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Saadi F, Chakravarty D, Kumar S, Kamble M, Saha B, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J. CD40L protects against mouse hepatitis virus-induced neuroinflammatory demyelination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010059. [PMID: 34898656 PMCID: PMC8699621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59/RSA59) infection in mice induces acute neuroinflammation due to direct neural cell dystrophy, which proceeds with demyelination with or without axonal loss, the pathological hallmarks of human neurological disease, Multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies in the RSA59-induced neuroinflammation model of MS showed a protective role of CNS-infiltrating CD4+ T cells compared to their pathogenic role in the autoimmune model. The current study further investigated the molecular nexus between CD4+ T cell-expressed CD40Ligand and microglia/macrophage-expressed CD40 using CD40L-/- mice. Results demonstrate CD40L expression in the CNS is modulated upon RSA59 infection. We show evidence that CD40L-/- mice are more susceptible to RSA59 induced disease due to reduced microglia/macrophage activation and significantly dampened effector CD4+ T recruitment to the CNS on day 10 p.i. Additionally, CD40L-/- mice exhibited severe demyelination mediated by phagocytic microglia/macrophages, axonal loss, and persistent poliomyelitis during chronic infection, indicating CD40-CD40L as host-protective against RSA59-induced demyelination. This suggests a novel target in designing prophylaxis for virus-induced demyelination and axonal degeneration, in contrast to immunosuppression which holds only for autoimmune mechanisms of inflammatory demyelination. MS is primarily considered an autoimmune CNS disease, but its potential viral etiology cannot be ignored. Myelin-specific CD40L+CD4+ T cells migration into the CNS and resultant neuroinflammation is considered pathogenic in autoimmune MS. In contrast, CD40L+CD4+ T infiltration into the MHV-induced inflamed CNS and their interaction with CD40+ microglia/macrophages are shown to be protective in our study. Considering differential etiology but comparable demyelination and axonal loss, immunosuppressive treatments may not necessarily ameliorate MS in all patients. MHV-induced demyelination in this study indicates that the interaction between CD40L on CD4+T cells and CD40 on microglia/macrophage plays an important protective role against MHV-induced chronic progressive demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeha Saadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Debanjana Chakravarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Mithila Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- Neurology University of Pennsylvania Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- * E-mail:
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Vlahava VM, Eliopoulos AG, Sourvinos G. CD40 ligand exhibits a direct antiviral effect on Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 infection via a PI3K-dependent, autophagy-independent mechanism. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Parviainen S, Ahonen M, Diaconu I, Hirvinen M, Karttunen Å, Vähä-Koskela M, Hemminki A, Cerullo V. CD40 ligand and tdTomato-armed vaccinia virus for induction of antitumor immune response and tumor imaging. Gene Ther 2013; 21:195-204. [PMID: 24305418 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus is an attractive platform for immunotherapy. Oncolysis releases tumor antigens and provides co-stimulatory danger signals. However, arming the virus can improve efficacy further. CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) can induce apoptosis of tumor cells and it also triggers several immune mechanisms. One of these is a T-helper type 1 (Th1) response that leads to activation of cytotoxic T-cells and reduction of immune suppression. Therefore, we constructed an oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing hCD40L (vvdd-hCD40L-tdTomato), which in addition features a cDNA expressing the tdTomato fluorochrome for detection of virus, potentially important for biosafety evaluation. We show effective expression of functional CD40L both in vitro and in vivo. In a xenograft model of bladder carcinoma sensitive to CD40L treatment, we show that growth of tumors was significantly inhibited by the oncolysis and apoptosis following both intravenous and intratumoral administration. In a CD40-negative model, CD40L expression did not add potency to vaccinia oncolysis. Tumors treated with vvdd-mCD40L-tdtomato showed enhanced efficacy in a syngenic mouse model and induced recruitment of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes at the tumor site. In summary, oncolytic vaccinia virus coding for CD40L mediates multiple antitumor effects including oncolysis, apoptosis and induction of Th1 type T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ahonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Diaconu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Hirvinen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland
| | - Å Karttunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Finland
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Lauterbach H, Pätzold J, Kassub R, Bathke B, Brinkmann K, Chaplin P, Suter M, Hochrein H. Genetic Adjuvantation of Recombinant MVA with CD40L Potentiates CD8 T Cell Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:251. [PMID: 23986761 PMCID: PMC3753717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a safe and promising viral vaccine vector that is currently investigated in several clinical and pre-clinical trials. In contrast to inactivated or sub-unit vaccines, MVA is able to induce strong humoral as well as cellular immune responses. In order to further improve its CD8 T cell inducing capacity, we genetically adjuvanted MVA with the coding sequence of murine CD40L, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Immunization of mice with this new vector led to strongly enhanced primary and memory CD8 T cell responses. Concordant with the enhanced CD8 T cell response, we could detect stronger activation of dendritic cells and higher systemic levels of innate cytokines (including IL-12p70) early after immunization. Interestingly, acquisition of memory characteristics (i.e., IL-7R expression) was accelerated after immunization with MVA-CD40L in comparison to non-adjuvanted MVA. Furthermore, the generated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) also showed improved functionality as demonstrated by intracellular cytokine staining and in vivo killing activity. Importantly, the superior CTL response after a single MVA-CD40L immunization was able to protect B cell deficient mice against a fatal infection with ectromelia virus. Taken together, we show that genetic adjuvantation of MVA can change strength, quality, and functionality of innate and adaptive immune responses. These data should facilitate a rational vaccine design with a focus on rapid induction of large numbers of CD8 T cells able to protect against specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lauterbach
- Department of Research Immunology, Bavarian Nordic GmbH , Martinsried , Germany
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5
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CD40 induces anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in nonhematopoietic cells dependent on autophagy proteins. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2002-11. [PMID: 23509150 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01145-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and can cause cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis, as a result of either congenital or postnatally acquired infections. Host protection likely acts at both cellular levels to control the parasite. CD40 is a key factor for protection against cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis. We determined if CD40 induces anti-T. gondii activity at the level of nonhematopoietic cells. Engagement of CD40 on various endothelial cells including human microvascular brain endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and a mouse endothelial cell line as well as human and mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells resulted in killing of T. gondii. CD40 stimulation increased expression of the autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II, enhanced autophagy flux, and led to recruitment of LC3 around the parasite. The late endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP-1 accumulated around the parasite in CD40-stimulated cells. This was accompanied by killing of T. gondii dependent on lysosomal enzymes. Accumulation of LAMP-1 and killing of T. gondii were dependent on the autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and Atg7. Together, these studies revealed that CD40 induces toxoplasmacidal activity in various nonhematopoietic cells dependent on proteins of the autophagy machinery.
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6
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Moschonas A, Ioannou M, Eliopoulos AG. CD40 stimulates a "feed-forward" NF-κB-driven molecular pathway that regulates IFN-β expression in carcinoma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5521-7. [PMID: 22547704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IFN-β and the CD40L (CD154) share important roles in the antiviral and antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that CD40 receptor occupancy results in IFN-β upregulation through an unconventional "feed-forward" mechanism, which is orchestrated by canonical NF-κB and involves the sequential de novo synthesis of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)1 and Viperin (RSAD2), an IRF1 target. RelA (p65) NF-κB, IRF1, and Viperin-dependent IRF7 binding to the IFN-β promoter largely controls its activity. However, full activation of IFN-β also requires the parallel engagement of noncanonical NF-κB2 signaling leading to p52 recruitment to the IFN-β promoter. These data define a novel link between CD40 signaling and IFN-β expression and provide a telling example of how signal propagation can be exploited to ensure efficient regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Moschonas
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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7
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Gupta S, Termini JM, Niu L, Kanagavelu SK, Schmidtmayerova H, Snarsky V, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. EBV LMP1, a viral mimic of CD40, activates dendritic cells and functions as a molecular adjuvant when incorporated into an HIV vaccine. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:389-98. [PMID: 21586676 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 does not significantly activate cellular immunity, which has made it difficult to use attenuated forms of HIV-1 as a vaccine. In contrast, EBV induces robust T cell responses in most infected individuals, perhaps as this virus contains LMP1, a viral mimic of CD40, which is a key activating molecule for DCs and macrophages. Consequently, studies were conducted using LMP1 and LMP1-CD40, a related construct formed by replacing the intracellular signaling domain of LMP1 with that of CD40. Upon electroporation into DCs, LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 mRNAs were sufficient to up-regulate costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, indicating that these molecules can function in isolation as adjuvant-like molecules. As a first step toward an improved HIV vaccine, LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 were introduced into a HIV-1 construct to produce virions encoding these proteins. Transduction of DCs and macrophages with these viruses induced morphological changes and up-regulated costimulatory molecules and cytokine production by these cells. HIV-LMP1 enhanced the antigen-presenting function of DCs, as measured in an in vitro immunization assay. Taken together, these data show that LMP1 and LMP1-CD40 are portable gene cassettes with strong adjuvant properties that can be introduced into viruses such as HIV, which by themselves, are insufficient to induce protective cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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8
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Guse K, Cerullo V, Hemminki A. Oncolytic vaccinia virus for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:595-608. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.558838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Hermanrud CE, Lucas CL, Sykes M, Huang CA, Wang Z. Expression and purification of soluble murine CD40L monomers and polymers in yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 76:115-20. [PMID: 21074618 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The anti-murine CD40L monoclonal antibody MR1 has been widely used in immunology research to block the CD40-CD40L interaction for induction of transplantation tolerance and to abrogate autoimmune diseases. The availability of recombinant CD40L with high binding capacity for MR1 would provide a valuable immunologic research tool. In this study, we constructed the single chain murine soluble CD40L monomer, dimer, trimer and successfully expressed them in yeast Pichia pastoris under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter. The secreted single chain murine soluble CD40L monomers, dimers, and trimers were initially enriched through histidine tag capture by Ni-Sepharose 6 fast flow resin and further purified on a cation exchange resin. Purity reached more than 95% for the monomer and dimer forms and more than 90% for the trimer. Protein yield following purification was 16 mg/L for the monomer and dimer, and 8 mg/L for the trimer. ELISA analysis demonstrated that the CD40L dimers and trimers correctly folded in conformations exposing the MR1 antigenic determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Hermanrud
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Sánchez R, Jiménez V, Esteban M. Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) efficiently enhances HIV specific cellular immune responses during DNA prime and boost with attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC expressing HIV antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:3165-74. [PMID: 19446187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC are now in clinical trials against HIV/AIDS. Due to the vectors restricted replication capacity in human cells, approaches to enhance their immunogenicity are highly desirable. Here, we have analyzed the ability of a soluble form of hexameric CD40L (sCD40L) to stimulate specific immune responses to HIV antigens when inoculated in mice during priming with DNA and in the booster with MVA or NYVAC, expressing the vectors HIV-1 Env, Gag, Pol and Nef antigens from clade B. Our findings revealed that sCD40L in DNA/poxvirus combination enhanced the magnitude about 2-fold (DNA-B/MVA-B) and 4-fold (DNA-B/NYVAC-B), as well as the breath of the HIV antigen specific cellular immune responses. sCD40L was necessary in both prime and boost inoculations triggering a potent polarization of the Th response towards a Th1 type. In DNA-B/NYVAC-B regime the addition of sCD40L significantly enhanced the humoral immune response against HIV gp160, but not in DNA-B/MVA-B combination. These findings provided evidence for the immunostimulatory benefit of sCD40L when DNA and the poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC are used as immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Romagnani S. Role for CD30 antigen in human T helper 2-type responses. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 195:55-62; discussion 62-7. [PMID: 8724830 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514849.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human T helper 1 (Th1) cells develop preferentially during infections by intracellular parasites and trigger phagocyte-mediated host defence. In contrast, human Th2 cells are responsible for phagocyte-independent host response, and they predominate during helminthic infestations and in atopic humans in response to common environmental antigens. Polarized human Th1 and Th2 cell responses play different roles in protection, and they can promote different immunopathological reactions. Strong and persistent Th1 responses seem to be involved in organ-specific autoimmunity, contact dermatitis and some chronic non-allergic inflammatory disorders. Polarized Th2 responses favour reduced protection against the majority of infections, including HIV, and they are responsible for triggering allergic disorders in genetically predisposed hosts. Th1 and Th2 cells probably exhibit distinct surface markers; for example, Th2 cells express preferentially membrane CD30 and release the soluble form of CD30, which is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. CD30-mediated signalling promotes the in vitro development of Th2-like cells. The expression of CD30 in HIV-infected T cells results in enhanced HIV replication, suggesting the existence of complex links among CD30 expression, production of Th2-type cytokines and immunopathogenesis of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnani
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Institute of Clinical Medicine 3, University of Florence, Italy
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12
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Bereta M, Bereta J, Park J, Medina F, Kwak H, Kaufman HL. Immune properties of recombinant vaccinia virus encoding CD154 (CD40L) are determined by expression of virally encoded CD40L and the presence of CD40L protein in viral particles. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 11:808-18. [PMID: 15359290 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of costimulatory molecules by recombinant poxviruses is a promising strategy for enhancing therapeutic vaccines. CD40-CD40L interactions are critical for conditioning dendritic cells (DC) and priming T- and B-cell immunity. We constructed a vaccinia virus expressing murine CD40L (rV-CD40L) and studied its immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Direct DC infection with control vaccinia or psoralen/UV-inactivated rV-CD40L stimulated high levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) release. However, replication-competent rV-CD40L did not stimulate IL-12 under similar conditions. We observed a high level of CD40L protein on purified viral particles and demonstrated that induction of IL-12 by nonreplicating rV-CD40L was blocked by anti-CD40 antibodies suggesting that functional CD40L on viral particles contributed to alterations in IL-12 synthesis. Since cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens by DC is augmented by viral infection of tumor cells, we infected MC38 murine colon carcinoma cells with rV-CD40L. Infected cells stimulated IL-12 secretion by DC and proliferation of B cells and DX5(+) (NK/NKT) cells through direct CD40-CD40L interaction. A subpopulation of NKT cells expressing CD40 (NK1.1(+), CD3(lo)) appeared to be a major effector population responding to MC38/rV-CD40L. These results highlight the complex immune regulatory effects of rV-CD40L defined by the cumulative effects of CD40L expression, presence of CD40L protein in viral particles, and the replication potential of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bereta
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Hamilton NHR, Mahalingam S, Banyer JL, Ramshaw IA, Thomson SA. A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant is attenuated in vivo. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:246-54. [PMID: 15030574 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) is a potent non-ELR CXC chemokine that predominantly attracts activated T lymphocytes, binds to the receptor CXCR3 and is induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We analysed I-TAC expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during three different virus-infection models in mice, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and vaccinia virus western reserve (VV-WR). In the lungs from mice infected with RSV or influenza A viruses, peak expression of I-TAC coincided with peak viraemia. Surprisingly, there was no expression in the lungs of mice infected with vaccinia, unlike the elevated expression shown previously for other interferon-regulated chemokines, such as Crg2 and Mig. To further investigate the importance of this difference during vaccinia infection in mice, a recombinant virus encoding I-TAC (rVV I-TAC) was generated. Studies in C57BL/6 and Swiss nude mice showed that I-TAC expression caused increased mononuclear cell infiltration and significantly attenuated the VV. Infection of the footpads of naïve or already immune (with VV-WR) mice with either rVV I-TAC or VV-WR demonstrated that I-TAC expression reduced overall inflammation during infection and that this reduction was more pronounced in already immune mice. The data presented here show that I-TAC can have an important role during virus infections and that vaccinia has evolved ways to avoid inducing I-TAC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H R Hamilton
- John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Zeh HJ, Bartlett DL. Development of a replication-selective, oncolytic poxvirus for the treatment of human cancers. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:1001-12. [PMID: 12522439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor directed gene therapy for the purpose of destroying cancer cells through replicative "oncolysis" or by intratumoral expression of toxic or immunostimulatory genes requires an efficient, tumor targeted vector. Vectors are limited by inefficient replication in vivo, inefficient tumor targeting, and safety concerns. As a unique approach to addressing these limitations, our laboratory has studied poxviruses as tumor selective replicating vectors. The best in vivo antitumor results achieved to date have been with a mutated WR strain of vaccinia virus. The unique advantage of this strain of vaccinia over other vectors currently being explored for this purpose is the efficiency of in vivo replication. Intradermal injection of 10(6) pfu of the wild type (non-mutated) vaccinia in non-human primates leads to a 108 cm(2) zone of necrosis in 8 days - directly related to cellular destruction from viral replication. We have mutated the virus through insertional deletion of both the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and vaccinia growth factor (VGF) gene. The mutant virus no longer causes destruction of normal tissue, but has completely preserved replication efficiency in tumor tissue and can safely be delivered systematically to successfully treat subcutaneous tumors in mice. Plans are now underway for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J Zeh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PB02 Cancer Pavilion, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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Bergamini A, Cepparulo M, Bolacchi F, Araco A, Tisone G, Ombres D, Rocchi G, Angelico M. Ribavirin increases mitogen- and antigen-induced expression of CD40L on CD4+ T cells in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:293-9. [PMID: 12390318 PMCID: PMC1906526 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, CD40L expression and cytokine production have been analysed in peripheral blood cells from orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients treated with ribavirin for recurrent chronic hepatitis C. The study included 18 OLT recipients treated with ribavirin, eight control OLT recipients and 10 healthy controls. FACS analysis showed that baseline expression of CD40L was not different between ribavirin-treated patients and controls. In contrast, after stimulation with both HCV core antigen and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin (IO), the expression of CD40L on CD4 lymphocytes was significantly higher in the ribavirin group compared with controls. In the ribavirin group, the increased expression of CD40L significantly correlated with reduction of HCV RNA levels with respect to pretreatment values. Finally, ribavirin treatment was not associated with modification of PMA-IO-induced cytokine production by T lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumour necrosis-alpha (TNF)-alpha production by CD40L-stimulated monocytes. In conclusion, these data indicate that ribavirin -upmodulates CD40L expression on CD4 T cells, a property which may account in part for its ability to enhance the antiviral activity of interferon-alpha in the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergamini
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology, Chair of Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Sarawar SR, Lee BJ, Reiter SK, Schoenberger SP. Stimulation via CD40 can substitute for CD4 T cell function in preventing reactivation of a latent herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6325-9. [PMID: 11353832 PMCID: PMC33467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.101136898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of latent herpesviruses is a particular problem in immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, who lack effective CD4 T helper cell function. An important question is whether residual immune defenses can be mobilized to combat such opportunistic infections, in the absence of CD4 T cells. In the present study, we used a mouse model of opportunistic infection to determine whether stimulation via CD40 could substitute for CD4 T cell function in preventing reactivation of a latent herpesvirus. Treatment with an agonistic antibody to CD40 was highly effective in preventing reactivation of latent murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68) in the lungs of CD4 T cell-deficient mice. CD8(+) T cells were essential for this effect, whereas virus-specific serum antibody was undetectable and IFN-gamma production was unchanged. This demonstration that immunostimulation via CD40 can replace CD4 T cell help in controlling latent virus in vivo has potential implications for the development of novel therapeutic agents to prevent viral reactivation in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Sarawar
- Divisions of Molecular Immunology and Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Tripp RA, Jones L, Anderson LJ, Brown MP. CD40 ligand (CD154) enhances the Th1 and antibody responses to respiratory syncytial virus in the BALB/c mouse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5913-21. [PMID: 10820273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a cell surface costimulatory molecule expressed mainly by activated T cells. CD40L is critically important for T-B cell and T cell-dendritic cell interactions. CD40L expression promotes Th1 cytokine responses to protein Ags and is responsible for Ig isotype switching in B cells. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important pathogen of young children and the elderly, which causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Studies of mice infected with RSV suggest that a Th2 cytokine response may be responsible for enhanced pulmonary disease. To investigate the effect CD40L has on RSV immunity, mice were infected simultaneously with RSV and either an empty control adenovirus vector or one expressing CD40L or were coimmunized with plasmid DNA vectors expressing CD40L and RSV F and/or G proteins and subsequently challenged with RSV. The kinetics of the intracellular and secreted cytokine responses, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor frequency, NO levels in lung lavage, rates of virus clearance, and anti-RSV Ab titers were determined. These studies show that coincident expression of CD40L enhances the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokine responses, increases the expression of TNF-alpha and NO, accelerates virus clearance, and increases the anti-F and anti-G Ab responses. These data suggest that CD40L may have the adjuvant properties needed to optimize the safety and efficacy of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Lukin K, Cosyns M, Mitchell T, Saffry M, Hayward A. Eradication of Cryptosporidium parvum infection by mice with ovalbumin-specific T cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2663-70. [PMID: 10768958 PMCID: PMC97473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2663-2670.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154 is necessary for mice to clear a Cryptosporidium parvum infection, but whether this ligand has to be expressed on T cells with specificity for C. parvum has not been determined. We infected DO11.10 (ovalbumin specific) T-cell receptor transgenic mice that had been bred to a RAG(-/-) background with C. parvum and found that the infection was cleared within 6 weeks, while RAG(-/-) controls were unable to clear C. parvum infection. Recovery was accompanied by an increase in the number of splenic T cells with the CD44(high) phenotype that characterizes memory cells. To determine whether a C. parvum-infected environment sufficed to activate transgenic T cells, we reconstituted C. parvum-infected BALB/c SCID mice with DO11.10 RAG(-/-) splenocytes. Fecal excretion of C. parvum antigen ceased in the 12 weeks following the adoptive transfer, unless the mice were also injected with tolerizing doses of ovalbumin. DO11.10 T cells were found in the submucosa of C. parvum-infected, but not uninfected, BALB/c SCID hosts within 48 h of injection. The transferred DO11.10 T cells divided and acquired a CD44(high) memory phenotype in C. parvum-infected, but not uninfected, recipients. DO11.10 splenocytes from CD154 knockout donors failed to clear a C. parvum infection, confirming a requirement for CD154 in recovery. In vitro, the DO11.10 cells did not proliferate in response to C. parvum antigen, and a tBlast GenBank search revealed no matches between the ovalbumin peptide and C. parvum DNA sequences. C. parvum-infected SCID mice given RAG(-/-) CD8(+) T cells with a Listeria-specific transgene did not recover from C. parvum infection. Our data suggest that antigen-nonspecific CD4(+) T-cell effector mechanisms in combination with the innate arm of the immune system are sufficient for the eradication of C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lukin
- Departments of Immunology and Pediatrics and the Barbara Davis Childhood Diabetes Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Hwang YI, Nahm MH, Briles DE, Thomas D, Purkerson JM. Acquired, but not innate, immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae are compromised by neutralization of CD40L. Infect Immun 2000; 68:511-7. [PMID: 10639411 PMCID: PMC97170 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.2.511-517.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1999] [Accepted: 11/03/1999] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant pathogen of young children and the elderly. Systemic infection by pneumococci is a complex process involving several bacterial and host factors. We have investigated the role of CD40L in host defense against pneumococcal infection. Treatment of mice with MR-1 antibody (anti-CD154/CD40L) markedly reduced antibody responses to the pneumococcal protein PspA, elicited by immunization of purified protein or whole bacteria. In mice immunized with whole bacteria, MR-1 treatment reduced antibody responses to capsular polysaccharides but not cell wall polysaccharides. MR-1 did not suppress antibody responses to isolated capsular polysaccharides but did reduce the production of antibody to a capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate, indicating that when presented in the context of whole bacteria, the humoral response to capsular polysaccharides is partially T-cell dependent. Despite the reduction of the protective humoral responses to pneumococcal infection, administration of MR-1 had no effect on sepsis, lung infection, or nasal carriage in nonimmune mice inoculated with virulent pneumococci. Thus, short-term neutralization of CD40L does not compromise innate host defenses against pneumococcal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y i Hwang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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van Den Broek M, Bachmann MF, Köhler G, Barner M, Escher R, Zinkernagel R, Kopf M. IL-4 and IL-10 antagonize IL-12-mediated protection against acute vaccinia virus infection with a limited role of IFN-gamma and nitric oxide synthetase 2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:371-8. [PMID: 10605032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance or susceptibility to most infectious diseases is strongly determined by the balance of type 1 vs type 2 cytokines produced during infection. However, for viruses, this scheme may be applicable only to infections with some cytopathic viruses, where IFN-gamma is considered as mandatory for host defense with little if any participation of type 2 responses. We studied the role of signature Th1 (IL-12, IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines for immune responses against vaccinia virus (VV). IL-12-/- mice were far more susceptible than IFN-gamma-/- mice, and primary CTL responses against VV were absent in IL-12-/- mice but remained intact in IFN-gamma-/- mice. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from IL-12-/- mice were unimpaired in IFN-gamma production, although CD4+ T cells showed elevated Th2 cytokine responses. Virus replication was impaired in IL-4-/- mice and, even more strikingly, in IL-10-/- mice, which both produced elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-6. Thus, IL-4 produced by Th2 cells and IL-10 produced by Th2 cells and probably also by macrophages counteract efficient anti-viral host defense. Surprisingly, NO production, which is considered as a major type 1 effector pathway inhibited by type 2 cytokines, appears to play a limited role against VV, because NO sythetase 2-deficient mice did not show increased viral replication. Thus, our results identify a new role for IL-12 in defense beyond the induction of IFN-gamma and show that IL-4 and IL-10 modulate host protective responses to VV.
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Thomsen AR, Nansen A, Christensen JP, Andreasen SØ, Marker O. CD40 Ligand Is Pivotal to Efficient Control of Virus Replication in Mice Infected with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is an important molecule that is known to be involved in T-B collaboration and certain aspects of cell-mediated immunity. However, its role in antiviral immunity has not been clearly defined as of yet. Therefore, mice with a targeted defect in the gene encoding this molecule were infected with one of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus differing markedly in their capacity to spread in the host. Infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is initially controlled primarily by CD8+ effector cells, whereas long-term immune surveillance also depends upon CD4+ cells and B cells. Our results reveal that the primary activation, clonal expansion, and differentiation of CD8+ T cells does not require expression of CD40L. However, lack of expression results in rapid impairment of CTL responsiveness and failure to permanently control virus replication. This happens not only in mice infected with the rapidly spreading virus strain but also at a late stage in mice infected with the strain of more limited potential for spreading. In the latter mice, virus replication is initially controlled very efficiently, but high levels of virus can be detected in the blood and internal organs ∼6 mo after virus inoculation. Since the impairment of immune function seems to be more pronounced in CD40L-deficient mice than in mice lacking either CD4+ cells or B cells, these results indicate that CD40L is pivotal to sustain efficient antiviral immune surveillance, including CD8+ T cells, and suggest that CD40L is critically involved in cellular interactions in addition to T-B cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Randrup Thomsen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Nansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - S. Ørding Andreasen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O. Marker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Costello R, Heuberger L, Petit N, Olive D, Gastaut JA. [Hodgkin's disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus]. Rev Med Interne 1998; 19:558-64. [PMID: 9775071 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(99)80023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hodgkin's disease in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still not part of the definition of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Nonetheless, this entity has a particular presentation when compared to the disease occurring in immune-competent patients. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Increased frequency (> 75%) of advanced anatomical stages and extranodular localizations (Ann Arbor system stages III and IV) has been outlined in HIV-infected patients. Mediastinal involvement is more unusual in immunocompromised than in immune-competent patients. The presence of B symptoms (fever, weight loss, nocturnal sweats) is very frequent. Finally, the predominance of mixed cellularity (type 3) characterizes Hodgkin's disease in immunocompromised patients. Due to either the immunodeficiency, antiretroviral treatments, poor hematological tolerance in response to chemotherapy, or to advanced anatomical stages, disease management may be hampered. Current therapeutical approaches often obtain complete remission; however, some deaths are still related to the disease progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS From these observations, Hodgkin's disease management in HIV-infected patients relies on therapeutical approaches similar to those used for non infected patients, with some specific recommendations. Chemotherapy should be conducted in the shortest time in order to minimize chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. Simultaneous use of antiretroviral treatment and reinforced opportunistic infection prophylaxis are of pivotal importance. Finally, the use of hematopoietic growth factors appears to be safe regarding viral replication, but still requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Costello
- Département d'hématologie, université de la Méditerranée, institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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23
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Abstract
CD40-CD154-mediated contact-dependent signals between B and T cells are required for the generation of thymus dependent (TD) humoral immune responses. CD40-CD154 interactions are however also important in many other cell systems. CD40 is expressed by a large variety of cell types other than B cells, and these include dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. CD40- and CD154-knockout mice and antibodies to CD40 and CD154 have helped to elucidate the role of the CD40-CD154 system in immune responses. Recently published studies indicate that CD40-CD154 interactions can influence T cell priming and T cell-mediated effector functions; they can also upregulate costimulatory molecules and activate macrophages, NK cells, and endothelia as well as participate in organ-specific autoimmune disease, graft rejection, and even atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the role of the CD40-CD154 system in the regulation of many newly discovered functions important in inflammation and cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Grewal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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24
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Antoine G, Scheiflinger F, Dorner F, Falkner FG. The complete genomic sequence of the modified vaccinia Ankara strain: comparison with other orthopoxviruses. Virology 1998; 244:365-96. [PMID: 9601507 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomic DNA sequence of the highly attenuated vaccinia strain modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) was determined. The genome of MVA is 178 kb in length, significantly smaller than that of the vaccinia Copenhagen genome, which is 192 kb. The 193 open reading frames (ORFs) mapped in the MVA genome probably correspond to 177 genes, 25 of which are split and/or have suffered mutations resulting in truncated proteins. The left terminal genomic region of MVA contains four large deletions and one large insertion relative to the Copenhagen strain. In addition, many ORFs in this region are fragmented, leaving only eight genes structurally intact and therefore presumably functional. The inserted DNA codes for a cluster of genes that is also found in the vaccinia WR strain and in cowpox virus and includes a highly fragmented gene homologous to the cowpox virus host range gene, providing further evidence that a cowpox-like virus was the ancestor of vaccinia. Surprisingly, the central conserved region of the genome also contains some fragmented genes, including ORF F5L, encoding a major membrane protein, and ORFs F11L and O1L, encoding proteins of 39.7 and 77.6 kDa, respectively. The right terminal genomic region carries three large deletions all classical poxviral immune evasion genes and all ankyrin-like genes located in this region are fragmented except for those encoding the interleukin-1 beta receptor and the 68-kDa ankyrin-like protein B18R. Thus, the attenuated phenotype of MVA is the result of numerous mutations, particularly affecting the host interactive proteins, including the ankyrin-like genes, but also involving some structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Antoine
- Biomedical Research Center, Hyland-Immuno, Orth/Donau, Austria
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25
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26
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Cosyns M, Tsirkin S, Jones M, Flavell R, Kikutani H, Hayward AR. Requirement of CD40-CD40 ligand interaction for elimination of Cryptosporidium parvum from mice. Infect Immun 1998; 66:603-7. [PMID: 9453615 PMCID: PMC107946 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.2.603-607.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice with disrupted genes for CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) are unable to clear infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and develop cholangitis. Parasites are present in the gut, gall bladder, and biliary tree, and biliary epithelial cells express CD40 on the cell surface. SCID mice infected with C. parvum for >1 month can clear the infection after reconstitution with spleen cells from CD40, but not CD40L, knockout mice. In an in vitro model, C. parvum-infected HepG2 cells were triggered to apoptosis when incubated with a CD40L-CD8 fusion protein. The requirement for CD40-CD40L interactions for immunity to C. parvum indicated by our results may entail the triggering of apoptosis in infected cells, in addition to the known role of CD40L-CD40 interactions in stimulating cytokine production and promoting T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cosyns
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA.
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27
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Younes A, Snell V, Consoli U, Clodi K, Zhao S, Palmer JL, Thomas EK, Armitage RJ, Andreeff M. Elevated levels of biologically active soluble CD40 ligand in the serum of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998; 100:135-41. [PMID: 9450802 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder manifested by low growth fraction and prolonged survival of the malignant cells. The mechanisms that enable CLL cells to live longer and to resist apoptosis remain unclear. Because the malignant CLL cells express CD40 and Fas receptors, which can transduce cell-survival and cell-death signals, we examined the role of CD40 in the growth regulation of CLL cells and its interaction with Fas-mediated and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in vitro. Primary CLL cells underwent spontaneous apoptosis in culture, which was enhanced by exogenous human Fas ligand (FasL) or fludarabine. Exogenous CD40L rescued CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and caused CLL cells to resist apoptosis induced by FasL or fludarabine. Patients' autologous plasma rescued CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis, an effect that could be reversed with anti-CD40 ligand (CD40L) antibodies. The levels of soluble CD40 ligand in the sera of 51 CLL patients and 55 healthy donors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean soluble CD40L level in normal donors was 0.29 ng/ml compared to a mean value of 0.80 ng/ml in CLL patients (P < 0.001). CD40L up-regulated bcl-X(L) mRNA but not bcl-2 in CLL cells within 3-6 h in culture. Our results demonstrated that serum of patients with CLL contained elevated levels of biologically active soluble CD40L, and that CD40L can prolong survival of CLL cells and mediate their resistance to FasL and fludarabine in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Platelets
- CD40 Ligand
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/complications
- Lymphocyte Count
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Younes
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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28
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Strasser A, Huang DC, Vaux DL. The role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and general implications of defects in cell death control for tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1333:F151-78. [PMID: 9395285 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell production within an organ is determined by the rate of immigration, proliferation, differentiation, emigration and death of cells. Abnormalities in any one of these processes will disturb normal control of cell production, thereby eliciting hyperplasia can be an early event in neoplasia. Cell death, apoptosis, is a physiological process responsible for removing unwanted cells. It is used in multi-cellular organisms for tissue remodelling during embryogenesis, regulation of cell turnover and as a defence strategy against invading pathogens. In this review article we describe the role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and discuss the general implications of defects in the apoptosis program for tumourigenesis and resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy in light of current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Datta SK, Kalled SL. CD40-CD40 ligand interaction in autoimmune disease. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1735-45. [PMID: 9336404 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780401002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S K Datta
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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30
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Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ, Karupiah G, Rolph MS, Mahalingam S, Ruby JC. Cytokines and immunity to viral infections. Immunol Rev 1997; 159:119-35. [PMID: 9416507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss two broad approaches we have taken to study the role of cytokines and chemokines in antiviral immunity. Firstly, recombinant vaccinia viruses were engineered to express genes encoding cytokines and chemokines of interest. Potent antiviral activity was mediated by many of these encoded factors, including IL-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, CD40L, Mig and Crg-2. In some cases, host defense mechanisms were induced (IL-2, IL-12, Mig and Crg-2), whilst for others, a direct antiviral effect was demonstrated (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and CD40L). In sharp contrast, vector-directed expression of IL-4, a type 2 factor, greatly increased virus virulence, due to a downregulation of host type 1 immune responses. Our second experimental approach involved the use of strains of mice deficient for the production of particular cytokines or their receptors, often in combination with our engineered viruses. Mice deficient in either IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma R, IFN-alpha/beta R, TNFRs, CD40 or IL-6 were, in general, highly susceptible to poxvirus infection. Surprisingly, not only the TNFR1, but also the TNFR2, was able to mediate the antiviral effects of TNF-alpha in vivo, whilst the antiviral activity observed following CD40-CD40L interaction is a newly defined function which may involve apoptosis of infected cells. Through the use of perforin-deficient mice, we were able to demonstrate a requirement for this molecule in the clearance of some viruses, such as ectromelia virus, whilst for others, such as vaccinia virus, perforin was less important but IFN-gamma was essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Ramshaw
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Recombinant viruses have been investigated as candidate vaccines, and have also been used extensively as immunological tools. Recent advances in this area include the following: the construction and testing of a recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus encoding human interferon-gamma; the development of new vectors such as recombinant poliovirus; and the generation of polyepitope vaccines. Basic immunological research has benefited from the use of recombinant viruses to further understand the role of molecules such as CD40 ligand, nitric oxide and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rolph
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Monbijoustrasse 2, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Grewal IS, Borrow P, Pamer EG, Oldstone MB, Flavell RA. The CD40-CD154 system in anti-infective host defense. Curr Opin Immunol 1997; 9:491-7. [PMID: 9287184 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past few years has documented significant advances in our understanding of the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD154) system in diverse immune functions. This system influences many T cell mediated inflammatory immune responses and effector functions, unmasking a previously unexpected role for CD40-CD154 in cell mediated immunity. Manipulation of CD154 in animal models of infection by the use of CD154-deficient mice or anti-CD154 antibodies has shown the importance of this system in the initiation of the inflammatory response, in the activation of antigen-presenting cells and in resistance to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Grewal
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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33
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Levy J, Espanol-Boren T, Thomas C, Fischer A, Tovo P, Bordigoni P, Resnick I, Fasth A, Baer M, Gomez L, Sanders EA, Tabone MD, Plantaz D, Etzioni A, Monafo V, Abinun M, Hammarstrom L, Abrahamsen T, Jones A, Finn A, Klemola T, DeVries E, Sanal O, Peitsch MC, Notarangelo LD. Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. J Pediatr 1997; 131:47-54. [PMID: 9255191 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the clinical and immunologic features and outcome in 56 patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, a disorder caused by mutations in the CD40 ligand gene. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections (the latter frequently caused by Pneumocystis carinii), chronic diarrhea, and liver involvement (both often associated with Cryptosporidium infection) were common. Many patients had chronic neutropenia associated with oral and rectal ulcers. The marked prevalence of infections caused by intracellular pathogens suggests some degree of impairment of cell-mediated immunity. Although lymphocyte counts and in vitro proliferation to mitogens were normal, a defective in vitro proliferative response to antigens was observed in some patients, and additional defects of cell-mediated immunity may be presumed on the basis of current knowledge of CD40-ligand function. All patients received regular infusions of immunoglobulins. Four patients underwent liver transplantation because of sclerosing cholangitis, which relapsed in there. Three patients underwent bone marrow transplantation. Thirteen patients (23%) died of infection and/or liver disease. X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, once considered a clinical variant of hypogammaglobulinemia, is a severe immunodeficiency with significant cellular involvement and a high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Levy
- Soroka Hospital, Beer Sheva, Israel
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34
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Funakoshi S, Taub DD, Asai O, Hirano A, Ruscetti FW, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. Effects of CD40 stimulation in the prevention of human EBV-lymphomagenesis. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 24:187-99. [PMID: 9156649 DOI: 10.3109/10428199709039007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a molecule present on B lineage cells, both normal and neoplastic. Signalling through CD40 has been demonstrated to promote B cell growth and differentiation in vitro. In contrast to its effects on normal B cells, we have found that CD40 stimulation can inhibit the growth of various aggressive histology human B cell lymphomas both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, using a human/mouse chimera model in which human EBV-induced B cell lymphomas can spontaneously arise, we have found that CD40 stimulation an prevent the occurrence of this human lymphoma in mice. However, normal human B cell engraftment and function was not adversely affected in these mice by CD40 stimulation. This indicates that CD40 stimulation is selective in its effects on aggressive histology B cell lymphomas. Thus, CD40 stimulation either by antibody or a recombinant soluble ligand, may be of potential clinical use, not only in the treatment of EBV-induced B cell lymphomas, but also in their prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand
- Cell Transformation, Viral/drug effects
- Chimera
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/therapy
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/prevention & control
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Funakoshi
- Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Oxenius A, Campbell KA, Maliszewski CR, Kishimoto T, Kikutani H, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM, Bachmann MF. CD40-CD40 ligand interactions are critical in T-B cooperation but not for other anti-viral CD4+ T cell functions. J Exp Med 1996; 183:2209-18. [PMID: 8642330 PMCID: PMC2192545 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.5.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction is required for the generation of antibody responses to T-dependent antigens as well as for the development of germinal centers and memory B cells. The role of the CD40-CD40L interaction in the induction of antigen-specific. Th cells and in mediating Th cell effector functions other than cognate help for B cells is less well understood. Using CD40- and CD40L-deficient mice together with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus as viral model antigens, this study corroborates earlier findings that no lg isotype switching of virus-specific antibodies was measurable upon infection of CD40- or CD40L-deficient mice. In contrast, in vivo induction of virus-specific CD4+ T cells measured by proliferation and cytokine secretion of primed virus-specific Th cells in vitro was not crucially dependent on the CD40-CD40L interaction. In addition, virus-specific Th cells primed in a CD40-deficient environment, adoptively transferred into CD40-competent recipients, were able to mediate lg isotype switch. Th-mediated effector functions distinct from and in addition to T-B collaboration were analyzed in CD40- and CD40L-deficient and normal mice: (a) local inflammatory reactions upon LCMV infection mediated by LCMV-specific Th cells were not dependent on a functional CD40-CD40L interaction, (b) cytokine-mediated protection by CD4+ T cells primed by vesicular stomatitis virus against a challenge infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus was found to be equivalent in CD40L-deficient and normal mice. Thus, CD40-CD40L interaction plays a crucial role in T-B interactions for Th-dependent activation of B cells but not, or to a much lesser extent, in T cell activation, antigen-specific Th cell responses in vitro, and for interleukin-mediated Th cell effector functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oxenius
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van Kooten
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, Dardilly, France
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37
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Karpusas M, Hsu YM, Wang JH, Thompson J, Lederman S, Chess L, Thomas D. 2 A crystal structure of an extracellular fragment of human CD40 ligand. Structure 1995; 3:1031-9. [PMID: 8589998 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins and is transiently expressed on the surface of activated T cells. The binding of CD40L to CD40, which is expressed on the surface of B cells, provides a critical and unique pathway of cellular activation resulting in antibody isotype switching, regulation of apoptosis, and B cell proliferation and differentiation. Naturally occurring mutations of CD40L result in the clinical hyper-IgM syndrome, characterized by an inability to produce immunoglobulins of the IgG, IgA and IgE isotypes. RESULTS We have determined the crystal structure of a soluble extracellular fragment of human CD40L to 2 A resolution and with an R factor of 21.8%. Although the molecule forms a trimer similar to that found for other members of the TNF family, such as TNF alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha, and exhibits a similar overall fold, there are considerable differences in several loops including those predicted to be involved in CD40 binding. CONCLUSIONS The structure suggests that most of the hyper-IgM syndrome mutations affect the folding and stability of the molecule rather than the CD40-binding site directly. Despite the fact that the hyper-IgM syndrome mutations are dispersed in the primary sequence, a large fraction of them are clustered in space in the vicinity of a surface loop, close to the predicted CD40-binding site.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- G McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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