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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Gu Y, Vilhena JG, Pawlak R, Song Y, Narita A, Glatzel T, Müllen K, Meyer E. The Role of Alkyl Chains in the Thermoresponse of Supramolecular Network. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405472. [PMID: 39367552 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials provide a pathway for achieving precise, highly ordered structures while exhibiting remarkable response to external stimuli, a characteristic not commonly found in covalently bonded materials. The design of self-assembled materials, where properties could be predicted/design from chemical nature of the individual building blocks, hinges upon our ability to relate macroscopic properties to individual building blocks - a feat which has thus far remained elusive. Here, a design approach is demonstrated to chemically engineer the thermal expansion coefficient of 2D supramolecular networks by over an order of magnitude (\boldmath 120 to \boldmath 1000 × 10-6 K-1). This systematic study provides a clear pathway on how to carefully design the thermal expansion coefficient of a 2D molecular assembly. Specifically, a linear relation has been identified between the length of decorating alkyl chains and the thermal expansion coefficient. Counter-intuitively, the shorter the chains the larger is the thermal expansion coefficient. This precise control over thermo-mechanical properties marks a significant leap forward in the de-novo design of advanced 2D materials. The possibility to chemically engineer their thermo-mechanical properties holds promise for innovations in sensors, actuators, and responsive materials across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Yiming Song
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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2
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De Keer L, Kilic KI, Van Steenberge PHM, Daelemans L, Kodura D, Frisch H, De Clerck K, Reyniers MF, Barner-Kowollik C, Dauskardt RH, D'hooge DR. Computational prediction of the molecular configuration of three-dimensional network polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1422-1430. [PMID: 34183809 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional arrangement of natural and synthetic network materials determines their application range. Control over the real-time incorporation of each building block and functional group is desired to regulate the macroscopic properties of the material from the molecular level onwards. Here we report an approach combining kinetic Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations that chemically and physically predicts the interactions between building blocks in time and in space for the entire formation process of three-dimensional networks. This framework takes into account variations in inter- and intramolecular chemical reactivity, diffusivity, segmental compositions, branch/network point locations and defects. From the kinetic and three-dimensional structural information gathered, we construct structure-property relationships based on molecular descriptors such as pore size or dangling chain distribution and differentiate ideal from non-ideal structural elements. We validate such relationships by synthesizing organosilica, epoxy-amine and Diels-Alder networks with tailored properties and functions, further demonstrating the broad applicability of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karsu I Kilic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lode Daelemans
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Kodura
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Vilhena JG, Liu Y, Freund S, Liu Z, Feng X, Müllen K, Glatzel T, Narita A, Meyer E. Giant thermal expansion of a two-dimensional supramolecular network triggered by alkyl chain motion. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2020; 1:8. [PMID: 32259137 PMCID: PMC7099928 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-020-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal expansion, the response in shape, area or volume of a solid with heat, is usually large in molecular materials compared to their inorganic counterparts. Resulting from the intrinsic molecule flexibility, conformational changes or variable intermolecular interactions, the exact interplay between these mechanisms is however poorly understood down to the molecular level. Here, we investigate the structural variations of a two-dimensional supramolecular network on Au(111) consisting of shape persistent polyphenylene molecules equipped with peripheral dodecyl chains. By comparing high-resolution scanning probe microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations obtained at 5 and 300 K, we determine the thermal expansion coefficient of the assembly of 980 ± 110 × 10-6 K-1, twice larger than other molecular systems hitherto reported in the literature, and two orders of magnitude larger than conventional materials. This giant positive expansion originates from the increased mobility of the dodecyl chains with temperature that determine the intermolecular interactions and the network spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. G. Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Liu
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Zhang K, Fang Y, He Y, Yin H, Guan X, Pu Y, Zhou B, Yue W, Ren W, Du D, Li H, Liu C, Sun L, Chen Y, Xu H. Extravascular gelation shrinkage-derived internal stress enables tumor starvation therapy with suppressed metastasis and recurrence. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5380. [PMID: 31772164 PMCID: PMC6879564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of current starvation therapies, they are often associated with some intrinsic drawbacks such as poor persistence, facile tumor metastasis and recurrence. Herein, we establish an extravascular gelation shrinkage-derived internal stress strategy for squeezing and narrowing blood vessels, occluding blood & nutrition supply, reducing vascular density, inducing hypoxia and apoptosis and eventually realizing starvation therapy of malignancies. To this end, a biocompatible composite hydrogel consisting of gold nanorods (GNRs) and thermal-sensitive hydrogel mixture was engineered, wherein GRNs can strengthen the structural property of hydrogel mixture and enable robust gelation shrinkage-induced internal stresses. Systematic experiments demonstrate that this starvation therapy can suppress the growths of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer and 4T1 breast cancer. More significantly, this starvation strategy can suppress tumor metastasis and tumor recurrence via reducing vascular density and blood supply and occluding tumor migration passages, which thus provides a promising avenue to comprehensive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Tumor-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Yaping He
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Haohao Yin
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Yinying Pu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Bangguo Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Yue
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Ren
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Dou Du
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China.
| | - Huixiong Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
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5
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Xiao Q, Burg JA, Zhou Y, Yan H, Wang C, Ding Y, Reed E, Miller RD, Dauskardt RH. Electrically Conductive Copper Core-Shell Nanowires through Benzenethiol-Directed Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4900-4907. [PMID: 29985626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin nanowires with <3 nm diameter have long been sought for novel properties that emerge from dimensional constraint as well as for continued size reduction and performance improvement of nanoelectronic devices. Here, we report on a facile and large-scale synthesis of a new class of electrically conductive ultrathin core-shell nanowires using benzenethiols. Core-shell nanowires are atomically precise and have inorganic five-atom copper-sulfur cross-sectional cores encapsulated by organic shells encompassing aromatic substituents with ring planes oriented parallel. The exact nanowire atomic structures were revealed via a two-pronged approach combining computational methods coupled with experimental synthesis and advanced characterizations. Core-shell nanowires were determined to be indirect bandgap materials with a predicted room-temperature resistivity of ∼120 Ω·m. Nanowire morphology was found to be tunable by changing the interwire interactions imparted by the functional group on the benzenethiol molecular precursors, and the nanowire core diameter was determined by the steric bulkiness of the ligand. These discoveries help define our understanding of the fundamental constituents of atomically well-defined and electrically conductive core-shell nanowires, representing significant advances toward nanowire building blocks for smaller, faster, and more powerful nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Joseph A Burg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yichuan Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Evan Reed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Robert D Miller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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6
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Zhu H, Fan T, Peng Q, Zhang D. Giant Thermal Expansion in 2D and 3D Cellular Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705048. [PMID: 29577470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When temperature increases, the volume of an object changes. This property was quantified as the coefficient of thermal expansion only a few hundred years ago. Part of the reason is that the change of volume due to the variation of temperature is in general extremely small and imperceptible. Here, abnormal giant linear thermal expansions in different types of two-ingredient microstructured hierarchical and self-similar cellular materials are reported. The cellular materials can be 2D or 3D, and isotropic or anisotropic, with a positive or negative thermal expansion due to the convex or/and concave shape in their representative volume elements respectively. The magnitude of the thermal expansion coefficient can be several times larger than the highest value reported in the literature. This study suggests an innovative approach to develop temperature-sensitive functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxing Zhu
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Tongxiang Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Peng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Burg JA, Oliver MS, Frot TJ, Sherwood M, Lee V, Dubois G, Dauskardt RH. Hyperconnected molecular glass network architectures with exceptional elastic properties. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1019. [PMID: 29044110 PMCID: PMC5647325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperconnected network architectures can endow nanomaterials with remarkable mechanical properties that are fundamentally controlled by designing connectivity into the intrinsic molecular structure. For hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials, here we show that by using 1,3,5 silyl benzene precursors, the connectivity of a silicon atom within the network extends beyond its chemical coordination number, resulting in a hyperconnected network with exceptional elastic stiffness, higher than that of fully dense silica. The exceptional intrinsic stiffness of these hyperconnected glass networks is demonstrated with molecular dynamics models and these model predictions are calibrated through the synthesis and characterization of an intrinsically porous hybrid glass processed from 1,3,5(triethoxysilyl)benzene. The proposed molecular design strategy applies to any materials system wherein the mechanical properties are controlled by the underlying network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Burg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark S Oliver
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theo J Frot
- Department of Hybrid Polymeric Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
| | - Mark Sherwood
- Department of Hybrid Polymeric Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
| | - Victor Lee
- Department of Hybrid Polymeric Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
| | - Geraud Dubois
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Hybrid Polymeric Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA.
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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8
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Burg JA, Dauskardt RH. The Effects of Terminal Groups on Elastic Asymmetries in Hybrid Molecular Materials. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9753-9759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Burg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Reinhold H. Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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9
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Hernandez-Charpak JN, Hoogeboom-Pot KM, Li Q, Frazer TD, Knobloch JL, Tripp M, King SW, Anderson EH, Chao W, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Nardi D. Full Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 11-50 nm Ultrathin Films: Influence of Network Connectivity on the Poisson's Ratio. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2178-2183. [PMID: 28240907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise characterization of the mechanical properties of ultrathin films is of paramount importance for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale materials and for continued scaling and improvement of nanotechnology. In this work, we use coherent extreme ultraviolet beams to characterize the full elastic tensor of isotropic ultrathin films down to 11 nm in thickness. We simultaneously extract the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of low-k a-SiC:H films with varying degrees of hardness and average network connectivity in a single measurement. Contrary to past assumptions, we find that the Poisson's ratio of such films is not constant but rather can significantly increase from 0.25 to >0.4 for a network connectivity below a critical value of ∼2.5. Physically, the strong hydrogenation required to decrease the dielectric constant k results in bond breaking, lowering the network connectivity, and Young's modulus of the material but also decreases the compressibility of the film. This new understanding of ultrathin films demonstrates that coherent EUV beams present a new nanometrology capability that can probe a wide range of novel complex materials not accessible using traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N Hernandez-Charpak
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Kathleen M Hoogeboom-Pot
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Qing Li
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Marie Tripp
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Sean W King
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Erik H Anderson
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Damiano Nardi
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
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