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Ma J, O'Malley JJ, Kreiker M, Leng Y, Khan I, Kindel M, Penzo MA. Convergent direct and indirect cortical streams shape avoidance decisions in mice via the midline thalamus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6598. [PMID: 39097600 PMCID: PMC11297946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Current concepts of corticothalamic organization in the mammalian brain are mainly based on sensory systems, with less focus on circuits for higher-order cognitive functions. In sensory systems, first-order thalamic relays are driven by subcortical inputs and modulated by cortical feedback, while higher-order relays receive strong excitatory cortical inputs. The applicability of these principles beyond sensory systems is uncertain. We investigated mouse prefronto-thalamic projections to the midline thalamus, revealing distinct top-down control. Unlike sensory systems, this pathway relies on indirect modulation via the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Specifically, the prelimbic area, which influences emotional and motivated behaviors, impacts instrumental avoidance responses through direct and indirect projections to the paraventricular thalamus. Both pathways promote defensive states, but the indirect pathway via the TRN is essential for organizing avoidance decisions through disinhibition. Our findings highlight intra-thalamic circuit dynamics that integrate cortical cognitive signals and their role in shaping complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - John J O'Malley
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malaz Kreiker
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Leng
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isbah Khan
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Kindel
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario A Penzo
- Section on the Neural Circuits of Emotion and Motivation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Huang W, Cano JC, Fénelon K. Deciphering the role of brainstem glycinergic neurons during startle and prepulse inhibition. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148938. [PMID: 38615924 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle response, a key measure of sensorimotor gating, diminishes with age and is impaired in various neurological conditions. While PPI deficits are often associated with cognitive impairments, their reversal is routinely used in experimental systems for antipsychotic drug screening. Yet, the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of PPI remain unclear, even under non-pathological conditions. We recently showed that brainstem neurons located in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC) expressing the glycine transporter type 2 (GlyT2±) receive inputs from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and contribute to PPI but via an uncharted pathway. Here, using tract-tracing, immunohistochemistry and in vitro optogenetic manipulations coupled to field electrophysiological recordings, we reveal the neuroanatomical distribution of GlyT2± PnC neurons and PnC-projecting CeA glutamatergic neurons and we provide mechanistic insights on how these glutamatergic inputs suppress auditory neurotransmission in PnC sections. Additionally, in vivo experiments using GlyT2-Cre mice confirm that optogenetic activation of GlyT2± PnC neurons enhances PPI and is sufficient to induce PPI in young mice, emphasizing their role. However, in older mice, PPI decline is not further influenced by inhibiting GlyT2± neurons. This study highlights the importance of GlyT2± PnC neurons in PPI and underscores their diminished activity in age-related PPI decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Huang
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Jose C Cano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79912, USA
| | - Karine Fénelon
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
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3
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Dong P, Bakhurin K, Li Y, Mikati MA, Cui J, Grill WM, Yin HH, Yang H. Attenuating midline thalamus bursting to mitigate absence epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403763121. [PMID: 38968111 PMCID: PMC11252967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403763121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancing the mechanistic understanding of absence epilepsy is crucial for developing new therapeutics, especially for patients unresponsive to current treatments. Utilizing a recently developed mouse model of absence epilepsy carrying the BK gain-of-function channelopathy D434G, here we report that attenuating the burst firing of midline thalamus (MLT) neurons effectively prevents absence seizures. We found that enhanced BK channel activity in the BK-D434G MLT neurons promotes synchronized bursting during the ictal phase of absence seizures. Modulating MLT neurons through pharmacological reagents, optogenetic stimulation, or deep brain stimulation effectively attenuates burst firing, leading to reduced absence seizure frequency and increased vigilance. Additionally, enhancing vigilance by amphetamine, a stimulant medication, or physical perturbation also effectively suppresses MLT bursting and prevents absence seizures. These findings suggest that the MLT is a promising target for clinical interventions. Our diverse approaches offer valuable insights for developing next generation therapeutics to treat absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | | | - Yuhui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Mohamad A. Mikati
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Jianmin Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO63130
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Henry H. Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Huanghe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
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4
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Guan X, Cao P. Brain Mechanisms Underlying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:795-814. [PMID: 37477800 PMCID: PMC11178723 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, with a prevalence of ~ 4% in the general population, causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens. The similarities of animal defense responses to clinical panic attack symptoms in humans make it possible to translate neuroanatomical pathways identified in animal studies to panic disorder in humans. Therefore, in this review we first present a basic overview of panic disorder in humans including the main subtypes, models commonly used to trigger panic attacks, related hypotheses, the neurotransmitter systems that may be involved, and the current clinical treatments to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of panic disorder. The animal section introduces the models that trigger panic-like behavior in animals and the brain regions that may be involved, providing insights for future elucidation of the neural circuit mechanisms behind panic attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Guan
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Peng Cao
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, 102206, China
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5
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Gonzalo-Martín E, Alonso-Martínez C, Sepúlveda LP, Clasca F. Micropopulation mapping of the mouse parafascicular nucleus connections reveals diverse input-output motifs. Front Neuroanat 2024; 17:1305500. [PMID: 38260117 PMCID: PMC10800635 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1305500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In primates, including humans, the centromedian/parafascicular (CM-Pf) complex is a key thalamic node of the basal ganglia system. Deep brain stimulation in CM-Pf has been applied for the treatment of motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease or Tourette syndrome. Rodents have become widely used models for the study of the cellular and genetic mechanisms of these and other motor disorders. However, the equivalence between the primate CM-Pf and the nucleus regarded as analogous in rodents (Parafascicular, Pf) remains unclear. Methods Here, we analyzed the neurochemical architecture and carried out a brain-wide mapping of the input-output motifs in the mouse Pf at micropopulation level using anterograde and retrograde labeling methods. Specifically, we mapped and quantified the sources of cortical and subcortical input to different Pf subregions, and mapped and compared the distribution and terminal structure of their axons. Results We found that projections to Pf arise predominantly (>75%) from the cerebral cortex, with an unusually strong (>45%) Layer 5b component, which is, in part, contralateral. The intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are the main subcortical input source to Pf. On its output side, Pf neuron axons predominantly innervate the striatum. In a sparser fashion, they innervate other basal ganglia nuclei, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the cerebral cortex. Differences are evident between the lateral and medial portions of Pf, both in chemoarchitecture and in connectivity. Lateral Pf axons innervate territories of the striatum, STN and cortex involved in the sensorimotor control of different parts of the contralateral hemibody. In contrast, the mediodorsal portion of Pf innervates oculomotor-limbic territories in the above three structures. Discussion Our data thus indicate that the mouse Pf consists of several neurochemically and connectively distinct domains whose global organization bears a marked similarity to that described in the primate CM-Pf complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Clasca
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
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Fraigne JJ, Luppi PH, Mahoney CE, De Luca R, Shiromani PJ, Weber F, Adamantidis A, Peever J. Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area modulate rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad024. [PMID: 36775897 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy J Fraigne
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pierre H Luppi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Carrie E Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Research, Centre for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Peever
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Dumontier D, Mailhes-Hamon C, Supplisson S, Dieudonné S. Neurotransmitter content heterogeneity within an interneuron class shapes inhibitory transmission at a central synapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1060189. [PMID: 36687523 PMCID: PMC9846633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter content is deemed the most basic defining criterion for neuronal classes, contrasting with the intercellular heterogeneity of many other molecular and functional features. Here we show, in the adult mouse brain, that neurotransmitter content variegation within a neuronal class is a component of its functional heterogeneity. Golgi cells (GoCs), the well-defined class of cerebellar interneurons inhibiting granule cells (GrCs), contain cytosolic glycine, accumulated by the neuronal transporter GlyT2, and GABA in various proportions. By performing acute manipulations of cytosolic GABA and glycine supply, we find that competition of glycine with GABA reduces the charge of IPSC evoked in GrCs and, more specifically, the amplitude of a slow component of the IPSC decay. We then pair GrCs recordings with optogenetic stimulations of single GoCs, which preserve the intracellular transmitter mixed content. We show that the strength and decay kinetics of GrCs IPSCs, which are entirely mediated by GABAA receptors, are negatively correlated to the presynaptic expression of GlyT2 by GoCs. We isolate a slow spillover component of GrCs inhibition that is also affected by the expression of GlyT2, leading to a 56% decrease in relative charge. Our results support the hypothesis that presynaptic loading of glycine negatively impacts the GABAergic transmission in mixed interneurons, most likely through a competition for vesicular filling. We discuss how the heterogeneity of neurotransmitter supply within mixed interneurons like the GoC class may provide a presynaptic mechanism to tune the gain of microcircuits such as the granular layer, thereby expanding the realm of their possible dynamic behaviors.
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8
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Hádinger N, Bősz E, Tóth B, Vantomme G, Lüthi A, Acsády L. Region-selective control of the thalamic reticular nucleus via cortical layer 5 pyramidal cells. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:116-130. [PMID: 36550291 PMCID: PMC9829539 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Corticothalamic pathways, responsible for the top-down control of the thalamus, have a canonical organization such that every cortical region sends output from both layer 6 (L6) and layer 5 (L5) to the thalamus. Here we demonstrate a qualitative, region-specific difference in the organization of mouse corticothalamic pathways. Specifically, L5 pyramidal cells of the frontal cortex, but not other cortical regions, establish monosynaptic connections with the inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The frontal L5-TRN pathway parallels the L6-TRN projection but has distinct morphological and physiological features. The exact spike output of the L5-contacted TRN cells correlated with the level of cortical synchrony. Optogenetic perturbation of the L5-TRN connection disrupted the tight link between cortical and TRN activity. L5-driven TRN cells innervated thalamic nuclei involved in the control of frontal cortex activity. Our data show that frontal cortex functions require a highly specialized cortical control over intrathalamic inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Hádinger
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Emília Bősz
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Tóth
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gil Vantomme
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - László Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Setogawa T, Nishijo H. Neuronal structures controlling locomotor behavior during active and inactive motor states. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:83-93. [PMID: 36549389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal behaviors can be divided into two states according to their motor activity: the active motor state, which involves significant body movements, and the inactive motor state, which refers to when the animal is stationary. The timing and duration of these states are determined by the activity of the neuronal circuits involved in motor control. Among these motor circuits, those that generate locomotion are some of the most studied neuronal networks and are widely distributed from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries, mainly in rodents using state-of-the-art experimental approaches, of the neuronal mechanisms underlying the initiation and termination of locomotion in the brainstem, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex. These findings is discussed with reference to studies on the neuronal mechanism of motor control during sleep and the modulation of cortical states in these structures. Accumulating evidence has unraveled the complex yet highly structured network that controls the transition between motor states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Setogawa
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Graduate school of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Research Center for Idling Brain Science (RCIBS), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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10
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Luma AY, Perez CI, Pimentel-Farfan AK, Báez-Cordero AS, González-Pereyra P, Ortega-Romero DI, Martinez-Montalvo MG, Peña-Rangel TM, Rueda-Orozco PE. The central medial thalamic nucleus facilitates bilateral movement execution in rats. Neuroscience 2022; 499:118-129. [PMID: 35914645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intralaminar thalamic nuclei, including the central medial nucleus (CMT), have been classically implicated in the control of attentional functional states such as sleep-wake transitions. In rodents, the CMT innervates large cortical and subcortical areas bilaterally, including sensorimotor regions of the cortex and striatum, but its contribution to motor function, which regularly develops in faster temporal scales than attentional states, is still far from being completely understood. Here, by using a novel behavioral protocol to evaluate bilateral coordination in rats, combined with electrophysiological recordings and optogenetic manipulations, we studied the contribution of the CMT to motor control and coordination. We found that optogenetic stimulation of the central region of the CMT produced bilateral recruitment of neural activity in the sensorimotor cortex and striatum. The same type of stimulations produced a significant increase in bilateral movement coordination of the forelimbs accompanied by a decrease in movement trajectory variability. Optogenetic inactivation of the CMT did not affect motor execution but significantly increased execution times, suggesting less interest in the task. Altogether, our results indicate that brief CMT activations create windows of synchronized bilateral cortico-striatal activity, suitable to facilitate motor coordination in temporal scales relevant for motor execution. Significance Statement The central medial thalamic nucleus (CMT) has been classically implicated in attentional processes. However, it also innervates large motor cortico-striatal regions, but its participation in motor control and coordination is still not well understood. Here, by combining a novel behavioral protocol with optogenetic manipulations, we have found that brief CMT activations create windows of synchronized bilateral cortico-striatal activity, suitable to facilitate motor coordination in temporal scales relevant for motor execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Luma
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Claudia I Perez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Ana K Pimentel-Farfan
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Ana S Báez-Cordero
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Perla González-Pereyra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Diana I Ortega-Romero
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Mario G Martinez-Montalvo
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Teresa M Peña-Rangel
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Pavel E Rueda-Orozco
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla. Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, 76230, México.
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11
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Adam EM, Johns T, Sur M. Dynamic control of visually guided locomotion through corticosubthalamic projections. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111139. [PMID: 35905719 PMCID: PMC9395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed locomotion requires control signals that propagate from higher order areas to regulate spinal mechanisms. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway offers a short route for cortical information to reach locomotor centers in the brainstem. We developed a task in which head-fixed mice run to a visual landmark and then stop and wait to collect the reward and examined the role of secondary motor cortex (M2) projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in controlling locomotion. Our behavioral modeling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics manipulation results suggest that the M2-STN pathway can be recruited during visually guided locomotion to rapidly and precisely control the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region through the basal ganglia. By capturing the physiological dynamics through a feedback control model and analyzing neuronal signals in M2, PPN, and STN, we find that the corticosubthalamic projections potentially control PPN activity by differentiating an M2 error signal to ensure fast input-output dynamics. Using a combination of optogenetics, 2-photon imaging, extracellular recordings, and control theoretic models in behaving mice, Adam et al. find that the M2-STN projection sends stop signals to halt visually guided locomotion and potentially controls the MLR/PPN through SNr by differentiating an M2 error signal for the rapid control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie M Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Taylor Johns
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Gummadavelli A, Martin R, Goshay D, Sieu LA, Xu J, Gruenbaum BF, McCafferty C, Gerrard JL, Blumenfeld H. Cortical low-frequency power correlates with behavioral impairment in animal model of focal limbic seizures. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1960-1970. [PMID: 34240747 PMCID: PMC8349876 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impairment in consciousness is a debilitating symptom during and after seizures; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Limbic seizures have been shown to spread to arousal circuitry to result in a "network inhibition" phenomenon. However, prior animal model studies did not relate physiological network changes to behavioral responses during or following seizures. METHODS Focal onset limbic seizures were induced while rats were performing an operant conditioned behavioral task requiring response to an auditory stimulus to quantify how and when impairment of behavioral response occurs. Correct responses were rewarded with sucrose. Cortical and hippocampal electrophysiology measured by local field potential recordings was analyzed for changes in low- and high-frequency power in relation to behavioral responsiveness during seizures. RESULTS As seen in patients with seizures, ictal (p < .0001) and postictal (p = .0015) responsiveness was variably impaired. Analysis of cortical and hippocampal electrophysiology revealed that ictal (p = .002) and postictal (p = .009) frontal cortical low-frequency 3-6-Hz power was associated with poor behavioral performance. In contrast, the hippocampus showed increased power over a wide frequency range during seizures, and suppression postictally, neither of which were related to behavioral impairment. SIGNIFICANCE These findings support prior human studies of temporal lobe epilepsy as well as anesthetized animal models suggesting that focal limbic seizures depress consciousness through remote network effects on the cortex, rather than through local hippocampal involvement. By identifying the cortical physiological changes associated with impaired arousal and responsiveness in focal seizures, these results may help guide future therapies to restore ictal and postictal consciousness, improving quality of life for people with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Gummadavelli
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Reese Martin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Derek Goshay
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Lim-Anna Sieu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jason L. Gerrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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13
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Qin Y, Zhang N, Chen Y, Tan Y, Yang Z, Shi Y, Luo C, Liu T, Yao D. Probing the Functional and Structural Connectivity Underlying EEG Traveling Waves. Brain Topogr 2021; 35:66-78. [PMID: 34291338 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural oscillations play an important role in the maintenance of brain function by regulating multi-scale neural activity. Characterizing the traveling properties of EEG is helpful for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural oscillations. However, traveling EEG based on non-invasive approach has little been investigated, and the relationship with brain intrinsic connectivity is not well known. In this study, traveling EEG of different frequency bands on the scalp in terms of the center of mass (EEG-CM) was examined. Then, two quantitative indexes describing the spatiotemporal features of EEG-CM were proposed, i.e., the traveling lateralization and velocity of EEG-CM. Further, based on simultaneous EEG-MRI approach, the relationship between traveling EEG-CM and the resting-state functional networks, as well as the microstructural connectivity of white matter was investigated. The results showed that there was similar spatial distribution of EEG-CM under different frequency bands, while the velocity of rhythmic EEG-CM increased in higher frequency bands. The lateralization of EEG-CM in low frequency bands (< 30 Hz) demonstrated negative relationship with the basal ganglia network (BGN). In addition, the velocity of the traveling EEG-CM was associated with the fractional anisotropy (FA) in corpus callosum and corona radiate. These results provided valid quantitative EEG index for understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of the scalp EEG, and implied that the EEG dynamics were representations of functional and structural organization of cortical and subcortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qin
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Tan
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- MOE Key Lab for NeuroInformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China. .,Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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14
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Cano JC, Huang W, Fénelon K. The amygdala modulates prepulse inhibition of the auditory startle reflex through excitatory inputs to the caudal pontine reticular nucleus. BMC Biol 2021; 19:116. [PMID: 34082731 PMCID: PMC8176709 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sensorimotor gating is a fundamental pre-attentive process that is defined as the inhibition of a motor response by a sensory event. Sensorimotor gating, commonly measured using the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle reflex task, is impaired in patients suffering from various neurological and psychiatric disorders. PPI deficits are a hallmark of schizophrenia, and they are often associated with attention and other cognitive impairments. Although the reversal of PPI deficits in animal models is widely used in pre-clinical research for antipsychotic drug screening, the neurotransmitter systems and synaptic mechanisms underlying PPI are still not resolved, even under physiological conditions. Recent evidence ruled out the longstanding hypothesis that PPI is mediated by midbrain cholinergic inputs to the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). Instead, glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic inhibitory mechanisms are now suggested to be crucial for PPI, at the PnC level. Since amygdalar dysfunctions alter PPI and are common to pathologies displaying sensorimotor gating deficits, the present study was designed to test that direct projections to the PnC originating from the amygdala contribute to PPI. Results Using wild type and transgenic mice expressing eGFP under the control of the glycine transporter type 2 promoter (GlyT2-eGFP mice), we first employed tract-tracing, morphological reconstructions, and immunohistochemical analyses to demonstrate that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) sends glutamatergic inputs lateroventrally to PnC neurons, including GlyT2+ cells. Then, we showed the contribution of the CeA-PnC excitatory synapses to PPI in vivo by demonstrating that optogenetic inhibition of this connection decreases PPI, and optogenetic activation induces partial PPI. Finally, in GlyT2-Cre mice, whole-cell recordings of GlyT2+ PnC neurons in vitro paired with optogenetic stimulation of CeA fibers, as well as photo-inhibition of GlyT2+ PnC neurons in vivo, allowed us to implicate GlyT2+ neurons in the PPI pathway. Conclusions Our results uncover a feedforward inhibitory mechanism within the brainstem startle circuit by which amygdalar glutamatergic inputs and GlyT2+ PnC neurons contribute to PPI. We are providing new insights to the clinically relevant theoretical construct of PPI, which is disrupted in various neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01050-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Cano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79912, USA
| | - Wanyun Huang
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Karine Fénelon
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
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15
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Sadaka AH, Ozuna AG, Ortiz RJ, Kulkarni P, Johnson CT, Bradshaw HB, Cushing BS, Li AL, Hohmann AG, Ferris CF. Cannabidiol has a unique effect on global brain activity: a pharmacological, functional MRI study in awake mice. J Transl Med 2021; 19:220. [PMID: 34030718 PMCID: PMC8142641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits anxiolytic activity and has been promoted as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders. How does CBD interact with the brain to alter behavior? We hypothesized that CBD would produce a dose-dependent reduction in brain activity and functional coupling in neural circuitry associated with fear and defense. Methods During the scanning session awake mice were given vehicle or CBD (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg I.P.) and imaged for 10 min post treatment. Mice were also treated with the 10 mg/kg dose of CBD and imaged 1 h later for resting state BOLD functional connectivity (rsFC). Imaging data were registered to a 3D MRI mouse atlas providing site-specific information on 138 different brain areas. Blood samples were collected for CBD measurements. Results CBD produced a dose-dependent polarization of activation along the rostral-caudal axis of the brain. The olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex showed an increase in positive BOLD whereas the brainstem and cerebellum showed a decrease in BOLD signal. This negative BOLD affected many areas connected to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). The ARAS was decoupled to much of the brain but was hyperconnected to the olfactory system and prefrontal cortex. Conclusion The CBD-induced decrease in ARAS activity is consistent with an emerging literature suggesting that CBD reduces autonomic arousal under conditions of emotional and physical stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02891-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen H Sadaka
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana G Ozuna
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bruce S Cushing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas At El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Li
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 NI Hall, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA.
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16
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Cover KK, Mathur BN. Rostral Intralaminar Thalamus Engagement in Cognition and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:652764. [PMID: 33935663 PMCID: PMC8082140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.652764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic rostral intralaminar nuclei (rILN) are a contiguous band of neurons that include the central medial, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei. The rILN differ from both thalamic relay nuclei, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, and caudal intralaminar nuclei, such as the parafascicular nucleus, in afferent and efferent connectivity as well as physiological and synaptic properties. rILN activity is associated with a range of neural functions and behaviors, including arousal, pain, executive function, and action control. Here, we review this evidence supporting a role for the rILN in integrating arousal, executive and motor feedback information. In light of rILN projections out to the striatum, amygdala, and sensory as well as executive cortices, we propose that such a function enables the rILN to modulate cognitive and motor resources to meet task-dependent behavioral engagement demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Cover
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Contreras A, Khumnark M, Hines RM, Hines DJ. Behavioral arrest and a characteristic slow waveform are hallmark responses to selective 5-HT 2A receptor activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1925. [PMID: 33479368 PMCID: PMC7820508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception, emotion, and mood are powerfully modulated by serotonin receptor (5-HTR) agonists including hallucinogens. The 5-HT2AR subtype has been shown to be central to hallucinogen action, yet the precise mechanisms mediating the response to 5-HT2AR activation remain unclear. Hallucinogens induce the head twitch response (HTR) in rodents, which is the most commonly used behavioral readout of hallucinogen pharmacology. While the HTR provides a key behavioral signature, less is known about the meso level changes that are induced by 5-HT2AR activation. In response to administration of the potent and highly selective 5-HT2AR agonist 25I-NBOH in mice, we observe a disorganization of behavior which includes frequent episodes of behavioral arrest that consistently precede the HTR by a precise interval. By combining behavioral analysis with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings we describe a characteristic pattern composed of two distinctive EEG waveforms, Phase 1 and Phase 2, that map onto behavioral arrest and the HTR respectively, with the same temporal separation. Phase 1, which underlies behavioral arrest, is a 3.5-4.5 Hz waveform, while Phase 2 is slower at 2.5-3.2 Hz. Nicotine pretreatment, considered an integral component of ritualistic hallucinogen practices, attenuates 25I-NBOH induced HTR and Phase 2 waveforms, yet increases behavioral arrest and Phase 1 waveforms. Our results suggest that in addition to the HTR, behavioral arrest and characteristic meso level slow waveforms are key hallmarks of the response to 5-HT2AR activation. Increased understanding of the response to serotonergic hallucinogens may provide mechanistic insights into perception and hallucinations, as well as regulation of mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Contreras
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Matthew Khumnark
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Rochelle M Hines
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Dustin J Hines
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
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18
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Crunelli V, Lőrincz ML, McCafferty C, Lambert RC, Leresche N, Di Giovanni G, David F. Clinical and experimental insight into pathophysiology, comorbidity and therapy of absence seizures. Brain 2020; 143:2341-2368. [PMID: 32437558 PMCID: PMC7447525 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence seizures in children and teenagers are generally considered relatively benign because of their non-convulsive nature and the large incidence of remittance in early adulthood. Recent studies, however, show that 30% of children with absence seizures are pharmaco-resistant and 60% are affected by severe neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions, including impairments in attention, cognition, memory and mood. In particular, attention deficits can be detected before the epilepsy diagnosis, may persist even when seizures are pharmacologically controlled and are aggravated by valproic acid monotherapy. New functional MRI-magnetoencephalography and functional MRI-EEG studies provide conclusive evidence that changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent signal amplitude and frequency in children with absence seizures can be detected in specific cortical networks at least 1 min before the start of a seizure, spike-wave discharges are not generalized at seizure onset and abnormal cortical network states remain during interictal periods. From a neurobiological perspective, recent electrical recordings and imaging of large neuronal ensembles with single-cell resolution in non-anaesthetized models show that, in contrast to the predominant opinion, cortical mechanisms, rather than an exclusively thalamic rhythmogenesis, are key in driving seizure ictogenesis and determining spike-wave frequency. Though synchronous ictal firing characterizes cortical and thalamic activity at the population level, individual cortico-thalamic and thalamocortical neurons are sparsely recruited to successive seizures and consecutive paroxysmal cycles within a seizure. New evidence strengthens previous findings on the essential role for basal ganglia networks in absence seizures, in particular the ictal increase in firing of substantia nigra GABAergic neurons. Thus, a key feature of thalamic ictogenesis is the powerful increase in the inhibition of thalamocortical neurons that originates at least from two sources, substantia nigra and thalamic reticular nucleus. This undoubtedly provides a major contribution to the ictal decrease in total firing and the ictal increase of T-type calcium channel-mediated burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, though the latter is not essential for seizure expression. Moreover, in some children and animal models with absence seizures, the ictal increase in thalamic inhibition is enhanced by the loss-of-function of the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT-1 that does not necessarily derive from a mutation in its gene. Together, these novel clinical and experimental findings bring about paradigm-shifting views of our understanding of absence seizures and demand careful choice of initial monotherapy and continuous neuropsychiatric evaluation of affected children. These issues are discussed here to focus future clinical and experimental research and help to identify novel therapeutic targets for treating both absence seizures and their comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Crunelli
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Régis C Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - François David
- Cerebral dynamics, learning and plasticity, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center - UMR 8002, Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
Neuronal circuits that regulate movement are distributed throughout the nervous system. The brainstem is an important interface between upper motor centers involved in action planning and circuits in the spinal cord ultimately leading to execution of body movements. Here we focus on recent work using genetic and viral entry points to reveal the identity of functionally dedicated and frequently spatially intermingled brainstem populations essential for action diversification, a general principle conserved throughout evolution. Brainstem circuits with distinct organization and function control skilled forelimb behavior, orofacial movements, and locomotion. They convey regulatory parameters to motor output structures and collaborate in the construction of complex natural motor behaviors. Functionally tuned brainstem neurons for different actions serve as important integrators of synaptic inputs from upstream centers, including the basal ganglia and cortex, to regulate and modulate behavioral function in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Ruder
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; .,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; .,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Otsu Y, Darcq E, Pietrajtis K, Mátyás F, Schwartz E, Bessaih T, Abi Gerges S, Rousseau CV, Grand T, Dieudonné S, Paoletti P, Acsády L, Agulhon C, Kieffer BL, Diana MA. Control of aversion by glycine-gated GluN1/GluN3A NMDA receptors in the adult medial habenula. Science 2020; 366:250-254. [PMID: 31601771 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The unconventional N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits GluN3A and GluN3B can, when associated with the other glycine-binding subunit GluN1, generate excitatory conductances purely activated by glycine. However, functional GluN1/GluN3 receptors have not been identified in native adult tissues. We discovered that GluN1/GluN3A receptors are operational in neurons of the mouse adult medial habenula (MHb), an epithalamic area controlling aversive physiological states. In the absence of glycinergic neuronal specializations in the MHb, glial cells tuned neuronal activity via GluN1/GluN3A receptors. Reducing GluN1/GluN3A receptor levels in the MHb prevented place-aversion conditioning. Our study extends the physiological and behavioral implications of glycine by demonstrating its control of negatively valued emotional associations via excitatory glycinergic NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Otsu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - K Pietrajtis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - F Mátyás
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.,Research Centre for Natural Sciences Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Schwartz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Bessaih
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Abi Gerges
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - C V Rousseau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Grand
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Agulhon
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS UMR8002, Glia-Glia and Glia-Neuron Interactions Group, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - B L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - M A Diana
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
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21
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Individual Mesopontine Neurons Implicated in Anesthetic Loss-of-consciousness Employ Separate Ascending Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex. Neuroscience 2020; 432:188-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Gornati SV, Schäfer CB, Eelkman Rooda OHJ, Nigg AL, De Zeeuw CI, Hoebeek FE. Differentiating Cerebellar Impact on Thalamic Nuclei. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2690-2704. [PMID: 29847799 PMCID: PMC5990493 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a role in coordination of movements and non-motor functions. Cerebellar nuclei (CN) axons connect to various parts of the thalamo-cortical network, but detailed information on the characteristics of cerebello-thalamic connections is lacking. Here, we assessed the cerebellar input to the ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM), and centrolateral (CL) thalamus. Confocal and electron microscopy showed an increased density and size of CN axon terminals in VL compared to VM or CL. Electrophysiological recordings in vitro revealed that optogenetic CN stimulation resulted in enhanced charge transfer and action potential firing in VL neurons compared to VM or CL neurons, despite that the paired-pulse ratio was not significantly different. Together, these findings indicate that the impact of CN input onto neurons of different thalamic nuclei varies substantially, which highlights the possibility that cerebellar output differentially controls various parts of the thalamo-cortical network. Cerebello-thalamic axons form terminals of varying size in distinct thalamic nuclei Cerebello-thalamic responses vary in amplitude in distinct thalamic nuclei Repetitive stimuli depress cerebello-thalamic responses in all thalamic nuclei
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen B Schäfer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H J Eelkman Rooda
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L Nigg
- Department of Pathology, Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; NIDOD Institute, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Lehmann M, Hock A, Zoelch N, Landolt HP, Seifritz E. Dynamic Metabolic Changes in the Human Thalamus at the Transition From Waking to Sleep - Insights From Simultaneous Functional MR Spectroscopy and Polysomnography. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1158. [PMID: 31736694 PMCID: PMC6833480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important contribution of the thalamus to the transition from wakefulness to sleep is a consistent finding in animal studies. In humans, only little is currently known about the specific role of the thalamus in regulating wake-sleep transitions. Although changes in thalamic blood flow and activity have been reported, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. Knowledge about neurotransmitter changes at the wake-to-sleep transition would be indispensable for a better translation of basic animal research findings to humans. Here, we start to fill this important scientific gap. More specifically, we benefit from recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, which allow for the non-invasive, local-specific and high-quality detection of naturally occurring metabolite changes in the human brain. We demonstrate in nine young adults able to produce consolidated sleep in the MR spectroscopy scanner, a specific decrease in thalamic glutamate concentration from wakefulness to stage N2 sleep. The magnitude of this decrease was highly correlated with individual N2 sleep duration. When five participants of the original experiment were kept awake in a separate control condition, no decrease in thalamic glutamate levels occurred. The study highlights for the first time in humans that dynamic changes in distinct brain metabolites can be reliably detected at the transition from waking to sleep. The reported methodology to simultaneously acquire functional MR spectroscopy data and neurophysiological signals offers great potential for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition between and the maintenance of sleep and wake states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Adamantidis AR, Gutierrez Herrera C, Gent TC. Oscillating circuitries in the sleeping brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:746-762. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Otsu Y, Lecca S, Pietrajtis K, Rousseau CV, Marcaggi P, Dugué GP, Mailhes-Hamon C, Mameli M, Diana MA. Functional Principles of Posterior Septal Inputs to the Medial Habenula. Cell Rep 2019; 22:693-705. [PMID: 29346767 PMCID: PMC5792424 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial habenula (MHb) is an epithalamic hub contributing to expression and extinction of aversive states by bridging forebrain areas and midbrain monoaminergic centers. Although contradictory information exists regarding their synaptic properties, the physiology of the excitatory inputs to the MHb from the posterior septum remains elusive. Here, combining optogenetics-based mapping with ex vivo and in vivo physiology, we examine the synaptic properties of posterior septal afferents to the MHb and how they influence behavior. We demonstrate that MHb cells receive sparse inputs producing purely glutamatergic responses via calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), heterotrimeric GluN2A-GluN2B-GluN1 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and inhibitory group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. We describe the complex integration dynamics of these components by MHb cells. Finally, we combine ex vivo data with realistic afferent firing patterns recorded in vivo to demonstrate that efficient optogenetic septal stimulation in the MHb induces anxiolysis and promotes locomotion, contributing long-awaited evidence in favor of the importance of this septo-habenular pathway. Medial habenular (MHb) neurons receive sparse inputs from the posterior septum (PS) PS afferents to the MHb function in a purely glutamatergic mode Excitatory ionotropic and inhibitory metabotropic receptors convey PS inputs in the MHb PS activation in the MHb increases locomotion and induces anxiolysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Otsu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM-UPMC UMR-S 839, Paris, France
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Charly Vincent Rousseau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Païkan Marcaggi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre Dugué
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes-Hamon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM-UPMC UMR-S 839, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alberto Diana
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, INSERM U1024, CNRS UMR8197, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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26
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Development of propagated discharge and behavioral arrest in hippocampal and amygdala-kindled animals. Epilepsy Res 2018; 148:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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A highly collateralized thalamic cell type with arousal-predicting activity serves as a key hub for graded state transitions in the forebrain. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1551-1562. [PMID: 30349105 PMCID: PMC6441588 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sleep cycles consist of rapid alterations between arousal states
including transient perturbation of sleep rhythms, microarousals and full-blown
awake states. Here we demonstrate that the calretinin containing (CR+) neurons
in the dorsal medial thalamus (DMT) constitute a key diencephalic node that
mediates distinct levels of forebrain arousal. Cell-type-specific activation of
DMT/CR+ cells could elicit active locomotion lasting for minutes, stereotyped
microarousals or transient disruption of sleep rhythms depending on the
parameters of the stimulation. State transitions could be induced in both
slow-wave and REM sleep. The DMT/CR+ cells displayed elevated activity prior to
arousal, received selective subcortical inputs and innervated several forebrain
sites via highly branched axons. Together, these features enable DMT/CR+ cells
to summate subcortical arousal information and effectively transfer it as a
rapid, synchronous signal to several forebrain regions to modulate the level of
arousal.
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28
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Ferreira-Pinto MJ, Ruder L, Capelli P, Arber S. Connecting Circuits for Supraspinal Control of Locomotion. Neuron 2018; 100:361-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Duysens J, Forner-Cordero A. Walking with perturbations: a guide for biped humans and robots. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:061001. [PMID: 30109860 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aada54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an update on the neural control of bipedal walking in relation to bioinspired models and robots. It is argued that most current models or robots are based on the construct of a symmetrical central pattern generator (CPG). However, new evidence suggests that CPG functioning is basically asymmetrical with its flexor half linked more tightly to the rhythm generator. The stability of bipedal gait, which is an important problem for robots and biological systems, is also addressed. While it is not possible to determine how biological biped systems guarantee stability, robot solutions can be useful to propose new hypotheses for biology. In the second part of this review, the focus is on gait perturbations, which is an important topic in robotics in view of the frequent falls of robots when faced with perturbations. From the human physiology it is known that the initial reaction often consists of a brief interruption followed by an adequate response. For instance, the successful recovery from a trip is achieved using some basic reactions (termed elevating and lowering strategies), that depend on the phase of the step cycle of the trip occurrence. Reactions to stepping unexpectedly in a hole depend on comparing expected and real feedback. Implementation of these ideas in models and robotics starts to emerge, with the most advanced robots being able to learn how to fall safely and how to deal with complicated disturbances such as provided by walking on a split-belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duysens
- Biomechatronics Lab., Mechatronics Department, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231, Cidade Universitária 05508-030, São Paulo-SP, Brasil. Department of Kinesiology, FaBeR, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Gjoni E, Aguet C, Sahlender DA, Knott G, Schneggenburger R. Ultrastructural basis of strong unitary inhibition in a binaural neuron. J Physiol 2018; 596:4969-4982. [PMID: 30054922 DOI: 10.1113/jp276015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neurons of the lateral superior olive (LSO) in the brainstem receive powerful glycinergic inhibition that originates from the contralateral ear, and that plays an important role in sound localization. We investigated the ultrastructural basis for strong inhibition of LSO neurons using serial block face scanning electron microscopy. The soma and the proximal dendrite of an LSO neuron are surrounded by a high density of inhibitory axons, whereas excitatory axons are much sparser. A given inhibitory axon establishes contacts via several large axonal thickenings, called varicosities, which typically elaborate several active zones (range 1-11). The number of active zones across inhibitory axon segments is variable. These data thus provide an ultrastructural correlate for the strong and multiquantal, but overall variable, unitary IPSC amplitude observed for inhibitory inputs to LSO neuron. ABSTRACT Binaural neurons in the lateral superior olive (LSO) integrate sound information arriving from each ear, and powerful glycinergic inhibition of these neurons plays an important role in this process. In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructural basis for strong inhibitory inputs onto LSO neurons using serial block face scanning electron microscopy. We reconstructed axon segments that make contact with the partially reconstructed soma and proximal dendrite of a mouse LSO neuron at postnatal day 18. Using functional measurements and the Sr2+ method, we find a constant quantal size but a variable quantal content between 'weak' and 'strong' unitary IPSCs. A 3-D reconstruction of a LSO neuron and its somatic synaptic afferents reveals how a large number of inhibitory axons intermingle in a complex fashion on the soma and proximal dendrite of an LSO neuron; a smaller number of excitatory axons was also observed. A given inhibitory axon typically contacts an LSO neuron via several large varicosities (average diameter 3.7 μm), which contain several active zones (range 1-11). The number of active zones across individual axon segments was highly variable. These data suggest that the variable unitary IPSC amplitude is caused by a variable number of active zones between inhibitory axons that innervate a given LSO neuron. The results of the present study show that relatively large multi-active zone varicosities, which can be repeated many times in a given presynaptic axon, provide the ultrastructural basis for the strong multiquantal inhibition received by LSO neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enida Gjoni
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémentine Aguet
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Master's Program Life Science and Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela A Sahlender
- Bioelectron Microscopy Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- Bioelectron Microscopy Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Schneggenburger
- Laboratory of Synaptic Mechanisms, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Beas BS, Wright BJ, Skirzewski M, Leng Y, Hyun JH, Koita O, Ringelberg N, Kwon HB, Buonanno A, Penzo MA. The locus coeruleus drives disinhibition in the midline thalamus via a dopaminergic mechanism. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:963-973. [PMID: 29915192 PMCID: PMC6035776 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is increasingly being recognized as a critical node linking stress detection to the emergence of adaptive behavioral responses to stress. However, despite growing evidence implicating the PVT in stress processing, the neural mechanisms by which stress impacts PVT neurocircuitry and promotes stressed states remain unknown. Here we show that stress exposure drives a rapid and persistent reduction of inhibitory transmission onto projection neurons of the posterior PVT (pPVT). This stress-induced disinhibition of the pPVT was associated with a locus coeruleus (LC)-mediated rise in the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the midline thalamus, required the function of dopamine D2 receptors on PVT neurons and increased sensitivity to stress. Our findings define the LC as an important modulator of PVT function: by controlling the inhibitory tone of the pPVT, it modulates the excitability of pPVT projection neurons and controls stress responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sofia Beas
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Miguel Skirzewski
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Leng
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung Ho Hyun
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Omar Koita
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Hyung-Bae Kwon
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andres Buonanno
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario A Penzo
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Gent TC, Bandarabadi M, Herrera CG, Adamantidis AR. Thalamic dual control of sleep and wakefulness. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:974-984. [PMID: 29892048 PMCID: PMC6438460 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Slow-waves (0.5 - 4 Hz) predominate in the cortical electroencephalogram during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in mammals. They reflect the synchronization of large neuronal ensembles alternating between active (UP) and quiescent (Down) states and propagating along the neocortex. The thalamic contribution to cortical UP-states and sleep modulation remains unclear. Here we show that spontaneous firing of centromedial thalamus (CMT) neurons in mice is phase advanced to global cortical UP-states and NREM–wake transitions. Tonic optogenetic activation of CMT neurons induces NREM–wake transitions, whereas burst activation mimics UP-states in the cingulate cortex (CING) and enhances brain-wide synchrony of cortical slow-waves during sleep, through a relay in the antero-dorsal thalamus (AD). Finally, we demonstrate that CMT and AD relay neurons promote sleep recovery. These findings suggest that the firing pattern of CMT neurons can modulate brain-wide cortical activity during sleep and provides dual control of sleep-wake states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Gent
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mojtaba Bandarabadi
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Gutierrez Herrera
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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33
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Adamantidis A, Lüthi A. Optogenetic Dissection of Sleep-Wake States In Vitro and In Vivo. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 253:125-151. [PMID: 29687163 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic tools have revolutionized insights into the fundamentals of brain function. This is particularly true for our current understanding of sleep-wake regulation and sleep rhythms. This is illustrated here through a comprehensive and step-by-step review over the major brain areas involved in transitions between sleep and wake states and in sleep rhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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34
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Enhanced wakefulness following lesions of a mesopontine locus essential for the induction of general anesthesia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Di Pietro F, Macey PM, Rae CD, Alshelh Z, Macefield VG, Vickers ER, Henderson LA. The relationship between thalamic GABA content and resting cortical rhythm in neuropathic pain. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1945-1956. [PMID: 29341331 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent thalamocortical connections are integral to the generation of brain rhythms and it is thought that the inhibitory action of the thalamic reticular nucleus is critical in setting these rhythms. Our work and others' has suggested that chronic pain that develops following nerve injury, that is, neuropathic pain, results from altered thalamocortical rhythm, although whether this dysrhythmia is associated with thalamic inhibitory function remains unknown. In this investigation, we used electroencephalography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate cortical power and thalamic GABAergic concentration in 20 patients with neuropathic pain and 20 pain-free controls. First, we found thalamocortical dysrhythmia in chronic orofacial neuropathic pain; patients displayed greater power than controls over the 4-25 Hz frequency range, most marked in the theta and low alpha bands. Furthermore, sensorimotor cortex displayed a strong positive correlation between cortical power and pain intensity. Interestingly, we found no difference in thalamic GABA concentration between pain subjects and control subjects. However, we demonstrated significant linear relationships between thalamic GABA concentration and enhanced cortical power in pain subjects but not controls. Whilst the difference in relationship between thalamic GABA concentration and resting brain rhythm between chronic pain and control subjects does not prove a cause and effect link, it is consistent with a role for thalamic inhibitory neurotransmitter release, possibly from the thalamic reticular nucleus, in altered brain rhythms in individuals with chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Di Pietro
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M Macey
- UCLA School of Nursing and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Zeynab Alshelh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - E Russell Vickers
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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36
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Convergence of Primary Sensory Cortex and Cerebellar Nuclei Pathways in the Whisker System. Neuroscience 2018; 368:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Roseberry T, Kreitzer A. Neural circuitry for behavioural arrest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0197. [PMID: 28242731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to stop ongoing movement is fundamental to animal survival. Behavioural arrest involves the hierarchical integration of information throughout the forebrain, which ultimately leads to the coordinated inhibition and activation of specific brainstem motor centres. Recent advances have shed light on multiple regions and pathways involved in this critical behavioural process. Here, we synthesize these new findings together with previous work to build a more complete understanding of the circuit mechanisms underlying suppression of ongoing action. We focus on three specific conditions leading to behavioural arrest: goal completion, fear and startle. We outline the circuitry responsible for the production of these behaviours and discuss their dysfunction in neurological disease.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roseberry
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatol Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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38
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Holst SC, Sousek A, Hefti K, Saberi-Moghadam S, Buck A, Ametamey SM, Scheidegger M, Franken P, Henning A, Seifritz E, Tafti M, Landolt HP. Cerebral mGluR5 availability contributes to elevated sleep need and behavioral adjustment after sleep deprivation. eLife 2017; 6:28751. [PMID: 28980941 PMCID: PMC5644949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased sleep time and intensity quantified as low-frequency brain electrical activity after sleep loss demonstrate that sleep need is homeostatically regulated, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We here demonstrate that metabotropic glutamate receptors of subtype 5 (mGluR5) contribute to the molecular machinery governing sleep-wake homeostasis. Using positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electroencephalography in humans, we find that increased mGluR5 availability after sleep loss tightly correlates with behavioral and electroencephalographic biomarkers of elevated sleep need. These changes are associated with altered cortical myo-inositol and glycine levels, suggesting sleep loss-induced modifications downstream of mGluR5 signaling. Knock-out mice without functional mGluR5 exhibit severe dysregulation of sleep-wake homeostasis, including lack of recovery sleep and impaired behavioral adjustment to a novel task after sleep deprivation. The data suggest that mGluR5 contribute to the brain's coping mechanisms with sleep deprivation and point to a novel target to improve disturbed wakefulness and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Holst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,CRPP Sleep and Health, Zürich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Sousek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Hefti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alfred Buck
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.,Paul Scherrer Institut, Zürich, Switzerland.,University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Milan Scheidegger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, Zürich, Switzerland.,Paul Scherrer Institut, Zürich, Switzerland.,University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- CRPP Sleep and Health, Zürich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Tafti
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,CRPP Sleep and Health, Zürich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Bardóczi Z, Pál B, Kőszeghy Á, Wilheim T, Watanabe M, Záborszky L, Liposits Z, Kalló I. Glycinergic Input to the Mouse Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9534-9549. [PMID: 28874448 PMCID: PMC5618268 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3348-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) receives afferents from brainstem ascending pathways, which has been implicated first by Moruzzi and Magoun (1949) to induce forebrain activation and cortical arousal/waking behavior; however, it is very little known about how brainstem inhibitory inputs affect cholinergic functions. In the current study, glycine, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of brainstem neurons, and gliotransmitter of local glial cells, was tested for potential interaction with BF cholinergic (BFC) neurons in male mice. In the BF, glycine receptor α subunit-immunoreactive (IR) sites were localized in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-IR neurons. The effect of glycine on BFC neurons was demonstrated by bicuculline-resistant, strychnine-sensitive spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs; 0.81 ± 0.25 × 10-1 Hz) recorded in whole-cell conditions. Potential neuronal as well as glial sources of glycine were indicated in the extracellular space of cholinergic neurons by glycine transporter type 1 (GLYT1)- and GLYT2-IR processes found in apposition to ChAT-IR cells. Ultrastructural analyses identified synapses of GLYT2-positive axon terminals on ChAT-IR neurons, as well as GLYT1-positive astroglial processes, which were localized in the vicinity of synapses of ChAT-IR neurons. The brainstem raphe magnus was determined to be a major source of glycinergic axons traced retrogradely from the BF. Our results indicate a direct effect of glycine on BFC neurons. Furthermore, the presence of high levels of plasma membrane glycine transporters in the vicinity of cholinergic neurons suggests a tight control of extracellular glycine in the BF.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurons receive various activating inputs from specific brainstem areas and channel this information to the cortex via multiple projections. So far, very little is known about inhibitory brainstem afferents to the BF. The current study established glycine as a major regulator of BFC neurons by (1) identifying glycinergic neurons in the brainstem projecting to the BF, (2) showing glycine receptor α subunit-immunoreactive (IR) sites in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-IR neurons, (3) demonstrating glycine transporter type 2 (GLYT2)-positive axon terminals synapsing on ChAT-IR neurons, and (4) localizing GLYT1-positive astroglial processes in the vicinity of synapses of ChAT-IR neurons. The effect of glycine on BFC neurons was demonstrated by bicuculline-resistant, strychnine-sensitive spontaneous IPSCs recorded in whole-cell conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Bardóczi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, School of PH.D. Studies, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pál
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Áron Kőszeghy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Wilheim
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - László Záborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, HAS, 1083, Budapest, Hungary,
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
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40
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Scammell TE, Arrigoni E, Lipton JO. Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep. Neuron 2017; 93:747-765. [PMID: 28231463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and the circadian mechanisms that control their timing. We also outline key models for the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, how mutual inhibition between specific pathways gives rise to these distinct states, and how dysfunction in these circuits can give rise to sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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41
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Leresche N, Lambert RC. GABA receptors and T-type Ca 2+ channels crosstalk in thalamic networks. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:37-45. [PMID: 28601398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the thalamus presents a rather limited repertoire of GABAergic cell types compare to other CNS area, this structure is a privileged system to study how GABA impacts neuronal network excitability. Indeed both glutamatergic thalamocortical (TC) and GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) neurons present a high expression of T-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels whose activation that shapes the output of the thalamus critically depends upon a preceding hyperpolarisation. Because of this strict dependence, a tight functional link between GABA mediated hyperpolarization and T-currents characterizes the thalamic network excitability. In this review we summarize a number of studies showing that the relationships between the various thalamic GABAA/B receptors and T-channels are complex and bidirectional. We discuss how this dynamic interaction sets the global intrathalamic network activity and its long-term plasticity and highlight how the functional relationship between GABA release and T-channel-dependent excitability is finely tuned by the T-channel activation itself. Finally, we illustrate how an impaired balance between T-channels and GABA receptors can lead to pathologically abnormal cellular and network behaviours. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Régis C Lambert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
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42
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Maintenance of persistent activity in a frontal thalamocortical loop. Nature 2017; 545:181-186. [PMID: 28467817 PMCID: PMC6431254 DOI: 10.1038/nature22324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent neural activity maintains information bridging past and future events. Models of persistent activity often invoke reverberations within local cortical circuits, but long-range circuits could also contribute. Neurons in mouse anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) show selective persistent activity that instructs future actions. ALM is connected bi-directionally with parts of the thalamus, including the ventral medial and ventral anterior-lateral nuclei. We recorded spikes from ALM and thalamus during tactile discrimination with a delayed directional response. Similar to ALM neurons, thalamic neurons exhibited selective persistent delay activity that predicted movement direction. Unilateral photoinhibition of delay activity in ALM or thalamus produced contralesional neglect. Photoinhibition of thalamus caused a short-latency and near total collapse of ALM activity. Similarly, photoinhibition of ALM diminished thalamic activity. Our results reveal thalamus as a circuit hub in motor preparation and suggest that persistent activity requires reciprocal excitation across multiple brain areas.
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43
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Kundishora AJ, Gummadavelli A, Ma C, Liu M, McCafferty C, Schiff ND, Willie JT, Gross RE, Gerrard J, Blumenfeld H. Restoring Conscious Arousal During Focal Limbic Seizures with Deep Brain Stimulation. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1964-1975. [PMID: 26941379 PMCID: PMC5964488 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired consciousness occurs suddenly and unpredictably in people with epilepsy, markedly worsening quality of life and increasing risk of mortality. Focal seizures with impaired consciousness are the most common form of epilepsy and are refractory to all current medical and surgical therapies in about one-sixth of cases. Restoring consciousness during and following seizures would be potentially transformative for these individuals. Here, we investigate deep brain stimulation to improve level of conscious arousal in a rat model of focal limbic seizures. We found that dual-site stimulation of the central lateral nucleus of the intralaminar thalamus (CL) and the pontine nucleus oralis (PnO) bilaterally during focal limbic seizures restored normal-appearing cortical electrophysiology and markedly improved behavioral arousal. In contrast, single-site bilateral stimulation of CL or PnO alone was insufficient to achieve the same result. These findings support the "network inhibition hypothesis" that focal limbic seizures impair consciousness through widespread inhibition of subcortical arousal. Driving subcortical arousal function would be a novel therapeutic approach to some forms of refractory epilepsy and may be compatible with devices already in use for responsive neurostimulation. Multisite deep brain stimulation of subcortical arousal structures may benefit not only patients with epilepsy but also those with other disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijeet Gummadavelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas D. Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Robert E. Gross
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jason Gerrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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44
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Glycinergic transmission: glycine transporter GlyT2 in neuronal pathologies. Neuronal Signal 2016; 1:NS20160009. [PMID: 32714574 PMCID: PMC7377260 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycinergic neurons are major contributors to the regulation of neuronal excitability, mainly in caudal areas of the nervous system. These neurons control fluxes of sensory information between the periphery and the CNS and diverse motor activities like locomotion, respiration or vocalization. The phenotype of a glycinergic neuron is determined by the expression of at least two proteins: GlyT2, a plasma membrane transporter of glycine, and VIAAT, a vesicular transporter shared by glycine and GABA. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the role of GlyT2 in the pathophysiology of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission. GlyT2 mutations are associated to decreased glycinergic function that results in a rare movement disease termed hyperekplexia (HPX) or startle disease. In addition, glycinergic neurons control pain transmission in the dorsal spinal cord and their function is reduced in chronic pain states. A moderate inhibition of GlyT2 may potentiate glycinergic inhibition and constitutes an attractive target for pharmacological intervention against these devastating conditions.
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45
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Halassa MM, Acsády L. Thalamic Inhibition: Diverse Sources, Diverse Scales. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:680-693. [PMID: 27589879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus is the major source of cortical inputs shaping sensation, action, and cognition. Thalamic circuits are targeted by two major inhibitory systems: the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and extrathalamic inhibitory (ETI) inputs. A unifying framework of how these systems operate is currently lacking. Here, we propose that TRN circuits are specialized to exert thalamic control at different spatiotemporal scales. Local inhibition of thalamic spike rates prevails during attentional selection, whereas global inhibition more likely prevails during sleep. In contrast, the ETI (arising from basal ganglia, zona incerta (ZI), anterior pretectum, and pontine reticular formation) provides temporally precise and focal inhibition, impacting spike timing. Together, these inhibitory systems allow graded control of thalamic output, enabling thalamocortical operations to dynamically match ongoing behavioral demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Halassa
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and the Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, 10016, USA.
| | - László Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1083 Hungary.
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46
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Abstract
A recent study has functionally disentangled the hitherto enigmatic mesencephalic locomotor region of the brain on the basis of cell type diversity and identified differential upstream regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Esposito
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel and Friedrich Miescher Institute, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel and Friedrich Miescher Institute, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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47
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Roseberry TK, Lee AM, Lalive AL, Wilbrecht L, Bonci A, Kreitzer AC. Cell-Type-Specific Control of Brainstem Locomotor Circuits by Basal Ganglia. Cell 2016; 164:526-37. [PMID: 26824660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood. Here, we dissect the mechanisms underlying BG direct and indirect pathway-mediated control of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a brainstem target of BG that is critical for locomotion. We optogenetically dissect the locomotor function of the three neurochemically distinct cell types within the MLR: glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurons. We find that the glutamatergic subpopulation encodes locomotor state and speed, is necessary and sufficient for locomotion, and is selectively innervated by BG. We further show activation and suppression, respectively, of MLR glutamatergic neurons by direct and indirect pathways, which is required for bidirectional control of locomotion by BG circuits. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of how BG can initiate or suppress a motor program through cell-type-specific regulation of neurons linked to specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Roseberry
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - A Moses Lee
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute for Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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48
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Bickford ME. Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator Framework. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 9:86. [PMID: 26793068 PMCID: PMC4709853 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that dorsal thalamic inputs can be divided into “drivers”, which provide the primary excitatory drive for the relay of information to cortex, and “modulators”, which alter the gain of signal transmission, has provided a valuable organizing principle for the study of thalamic function. This view further promoted the identification of “first order” and “higher order” thalamic nuclei, based on the origin of their driving inputs. Since the introduction of this influential terminology, a number of studies have revealed the existence of a wide variety of thalamic organizational schemes. For example, some thalamic nuclei are not innervated by typical driver inputs, but instead receive input from terminals which exhibit features distinct from those of either classic drivers or modulators. In addition, many thalamic nuclei contain unique combinations of convergent first order, higher order, and/or other “driver-like” inputs that do not conform with the driver/modulator framework. The assortment of synaptic arrangements identified in the thalamus are reviewed and discussed from the perspective that this organizational diversity can dramatically increase the computational capabilities of the thalamus, reflecting its essential roles in sensory, motor, and sensory-motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Bickford
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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49
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Herrera CG, Cadavieco MC, Jego S, Ponomarenko A, Korotkova T, Adamantidis A. Hypothalamic feedforward inhibition of thalamocortical network controls arousal and consciousness. Nat Neurosci 2015; 19:290-8. [PMID: 26691833 PMCID: PMC5818272 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, synchronous synaptic activity in the thalamocortical network generates predominantly low-frequency oscillations (<4 Hz) that are modulated by inhibitory inputs from the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). Whether TRN cells integrate sleep-wake signals from subcortical circuits remains unclear. We found that GABA neurons from the lateral hypothalamus (LHGABA) exert a strong inhibitory control over TRN GABA neurons (TRNGABA). We found that optogenetic activation of this circuit recapitulated state-dependent changes of TRN neuron activity in behaving mice and induced rapid arousal during NREM, but not REM, sleep. During deep anesthesia, activation of this circuit induced sustained cortical arousal. In contrast, optogenetic silencing of LHGABA-TRNGABA transmission increased the duration of NREM sleep and amplitude of delta (1-4 Hz) oscillations. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TRN cells integrate subcortical arousal inputs selectively during NREM sleep and may participate in sleep intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutierrez Herrera
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Preclinical Research (DKF), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Carus Cadavieco
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP)/NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Jego
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexey Ponomarenko
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP)/NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Korotkova
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP)/NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Preclinical Research (DKF), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Liu J, Lee HJ, Weitz AJ, Fang Z, Lin P, Choy M, Fisher R, Pinskiy V, Tolpygo A, Mitra P, Schiff N, Lee JH. Frequency-selective control of cortical and subcortical networks by central thalamus. eLife 2015; 4:e09215. [PMID: 26652162 PMCID: PMC4721962 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central thalamus plays a critical role in forebrain arousal and organized behavior. However, network-level mechanisms that link its activity to brain state remain enigmatic. Here, we combined optogenetics, fMRI, electrophysiology, and video-EEG monitoring to characterize the central thalamus-driven global brain networks responsible for switching brain state. 40 and 100 Hz stimulations of central thalamus caused widespread activation of forebrain, including frontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex, and striatum, and transitioned the brain to a state of arousal in asleep rats. In contrast, 10 Hz stimulation evoked significantly less activation of forebrain, inhibition of sensory cortex, and behavioral arrest. To investigate possible mechanisms underlying the frequency-dependent cortical inhibition, we performed recordings in zona incerta, where 10, but not 40, Hz stimulation evoked spindle-like oscillations. Importantly, suppressing incertal activity during 10 Hz central thalamus stimulation reduced the evoked cortical inhibition. These findings identify key brain-wide dynamics underlying central thalamus arousal regulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09215.001 The ability to wake up every morning and to fall asleep at night is something that most people take for granted. However, damage to a brain region called the central thalamus can cause a range of consciousness-related disorders, including memory problems, excessive sleeping, and even comas. For example, cell death within the central thalamus has been associated with severely disabled patients following traumatic brain injury. Previous studies have found that electrically stimulating the neurons in the central thalamus can change whether an animal is drowsy or awake and alert. However, it was not clear whether a single group of neurons in the central thalamus was responsible for switching the brain’s state between sleep and wakefulness, or how this would work. Liu, Lee, Weitz, Fang et al. have now used a technique called optogenetics to stimulate specific neurons in the central thalamus of rats, by using flashes of light. Stimulation was combined with several techniques to monitor the response of other brain regions, including fMRI imaging that shows the activity of the entire brain. The results showed that rapidly stimulating the neurons in the central thalamus – 40 or 100 times a second – led to widespread brain activity and caused sleeping rats to wake up. In contrast, stimulating the neurons of the central thalamus more slowly – around 10 times a second – suppressed the activity of part of the brain called the sensory cortex and caused rats to enter a seizure-like state of unconsciousness. Further investigation identified a group of inhibitory neurons that the central thalamus interacts with to carry out this suppression. The results suggest that the central thalamus can either power the brain to an “awake” state or promote a state of unconsciousness, depending on how rapidly its neurons are stimulated. Future work will seek to translate these results to the clinic and investigate how stimulation of the central thalamus can be optimized to reduce cognitive deficits in animal models of traumatic brain injury. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09215.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrew J Weitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Zhongnan Fang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Peter Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Robert Fisher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Vadim Pinskiy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | | | - Partha Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Nicholas Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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