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Arribas V, Onetti Y, Ramiro-Pareta M, Villacampa P, Beck H, Alberola M, Esteve-Codina A, Merkel A, Sperandio M, Martínez-Estrada OM, Schmid B, Montanez E. Endothelial TDP-43 controls sprouting angiogenesis and vascular barrier integrity, and its deletion triggers neuroinflammation. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177819. [PMID: 38300714 PMCID: PMC11143933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a DNA/RNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression, and its malfunction in neurons has been causally associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Although progress has been made in understanding the functions of TDP-43 in neurons, little is known about its roles in endothelial cells (ECs), angiogenesis, and vascular function. Using inducible EC-specific TDP-43-KO mice, we showed that TDP-43 is required for sprouting angiogenesis, vascular barrier integrity, and blood vessel stability. Postnatal EC-specific deletion of TDP-43 led to retinal hypovascularization due to defects in vessel sprouting associated with reduced EC proliferation and migration. In mature blood vessels, loss of TDP-43 disrupted the blood-brain barrier and triggered vascular degeneration. These vascular defects were associated with an inflammatory response in the CNS with activation of microglia and astrocytes. Mechanistically, deletion of TDP-43 disrupted the fibronectin matrix around sprouting vessels and reduced β-catenin signaling in ECs. Together, our results indicate that TDP-43 is essential for the formation of a stable and mature vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Arribas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yara Onetti
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marina Ramiro-Pareta
- Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, and
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Villacampa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
| | - Heike Beck
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mariona Alberola
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelika Merkel
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ofelia M. Martínez-Estrada
- Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, and
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Eloi Montanez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
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Potenza A, Gorla G, Carrozzini T, Bersano A, Gatti L, Pollaci G. Lipidomic Approaches in Common and Rare Cerebrovascular Diseases: The Discovery of Unconventional Lipids as Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12744. [PMID: 37628924 PMCID: PMC10454673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Identifying new circulating biomarkers able to distinguish and monitor common and rare cerebrovascular diseases that lead to stroke is of great importance. Biomarkers provide complementary information that may improve diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of progression as well. Furthermore, biomarkers can contribute to filling the gap in knowledge concerning the underlying disease mechanisms by pointing out novel potential therapeutic targets for personalized medicine. If many "conventional" lipid biomarkers are already known to exert a relevant role in cerebrovascular diseases, the aim of our study is to review novel "unconventional" lipid biomarkers that have been recently identified in common and rare cerebrovascular disorders using novel, cutting-edge lipidomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Potenza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (T.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gemma Gorla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (T.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Tatiana Carrozzini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (T.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laura Gatti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (T.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuliana Pollaci
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (G.G.); (T.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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3
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Vautier A, Lebreton AL, Codron P, Awada Z, Gohier P, Cassereau J. Retinal vessels as a window on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology: A systematic review. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:548-562. [PMID: 36842953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare fatal motor neuron disease. Although many potential mechanisms have been proposed, the pathophysiology of the disease remains unknown. Currently available treatments can only delay the progression of the disease and prolong life expectancy by a few months. There is still no definitive cure for ALS, and the development of new treatments is limited by a lack of understanding of the underlying biological processes that trigger and promote neurodegeneration. Several scientific results suggest a neurovascular impairment in ALS providing perspectives for the development of new biomarkers and treatments. In this article, we performed a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines including PubMed, EmBase, GoogleScholar, and Web of Science Core Collection to analyze the scientific literature published between 2000 and 2021 discussing the neurocardiovascular involvement and ophthalmologic abnormalities in ALS. In total, 122 articles were included to establish this systematic review. Indeed, microvascular pathology seems to be involved in ALS, affecting all the neurovascular unit components. Retinal changes have also been recently highlighted without significant alteration of the visual pathways. Despite the peripheral location of the retina, it is considered as an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) as it displays similarities to the brain, the inner blood-retinal barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. This suggests that the eye could be considered as a 'window' into the brain in many CNS disorders. Thus, studying ocular manifestations of brain pathologies seems very promising in understanding neurodegenerative disorders, mainly ALS. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) could therefore be a powerful approach for exploration of retinal microvascularization allowing to obtain new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vautier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Angers, France.
| | - A L Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - P Codron
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Neurobiology and Neuropathology, University Hospital, Angers, France; University of Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Z Awada
- Department of neuroscience, LHH-SIUH, New York, USA
| | - P Gohier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - J Cassereau
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Angers, France; University of Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MITOVASC, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.
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4
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Wälchli T, Bisschop J, Carmeliet P, Zadeh G, Monnier PP, De Bock K, Radovanovic I. Shaping the brain vasculature in development and disease in the single-cell era. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:271-298. [PMID: 36941369 PMCID: PMC10026800 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis - the formation of new blood vessels - is highly active during brain development, enters almost complete quiescence in the healthy adult brain and is reactivated in vascular-dependent brain pathologies such as brain vascular malformations and brain tumours. Despite major advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving angiogenesis in peripheral tissues, developmental signalling pathways orchestrating angiogenic processes in the healthy and the diseased CNS remain incompletely understood. Molecular signalling pathways of the 'neurovascular link' defining common mechanisms of nerve and vessel wiring have emerged as crucial regulators of peripheral vascular growth, but their relevance for angiogenesis in brain development and disease remains largely unexplored. Here we review the current knowledge of general and CNS-specific mechanisms of angiogenesis during brain development and in brain vascular malformations and brain tumours, including how key molecular signalling pathways are reactivated in vascular-dependent diseases. We also discuss how these topics can be studied in the single-cell multi-omics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wälchli
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeroen Bisschop
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB & Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Research Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Radovanovic
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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A human model of arteriovenous malformation (AVM)-on-a-chip reproduces key disease hallmarks and enables drug testing in perfused human vessel networks. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121729. [PMID: 35999080 PMCID: PMC9972357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a disorder wherein abnormal, enlarged blood vessels connect arteries directly to veins, without an intervening capillary bed. AVMs are one of the leading causes of hemorrhagic stroke in children and young adults. Most human sporadic brain AVMs are associated with genetic activating mutations in the KRAS gene. Our goal was to develop an in vitro model that would allow for simultaneous morphological and functional phenotypic data capture in real time during AVM disease progression. By generating human endothelial cells harboring a clinically relevant mutation found in most human patients (activating mutations within the small GTPase KRAS) and seeding them in a dynamic microfluidic cell culture system that enables vessel formation and perfusion, we demonstrate that vessels formed by KRAS4AG12V mutant endothelial cells (ECs) were significantly wider and more leaky than vascular beds formed by wild-type ECs, recapitulating key structural and functional hallmarks of human AVM pathogenesis. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a breakdown of adherens junctions in mutant KRAS vessels, leading to increased vascular permeability, a hallmark of hemorrhagic stroke. Finally, pharmacological blockade of MEK kinase activity, but not PI3K inhibition, improved endothelial barrier function (decreased permeability) without affecting vessel diameter. Collectively, our studies describe the creation of human KRAS-dependent AVM-like vessels in vitro in a self-assembling microvessel platform that is amenable to phenotypic observation and drug delivery.
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Matsoukas S, Bageac DV, DeLeacy R, Berenstein A, Fifi JT. De novo brain AVM following radiotherapy for cerebral cavernous malformation in a child: A 15-year clinical course. Neuroradiol J 2022; 35:533-538. [PMID: 35100907 PMCID: PMC9437502 DOI: 10.1177/19714009211059115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple de novo brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) have been reported in the literature, raising questions about the contended purely congenital nature of these lesions. We present the 15-year course of a pediatric patient, who initially presented at age 5 with a thalamic cavernous malformation and was treated with radiosurgery, and then subsequently developed a thalamic de novo bAVM immediately adjacent to the initial lesion location, discovered 2 years later. Treatment of the bAVM entailed two transarterial embolizations and one radiosurgery session which ultimately led to complete angiographic resolution. Finally, this patient's course was complicated by intraparenchymal hemorrhage and acute obstructive hydrocephalus, and further imaging revealed two newly formed cavernous malformations, also associated with the initial lesion's location, that have remained stable since their formation. This case likely represents the second-hit model for the formation of vascular malformations, as sparsely supported by the current literature. According to this, genetically aberrant, yet quiescent, brain areas might promote the de novo formation of vascular malformations after brain injury, including radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Matsoukas
- Johanna T. Fifi, MD, Department of Neurosurgery,
Mount Sinai Health System, KCC-1North, 1450 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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7
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Huang H, Wang X, Guo AN, Li W, Duan RH, Fang JH, Yin B, Li DD. De novo brain arteriovenous malformation formation and development: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:6277-6282. [PMID: 35949829 PMCID: PMC9254196 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), an aberrant vascular development during the intrauterine period, is traditionally considered a congenital disease. Sporadic reports of cases of de novo AVM formation in children and adults have challenged the traditional view of its congenital origin.
CASE SUMMARY In this report, we have presented the case of a child with a de novo brain AVM. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography of the brain showed no AVM at the age of 5 years and 2 mo. Brain AVM was first detected in this child at the age of 7 years and 4 mo. The brain AVM was significantly advanced, and hemorrhage was seen for the first time at the age of 12 years and 8 mo. There was further progression in the AVM, and hemorrhage occurred again at the age of 13 years and 5 mo. Genetic analysis of this patient revealed a mutation in the NOTCH2 (p.Asp473Val) gene.
CONCLUSION In short, our case has once again confirmed the view that brain AVM is an acquired disease and is the result of the interaction of genes, environment, and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - An-Na Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren-Hua Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Hao Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Dong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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Marra KV, Aguilar E, Wei G, Usui-Ouchi A, Ideguchi Y, Sakimoto S, Friedlander M. Bioactive extracellular vesicles from a subset of endothelial progenitor cells rescue retinal ischemia and neurodegeneration. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e155928. [PMID: 35639473 PMCID: PMC9309054 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the neurovascular unit (NVU) underlies the pathophysiology of various CNS diseases. One strategy to repair NVU dysfunction uses stem/progenitor cells to provide trophic support to the NVU's functionally coupled and interdependent vasculature and surrounding CNS parenchyma. A subset of endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) with high expression of the CD44 hyaluronan receptor (CD44hi), provides such neurovasculotrophic support via a paracrine mechanism. Here, we report that bioactive extracellular vesicles from CD44hi ECFCs (EVshi) are paracrine mediators, recapitulating the effects of intact cell therapy in murine models of ischemic/neurodegenerative retinopathy; vesicles from ECFCs with low expression levels of CD44 (EVslo) were ineffective. Small RNA sequencing comparing the microRNA cargo from EVshi and EVslo identified candidate microRNAs that contribute to these effects. EVshi may be used to repair NVU dysfunction through multiple mechanisms to stabilize hypoxic vasculature, promote vascular growth, and support neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V. Marra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Edith Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guoqin Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayumi Usui-Ouchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yoichiro Ideguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susumu Sakimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martin Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Lowy Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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9
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Tang Y, Yu Z, Lu X, Fan Q, Huang W. Overcoming Vascular Barriers to Improve the Theranostic Outcomes of Nanomedicines. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103148. [PMID: 35246962 PMCID: PMC9069202 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics aims to utilize nanomaterials to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases to improve the quality of patients' lives. Blood vessels are responsible to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the whole body, eliminate waste, and provide access for patrolling immune cells for healthy tissues. Meanwhile, they can also nourish disease tissues, spread disease factors or cells into other healthy tissues, and deliver nanotheranostic agents to cover all the regions of a disease tissue. Thus, blood vessels are the first and the most important barrier for highly efficient nanotheranostics. Here, the structure and function of blood vessels are explored and how these characteristics affect nanotheranostics is discussed. Moreover, new mechanisms and related strategies about overcoming vascular obstacles for improved nanotheranostic outcomes are critically summarized, and their merits and demerits of each strategy are analyzed. Moreover, the present challenges to completely exhibit the potential of overcoming vascular barriers to improve the theranostic outcomes of nanomedicines in life science are also discussed. Finally, the future perspective is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211800P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637459Singapore
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211800P. R. China
| | - Quli Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for BiosensorsInstitute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing210023China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)Xi'an710072China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211800P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for BiosensorsInstitute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing210023China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE)Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU)Xi'an710072China
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10
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Xie J, Tian S, Liu J, Cao R, Yue P, Cai X, Shang Q, Yang M, Han L, Zhang DK. Dual role of the nasal microbiota in neurological diseases—An unignorable risk factor or a potential therapy carrier. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Little K, Llorián-Salvador M, Scullion S, Hernández C, Simó-Servat O, Del Marco A, Bosma E, Vargas-Soria M, Carranza-Naval MJ, Van Bergen T, Galbiati S, Viganò I, Musi CA, Schlingemann R, Feyen J, Borsello T, Zerbini G, Klaassen I, Garcia-Alloza M, Simó R, Stitt AW. Common pathways in dementia and diabetic retinopathy: understanding the mechanisms of diabetes-related cognitive decline. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:50-71. [PMID: 34794851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with multiple comorbidities, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cognitive decline, and T2D patients have a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both DR and AD are characterized by a number of pathological mechanisms that coalesce around the neurovascular unit, including neuroinflammation and degeneration, vascular degeneration, and glial activation. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance also play a significant role, leading to activation of pathological mechanisms such as increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Understanding these common pathways and the degree to which they occur simultaneously in the brain and retina during diabetes will provide avenues to identify T2D patients at risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Little
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - María Llorián-Salvador
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sarah Scullion
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Cadiz (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Bosma
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Cadiz (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Cadiz (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Galbiati
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Clara Alice Musi
- Università Degli Studi di Milano and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri- IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Reiner Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tiziana Borsello
- Università Degli Studi di Milano and Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri- IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Cadiz (INIBICA), Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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12
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Valentino M, Dejana E, Malinverno M. The multifaceted PDCD10/CCM3 gene. Genes Dis 2021; 8:798-813. [PMID: 34522709 PMCID: PMC8427250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) gene was originally identified as an apoptosis-related gene, although it is now usually known as CCM3, as the third causative gene of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). CCM is a neurovascular disease that is characterized by vascular malformations and is associated with headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and cerebral hemorrhage. The PDCD10/CCM3 protein has multiple subcellular localizations and interacts with several multi-protein complexes and signaling pathways. Thus PDCD10/CCM3 governs many cellular functions, which include cell-to-cell junctions and cytoskeleton organization, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and exocytosis and angiogenesis. Given its central role in the maintenance of homeostasis of the cell, dysregulation of PDCD10/CCM3 can result in a wide range of altered cell functions. This can lead to severe diseases, including CCM, cognitive disability, and several types of cancers. Here, we review the multifaceted roles of PDCD10/CCM3 in physiology and pathology, with a focus on its functions beyond CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 7 20122, Italy.,Vascular Biology, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Matteo Malinverno
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 16 20139, Italy
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13
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Correia SC, Moreira PI. Oxygen Sensing and Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: A Breathtaking Story! Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:3-21. [PMID: 34510330 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing and homeostasis is indispensable for the maintenance of brain structural and functional integrity. Under low-oxygen tension, the non-diseased brain has the ability to cope with hypoxia by triggering a homeostatic response governed by the highly conserved hypoxia-inducible family (HIF) of transcription factors. With the advent of advanced neuroimaging tools, it is now recognized that cerebral hypoperfusion, and consequently hypoxia, is a consistent feature along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Of note, the reduction in cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation detected during the prodromal phases of AD, drastically aggravates as disease progresses. Within this scenario a fundamental question arises: How HIF-driven homeostatic brain response to hypoxia "behaves" during the AD continuum? In this sense, the present review is aimed to critically discuss and summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of hypoxia and HIF signaling in the onset and progression of AD pathology. Importantly, the promises and challenges of non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies aimed to target hypoxia will be discussed as a new "hope" to prevent and/or postpone the neurodegenerative events that occur in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Jones I, Hägglund AC, Carlsson L. Reduced mTORC1-signaling in retinal ganglion cells leads to vascular retinopathy. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:321-335. [PMID: 34148274 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coordinated wiring of neurons, glia and endothelial cells into neurovascular units is critical for central nervous system development. This is best exemplified in the mammalian retina where interneurons, astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells sculpt their vascular environment to meet the metabolic demands of visual function. Identifying the molecular networks that underlie neurovascular unit formation is an important step towards a deeper understanding of nervous system development and function. RESULTS Here, we report that cell-to-cell mTORC1-signaling is essential for neurovascular unit formation during mouse retinal development. Using a conditional knockout approach we demonstrate that reduced mTORC1 activity in asymmetrically positioned retinal ganglion cells induces a delay in postnatal vascular network formation in addition to the production of rudimentary and tortuous vessel networks in adult animals. The severity of this vascular phenotype is directly correlated to the degree of mTORC1 down regulation within the neighboring retinal ganglion cell population. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes a cell nonautonomous role for mTORC1-signaling during retinal development. These findings contribute to our current understanding of neurovascular unit formation and demonstrate how ganglion cells actively sculpt their local environment to ensure that the retina is perfused with an appropriate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Feng Z, Bai S, Qi J, Sun C, Zhang Y, Yu X, Ni H, Wu D, Fan X, Xue D, Liu S, Chen M, Gong J, Wei P, He M, Lam JWY, Li X, Tang BZ, Gao L, Qian J. Biologically Excretable Aggregation-Induced Emission Dots for Visualizing Through the Marmosets Intravitally: Horizons in Future Clinical Nanomedicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008123. [PMID: 33742500 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Superb reliability and biocompatibility equip aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dots with tremendous potential for fluorescence bioimaging. However, there is still a chronic lack of design instructions of excretable and bright AIE emitters. Here, a kind of PEGylated AIE (OTPA-BBT) dots with strong absorption and extremely high second near-infrared region (NIR-II) PLQY of 13.6% is designed, and a long-aliphatic-chain design blueprint contributing to their excretion from an animal's body is proposed. Assisted by the OTPA-BBT dots with bright fluorescence beyond 1100 nm and even 1500 nm (NIR-IIb), large-depth cerebral vasculature (beyond 600 µm) as well as real-time blood flow are monitored through a thinned skull, and noninvasive NIR-IIb imaging with rich high-spatial-frequency information gives a precise presentation of gastrointestinal tract in marmosets. Importantly, after intravenous or oral administration, the definite excretion of OTPA-BBT dots from the body is demonstrated, which provides influential evidence of biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Siyi Bai
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chaowei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Huwei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Di Wu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Dingwei Xue
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Junyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Peifa Wei
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Mubin He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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16
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Mansour AA, Schafer ST, Gage FH. Cellular complexity in brain organoids: Current progress and unsolved issues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Perrelli A, Fatehbasharzad P, Benedetti V, Ferraris C, Fontanella M, De Luca E, Moglianetti M, Battaglia L, Retta SF. Towards precision nanomedicine for cerebrovascular diseases with emphasis on Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM). Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:849-876. [PMID: 33406376 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1873273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases encompass various disorders of the brain vasculature, such as ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes, aneurysms, and vascular malformations, also affecting the central nervous system leading to a large variety of transient or permanent neurological disorders. They represent major causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, and some of them can be inherited, including Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), an autosomal dominant cerebrovascular disease linked to mutations in CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2, or CCM3/PDCD10 genes.Areas covered: Besides marked clinical and etiological heterogeneity, some commonalities are emerging among distinct cerebrovascular diseases, including key pathogenetic roles of oxidative stress and inflammation, which are increasingly recognized as major disease hallmarks and therapeutic targets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different clinical features and common pathogenetic determinants of cerebrovascular diseases, highlighting major challenges, including the pressing need for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and focusing on emerging innovative features and promising benefits of nanomedicine strategies for early detection and targeted treatment of such diseases.Expert opinion: Specifically, we describe and discuss the multiple physico-chemical features and unique biological advantages of nanosystems, including nanodiagnostics, nanotherapeutics, and nanotheranostics, that may help improving diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases and neurological comorbidities, with an emphasis on CCM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Parisa Fatehbasharzad
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Valerio Benedetti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Fontanella
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.,Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Moglianetti
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.,Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
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18
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Micro-endoscopy for Live Small Animal Fluorescent Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:153-186. [PMID: 33834437 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for the fluorescent visualization of cellular- and subcellular-level biological processes in vivo. However, the size of objective lenses used in standard microscopes currently makes it difficult to access internal organs with minimal invasiveness in small animal models, such as mice. Here we describe front- and side-view designs for small-diameter endoscopes based on gradient-index lenses, their construction, their integration into laser scanning confocal microscopy platforms, and their applications for in vivo imaging of fluorescent cells and microvasculature in various organs, including the kidney, bladder, heart, brain, and gastrointestinal tracts, with a focus on the new techniques developed for each imaging application. The combination of novel fluorescence techniques with these powerful imaging methods promises to continue providing novel insights into a variety of diseases.
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19
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Lefevere E, Salinas‐Navarro M, Andries L, Noterdaeme L, Etienne I, Van Wonterghem E, Vinckier S, Davis BM, Van Bergen T, Van Hove I, Movahedi K, Vandenbroucke RE, Moons L, De Groef L. Tightening the retinal glia limitans attenuates neuroinflammation after optic nerve injury. Glia 2020; 68:2643-2660. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evy Lefevere
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas‐Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lien Andries
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lut Noterdaeme
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, and Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI) VIB and KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Benjamin M. Davis
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research, Visual Neuroscience UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London UK
| | | | - Inge Van Hove
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Oxurion NV Leuven Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab VIB Center for Inflammation Research Brussels Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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20
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Lant B, Pal S, Chapman EM, Yu B, Witvliet D, Choi S, Zhao L, Albiges-Rizo C, Faurobert E, Derry WB. Interrogating the ccm-3 Gene Network. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2857-2868.e4. [PMID: 30208312 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular lesions caused by mutations in one of three genes (CCM1-3). Loss of CCM3 causes the poorest prognosis, and little is known about how it regulates vascular integrity. The C. elegans ccm-3 gene regulates the development of biological tubes that resemble mammalian vasculature, and in a genome-wide reverse genetic screen, we identified more than 500 possible CCM-3 pathway genes. With a phenolog-like approach, we generated a human CCM signaling network and identified 29 genes in common, of which 14 are required for excretory canal extension and membrane integrity, similar to ccm-3. Notably, depletion of the MO25 ortholog mop-25.2 causes severe defects in tube integrity by preventing CCM-3 localization to apical membranes. Furthermore, loss of MO25 phenocopies CCM3 ablation by causing stress fiber formation in endothelial cells. This work deepens our understanding of how CCM3 regulates vascular integrity and may help identify therapeutic targets for treating CCM3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lant
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Swati Pal
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Eric Michael Chapman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bin Yu
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Witvliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Soo Choi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lisa Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, University Grenoble Alpes, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Eva Faurobert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, University Grenoble Alpes, Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - W Brent Derry
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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21
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Endothelial cell clonal expansion in the development of cerebral cavernous malformations. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2761. [PMID: 31235698 PMCID: PMC6591323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a neurovascular familial or sporadic disease that is characterised by capillary-venous cavernomas, and is due to loss-of-function mutations to any one of three CCM genes. Familial CCM follows a two-hit mechanism similar to that of tumour suppressor genes, while in sporadic cavernomas only a small fraction of endothelial cells shows mutated CCM genes. We reported that in mouse models and in human patients, endothelial cells lining the lesions have different features from the surrounding endothelium, as they express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers. Here we show that cavernomas originate from clonal expansion of few Ccm3-null endothelial cells that express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers. These cells then attract surrounding wild-type endothelial cells, inducing them to express mesenchymal/stem-cell markers and to contribute to cavernoma growth. These characteristics of Ccm3-null cells are reminiscent of the tumour-initiating cells that are responsible for tumour growth. Our data support the concept that CCM has benign tumour characteristics. Cerebral cavernous malformation is a vascular disease characterized by capillary-venous cavernomas in the central nervous system. Here the authors show that cavernomas display benign tumor characteristics and originate from the clonal expansion of mutated endothelial progenitors which can attract surrounding wild-type cells, inducing their mesenchymal transition and leading to growth of the cavernoma.
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22
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de Graaf MNS, Cochrane A, van den Hil FE, Buijsman W, van der Meer AD, van den Berg A, Mummery CL, Orlova VV. Scalable microphysiological system to model three-dimensional blood vessels. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:026105. [PMID: 31263797 PMCID: PMC6588522 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel models are increasingly recognized to have value in understanding disease and drug discovery. However, continued improvements are required to more accurately reflect human vessel physiology. Realistic three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cultures of human vascular cells inside microfluidic chips, or vessels-on-chips (VoC), could contribute to this since they can recapitulate aspects of the in vivo microenvironment by including mechanical stimuli such as shear stress. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs), in combination with a technique called viscous finger patterning (VFP) toward this goal. We optimized VFP to create hollow structures in collagen I extracellular-matrix inside microfluidic chips. The lumen formation success rate was over 90% and the resulting cellularized lumens had a consistent diameter over their full length, averaging 336 ± 15 μm. Importantly, hiPSC-ECs cultured in these 3D microphysiological systems formed stable and viable vascular structures within 48 h. Furthermore, this system could support coculture of hiPSC-ECs with primary human brain vascular pericytes, demonstrating their ability to accommodate biologically relevant combinations of multiple vascular cell types. Our protocol for VFP is more robust than previously published methods with respect to success rates and reproducibility of the diameter between- and within channels. This, in combination with the ease of preparation, makes hiPSC-EC based VoC a low-cost platform for future studies in personalized disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mees N S de Graaf
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Cochrane
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francijna E van den Hil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Olivares-Castiñeira I, Llimargas M. Anisotropic Crb accumulation, modulated by Src42A, is coupled to polarised epithelial tube growth in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007824. [PMID: 30475799 PMCID: PMC6283610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of the size of internal tubular organs, such as the lungs or vascular system, is critical for proper physiological activity and to prevent disease or malformations. This control incorporates the intrinsic physical anisotropy of tubes to generate proportionate organs that match their function. The exact mechanisms underlying tube size control and how tubular anisotropy is translated at the cellular level are still not fully understood. Here we investigate these mechanisms using the Drosophila tracheal system. We show that the apical polarity protein Crumbs transiently accumulates anisotropically at longitudinal cell junctions during tube elongation. We provide evidence indicating that the accumulation of Crumbs in specific apical domains correlates with apical surface expansion, suggesting a link between the anisotropic accumulation of Crumbs at the cellular level and membrane expansion. We find that Src42A is required for the anisotropic accumulation of Crumbs, thereby identifying the first polarised cell behaviour downstream of Src42A. Our results indicate that Src42A regulates a mechanism that increases the fraction of Crb protein at longitudinal junctions, and genetic interaction experiments are consistent with Crb acting downstream of Src42A in controlling tube size. Collectively, our results suggest a model in which Src42A would sense the inherent anisotropic mechanical tension of the tube and translate it into a polarised Crumbs accumulation, which may promote a bias towards longitudinal membrane expansion, orienting cell elongation and, as a consequence, longitudinal growth at the tissue level. This work provides new insights into the key question of how organ growth is controlled and polarised and unveils the function of two conserved proteins, Crumbs and Src42A, with important roles in development and homeostasis as well as in disease, in this biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Olivares-Castiñeira
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ponto LLB, Moser DJ, Menda Y, Harlynn EL, DeVries SD, Oleson JJ, Magnotta VA, Schultz SK. Early Phase PIB-PET as a Surrogate for Global and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Measures. J Neuroimaging 2018; 29:85-96. [PMID: 30461110 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To explore the potential for simplified measures of [11 C]PIB uptake to serve as a surrogate for cerebral blood flow (CBF) measures, thereby, providing both pathological and functional information in the same scan. METHODS Participants (N = 24, 16 M, 8 F, 57-87 years) underwent quantitative [15 O]water imaging and dynamic [11 C]PIB imaging. Time-activity curves were created for each participant's regional [11 C]PIB data scaled in standardized uptake values (SUVs). The frame in which maximal uptake occurred was defined for each subject (ie, "peak"). The concentration (SUV) for each region at the individual's peak, during the 3.5-4 minute time interval and for the initial 6 minute sum, was determined. R1 (ie, relative delivery using cerebellum as reference tissue) from the simplified reference tissue model 2 was determined for each region. PIB SUVs were compared to the absolute CBF global and regional values (in mL/minute/100 mL) and the R1 values were compared to the cerebellar-normalized rCBF. RESULTS Significant linear relationships were found for all SUV measures with measures of absolute global and regional CBF that were comparable to the relationship between normalized CBF and R1. The individual SUVpeak exhibited the strongest relationship both regionally and globally. All individuals and all regions had highly significant regression slopes. Age, gender, or amyloid burden did not influence the relationship. CONCLUSION Early PIB uptake has the potential to effectively serve as a surrogate for global and regional CBF measures. The simple and readily obtainable individual's SUVpeak value was the strongest predictor regionally and globally of CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Boles Ponto
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - David J Moser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Yusuf Menda
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Emily L Harlynn
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sean D DeVries
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vincent A Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Susan K Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
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25
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Sapieha P, Mallette FA. Cellular Senescence in Postmitotic Cells: Beyond Growth Arrest. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:595-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Osaki T, Sivathanu V, Kamm RD. Engineered 3D vascular and neuronal networks in a microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5168. [PMID: 29581463 PMCID: PMC5979969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including motor neuron disease (MND). In vitro models provide an opportunity to understand the pathogenesis of MND, and offer the potential for drug screening. Here, we describe a new 3D microvascular and neuronal network model in a microfluidic platform to investigate interactions between these two systems. Both 3D networks were established by co-culturing human embryonic stem (ES)-derived MN spheroids and endothelial cells (ECs) in microfluidic devices. Co-culture with ECs improves neurite elongation and neuronal connectivity as measured by Ca2+ oscillation. This improvement was regulated not only by paracrine signals such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor secreted by ECs but also through direct cell-cell interactions via the delta-notch pathway, promoting neuron differentiation and neuroprotection. Bi-directional signaling was observed in that the neural networks also affected vascular network formation under perfusion culture. This in vitro model could enable investigations of neuro-vascular coupling, essential to understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including MNDs such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vivek Sivathanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
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Santos R, Aguilar-Salinas P, Entwistle JJ, Aldana PR, Beier AD, Hanel RA. De Novo Arteriovenous Malformation in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2018; 111:341-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Osaki T, Shin Y, Sivathanu V, Campisi M, Kamm RD. In Vitro Microfluidic Models for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28881425 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices enable novel means of emulating neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology in vitro. These organ-on-a-chip systems can potentially reduce animal testing and substitute (or augment) simple 2D culture systems. Reconstituting critical features of neurodegenerative diseases in a biomimetic system using microfluidics can thereby accelerate drug discovery and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of several currently incurable diseases. This review describes latest advances in modeling neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. First, this study summarizes fundamental advantages of microfluidic devices in the creation of compartmentalized cell culture microenvironments for the co-culture of neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells, and skeletal muscle cells and in their recapitulation of spatiotemporal chemical gradients and mechanical microenvironments. Then, this reviews neurodegenerative-disease-on-a-chip models focusing on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, this study discusses about current drawbacks of these models and strategies that may overcome them. These organ-on-chip technologies can be useful to be the first line of testing line in drug development and toxicology studies, which can contribute significantly to minimize the phase of animal testing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Vivek Sivathanu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Marco Campisi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringPolitecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institutes of Technology 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47‐321 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Han Q, Wang X, Cai S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang C, Yang R. Quercetin nanoparticles with enhanced bioavailability as multifunctional agents toward amyloid induced neurotoxicity. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1387-1393. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin nanoparticles fabricated by pulsed laser ablation showed enhanced bioavailability and multifunctional effects on amyloid-β mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusen Han
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Xinhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shuangfei Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Xueliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence of Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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Trigiani LJ, Hamel E. An endothelial link between the benefits of physical exercise in dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2649-2664. [PMID: 28617071 PMCID: PMC5536816 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17714655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current absence of a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) highlights the necessity for investigating the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches such as physical exercise (PE). Although evidence exists to support an association between regular PE and higher scores on cognitive function tests, and a slower rate of cognitive decline, there is no clear consensus on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the advantages of PE. This review seeks to summarize the positive effects of PE in human and animal studies while highlighting the vascular link between these benefits. Lifestyle factors such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and sleep apnea will be addressed in relation to the risk they pose in developing AD and VCID, as will molecular factors known to have an impact on either the initiation or the progression of AD and/or VCID. This will include amyloid-beta clearance, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, and white matter integrity. Particularly, this review will address how engaging in PE can counter factors that contribute to disease pathogenesis, and how these alterations are linked to endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne J Trigiani
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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CCM2 and PAK4 act downstream of atrial natriuretic peptide signaling to promote cell spreading. Biochem J 2017; 474:1897-1918. [PMID: 28432261 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac hormone released by the atrium in response to stretching forces. Via its receptor, guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A), ANP maintains cardiovascular homeostasis by exerting diuretic, natriuretic, and hypotensive effects mediated, in part, by endothelial cells. Both in vivo and in vitro, ANP enhances endothelial barrier function by reducing RhoA activity and reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. We established mouse endothelial cells that stably express GC-A and used them to analyze the molecular mechanisms responsible for actin reorganization. Stimulation by ANP resulted in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and promotion of cell spreading. p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and cerebral cavernous malformations 2 (CCM2), a scaffold protein involved in a cerebrovascular disease, were required for the phosphorylation of MLC and promotion of cell spreading by ANP. Finally, in addition to the GC domain, the kinase homology domain of GC-A was also required for ANP/GC-A signaling. Our results indicate that CCM2 and PAK4 are important downstream mediators of ANP/GC-A signaling involved in cell spreading, an important initial step in the enhancement of endothelial barrier function.
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Abstract
Defined genetic models based on human pluripotent stem cells have opened new avenues for understanding disease mechanisms and drug screening. Many of these models assume cell-autonomous mechanisms of disease but it is possible that disease phenotypes or drug responses will only be evident if all cellular and extracellular components of a tissue are present and functionally mature. To derive optimal benefit from such models, complex multicellular structures with vascular components that mimic tissue niches will thus likely be necessary. Here we consider emerging research creating human tissue mimics and provide some recommendations for moving the field forward.
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Winkler EA, Minter D, Yue JK, Manley GT. Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016; 27:473-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pippucci T, Maresca A, Magini P, Cenacchi G, Donadio V, Palombo F, Papa V, Incensi A, Gasparre G, Valentino ML, Preziuso C, Pisano A, Ragno M, Liguori R, Giordano C, Tonon C, Lodi R, Parmeggiani A, Carelli V, Seri M. Homozygous NOTCH3 null mutation and impaired NOTCH3 signaling in recessive early-onset arteriopathy and cavitating leukoencephalopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:848-58. [PMID: 25870235 PMCID: PMC4459822 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is essential for vascular physiology. Neomorphic heterozygous mutations in NOTCH3, one of the four human NOTCH receptors, cause cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Hypomorphic heterozygous alleles have been occasionally described in association with a spectrum of cerebrovascular phenotypes overlapping CADASIL, but their pathogenic potential is unclear. We describe a patient with childhood-onset arteriopathy, cavitating leukoencephalopathy with cerebral white matter abnormalities presented as diffuse cavitations, multiple lacunar infarctions and disseminated microbleeds. We identified a novel homozygous c.C2898A (p.C966*) null mutation in NOTCH3 abolishing NOTCH3 expression and causing NOTCH3 signaling impairment. NOTCH3 targets acting in the regulation of arterial tone (KCNA5) or expressed in the vasculature (CDH6) were downregulated. Patient's vessels were characterized by smooth muscle degeneration as in CADASIL, but without deposition of granular osmiophilic material (GOM), the CADASIL hallmark. The heterozygous parents displayed similar but less dramatic trends in decrease in the expression of NOTCH3 and its targets, as well as in vessel degeneration. This study suggests a functional link between NOTCH3 deficiency and pathogenesis of vascular leukoencephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pippucci
- U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Magini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Palombo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Papa
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alex Incensi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Preziuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalinda Pisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Ragno
- Divisione di Neurologia, Ospedale Mazzoni, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche ed Anatomopatologiche, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unità Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unità Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy U.O. Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy Unita' di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- U.O. Genetica Medica, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
The vascular and the nervous system are responsible for oxygen, nutrient, and information transfer and thereby constitute highly important communication systems in higher organisms. These functional similarities are reflected at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels, where common developmental principles and mutual crosstalks have evolved to coordinate their action. This resemblance of the two systems at different levels of complexity has been termed the "neurovascular link." Most of the evidence demonstrating neurovascular interactions derives from studies outside the CNS and from the CNS tissue of the retina. However, little is known about the specific properties of the neurovascular link in the brain. Here, we focus on regulatory effects of molecules involved in the neurovascular link on angiogenesis in the periphery and in the brain and distinguish between general and CNS-specific cues for angiogenesis. Moreover, we discuss the emerging molecular interactions of these angiogenic cues with the VEGF-VEGFR-Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Jagged-Notch pathway.
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Snir JA, Suchy M, Lawrence KS, Hudson RH, Pasternak S, Bartha R. Prolonged In Vivo Retention of a Cathepsin D Targeted Optical Contrast Agent in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:73-87. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan A. Snir
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojmir Suchy
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith St. Lawrence
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H.E. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H. Pasternak
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology, Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Potential Effects of Pomegranate Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:938475. [PMID: 26180600 PMCID: PMC4477247 DOI: 10.1155/2015/938475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death and is becoming the leading one in old age. Vegetable and fruit consumption is inversely associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Currently, interest in a number of fruits high in polyphenols has been raised due to their reported chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic potential. Pomegranate has been shown to exert anticancer activity, which is generally attributed to its high content of polyphenols. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of known targets and mechanisms along with a critical evaluation of pomegranate polyphenols as future anticancer agents. Pomegranate evokes antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and antimetastatic effects, induces apoptosis through the modulation of Bcl-2 proteins, upregulates p21 and p27, and downregulates cyclin-cdk network. Furthermore, pomegranate blocks the activation of inflammatory pathways including, but not limited to, the NF-κB pathway. The strongest evidence for its anticancer activity comes from studies on prostate cancer. Accordingly, some exploratory clinical studies investigating pomegranate found a trend of efficacy in increasing prostate-specific antigen doubling time in patients with prostate cancer. However, the genotoxicity reported for pomegranate raised certain concerns over its safety and an accurate assessment of the risk/benefit should be performed before suggesting the use of pomegranate or its polyphenols for cancer-related therapeutic purposes.
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Usui Y, Westenskow PD, Kurihara T, Aguilar E, Sakimoto S, Paris LP, Wittgrove C, Feitelberg D, Friedlander MSH, Moreno SK, Dorrell MI, Friedlander M. Neurovascular crosstalk between interneurons and capillaries is required for vision. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2335-46. [PMID: 25915585 DOI: 10.1172/jci80297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interactions between neurons, vasculature, and glia within neurovascular units are critical for maintenance of the retina and other CNS tissues. For example, the architecture of the neurosensory retina is a highly organized structure with alternating layers of neurons and blood vessels that match the metabolic demand of neuronal activity with an appropriate supply of oxygen within perfused blood. Here, using murine genetic models and cell ablation strategies, we have demonstrated that a subset of retinal interneurons, the amacrine and horizontal cells, form neurovascular units with capillaries in 2 of the 3 retinal vascular plexuses. Moreover, we determined that these cells are required for generating and maintaining the intraretinal vasculature through precise regulation of hypoxia-inducible and proangiogenic factors, and that amacrine and horizontal cell dysfunction induces alterations to the intraretinal vasculature and substantial visual deficits. These findings demonstrate that specific retinal interneurons and the intraretinal vasculature are highly interdependent, and loss of either or both elicits profound effects on photoreceptor survival and function.
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Tillo M, Erskine L, Cariboni A, Fantin A, Joyce A, Denti L, Ruhrberg C. VEGF189 binds NRP1 and is sufficient for VEGF/NRP1-dependent neuronal patterning in the developing brain. Development 2014; 142:314-9. [PMID: 25519242 PMCID: PMC4302834 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA, VEGF) regulates neurovascular patterning. Alternative splicing of the Vegfa gene gives rise to three major isoforms termed VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189. VEGF165 binds the transmembrane protein neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and promotes the migration, survival and axon guidance of subsets of neurons, whereas VEGF121 cannot activate NRP1-dependent neuronal responses. By contrast, the role of VEGF189 in NRP1-mediated signalling pathways has not yet been examined. Here, we have combined expression studies and in situ ligand-binding assays with the analysis of genetically altered mice and in vitro models to demonstrate that VEGF189 can bind NRP1 and promote NRP1-dependent neuronal responses. Summary: Although VEGF165 was thought to be the sole VEGF isoform acting through neuropilin 1 (NRP1), VEGF189 also binds to and signals through NRP1 in several types of developing mouse neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Tillo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Andy Joyce
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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40
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Quantitative assessment of angiogenesis, perfused blood vessels and endothelial tip cells in the postnatal mouse brain. Nat Protoc 2014; 10:53-74. [PMID: 25502884 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development and in various diseases of the CNS, new blood vessel formation starts with endothelial tip cell selection and vascular sprout migration, followed by the establishment of functional, perfused blood vessels. Here we describe a method that allows the assessment of these distinct angiogenic steps together with antibody-based protein detection in the postnatal mouse brain. Intravascular and perivascular markers such as Evans blue (EB), isolectin B4 (IB4) or laminin (LN) are used alongside simultaneous immunofluorescence on the same sections. By using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and stereological methods for analysis, detailed quantification of the 3D postnatal brain vasculature for perfused and nonperfused vessels (e.g., vascular volume fraction, vessel length and number, number of branch points and perfusion status of the newly formed vessels) and characterization of sprouting activity (e.g., endothelial tip cell density, filopodia number) can be obtained. The entire protocol, from mouse perfusion to vessel analysis, takes ∼10 d.
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41
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Chen F, Li L, Xu F, Sun Y, Du F, Ma X, Zhong C, Li X, Wang F, Zhang N, Li C. Systemic and cerebral exposure to and pharmacokinetics of flavonols and terpene lactones after dosing standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts to rats via different routes of administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:440-57. [PMID: 23808355 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Flavonols and terpene lactones are putatively responsible for the properties of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts that relate to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cerebral insufficiency. Here, we characterized rat systemic and cerebral exposure to these ginkgo compounds after dosing, as well as the compounds' pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received single or multiple doses of ShuXueNing injection (prepared from GBE50 for intravenous administration) or GBE50 (a standardized extract of G. biloba leaves for oral administration). Brain delivery of the ginkgo compounds was assessed with microdialysis. Various rat samples were analysed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Slow terminal elimination features of the flavonols counterbalanced the influence of poor oral bioavailability on their systemic exposure levels, which also resulted in significant accumulation of the compounds in plasma during the subchronic treatment with ShuXueNing injection and GBE50. Unlike the flavonols, the terpene lactones had poor enterohepatic circulation due to their rapid renal excretion and unknown metabolism. The flavonol glycosides occurred as major forms in plasma after dosing with ShuXueNing injection, while the flavonol aglycone conjugates were predominant in plasma after dosing with GBE50. Cerebral exposure was negligible for the flavonols and low for the terpene lactones. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Unlike the significant systemic exposure levels, the levels of cerebral exposure to the flavonols and terpene lactones are low. The elimination kinetic differences between the two classes of ginkgo compounds influence their relative systemic exposure levels. The information gained is relevant to linking ginkgo administration to the medicinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Das JK, Felty Q. Microvascular lesions by estrogen-induced ID3: its implications in cerebral and cardiorenal vascular disease. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:618-31. [PMID: 25129100 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe symptoms of cerebral and cardiorenal vascular diseases can be triggered when cerebral, coronary, or glomerular arterioles grow inappropriately as a result of abnormal cell proliferation. The risk factor(s) and molecular mechanisms responsible for microvascular lesion formation are largely unknown. Although controversial, both animal and epidemiological studies have shown that estrogen increases the risk of stroke which may be due to microvascular lesions. Since microvascular diseases are characterized by excessive vessel growth, it is plausible that estrogen-induced neovascularization contributes to the growth of microvascular lesions. We present evidence for how ID3 overexpression in endothelial cells contributes to the development of an estrogen-induced neovascular phenotype with an additional focus on Pyk2 kinase. Our data showed that ID3 overexpression increased neovascularization, cell migration, and spheroid growth of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3. ID3-overexpressing cells showed significant estrogen-induced G2/M phase transition. Estrogen treatment increased both ID3 phosphorylation; total protein that was inhibited by tamoxifen, and Pyk2-mediated estrogen-induced ID3 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that Pyk2 signals ID3 expression and ID3 is necessary for estrogen-induced neovascularization in hCMEC/D3 cells. A better understanding of how microvascular lesions depend on ID3 may open new avenues for prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Das
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-2 Bldg. Rm 593, Miami, FL, USA
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43
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Quantitative analysis of drug delivery to the brain via nasal route. J Control Release 2014; 189:133-40. [PMID: 24997277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents drugs' permeability into the brain and limits the management of brain diseases. Intranasal delivery is a convenient route of drug administration that can bypass the BBB and lead to a direct delivery of the drug to the brain. Indeed, drug accumulation in the brain following intranasal application of a drug solution, or of a drug encapsulated in specialized delivery systems (DDSs), has been reported in numerous scientific publications. We aimed to analyze the available quantitative data on drug delivery to the brain via the nasal route and to reveal the efficiency of brain drug delivery and targeting by different types of nasally-administered DDSs. We searched for scientific publications published in 1970-2014 that reported delivery of drugs or model compounds to the brain via intranasal and parenteral routes, and contained quantitative data that were sufficient for calculation of brain targeting efficiency. We identified 73 publications (that reported data on 82 compounds) that matched the search criteria and analyzed their experimental settings, formulation types, analytical methods, and the claimed efficiencies of drug brain targeting: drug targeting efficiency (%DTE) and nose-to-brain direct transport (%DTP). Outcomes of this analysis indicate that efficiency of brain delivery by the nasal route differs widely between the studies, and does not correlate with the drug's physicochemical properties. Particle- and gel-based DDSs offer limited advantage for brain drug delivery in comparison to the intranasal administration of drug solution. Nevertheless, incorporation of specialized reagents (e.g., absorption enhancers, mucoadhesive compounds, targeting residues) can increase the efficiency of drug delivery to the brain via the nasal route. More elaborate and detailed methodological and analytical characterizations and standardized reporting of the experimental outcomes are required for reliable quantification of drug targeting to the brain by the nasal route. Quantitative analysis of these data will facilitate the development of DDSs with high brain targeting efficiency.
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Eisa-Beygi S, Wen XY, Macdonald RL. A call for rigorous study of statins in resolution of cerebral cavernous malformation pathology. Stroke 2014; 45:1859-61. [PMID: 24803598 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- From the Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.) and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.); and Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.L.M.).
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- From the Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.) and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.); and Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.L.M.)
| | - R Loch Macdonald
- From the Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.) and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.-B., X.-Y.W., R.L.M.); and Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.L.M.)
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45
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Neuronal control of metabolism through nutrient-dependent modulation of tracheal branching. Cell 2014; 156:69-83. [PMID: 24439370 PMCID: PMC3898607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During adaptive angiogenesis, a key process in the etiology and treatment of cancer and obesity, the vasculature changes to meet the metabolic needs of its target tissues. Although the cues governing vascular remodeling are not fully understood, target-derived signals are generally believed to underlie this process. Here, we identify an alternative mechanism by characterizing the previously unrecognized nutrient-dependent plasticity of the Drosophila tracheal system: a network of oxygen-delivering tubules developmentally akin to mammalian blood vessels. We find that this plasticity, particularly prominent in the intestine, drives—rather than responds to—metabolic change. Mechanistically, it is regulated by distinct populations of nutrient- and oxygen-responsive neurons that, through delivery of both local and systemic insulin- and VIP-like neuropeptides, sculpt the growth of specific tracheal subsets. Thus, we describe a novel mechanism by which nutritional cues modulate neuronal activity to give rise to organ-specific, long-lasting changes in vascular architecture. The Drosophila tracheal system exhibits nutrient-dependent plasticity Tracheal plasticity is organ specific and metabolically significant Nutrient- and hypoxia-responsive neurons drive adaptive tracheation Distinct insulin-like and Pdf neuropeptides control organ-specific tracheal branching
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46
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Goitre L, De Luca E, Braggion S, Trapani E, Guglielmotto M, Biasi F, Forni M, Moglia A, Trabalzini L, Retta SF. KRIT1 loss of function causes a ROS-dependent upregulation of c-Jun. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:134-47. [PMID: 24291398 PMCID: PMC3994518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the KRIT1 gene (CCM1) have been associated with the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease. However, KRIT1 functions and CCM pathogenetic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Indeed, recent experiments in animal models have clearly demonstrated that the homozygous loss of KRIT1 is not sufficient to induce CCM lesions, suggesting that additional factors are necessary to cause CCM disease. Previously, we found that KRIT1 is involved in the maintenance of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to prevent ROS-induced cellular dysfunctions, including a reduced ability to maintain a quiescent state. Here, we show that KRIT1 loss of function leads to enhanced expression and phosphorylation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor c-Jun, as well as induction of its downstream target COX-2, in both cellular models and human CCM tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that c-Jun upregulation can be reversed by either KRIT1 re-expression or ROS scavenging, whereas KRIT1 overexpression prevents forced upregulation of c-Jun induced by oxidative stimuli. Taken together with the reported role of c-Jun in vascular dysfunctions triggered by oxidative stress, our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying KRIT1 function and CCM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Goitre
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Stefano Braggion
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Eliana Trapani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | | | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Marco Forni
- EuroClone SpA Research Laboratory, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano (Torino), Italy.
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47
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Wilkinson RN, van Eeden FJ. The Zebrafish as a Model of Vascular Development and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 124:93-122. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Orlova VV, Drabsch Y, Freund C, Petrus-Reurer S, van den Hil FE, Muenthaisong S, Dijke PT, Mummery CL. Functionality of Endothelial Cells and Pericytes From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Demonstrated in Cultured Vascular Plexus and Zebrafish Xenografts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:177-86. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V. Orlova
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Drabsch
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Freund
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francijna E. van den Hil
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suchitra Muenthaisong
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology (V.V.O., C.F., S.P.-R., F.E.v.d.H., S.M., C.L.M.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (V.V.O., Y.D., P.t.D.), Cancer Genomics Centre and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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49
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Liu J, Wang Y, Akamatsu Y, Lee CC, Stetler RA, Lawton MT, Yang GY. Vascular remodeling after ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:138-56. [PMID: 24291532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain vasculature has been increasingly recognized as a key player that directs brain development, regulates homeostasis, and contributes to pathological processes. Following ischemic stroke, the reduction of blood flow elicits a cascade of changes and leads to vascular remodeling. However, the temporal profile of vascular changes after stroke is not well understood. Growing evidence suggests that the early phase of cerebral blood volume (CBV) increase is likely due to the improvement in collateral flow, also known as arteriogenesis, whereas the late phase of CBV increase is attributed to the surge of angiogenesis. Arteriogenesis is triggered by shear fluid stress followed by activation of endothelium and inflammatory processes, while angiogenesis induces a number of pro-angiogenic factors and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The status of collaterals in acute stroke has been shown to have several prognostic implications, while the causal relationship between angiogenesis and improved functional recovery has yet to be established in patients. A number of interventions aimed at enhancing cerebral blood flow including increasing collateral recruitment are under clinical investigation. Transplantation of EPCs to improve angiogenesis is also underway. Knowledge in the underlying physiological mechanisms for improved arteriogenesis and angiogenesis shall lead to more effective therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chih Cheng Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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50
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Kim JK, Choi JW, Yun SH. Optical fine-needle imaging biopsy of the brain. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2846-2854. [PMID: 24409385 PMCID: PMC3862157 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical fine-needle imaging biopsy (FNIB), combining a fine needle (22 gauge) and a high-resolution side-view probe (350-μm diameter) for minimally invasive interrogation of brain tissue in situ. We apply this technique to examine pathogenesis in murine models of neurodegeneration, brain metastasis of melanoma, and arterial occlusion, respectively. The demonstrated ability to obtain cellular images in the deep brain without craniotomy may be useful in the longitudinal studies of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- WCU Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
- Equal Contribution
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Currently with the Department of Dental Pharmacology and Institute of Biomaterials-Implant, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
- Equal Contribution
| | - Seok H. Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- WCU Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
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