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Nguyen-Cong K, Willman JT, Gonzalez JM, Williams AS, Belonoshko AB, Moore SG, Thompson AP, Wood MA, Eggert JH, Millot M, Zepeda-Ruiz LA, Oleynik II. Extreme Metastability of Diamond and its Transformation to the BC8 Post-Diamond Phase of Carbon. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1152-1160. [PMID: 38269426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Diamond possesses exceptional physical properties due to its remarkably strong carbon-carbon bonding, leading to significant resilience to structural transformations at very high pressures and temperatures. Despite several experimental attempts, synthesis and recovery of the theoretically predicted post-diamond BC8 phase remains elusive. Through quantum-accurate multimillion atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have uncovered the extreme metastability of diamond at very high pressures, significantly exceeding its range of thermodynamic stability. We predict the post-diamond BC8 phase to be experimentally accessible only within a narrow high pressure-temperature region of the carbon phase diagram. The diamond to BC8 transformation proceeds through premelting followed by BC8 nucleation and growth in the metastable carbon liquid. We propose a double-shock compression pathway for BC8 synthesis, which is currently being explored in experiments at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen-Cong
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jonathan T Willman
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Joseph M Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ashley S Williams
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | | | - Stan G Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Aidan P Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mitchell A Wood
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Luis A Zepeda-Ruiz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ivan I Oleynik
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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2
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Shi J, Liang Z, Wang J, Pan S, Ding C, Wang Y, Wang HT, Xing D, Sun J. Double-Shock Compression Pathways from Diamond to BC8 Carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:146101. [PMID: 37862650 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most important elements for both industrial applications and fundamental research, including life, physics, chemistry, materials, and even planetary science. Although theoretical predictions on the transition from diamond to the BC8 (Ia3[over ¯]) carbon were made more than thirty years ago, after tremendous experimental efforts, direct evidence for the existence of BC8 carbon is still lacking. In this study, a machine learning potential was developed for high-pressure carbon fitted from first-principles calculations, which exhibited great capabilities in modeling the melting and Hugoniot line. Using the molecular dynamics based on this machine learning potential, we designed a thermodynamic pathway that is achievable for the double shock compression experiment to obtain the elusive BC8 carbon. Diamond was compressed up to 584 GPa after the first shock at 20.5 km/s. Subsequently, in the second shock compression at 24.8 or 25.0 km/s, diamond was compressed to a supercooled liquid and then solidified to BC8 in around 1 ns. Furthermore, the critical nucleus size and nucleation rate of BC8 were calculated, which are crucial for nano-second x-ray diffraction measurements to observe BC8 carbon during shock compressions. The key to obtaining BC8 carbon lies in the formation of liquid at a sufficient supercooling. Our work provides a feasible pathway by which the long-sought BC8 phase of carbon can be reached in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Liang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingyu Xing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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3
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Bae LJ, Kang GB, Kim M, Lee GS, Sohn JH, Nam CH, Cho BI. Diagnosis of ultrafast surface dynamics of thin foil targets irradiated by intense laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5767-5776. [PMID: 36823849 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The temporal modulation of an electron bunch train accelerated from a foil target irradiated by an intense laser pulse is studied by measuring the coherent transition radiation (CTR) from the rear surface of a target. We experimentally obtained CTR spectra from a 1 µm thick foil target irradiated at a maximum intensity of 6.5 × 1019 W/cm2. Spectral redshifts of the emitted radiation corresponding to increases in laser intensity were observed. These measurements were compared with the theoretical calculation of CTR spectra considering ultrafast surface dynamics, such as plasma surface oscillation and relativistically induced transparency. Plasma surface oscillations induce a spectral redshift, while relativistic transparency causes a spectral blueshift. Both effects are required to find reasonable agreement with the experiment over the entire range of laser intensities.
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McMahon MI. Probing extreme states of matter using ultra-intense x-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:043001. [PMID: 33725673 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abef26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme states of matter, that is, matter at extremes of density (pressure) and temperature, can be created in the laboratory either statically or dynamically. In the former, the pressure-temperature state can be maintained for relatively long periods of time, but the sample volume is necessarily extremely small. When the extreme states are generated dynamically, the sample volumes can be larger, but the pressure-temperature conditions are maintained for only short periods of time (ps toμs). In either case, structural information can be obtained from the extreme states by the use of x-ray scattering techniques, but the x-ray beam must be extremely intense in order to obtain sufficient signal from the extremely-small or short-lived sample. In this article I describe the use of x-ray diffraction at synchrotrons and XFELs to investigate how crystal structures evolve as a function of density and temperature. After a brief historical introduction, I describe the developments made at the Synchrotron Radiation Source in the 1990s which enabled the almost routine determination of crystal structure at high pressures, while also revealing that the structural behaviour of materials was much more complex than previously believed. I will then describe how these techniques are used at the current generation of synchrotron and XFEL sources, and then discuss how they might develop further in the future at the next generation of x-ray lightsources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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5
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Swift DC, Bethkenhagen M, Correa AA, Lockard T, Hamel S, Benedict LX, Sterne PA, Bennett BI. High-temperature ion-thermal behavior from average-atom calculations. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:053201. [PMID: 32575206 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.053201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atom-in-jellium calculations of the Einstein frequency were used to calculate the mean displacement of an ion over a wide range of compression and temperature. Expressed as a fraction of the Wigner-Seitz radius, the displacement is a measure of the asymptotic freedom of the ion at high temperature, and thus of the change in heat capacity from six to three quadratic degrees of freedom per atom. A functional form for free energy was proposed based on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution as a correction to the Debye free energy, with a single free parameter representing the effective density of potential modes to be saturated. This parameter was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations, and found to be ∼0.2 per atom. In this way, the ion-thermal contribution can be calculated for a wide-range equation of state (EOS) without requiring a large number of molecular dynamics simulations. Example calculations were performed for carbon, including the sensitivity of key EOS loci to ionic freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Mandy Bethkenhagen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Alfredo A Correa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Thomas Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Lorin X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Philip A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Bard I Bennett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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6
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Gong T, Habara H, Sumioka K, Yoshimoto M, Hayashi Y, Kawazu S, Otsuki T, Matsumoto T, Minami T, Abe K, Aizawa K, Enmei Y, Fujita Y, Ikegami A, Makiyama H, Okazaki K, Okida K, Tsukamoto T, Arikawa Y, Fujioka S, Iwasa Y, Lee S, Nagatomo H, Shiraga H, Yamanoi K, Wei MS, Tanaka KA. Direct observation of imploded core heating via fast electrons with super-penetration scheme. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5614. [PMID: 31819056 PMCID: PMC6901506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast ignition (FI) is a promising approach for high-energy-gain inertial confinement fusion in the laboratory. To achieve ignition, the energy of a short-pulse laser is required to be delivered efficiently to the pre-compressed fuel core via a high-energy electron beam. Therefore, understanding the transport and energy deposition of this electron beam inside the pre-compressed core is the key for FI. Here we report on the direct observation of the electron beam transport and deposition in a compressed core through the stimulated Cu Kα emission in the super-penetration scheme. Simulations reproducing the experimental measurements indicate that, at the time of peak compression, about 1% of the short-pulse energy is coupled to a relatively low-density core with a radius of 70 μm. Analysis with the support of 2D particle-in-cell simulations uncovers the key factors improving this coupling efficiency. Our findings are of critical importance for optimizing FI experiments in a super-penetration scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gong
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - H Habara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - K Sumioka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Hayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Kawazu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Otsuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Minami
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Abe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Aizawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Enmei
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - A Ikegami
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Makiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Okazaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Okida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Arikawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Iwasa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Lee
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Nagatomo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Shiraga
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Yamanoi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - M S Wei
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - K A Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Extreme Light Infrastructure: Nuclear Physics, 30 Reatorului, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania.
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7
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Bailly-Grandvaux M, Santos JJ, Bellei C, Forestier-Colleoni P, Fujioka S, Giuffrida L, Honrubia JJ, Batani D, Bouillaud R, Chevrot M, Cross JE, Crowston R, Dorard S, Dubois JL, Ehret M, Gregori G, Hulin S, Kojima S, Loyez E, Marquès JR, Morace A, Nicolaï P, Roth M, Sakata S, Schaumann G, Serres F, Servel J, Tikhonchuk VT, Woolsey N, Zhang Z. Guiding of relativistic electron beams in dense matter by laser-driven magnetostatic fields. Nat Commun 2018; 9:102. [PMID: 29317653 PMCID: PMC5760627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense lasers interacting with dense targets accelerate relativistic electron beams, which transport part of the laser energy into the target depth. However, the overall laser-to-target energy coupling efficiency is impaired by the large divergence of the electron beam, intrinsic to the laser-plasma interaction. Here we demonstrate that an efficient guiding of MeV electrons with about 30 MA current in solid matter is obtained by imposing a laser-driven longitudinal magnetostatic field of 600 T. In the magnetized conditions the transported energy density and the peak background electron temperature at the 60-μm-thick target's rear surface rise by about a factor of five, as unfolded from benchmarked simulations. Such an improvement of energy-density flux through dense matter paves the ground for advances in laser-driven intense sources of energetic particles and radiation, driving matter to extreme temperatures, reaching states relevant for planetary or stellar science as yet inaccessible at the laboratory scale and achieving high-gain laser-driven thermonuclear fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailly-Grandvaux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - J J Santos
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France.
| | - C Bellei
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - P Forestier-Colleoni
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - S Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - L Giuffrida
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - J J Honrubia
- ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Batani
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - R Bouillaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Chevrot
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J E Cross
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Crowston
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Dorard
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J-L Dubois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Ehret
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S Hulin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - S Kojima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - E Loyez
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J-R Marquès
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - A Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ph Nicolaï
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Sakata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - G Schaumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Serres
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J Servel
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - V T Tikhonchuk
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - N Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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8
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Schöttler M, French M, Cebulla D, Redmer R. Free energy model for solid high-pressure phases of carbon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:145401. [PMID: 26974530 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/14/145401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytic free energy models for three solid high-pressure phases--diamond, body centered cubic phase with eight atoms in the unit cell (BC8), and simple cubic (SC)--are developed using density functional theory. We explicitly include anharmonic effects by performing molecular dynamics simulations and investigate their density and temperature dependence in detail. Anharmonicity in the nuclear motion shifts the phase transitions significantly compared to the harmonic approximation. Furthermore, we apply a thermodynamically constrained correction that brings the equation of state in accordance with diamond anvil cell experiments. The performance of our thermodynamic functions is validated against Hugoniot experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schöttler
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059, Rostock Germany
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9
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Lazicki A, Rygg JR, Coppari F, Smith R, Fratanduono D, Kraus RG, Collins GW, Briggs R, Braun DG, Swift DC, Eggert JH. X-Ray Diffraction of Solid Tin to 1.2 TPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:075502. [PMID: 26317730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.075502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report direct in situ measurements of the crystal structure of tin between 0.12 and 1.2 TPa, the highest stress at which a crystal structure has ever been observed. Using angle-dispersive powder x-ray diffraction, we find that dynamically compressed Sn transforms to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure previously identified by ambient-temperature quasistatic-compression studies and by zero-kelvin density-functional theory predictions between 0.06 and 0.16 TPa. However, we observe no evidence for the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase found by those studies to be stable above 0.16 TPa. Instead, our results are consistent with bcc up to 1.2 TPa. We conjecture that at high temperature bcc is stabilized relative to hcp due to differences in vibrational free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Briggs
- The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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10
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Experimental evidence of new tetragonal polymorphs of silicon formed through ultrafast laser-induced confined microexplosion. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7555. [PMID: 26118985 PMCID: PMC4491821 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ordinary materials can transform into novel phases at extraordinary high pressure and temperature. The recently developed method of ultrashort laser-induced confined microexplosions initiates a non-equilibrium disordered plasma state. Ultra-high quenching rates overcome kinetic barriers to the formation of new metastable phases, which are preserved in the surrounding pristine crystal for subsequent exploitation. Here we demonstrate that confined microexplosions in silicon produce several metastable end phases. Comparison with an ab initio random structure search reveals six energetically competitive potential phases, four tetragonal and two monoclinic structures. We show the presence of bt8 and st12, which have been predicted theoretically previously, but have not been observed in nature or in laboratory experiments. In addition, the presence of the as yet unidentified silicon phase, Si-VIII and two of our other predicted tetragonal phases are highly likely within laser-affected zones. These findings may pave the way for new materials with novel and exotic properties.
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11
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Millot M, Dubrovinskaia N, Černok A, Blaha S, Dubrovinsky L, Braun DG, Celliers PM, Collins GW, Eggert JH, Jeanloz R. Planetary science. Shock compression of stishovite and melting of silica at planetary interior conditions. Science 2015; 347:418-20. [PMID: 25613887 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Deep inside planets, extreme density, pressure, and temperature strongly modify the properties of the constituent materials. In particular, how much heat solids can sustain before melting under pressure is key to determining a planet's internal structure and evolution. We report laser-driven shock experiments on fused silica, α-quartz, and stishovite yielding equation-of-state and electronic conductivity data at unprecedented conditions and showing that the melting temperature of SiO2 rises to 8300 K at a pressure of 500 gigapascals, comparable to the core-mantle boundary conditions for a 5-Earth mass super-Earth. We show that mantle silicates and core metal have comparable melting temperatures above 500 to 700 gigapascals, which could favor long-lived magma oceans for large terrestrial planets with implications for planetary magnetic-field generation in silicate magma layers deep inside such planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - N Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Černok
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - S Blaha
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - L Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R Jeanloz
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Ramp compression of diamond to five terapascals. Nature 2014; 511:330-3. [PMID: 25030170 DOI: 10.1038/nature13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of more than a thousand planets outside our Solar System, together with the significant push to achieve inertially confined fusion in the laboratory, has prompted a renewed interest in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure. The theoretical description of such electron-degenerate matter has matured since the early quantum statistical model of Thomas and Fermi, and now suggests that new complexities can emerge at pressures where core electrons (not only valence electrons) influence the structure and bonding of matter. Recent developments in shock-free dynamic (ramp) compression now allow laboratory access to this dense matter regime. Here we describe ramp-compression measurements for diamond, achieving 3.7-fold compression at a peak pressure of 5 terapascals (equivalent to 50 million atmospheres). These equation-of-state data can now be compared to first-principles density functional calculations and theories long used to describe matter present in the interiors of giant planets, in stars, and in inertial-confinement fusion experiments. Our data also provide new constraints on mass-radius relationships for carbon-rich planets.
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Smith RF, Eggert JH, Jeanloz R, Duffy TS, Braun DG, Patterson JR, Rudd RE, Biener J, Lazicki AE, Hamza AV, Wang J, Braun T, Benedict LX, Celliers PM, Collins GW. Ramp compression of diamond to five terapascals. Nature 2014. [PMID: 25030170 DOI: 10.1038/nature13526.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of more than a thousand planets outside our Solar System, together with the significant push to achieve inertially confined fusion in the laboratory, has prompted a renewed interest in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure. The theoretical description of such electron-degenerate matter has matured since the early quantum statistical model of Thomas and Fermi, and now suggests that new complexities can emerge at pressures where core electrons (not only valence electrons) influence the structure and bonding of matter. Recent developments in shock-free dynamic (ramp) compression now allow laboratory access to this dense matter regime. Here we describe ramp-compression measurements for diamond, achieving 3.7-fold compression at a peak pressure of 5 terapascals (equivalent to 50 million atmospheres). These equation-of-state data can now be compared to first-principles density functional calculations and theories long used to describe matter present in the interiors of giant planets, in stars, and in inertial-confinement fusion experiments. Our data also provide new constraints on mass-radius relationships for carbon-rich planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Jeanloz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy and Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T S Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A V Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy and Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe D. Goddard
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; University of California; San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093
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15
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McMillan PF, Greaves GN, Wilson M, Wilding MC, Daisenberger D. Polyamorphism and Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions in Amorphous Silicon and Supercooled Al 2O 3-Y 2O 3Liquids. LIQUID POLYMORPHISM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118540350.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Kraus RG, Stewart ST, Swift DC, Bolme CA, Smith RF, Hamel S, Hammel BD, Spaulding DK, Hicks DG, Eggert JH, Collins GW. Shock vaporization of silica and the thermodynamics of planetary impact events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012je004082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Reed EJ, Maiti A, Fried LE. Anomalous sound propagation and slow kinetics in dynamically compressed amorphous carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:016607. [PMID: 20365491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.016607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have performed molecular-dynamics simulations of dynamic compression waves propagating through amorphous carbon using the Tersoff potential and find that a variety of dynamic compression features appear for two different initial densities. These features include steady elastic shocks, steady chemically reactive shocks, unsteady elastic waves, and unsteady chemically reactive waves. We show how these features can be distinguished by analyzing time-dependent propagation speeds, time-dependent sound speeds, and comparison to multiscale shock technique (MSST) simulations. Understanding such features is a key challenge in quasi-isentropic experiments involving phase transformations. In addition to direct simulations of dynamic compression, we employ the MSST and find agreement with the direct method for this system for the shocks observed. We show how the MSST can be extended to include explicit material viscosity and demonstrate on an amorphous Lennard-Jones system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Reed
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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18
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Bradley DK, Eggert JH, Smith RF, Prisbrey ST, Hicks DG, Braun DG, Biener J, Hamza AV, Rudd RE, Collins GW. Diamond at 800 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:075503. [PMID: 19257686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.075503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new compression technique, which enables the study of solids into the TPa regime, is described and used to ramp (or quasi-isentropically) compress diamond to a peak pressure of 1400 GPa. Diamond stress versus density data are reported to 800 GPa and suggest that the diamond phase is stable and has significant material strength up to at least this stress level. Data presented here are the highest ramp compression pressures by more than a factor of 5 and the highest-pressure solid equation-of-state data ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Knudson MD, Desjarlais MP, Dolan DH. Shock-Wave Exploration of the High-Pressure Phases of Carbon. Science 2008; 322:1822-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | | | - D. H. Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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20
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Mazevet S, Zérah G. Ab initio simulations of the K-edge shift along the aluminum Hugoniot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:155001. [PMID: 18999605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We develop a first-principles approach to calculate the near-edge absorption spectrum of dense plasmas based on density functional electronic structure calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. We apply the method to the calculation of the K-edge shift along the aluminum shock compressed Hugoniot. We obtain a good agreement with measurements performed at moderate compression and find that the variation of the XANES spectra could be used as a signature for melting along the Hugoniot. We also show that the calculation of the K-edge shift along the Hugoniot formally requires a fully self-consistent calculation beyond the frozen-core approximation and provides an opportunity to test the accuracy of first principle simulation methods in the high-pressure high-temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazevet
- CEA, DPTA, Laboratoire de Structure Electronique, F91297 Arpajon, France.
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Ghiringhelli L, Valeriani C, Los J, Meijer E, Fasolino A, Frenkel D. State-of-the-art models for the phase diagram of carbon and diamond nucleation. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802077884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Mundy CJ, Curioni A, Goldman N, Will Kuo IF, Reed EJ, Fried LE, Ianuzzi M. Ultrafast transformation of graphite to diamond: An ab initio study of graphite under shock compression. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:184701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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