression in human leukemic cells. These data suggest that RB1CC1 may be a key regulator of RB1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Basic Science for Health and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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Hsu CP, Yang CC, Hsueh SF, Peng CC, Fu HH, Yang SD. Suppression of proline-directed protein kinase F(A) potentiates apoptotic induction and greatly enhances chemosensitivity in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cancer 2001; 92:1753-8. [PMID: 11745246 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011001)92:7<1753::aid-cncr1690>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, the authors reported that specific antisense suppression of overexpressed proline-directed protein kinase (PDPK) F(A) enhances the chemosensitivity of various clinical anticancer drugs up to > 100-fold in human prostate carcinoma cells, suggesting an association of PDPK F(A) with drug resistance in human malignancies. METHODS In this report, by using a similar approach, the authors demonstrate further that the suppression of PDPK F(A) enhances even more dramatically the chemosensitivity of clinically used anticancer drugs in various types of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. RESULTS Compared with parental and control transfected cells, transduced ALL cells (both Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells) with low levels of PDPK F(A) displayed an enhanced sensitivity to vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, methotrexate, doxorubicin, and daunorubicin. Estimation of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) index further revealed that the transduced cells displayed up to > 3000-fold drug sensitivity, and there was a correlation between suppressed levels of PDPK F(A) and drug sensitivity. A mechanistic study further revealed that the enhanced chemosensitivity in transduced ALL cells was due mainly to the potentiation of apoptotic induction. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results demonstrate that the suppression of overexpressed PDPK F(A) greatly enhances the chemosensitivity of various clinical anticancer drugs in both types of human ALL cells, providing initial evidence for an important role of this PDPK in controlling multidrug resistance of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Um JH, Kang CD, Lee BG, Kim DW, Chung BS, Kim SH. Increased and correlated nuclear factor-kappa B and Ku autoantigen activities are associated with development of multidrug resistance. Oncogene 2001; 20:6048-56. [PMID: 11593412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2001] [Revised: 06/05/2001] [Accepted: 06/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated possible engagement of NF-kappaB and Ku autoantigen (Ku) activation in development of multidrug resistance (MDR) and circumvention of MDR by modulation of NF-kappaB and Ku. The NF-kappaB activity and NF-kappaB p65 subunit level were constitutively higher in MDR cells than in drug-sensitive parental cells. Interestingly, a faster running NF-kappaB DNA binding complex was identified as Ku, a DNA damage sensor and a key double strand break repair protein, and was positively correlated with the NF-kappaB activity in MDR cells and Ku- or both subunits of NF-kappaB-transfected cells. Also both NF-kappaB and Ku activities were activated or inhibited by treatment with etoposide (VP-16) or MG-132 (a proteasome inhibitor), respectively. Furthermore, PKA inhibitor suppressed markedly the constitutive and drug-induced activities of NF-kappaB and Ku in MDR cells and subsequently potentiated the cytotoxic activity of anticancer drugs. Our results proposed that the NF-kappaB and Ku activation could be one of multi-factorial MDR mechanism, and PKA inhibitor, likely via inhibition of NF-kappaB and Ku activities, could enhance the effectiveness of anticancer drugs against MDR cells with high activities of NF-kappaB and Ku.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Um
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 602-739, South Korea
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29
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Cytotoxicity of antiosteosarcoma recombinant immunotoxins composed of TP-3 Fv fragments and a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Immunother 2001. [PMID: 11265772 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200103000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regrowth of drug-resistant tumor cells is responsible for approximately half of an unselected osteosarcoma population still dying of the disease despite aggressive combination therapy. Two monoclonal antibodies, TP-1 (immunoglobulin 2a) and TP-3 (immunoglobulin 2b) are available, which specifically recognize an antigen on osteosarcoma cells. In this work, we have fused the variable (V) genes of TP-3 to a truncated fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, referred to as PE38. Two immunotoxins were made that differed in the Fv portion: TP-3(scFv)-PE38, which contains a peptide linker, and TP-3(dsFv)-PE38, which contains a disulfide bond for stabilization of the association between the V domains. Recombinant TP-3 immunotoxins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from inclusion bodies. We describe the design and expression of these immunotoxins, and their properties with regard to antigen binding, stability, and cytotoxicity. Toxicity studies were done in mice. We found that the immunotoxins exhibited very similar in vitro properties, whereas in vivo TP-3(dsFv)-PE38 was much better tolerated than TP-3(scFv)-PE38.
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30
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Patel NM, Nozaki S, Shortle NH, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Newton TR, Rice S, Gelfanov V, Boswell SH, Goulet RJ, Sledge GW, Nakshatri H. Paclitaxel sensitivity of breast cancer cells with constitutively active NF-kappaB is enhanced by IkappaBalpha super-repressor and parthenolide. Oncogene 2000; 19:4159-69. [PMID: 10962577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates genes important for tumor invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Normally, NF-kappaB remains sequestered in an inactive state by cytoplasmic inhibitor-of-kappaB (IkappaB) proteins. NF-kappaB translocates to nucleus and activates gene expression upon exposure of cells to growth factors and cytokines. We and others have shown previously that NF-kappaB is constitutively active in a subset of breast cancers. In this study, we show that constitutive activation of NF-kappaB leads to overexpression of the anti-apoptotic genes c-inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of the anti-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1) and defender-against cell death (DAD-1) is regulated by NF-kappaB in certain breast cancer cells. We also demonstrate that NF-kappaB-inducible genes protect cancer cells against paclitaxel as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells modified to overexpress IkappaBalpha required lower concentrations of paclitaxel to arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and undergo apoptosis when compared to parental cells. The effect of NF-kappaB on paclitaxel-sensitivity appears to be specific to cancer cells because normal fibroblasts derived from embryos lacking p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and wild type littermate embryos were insensitive to paclitaxel-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. Parthenolide, an active ingredient of herbal remedies such as feverfew (tanacetum parthenium), mimicked the effects of IkappaBalpha by inhibiting NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and Mn-SOD expression, and increasing paclitaxel-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. These results suggest that active ingredients of herbs with anti-inflammatory properties may be useful in increasing the sensitivity of cancers with constitutively active NF-kappaB to chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene (2000) 19, 4159 - 4169
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Patel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
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31
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Sleeman MA, Watson JD, Murison JG. Neonatal murine epidermal cells express a functional multidrug-resistant pump. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:19-23. [PMID: 10886502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-glycoproteins are members of the ABC transporter family encoded by the multidrug-resistant genes. These proteins are highly expressed in many tumor cells derived from patients undergoing treatment with anti-cancer drugs. Phospho-glycoproteins are large 12 transmembrane spanning molecules of 170 kDa, involved in adenosine-5'-triphosphate-dependent efflux of molecules out of the cell, known currently as multidrug-resistant pumps. Expression analysis of phospho-glycoproteins in mice and humans indicates widespread distribution in a number of organs, such as brain and testis. We have analyzed skin, and more particularly keratinocytes, to determine whether they express phospho-glycoproteins and express the multidrug-resistant phenotype. Immunofluorescent staining of skin showed that keratinocytes located in the basal layer of the epidermis preferentially expressed phospho-glycoproteins, as did the outer root sheath cells of hair follicles. Phospho-glycoprotein expression on the basal cells was restricted to the cell surface. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of first strand cDNA from keratinocytes identified the phospho-glycoproteins to be mdr1b. Using beta1 integrin expression and density gradient centrifugation we were able to enrich and identify the basal cell compartment by flow cytometric analysis and assay this subset of cells for phospho-glycoprotein activity. Basal cells loaded with rhodamine 123, a substrate for multidrug-resistant pumps, effluxed the molecule from the cells in a time-dependent manner. This study shows that basal layer keratinocytes express functional phospho-glycoproteins. We speculate that phospho-glycoproteins may play a role in regulating the level of environmental toxins and differentiation factors, as has been suggested for other progenitor cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sleeman
- Genesis Research and Development Corporation Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Ramp U, Dejosez M, Mahotka C, Czarnotta B, Kalinski T, Wenzel M, Lorenz I, Müller M, Krammer P, Gabbert HE, Gerharz CD. Deficient activation of CD95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis: a potential factor of multidrug resistance in human renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1851-9. [PMID: 10839301 PMCID: PMC2363218 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pronounced resistance of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to anticancer-induced apoptosis has primarily been related to the expression of P-glycoprotein and effective drug detoxification mechanisms. Because the CD95 system has recently been identified as a key mediator of anticancer drug-induced apoptosis, we analysed the contribution of the CD95 system to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in four newly established RCC cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that all RCC cell lines expressed CD95-receptor and -ligand. Exposure to agonistic anti-CD95 antibodies resulted in induction of apoptosis and significant (P < 0.05) reduction of cell number in three out of four cell lines, indicating that the essential components for CD95-mediated apoptosis were present and functionally intact in the majority of these RCC cell lines. Moreover, treatment of cultures with bleomycin or topotecan, a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor with little substrate affinity for P-glycoprotein, led to induction of apoptosis and significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent reduction of cell number in all RCC cell lines. Both anticancer drugs also induced upregulation of CD95 ligand expression in all cell lines. Additionally, augmentation of CD95 receptor expression was found in three RCC cell lines, including one p53-mutated cell line, whereas another p53-mutated cell line showed no or only a weak CD95 receptor upregulation after exposure to topotecan or bleomycin, respectively. Despite this upregulation of CD95 receptor and ligand, antagonistic antibodies directed against CD95 receptors or ligands could not inhibit induction of apoptosis by topotecan and bleomycin in any cell line. Thus, although a functionally intact CD95 signalling cascade is present in most RCC cell lines, the anticancer drugs topotecan and bleomycin that induce upregulation of CD95 receptor and ligand fail to effectively activate CD95-mediated apoptosis. This deficient activation of CD95-mediated apoptosis might be an important additional factor for the multidrug resistance phenotype of human RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ramp
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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33
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Romano MF, Lamberti A, Turco MC, Venuta S. CD40 and B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell response to fludarabine: the influence of NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors on chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36:255-62. [PMID: 10674897 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009148846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The levels of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily members can be altered in lymphoid leukemias, indicating a possible role of such molecules in the biology of these neoplasias. In B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, the CD40/CD40L system has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the apoptotic response to fludarabine. The modulation of apoptosis relied on the CD40-induced activity of NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors. The anti-apoptotic effect of CD40 was abolished using a phosphorothioate kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide. These findings illustrate an example of the biological activity of TNF-R-like molecules in leukemias. They also show the influence of NF-kappaB/Rel activity on leukemic cell response to apoptogenic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins v-rel/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins v-rel/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Romano
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute Pascale, Naples, Italy
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34
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Control of inducible chemoresistance: enhanced anti-tumor therapy through increased apoptosis by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Nat Med 1999. [PMID: 10202930 DOI: org/10.1038/7410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) seems to be the principal mechanism whereby anti-oncogenic therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation effect their responses. Resistance to apoptosis, therefore, is probably a principal mechanism whereby tumors are able to overcome these cancer therapies. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated by chemotherapy and by irradiation in some cancer cell lines. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB in vitro leads to enhanced apoptosis in response to a variety of different stimuli. We show here that inhibition of NF-kappaB through the adenoviral delivery of a modified form of IkappaBalpha, the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, sensitizes chemoresistant tumors to the apoptotic potential of TNFalpha and of the chemotherapeutic compound CPT-11, resulting in tumor regression. These results demonstrate that the activation of NF-kappaB in response to chemotherapy is a principal mechanism of inducible tumor chemoresistance, and establish the inhibition of NF-kappaB as a new approach to adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.
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35
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Wang CY, Cusack JC, Liu R, Baldwin AS. Control of inducible chemoresistance: enhanced anti-tumor therapy through increased apoptosis by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Nat Med 1999; 5:412-7. [PMID: 10202930 DOI: 10.1038/7410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) seems to be the principal mechanism whereby anti-oncogenic therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation effect their responses. Resistance to apoptosis, therefore, is probably a principal mechanism whereby tumors are able to overcome these cancer therapies. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated by chemotherapy and by irradiation in some cancer cell lines. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappaB in vitro leads to enhanced apoptosis in response to a variety of different stimuli. We show here that inhibition of NF-kappaB through the adenoviral delivery of a modified form of IkappaBalpha, the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, sensitizes chemoresistant tumors to the apoptotic potential of TNFalpha and of the chemotherapeutic compound CPT-11, resulting in tumor regression. These results demonstrate that the activation of NF-kappaB in response to chemotherapy is a principal mechanism of inducible tumor chemoresistance, and establish the inhibition of NF-kappaB as a new approach to adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7295, USA
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36
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Scotlandi K, Manara MC, Serra M, Benini S, Maurici D, Caputo A, De Giovanni C, Lollini PL, Nanni P, Picci P, Campanacci M, Baldini N. The expression of P-glycoprotein is causally related to a less aggressive phenotype in human osteosarcoma cells. Oncogene 1999; 18:739-46. [PMID: 9989824 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between P-glycoprotein expression and malignancy is controversial. We have recently found that, in osteosarcoma, multidrug resistance (MDR) is associated with a less aggressive behavior, both in vitro and in clinical settings. In this study, we evaluated whether P-glycoprotein overexpression has a cause-effect relationship with the reduced metastatic potential of MDR cells, or rather reflects a more complex phenotype. MDR1 gene-transfected osteosarcoma cell clones, showing different levels of P-glycoprotein expression, were analysed for their in vitro characteristics and their tumorigenic and metastatic ability in athymic mice. Apart from the different levels of P-glycoprotein, no significant change in the expression of surface antigens or in the differentiative features were observed in the MDR1 gene transfectants compared to the parental cell lines or control clones, obtained by transfection with neo gene alone. In contrast to controls, however, MDR1 transfectants showed a significantly lower ability to grow in semi-solid medium and were completely unable to grow and give lung metastases in athymic mice. These findings indicate that P-glycoprotein overexpression is causally associated with a low malignant potential of osteosarcoma cells, and open new insights on the role and functions of P-glycoprotein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scotlandi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Oncologica, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a generic term for the variety of strategies that tumor cells develop to evade the cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs. It is characterized by decreased cellular sensitivity, not only to the drug(s) employed in chemotherapy but also to a broad spectrum of drugs with neither obvious common targets nor structural homology. It is one of the major obstacles to the successful treatment of tumors. This review concentrates on some of the physiological changes observed in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tumor cell lines that could account for their relative sensitivities to chemotherapeutics. These changes suggest alternative strategies for combating tumor cells in general and multidrug-resistant cells in particular.
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38
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Syrigos KN, Rowlinson-Busza G, Epenetos AA. In vitro cytotoxicity following specific activation of amygdalin by beta-glucosidase conjugated to a bladder cancer-associated monoclonal antibody. Int J Cancer 1998; 78:712-9. [PMID: 9833764 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981209)78:6<712::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel version of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), with the use of amygdalin as prodrug. Amygdalin is a naturally occurring cyanogenic glycoside, which can be cleaved by sweet almond beta-glucosidase to yield free cyanide. If amygdalin could be activated specifically at the tumour site, then malignant cells would be killed without the systemic toxicity usually associated with chemotherapy. To this end, we have conjugated beta-glucosidase to a tumour-associated monoclonal antibody (MAb) (HMFG1) and the conjugate has been tested in vitro for specificity and cytotoxicity subsequent to activation of amygdalin. Amygdalin was cytotoxic to HT1376 bladder cancer cells only at high concentrations, whereas the combination of amygdalin with HMFG1-beta-glucosidase enhanced the cytotoxic effect of amygdalin by 36-fold. When 2 concentrations of HMFG1-beta-glucosidase were compared, the toxic effect was dose dependent. The cytotoxicity of amygdalin was also enhanced by the MAb-enzyme conjugate even when the unbound conjugate was removed from the medium prior to exposure to amygdalin and the cells were washed. In addition to the cytotoxic effect, we also demonstrated specificity, using a MAb-enzyme conjugate that does not recognise the HT1376 bladder cancer cells. Finally, we studied the cytotoxic effect of the conjugate in co-culture of HMFG1-positive and-negative cell lines (HT 1376 and U87MG cells). We demonstrated that the rate of surviving cells corresponds well to the percentage of U87MG (HMFG1-negative) cells in the flask. Our findings indicate that ADEPT is more effective than non-directed enzyme activation of a prodrug and can result in a non-toxic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Syrigos
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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39
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Giri DK, Aggarwal BB. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB causes resistance to apoptosis in human cutaneous T cell lymphoma HuT-78 cells. Autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor and reactive oxygen intermediates. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14008-14. [PMID: 9593751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.22.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How tumor cells develop resistance to apoptosis induced by cytokines and chemotherapeutic agents is incompletely understood. In the present report, we investigated apoptosis induction by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in two human T cell lines, Jurkat and HuT-78. While TNF inhibited the growth of Jurkat cells and activated caspase-3, it had no effect on HuT-78 cells. It was further found that HuT-78 cells constitutively expressed the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB. TNF activated NF-kappaB in Jurkat cells but not in HuT-78 cells. HuT-78 cells were also resistant to NF-kappaB activation induced by phorbol ester, H2O2, ceramide, endotoxin, and interleukin-1. Despite the presence of preactivated NF-kappaB, HuT-78 cells also expressed high levels of IkappaB-alpha, the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB and, unlike Jurkat cells, were resistant to TNF-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha. Its half-life in HuT-78 cells was 12 h as opposed to 45 min in Jurkat cells. Antibodies against TNF blocked the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and proliferation of HuT-78 cells but had no significant effect on Jurkat cells, suggesting an autocrine role for TNF. The antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate also suppressed constitutive NF-kappaB activation and it reversed the cell's sensitivity to TNF-induced cytotoxicity and activation of caspase-3. Overall, these results suggest that constitutive activation of NF-kappaB, TNF, and prooxidant pathway in certain T cell lymphomas causes resistance to apoptosis, and this can be reversed by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Giri
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Anzai H, Kitadai Y, Bucana CD, Sanchez R, Omoto R, Fidler IJ. Expression of metastasis-related genes in surgical specimens of human gastric cancer can predict disease recurrence. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:558-65. [PMID: 9713309 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It was determined whether the expression level of several genes that regulate different steps of metastasis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival specimens of human gastric cancers correlated with disease recurrence and metastasis. The steady-state mRNA expression level for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), E-cadherin, type IV collagenase and multidrug resistance (MDR-1) were examined by a colorimetric in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique, concentrating on reactivity at the periphery of the lesions. All patients were operated on for cure. 15 cases were disease-free and 10 had disease recurrence by 4.5 years after resection of the primary tumours. The expression of EGF-R and bFGF type IV collagenase was higher and expression of E-cadherin was lower in the disease-recurrence cases than in the disease-free cases. The ratio between the expression level of collagenase type IV and E-cadherin at the periphery of the surgical specimens differed significantly between the disease-free cases and the recurrent-metastatic cases. These data show that multiparametric ISH analysis for several metastasis-related genes may allow prediction of disease recurrence of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Anzai
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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