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Grove JCR, Gray LA, La Santa Medina N, Sivakumar N, Ahn JS, Corpuz TV, Berke JD, Kreitzer AC, Knight ZA. Dopamine subsystems that track internal states. Nature 2022; 608:374-380. [PMID: 35831501 PMCID: PMC9365689 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food and water are rewarding in part because they satisfy our internal needs1,2. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated by gustatory rewards3-5, but how animals learn to associate these oral cues with the delayed physiological effects of ingestion is unknown. Here we show that individual dopaminergic neurons in the VTA respond to detection of nutrients or water at specific stages of ingestion. A major subset of dopaminergic neurons tracks changes in systemic hydration that occur tens of minutes after thirsty mice drink water, whereas different dopaminergic neurons respond to nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. We show that information about fluid balance is transmitted to the VTA by a hypothalamic pathway and then re-routed to downstream circuits that track the oral, gastrointestinal and post-absorptive stages of ingestion. To investigate the function of these signals, we used a paradigm in which a fluid's oral and post-absorptive effects can be independently manipulated and temporally separated. We show that mice rapidly learn to prefer one fluid over another based solely on its rehydrating ability and that this post-ingestive learning is prevented if dopaminergic neurons in the VTA are selectively silenced after consumption. These findings reveal that the midbrain dopamine system contains subsystems that track different modalities and stages of ingestion, on timescales from seconds to tens of minutes, and that this information is used to drive learning about the consequences of ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C R Grove
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jamie S Ahn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Berke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Nelson AB, Girasole AE, Lee HY, Ptáček LJ, Kreitzer AC. Striatal Indirect Pathway Dysfunction Underlies Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Paroxysmal Dyskinesia. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2835-2848. [PMID: 35165171 PMCID: PMC8973425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1614-20.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal involuntary movements, or dyskinesias, are seen in many neurologic diseases, including disorders where the brain appears grossly normal. This observation suggests that alterations in neural activity or connectivity may underlie dyskinesias. One influential model proposes that involuntary movements are driven by an imbalance in the activity of striatal direct and indirect pathway neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively). Indeed, in some animal models, there is evidence that dMSN hyperactivity contributes to dyskinesia. Given the many diseases associated with dyskinesia, it is unclear whether these findings generalize to all forms. Here, we used male and female mice in a mouse model of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) to assess whether involuntary movements are related to aberrant activity in the striatal direct and indirect pathways. In this model, as in the human disorder PNKD, animals experience dyskinetic attacks in response to caffeine or alcohol. Using optically identified striatal single-unit recordings in freely moving PNKD mice, we found a loss of iMSN firing during dyskinesia bouts. Further, chemogenetic inhibition of iMSNs triggered dyskinetic episodes in PNKD mice. Finally, we found that these decreases in iMSN firing are likely because of aberrant endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of glutamatergic inputs. These data show that striatal iMSN dysfunction contributes to the etiology of dyskinesia in PNKD, and suggest that indirect pathway hypoactivity may be a key mechanism for the generation of involuntary movements in other disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Involuntary movements, or dyskinesias, are part of many inherited and acquired neurologic syndromes. There are few effective treatments, most of which have significant side effects. Better understanding of which cells and patterns of activity cause dyskinetic movements might inform the development of new neuromodulatory treatments. In this study, we used a mouse model of an inherited human form of paroxysmal dyskinesia in combination with cell type-specific tools to monitor and manipulate striatal activity. We were able to narrow in on a specific group of neurons that causes dyskinesia in this model, and found alterations in a well-known form of plasticity in this cell type, endocannabinoid-dependent synaptic LTD. These findings point to new areas for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Nelson
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Allison E Girasole
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | | | - Louis J Ptáček
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program
- Department of Neurology, UCSF
- Department of Physiology, UCSF
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
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Loewke AC, Minerva AR, Nelson AB, Kreitzer AC, Gunaydin LA. Frontostriatal Projections Regulate Innate Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5487-5501. [PMID: 34001628 PMCID: PMC8221601 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2581-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been linked to avoidance and decision-making under conflict, key neural computations altered in anxiety disorders. However, the heterogeneity of prefrontal projections has obscured identification of specific top-down projections involved. While the dmPFC-amygdala circuit has long been implicated in controlling reflexive fear responses, recent work suggests that dmPFC-dorsomedial striatum (DMS) projections may be more important for regulating avoidance. Using fiber photometry recordings in both male and female mice during the elevated zero maze task, we show heightened neural activity in frontostriatal but not frontoamygdalar projection neurons during exploration of the anxiogenic open arms. Additionally, using optogenetics, we demonstrate that this frontostriatal projection preferentially excites postsynaptic D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the DMS and causally controls innate avoidance behavior. These results support a model for prefrontal control of defensive behavior in which the dmPFC-amygdala projection controls reflexive fear behavior and the dmPFC-striatum projection controls anxious avoidance behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The medial prefrontal cortex has been extensively linked to several behavioral symptom domains related to anxiety disorders, with much of the work centered around reflexive fear responses. Comparatively little is known at the mechanistic level about anxious avoidance behavior, a core feature across anxiety disorders. Recent work has suggested that the striatum may be an important hub for regulating avoidance behaviors. Our work uses optical circuit dissection techniques to identify a specific corticostriatal circuit involved in encoding and controlling avoidance behavior. Identifying neural circuits for avoidance will enable the development of more targeted symptom-specific treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Loewke
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Adelaide R Minerva
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neurological Disease Institute, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lisa A Gunaydin
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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Abstract
A key assumption of optogenetics is that light only affects opsin-expressing neurons. However, illumination invariably heats tissue, and many physiological processes are temperature-sensitive. Commonly used illumination protocols increased the temperature by 0.2-2 °C and suppressed spiking in multiple brain regions. In the striatum, light delivery activated an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and biased rotational behavior. Thus, careful consideration of light-delivery parameters is required, as even modest intracranial heating can confound interpretation of optogenetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max H Liu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Owen SF, Kreitzer AC. An open-source control system for in vivo fluorescence measurements from deep-brain structures. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:170-177. [PMID: 30342106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial photometry through chronically implanted optical fibers is a widely adopted technique for measuring signals from fluorescent probes in deep-brain structures. The recent proliferation of bright, photo-stable, and specific genetically encoded fluorescent reporters for calcium and for other neuromodulators has greatly increased the utility and popularity of this technique. NEW METHOD Here we describe an open-source, cost-effective, microcontroller-based solution for controlling optical components in an intracranial photometry system and processing the resulting signal. RESULTS We show proof-of-principle that this system supports high quality intracranial photometry recordings from dorsal striatum in freely moving mice. A single system supports simultaneous fluorescence measurements in two independent color channels, but multiple systems can be integrated together if additional fluorescence channels are required. This system is designed to work in combination with either commercially available or custom-built optical components. Parts can be purchased for less than one tenth the cost of commercially available alternatives and complete assembly takes less than one day for an inexperienced user. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Currently available hardware draws on a variety of commercial, custom-built, or hybrid elements for both optical and electronic components. Many of these hardware systems are either specialized and inflexible, or over-engineered and expensive. CONCLUSIONS This open-source system increases experimental flexibility while reducing cost relative to current commercially available components. All software and firmware are open-source and customizable, affording a degree of experimental flexibility that is not available in current commercial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Neurology, UCSF, United states; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, United States; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, United States; Department of Physiology, UCSF, United States
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6
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Lalive AL, Lien AD, Roseberry TK, Donahue CH, Kreitzer AC. Motor thalamus supports striatum-driven reinforcement. eLife 2018; 7:34032. [PMID: 30295606 PMCID: PMC6181560 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement has long been thought to require striatal synaptic plasticity. Indeed, direct striatal manipulations such as self-stimulation of direct-pathway projection neurons (dMSNs) are sufficient to induce reinforcement within minutes. However, it’s unclear what role, if any, is played by downstream circuitry. Here, we used dMSN self-stimulation in mice as a model for striatum-driven reinforcement and mapped the underlying circuitry across multiple basal ganglia nuclei and output targets. We found that mimicking the effects of dMSN activation on downstream circuitry, through optogenetic suppression of basal ganglia output nucleus substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) or activation of SNr targets in the brainstem or thalamus, was also sufficient to drive rapid reinforcement. Remarkably, silencing motor thalamus—but not other selected targets of SNr—was the only manipulation that reduced dMSN-driven reinforcement. Together, these results point to an unexpected role for basal ganglia output to motor thalamus in striatum-driven reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas K Roseberry
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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7
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Sun F, Zeng J, Jing M, Zhou J, Feng J, Owen SF, Luo Y, Li F, Wang H, Yamaguchi T, Yong Z, Gao Y, Peng W, Wang L, Zhang S, Du J, Lin D, Xu M, Kreitzer AC, Cui G, Li Y. A Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensor Enables Rapid and Specific Detection of Dopamine in Flies, Fish, and Mice. Cell 2018; 174:481-496.e19. [PMID: 30007419 PMCID: PMC6092020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA changes reliably and specifically with high spatiotemporal precision, particularly in animals executing complex behaviors. Here, we report the development of genetically encoded GPCR-activation-based-DA (GRABDA) sensors that enable these measurements. In response to extracellular DA, GRABDA sensors exhibit large fluorescence increases (ΔF/F0 ∼90%) with subcellular resolution, subsecond kinetics, nanomolar to submicromolar affinities, and excellent molecular specificity. GRABDA sensors can resolve a single-electrical-stimulus-evoked DA release in mouse brain slices and detect endogenous DA release in living flies, fish, and mice. In freely behaving mice, GRABDA sensors readily report optogenetically elicited nigrostriatal DA release and depict dynamic mesoaccumbens DA signaling during Pavlovian conditioning or during sexual behaviors. Thus, GRABDA sensors enable spatiotemporally precise measurements of DA dynamics in a variety of model organisms while exhibiting complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Miao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jingheng Zhou
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jiesi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Scott F Owen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Funing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zihao Yong
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Gao
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wanling Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiulin Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Dayu Lin
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guohong Cui
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 100871 Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China.
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8
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Owen SF, Berke JD, Kreitzer AC. Fast-Spiking Interneurons Supply Feedforward Control of Bursting, Calcium, and Plasticity for Efficient Learning. Cell 2018; 172:683-695.e15. [PMID: 29425490 PMCID: PMC5810594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) are a prominent class of forebrain GABAergic cells implicated in two seemingly independent network functions: gain control and network plasticity. Little is known, however, about how these roles interact. Here, we use a combination of cell-type-specific ablation, optogenetics, electrophysiology, imaging, and behavior to describe a unified mechanism by which striatal FSIs control burst firing, calcium influx, and synaptic plasticity in neighboring medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). In vivo silencing of FSIs increased bursting, calcium transients, and AMPA/NMDA ratios in MSNs. In a motor sequence task, FSI silencing increased the frequency of calcium transients but reduced the specificity with which transients aligned to individual task events. Consistent with this, ablation of FSIs disrupted the acquisition of striatum-dependent egocentric learning strategies. Together, our data support a model in which feedforward inhibition from FSIs temporally restricts MSN bursting and calcium-dependent synaptic plasticity to facilitate striatum-dependent sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Owen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Girasole AE, Lum MY, Nathaniel D, Bair-Marshall CJ, Guenthner CJ, Luo L, Kreitzer AC, Nelson AB. A Subpopulation of Striatal Neurons Mediates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Neuron 2018; 97:787-795.e6. [PMID: 29398356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. Dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa alleviates parkinsonian motor symptoms but is complicated by the development of involuntary movements, termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Aberrant activity in the striatum has been hypothesized to cause LID. Here, to establish a direct link between striatal activity and dyskinesia, we combine optogenetics and a method to manipulate dyskinesia-associated neurons, targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP). We find that TRAPed cells are a stable subset of sensorimotor striatal neurons, predominantly from the direct pathway, and that reactivation of TRAPed striatal neurons causes dyskinesia in the absence of levodopa. Inhibition of TRAPed cells, but not a nonspecific subset of direct pathway neurons, ameliorates LID. These results establish that a distinct subset of striatal neurons is causally involved in LID and indicate that successful therapeutic strategies for treating LID may require targeting functionally selective neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Girasole
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew Y Lum
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Casey J Guenthner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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10
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11
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Kharkwal G, Brami-Cherrier K, Lizardi-Ortiz JE, Nelson AB, Ramos M, Del Barrio D, Sulzer D, Kreitzer AC, Borrelli E. Parkinsonism Driven by Antipsychotics Originates from Dopaminergic Control of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons. Neuron 2017; 91:67-78. [PMID: 27387649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotics can cause disabling side effects. Specifically, antagonism of D2R signaling by the typical antipsychotic haloperidol induces parkinsonism in humans and catalepsy in rodents. Striatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are major regulators of motor activity through their signaling on striatal projection neurons and interneurons. We show that D2R signaling on cholinergic interneurons contributes to an in vitro pause in firing of these otherwise tonically active neurons and to the striatal dopamine/acetylcholine balance. The selective ablation of D2R from cholinergic neurons allows discrimination between the motor-reducing and cataleptic effects of antipsychotics. The cataleptic effect of antipsychotics is triggered by blockade of D2R on cholinergic interneurons and the consequent increase of acetylcholine signaling on striatal projection neurons. These studies illuminate the critical role of D2R-mediated signaling in regulating the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons and the mechanisms of typical antipsychotic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, U904 INSERM, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Karen Brami-Cherrier
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, U904 INSERM, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - José E Lizardi-Ortiz
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maria Ramos
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, U904 INSERM, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daniel Del Barrio
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, U904 INSERM, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Emiliana Borrelli
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, U904 INSERM, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Lee HJ, Weitz AJ, Bernal-Casas D, Duffy BA, Choy M, Kravitz AV, Kreitzer AC, Lee JH. Activation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium Spiny Neurons Drives Distinct Brain-wide Responses. Neuron 2016; 91:412-24. [PMID: 27373834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A central theory of basal ganglia function is that striatal neurons expressing the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors exert opposing brain-wide influences. However, the causal influence of each population has never been measured at the whole-brain scale. Here, we selectively stimulated D1 or D2 receptor-expressing neurons while visualizing whole-brain activity with fMRI. Excitation of either inhibitory population evoked robust positive BOLD signals within striatum, while downstream regions exhibited significantly different and generally opposing responses consistent with-though not easily predicted from-contemporary models of basal ganglia function. Importantly, positive and negative signals within the striatum, thalamus, GPi, and STN were all associated with increases and decreases in single-unit activity, respectively. These findings provide direct evidence for the opposing influence of D1 and D2 receptor-expressing striatal neurons on brain-wide circuitry and extend the interpretability of fMRI studies by defining cell-type-specific contributions to the BOLD signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Weitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Bernal-Casas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Duffy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - ManKin Choy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Roseberry TK, Lee AM, Lalive AL, Wilbrecht L, Bonci A, Kreitzer AC. Cell-Type-Specific Control of Brainstem Locomotor Circuits by Basal Ganglia. Cell 2016; 164:526-37. [PMID: 26824660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood. Here, we dissect the mechanisms underlying BG direct and indirect pathway-mediated control of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a brainstem target of BG that is critical for locomotion. We optogenetically dissect the locomotor function of the three neurochemically distinct cell types within the MLR: glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurons. We find that the glutamatergic subpopulation encodes locomotor state and speed, is necessary and sufficient for locomotion, and is selectively innervated by BG. We further show activation and suppression, respectively, of MLR glutamatergic neurons by direct and indirect pathways, which is required for bidirectional control of locomotion by BG circuits. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of how BG can initiate or suppress a motor program through cell-type-specific regulation of neurons linked to specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Roseberry
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - A Moses Lee
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute for Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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14
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Sippy et al. (2015) provide the clearest evidence to date that information is differentially encoded in the direct and indirect pathways of the striatum. The results support the classical notion that the direct pathway plays a critical role in initiating actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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15
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Parker PRL, Lalive AL, Kreitzer AC. Pathway-Specific Remodeling of Thalamostriatal Synapses in Parkinsonian Mice. Neuron 2016; 89:734-40. [PMID: 26833136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Movement suppression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to arise from increased efficacy of the indirect pathway basal ganglia circuit, relative to the direct pathway. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. To examine whether changes in the strength of synaptic inputs to these circuits contribute to this imbalance, we obtained paired whole-cell recordings from striatal direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs) and optically stimulated inputs from sensorimotor cortex or intralaminar thalamus in brain slices from control and dopamine-depleted mice. We found that dopamine depletion selectively decreased synaptic strength at thalamic inputs to dMSNs, suggesting that thalamus drives asymmetric activation of basal ganglia circuitry underlying parkinsonian motor impairments. Consistent with this hypothesis, in vivo chemogenetic and optogenetic inhibition of thalamostriatal terminals reversed motor deficits in dopamine-depleted mice. These results implicate thalamostriatal projections in the pathophysiology of PD and support interventions targeting thalamus as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R L Parker
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Circuit dysfunction models of psychiatric disease posit that pathological behavior results from abnormal patterns of electrical activity in specific cells and circuits in the brain. Many psychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal activity in the prefrontal cortex and in the basal ganglia, a set of subcortical nuclei implicated in cognitive and motor control. Here we discuss the role of the basal ganglia and connected prefrontal regions in the etiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression, emphasizing mechanistic work in rodent behavioral models to dissect causal cortico-basal ganglia circuits underlying discrete behavioral symptom domains relevant to these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Gunaydin
- The Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158; , .,Affiliation as of March 1, 2016: Department of Psychiatry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158; , .,Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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17
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Adamantidis A, Arber S, Bains JS, Bamberg E, Bonci A, Buzsáki G, Cardin JA, Costa RM, Dan Y, Goda Y, Graybiel AM, Häusser M, Hegemann P, Huguenard JR, Insel TR, Janak PH, Johnston D, Josselyn SA, Koch C, Kreitzer AC, Lüscher C, Malenka RC, Miesenböck G, Nagel G, Roska B, Schnitzer MJ, Shenoy KV, Soltesz I, Sternson SM, Tsien RW, Tsien RY, Turrigiano GG, Tye KM, Wilson RI. Optogenetics: 10 years after ChR2 in neurons--views from the community. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1202-12. [PMID: 26308981 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada, and the Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, and the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, the Solomon H. Snyder Neuroscience Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and in the Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- The Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, and at the Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rui M Costa
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Goda
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie/Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas R Insel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia H Janak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and the Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Johnston
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sheena A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the Departments of Psychology and Physiology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA, and the Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gero Miesenböck
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Georg Nagel
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Botond Roska
- Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, and the CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering and Neurobiology, the Neurosciences and Bio-X Programs, the Stanford Neurosciences Institute and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard W Tsien
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gina G Turrigiano
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel I Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The basal ganglia are a series of interconnected subcortical nuclei. The function and dysfunction of these nuclei have been studied intensively in motor control, but more recently our knowledge of these functions has broadened to include prominent roles in cognition and affective control. This review summarizes historical models of basal ganglia function, as well as findings supporting or conflicting with these models, while emphasizing recent work in animals and humans directly testing the hypotheses generated by these models.
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19
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Nelson AB, Hammack N, Yang CF, Shah NM, Seal RP, Kreitzer AC. Striatal cholinergic interneurons Drive GABA release from dopamine terminals. Neuron 2014; 82:63-70. [PMID: 24613418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons are implicated in motor control, associative plasticity, and reward-dependent learning. Synchronous activation of cholinergic interneurons triggers large inhibitory synaptic currents in dorsal striatal projection neurons, providing one potential substrate for control of striatal output, but the mechanism for these GABAergic currents is not fully understood. Using optogenetics and whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we find that a large component of these inhibitory responses derive from action-potential-independent disynaptic neurotransmission mediated by nicotinic receptors. Cholinergically driven IPSCs were not affected by ablation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons but were greatly reduced after acute treatment with vesicular monoamine transport inhibitors or selective destruction of dopamine terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine, indicating that GABA release originated from dopamine terminals. These results delineate a mechanism in which striatal cholinergic interneurons can co-opt dopamine terminals to drive GABA release and rapidly inhibit striatal output neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Nelson
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nora Hammack
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Cindy F Yang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nirao M Shah
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rebecca P Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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20
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Suberbielle E, Sanchez PE, Kravitz AV, Wang X, Ho K, Eilertson K, Devidze N, Kreitzer AC, Mucke L. Physiologic brain activity causes DNA double-strand breaks in neurons, with exacerbation by amyloid-β. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:613-21. [PMID: 23525040 PMCID: PMC3637871 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We show that a natural behavior, exploration of a novel environment, causes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neurons of young adult wild-type mice. DSBs occurred in multiple brain regions, were most abundant in the dentate gyrus, which is involved in learning and memory, and were repaired within 24 h. Increasing neuronal activity by sensory or optogenetic stimulation increased neuronal DSBs in relevant but not irrelevant networks. Mice transgenic for human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP), which simulate key aspects of Alzheimer's disease, had increased neuronal DSBs at baseline and more severe and prolonged DSBs after exploration. Interventions that suppress aberrant neuronal activity and improve learning and memory in hAPP mice normalized their levels of DSBs. Blocking extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors prevented amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced DSBs in neuronal cultures. Thus, transient increases in neuronal DSBs occur as a result of physiological brain activity, and Aβ exacerbates DNA damage, most likely by eliciting synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Suberbielle
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience over the past several years by allowing researchers to modulate the activity of specific cell types, both in vitro and in vivo. One promising application of optogenetics is to use channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) mediated spiking to identify distinct cell types in electrophysiological recordings from awake behaving animals. In this paper, we apply this approach to in vivo recordings of the two major projection cell types in the striatum: the direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons. We expressed ChR2 in the neurons of the direct or indirect pathways using a cre-dependent viral strategy and performed electrical recordings together with optical stimulation using an implanted microwire array that included an integrated optical fiber. Despite the apparent simplicity of identifying ChR2-expressing neurons as those that respond to light, we encountered multiple potential confounds when applying this approach. Here, we describe and address these confounds and provide a Matlab tool so that others can implement our analysis methods. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, United States
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22
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Abstract
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Kravitz AV, Tye LD, Kreitzer AC. Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:816-8. [PMID: 22544310 PMCID: PMC3410042 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling is implicated in reinforcement learning, but the neural substrates targeted by dopamine are poorly understood. Here, we bypassed dopamine signaling itself and tested how optogenetic activation of dopamine D1- or D2-receptor-expressing striatal projection neurons influenced reinforcement learning in mice. Stimulating D1-expressing neurons induced persistent reinforcement, whereas stimulating D2-expressing neurons induced transient punishment, demonstrating that activation of these circuits is sufficient to modify the probability of performing future actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Lerner TN, Kreitzer AC. RGS4 is required for dopaminergic control of striatal LTD and susceptibility to parkinsonian motor deficits. Neuron 2012; 73:347-59. [PMID: 22284188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of excitatory synapses onto striatal projection neurons (MSNs) has the potential to regulate motor function by setting the gain on signals driving both direct- and indirect-pathway basal ganglia circuits. Endocannabinoid-dependent long-term depression (eCB-LTD) is the best characterized form of striatal plasticity, but the mechanisms governing its normal regulation and pathological dysregulation are not well understood. We characterized two distinct signaling pathways mediating eCB production in striatal indirect-pathway MSNs and found that both pathways were modulated by dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors, acting through cAMP/PKA. We identified regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) as a key link between D2/A2A signaling and eCB mobilization pathways. In contrast to wild-type mice, RGS4⁻/⁻ mice exhibited normal eCB-LTD after dopamine depletion and were significantly less impaired in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of RGS4 may be an effective nondopaminergic strategy for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Lerner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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25
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Andrews-Zwilling Y, Gillespie AK, Kravitz AV, Nelson AB, Devidze N, Lo I, Yoon SY, Bien-Ly N, Ring K, Zwilling D, Potter GB, Rubenstein JLR, Kreitzer AC, Huang Y. Hilar GABAergic interneuron activity controls spatial learning and memory retrieval. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40555. [PMID: 22792368 PMCID: PMC3390383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive research has demonstrated the importance of excitatory granule neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in normal learning and memory and in the pathogenesis of amnesia in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the role of hilar GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, which control the granule neuron activity, remains unclear. Methodology and Principal Findings We explored the function of hilar GABAergic interneurons in spatial learning and memory by inhibiting their activity through Cre-dependent viral expression of enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0)—a light-driven chloride pump. Hilar GABAergic interneuron-specific expression of eNpHR3.0 was achieved by bilaterally injecting adeno-associated virus containing a double-floxed inverted open-reading frame encoding eNpHR3.0 into the hilus of the dentate gyrus of mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of an enhancer specific for GABAergic interneurons. In vitro and in vivo illumination with a yellow laser elicited inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneurons and consequent activation of dentate granule neurons, without affecting pyramidal neurons in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus. We found that optogenetic inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneuron activity impaired spatial learning and memory retrieval, without affecting memory retention, as determined in the Morris water maze test. Importantly, optogenetic inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneuron activity did not alter short-term working memory, motor coordination, or exploratory activity. Conclusions and Significance Our findings establish a critical role for hilar GABAergic interneuron activity in controlling spatial learning and memory retrieval and provide evidence for the potential contribution of GABAergic interneuron impairment to the pathogenesis of amnesia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaisa Andrews-Zwilling
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Gillespie
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra B. Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nino Devidze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iris Lo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Ring
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Zwilling
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John L. R. Rubenstein
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anatol C. Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Verret L, Mann EO, Hang GB, Barth AMI, Cobos I, Ho K, Devidze N, Masliah E, Kreitzer AC, Mody I, Mucke L, Palop JJ. Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model. Cell 2012; 149:708-21. [PMID: 22541439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) results in cognitive decline and altered network activity, but the mechanisms are unknown. We studied human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, which simulate key aspects of AD. Electroencephalographic recordings in hAPP mice revealed spontaneous epileptiform discharges, indicating network hypersynchrony, primarily during reduced gamma oscillatory activity. Because this oscillatory rhythm is generated by inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) cells, network dysfunction in hAPP mice might arise from impaired PV cells. Supporting this hypothesis, hAPP mice and AD patients had decreased levels of the interneuron-specific and PV cell-predominant voltage-gated sodium channel subunit Nav1.1. Restoring Nav1.1 levels in hAPP mice by Nav1.1-BAC expression increased inhibitory synaptic activity and gamma oscillations and reduced hypersynchrony, memory deficits, and premature mortality. We conclude that reduced Nav1.1 levels and PV cell dysfunction critically contribute to abnormalities in oscillatory rhythms, network synchrony, and memory in hAPP mice and possibly in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Verret
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Ring KL, Tong LM, Balestra ME, Javier R, Andrews-Zwilling Y, Li G, Walker D, Zhang WR, Kreitzer AC, Huang Y. Direct reprogramming of mouse and human fibroblasts into multipotent neural stem cells with a single factor. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:100-9. [PMID: 22683203 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neuronal cells (iNCs) from somatic cells provides new avenues for basic research and potential transplantation therapies for neurological diseases. However, clinical applications must consider the risk of tumor formation by iPSCs and the inability of iNCs to self-renew in culture. Here we report the generation of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) from mouse and human fibroblasts by direct reprogramming with a single factor, Sox2. iNSCs express NSC markers and resemble wild-type NSCs in their morphology, self-renewal, ability to form neurospheres, and gene expression profiles. Cloned iNSCs differentiate into several types of mature neurons, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, indicating multipotency. Implanted iNSCs can survive and integrate in mouse brains and, unlike iPSC-derived NSCs, do not generate tumors. Thus, self-renewable and multipotent iNSCs without tumorigenic potential can be generated directly from fibroblasts by reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Ring
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Harwell CC, Parker PRL, Gee SM, Okada A, McConnell SK, Kreitzer AC, Kriegstein AR. Sonic hedgehog expression in corticofugal projection neurons directs cortical microcircuit formation. Neuron 2012; 73:1116-26. [PMID: 22445340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
VIDEO ABSTRACT The precise connectivity of inputs and outputs is critical for cerebral cortex function; however, the cellular mechanisms that establish these connections are poorly understood. Here, we show that the secreted molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is involved in synapse formation of a specific cortical circuit. Shh is expressed in layer V corticofugal projection neurons and the Shh receptor, Brother of CDO (Boc), is expressed in local and callosal projection neurons of layer II/III that synapse onto the subcortical projection neurons. Layer V neurons of mice lacking functional Shh exhibit decreased synapses. Conversely, the loss of functional Boc leads to a reduction in the strength of synaptic connections onto layer Vb, but not layer II/III, pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that Shh is expressed in postsynaptic target cells while Boc is expressed in a complementary population of presynaptic input neurons, and they function to guide the formation of cortical microcircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Harwell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Gittis AH, Hang GB, LaDow ES, Shoenfeld LR, Atallah BV, Finkbeiner S, Kreitzer AC. Rapid target-specific remodeling of fast-spiking inhibitory circuits after loss of dopamine. Neuron 2011; 71:858-68. [PMID: 21903079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine depletion alters neuronal activity in the direct and indirect pathways and leads to increased synchrony in the basal ganglia network. However, the origins of these changes remain elusive. Because GABAergic interneurons regulate activity of projection neurons and promote neuronal synchrony, we recorded from pairs of striatal fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and direct- or indirect-pathway MSNs after dopamine depletion with 6-OHDA. Synaptic properties of FS-MSN connections remained similar, yet within 3 days of dopamine depletion, individual FS cells doubled their connectivity to indirect-pathway MSNs, whereas connections to direct-pathway MSNs remained unchanged. A model of the striatal microcircuit revealed that such increases in FS innervation were effective at enhancing synchrony within targeted cell populations. These data suggest that after dopamine depletion, rapid target-specific microcircuit organization in the striatum may lead to increased synchrony of indirect-pathway MSNs that contributes to pathological network oscillations and motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn H Gittis
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lee JA, Liu L, Javier R, Kreitzer AC, Delaloy C, Gao FB. ESCRT-III subunits Snf7-1 and Snf7-2 differentially regulate transmembrane cargos in hESC-derived human neurons. Mol Brain 2011; 4:37. [PMID: 21975012 PMCID: PMC3197483 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is involved in several fundamental cellular processes and human diseases. Many mammalian ESCRT proteins have multiple isoforms but their precise functions remain largely unknown, especially in human neurons. Results In this study, we differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into postmitotic neurons and characterized the functional properties of these neurons. Moreover, we found that among the three human paralogs of the yeast ESCRT-III subunit Snf7, hSnf7-1 and hSnf7-2 are most abundantly expressed in human neurons. Both hSnf7-1 and hSnf7-2 are required for the survival of human neurons, indicating a non-redundant essential function. Indeed, hSnf7-1 and hSnf7-2 are preferentially associated with CHMP2A and CHMP2B, respectively, and regulate the turnover of distinct transmembrane cargos such as neurotransmitter receptors in human neurons. Conclusion These findings indicate that different mammalian paralogs of the yeast ESCRT-III subunit Snf7 have non-redundant functions in human neurons, suggesting that ESCRT-III with distinct subunit compositions may preferentially regulate different cargo proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Dajeon 305-811, Korea.
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Kreitzer AC, Berke JD. Investigating striatal function through cell-type-specific manipulations. Neuroscience 2011; 198:19-26. [PMID: 21867745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The striatum integrates convergent input from the cortex, thalamus, and midbrain, and has a powerful influence over motivated behavior via outputs to downstream basal ganglia nuclei. Although the anatomy and physiology of distinct classes of striatal neurons have been intensively studied, the specific functions of these cell subpopulations have been more difficult to address. Recently, application of new methodologies for perturbing activity and signaling in different cell types in vivo has begun to allow direct tests of the causal roles of striatal neurons in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Recent advances in optogenetics have permitted investigations of specific cell types in the nervous system with unprecedented precision and control. This review will discuss the use of optogenetic techniques in the study of mammalian neural circuitry in vivo, as well as practical and theoretical considerations in their application.
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Abstract
Excitatory synapses onto projection neurons in the striatum, the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, play a key role in regulating basal ganglia circuit function and are a major site of long-term synaptic plasticity. Here, we review the mechanisms and regulation of both long-term potentiation and long-term depression at these synapses. In particular, we highlight the role that neuromodulators play in determining the strength and direction of plasticity, which ultimately shapes the balance of activity in basal ganglia circuits and regulates motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Lerner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kravitz AV, Freeze BS, Parker PR, Kay K, Thwin MT, Deisseroth K, Kreitzer AC. Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry. Nature 2010; 466:622-6. [PMID: 20613723 PMCID: PMC3552484 DOI: 10.1038/nature09159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1216] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits of the basal ganglia are critical for motor planning and action selection. Two parallel basal ganglia pathways have been described, and have been proposed to exert opposing influences on motor function. According to this classical model, activation of the 'direct' pathway facilitates movement and activation of the 'indirect' pathway inhibits movement. However, more recent anatomical and functional evidence has called into question the validity of this hypothesis. Because this model has never been empirically tested, the specific function of these circuits in behaving animals remains unknown. Here we report direct activation of basal ganglia circuitry in vivo, using optogenetic control of direct- and indirect-pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs), achieved through Cre-dependent viral expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in the striatum of bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of regulatory elements for the dopamine D1 or D2 receptor. Bilateral excitation of indirect-pathway MSNs elicited a parkinsonian state, distinguished by increased freezing, bradykinesia and decreased locomotor initiations. In contrast, activation of direct-pathway MSNs reduced freezing and increased locomotion. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, direct-pathway activation completely rescued deficits in freezing, bradykinesia and locomotor initiation. Taken together, our findings establish a critical role for basal ganglia circuitry in the bidirectional regulation of motor behaviour and indicate that modulation of direct-pathway circuitry may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for ameliorating parkinsonian motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Benjamin S. Freeze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Philip R.L. Parker
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kenneth Kay
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Myo T. Thwin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Bioengineering and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Anatol C. Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease 1650 Owens St. San Francisco, CA 94158 Tel: 415-734-2507 Fax: 415-355-0824
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36
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Quiroz C, Luján R, Uchigashima M, Simoes AP, Lerner TN, Borycz J, Kachroo A, Canas PM, Orru M, Schwarzschild MA, Rosin DL, Kreitzer AC, Cunha RA, Watanabe M, Ferré S. Key modulatory role of presynaptic adenosine A2A receptors in cortical neurotransmission to the striatal direct pathway. ScientificWorldJournal 2009; 9:1321-44. [PMID: 19936569 PMCID: PMC2871285 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal ganglia processing results from a balanced activation of direct and indirect striatal efferent pathways, which are controlled by dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. Adenosine A2A receptors are considered novel antiparkinsonian targets, based on their selective postsynaptic localization in the indirect pathway, where they modulate D2 receptor function. The present study provides evidence for the existence of an additional, functionally significant, segregation of A2A receptors at the presynaptic level. Using integrated anatomical, electrophysiological, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that presynaptic A2A receptors are preferentially localized in cortical glutamatergic terminals that contact striatal neurons of the direct pathway, where they exert a selective modulation of corticostriatal neurotransmission. Presynaptic striatal A2A receptors could provide a new target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Quiroz
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, IRP, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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37
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Abstract
The basal ganglia occupy the core of the forebrain and consist of evolutionarily conserved motor nuclei that form recurrent circuits critical for motivation and motor planning. The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia and a key neural substrate for procedural learning and memory. The vast majority of striatal neurons are spiny GABAergic projection neurons, which exhibit slow but temporally precise spiking in vivo. Contributing to this precision are several different types of interneurons that constitute only a small fraction of total neuron number but play a critical role in regulating striatal output. This review examines the cellular physiology and modulation of striatal neurons that give rise to their unique properties and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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38
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Abstract
The dorsal striatum, which consists of the caudate and putamen, is the gateway to the basal ganglia. It receives convergent excitatory afferents from cortex and thalamus and forms the origin of the direct and indirect pathways, which are distinct basal ganglia circuits involved in motor control. It is also a major site of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Striatal plasticity alters the transfer of information throughout basal ganglia circuits and may represent a key neural substrate for adaptive motor control and procedural memory. Here, we review current understanding of synaptic plasticity in the striatum and its role in the physiology and pathophysiology of basal ganglia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated forms of long-term synaptic plasticity occur in several brain regions, but much remains unknown about their basic properties and underlying mechanisms. Here, we present evidence that eCB-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at excitatory synapses on medium spiny neurons in the striatum requires presynaptic activity coincident with CB1 receptor activation. This dual requirement for CB1 activation and presynaptic activity is a mechanism by which eCB-LTD may be made synapse specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Singla
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Anatol C. Kreitzer
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Robert C. Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304
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40
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Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC. Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models. Nature 2007; 445:643-7. [PMID: 17287809 DOI: 10.1038/nature05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is a major forebrain nucleus that integrates cortical and thalamic afferents and forms the input nucleus of the basal ganglia. Striatal projection neurons target the substantia nigra pars reticulata (direct pathway) or the lateral globus pallidus (indirect pathway). Imbalances between neural activity in these two pathways have been proposed to underlie the profound motor deficits observed in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, little is known about differences in cellular and synaptic properties in these circuits. Indeed, current hypotheses suggest that these cells express similar forms of synaptic plasticity. Here we show that excitatory synapses onto indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibit higher release probability and larger N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor currents than direct-pathway synapses. Moreover, indirect-pathway MSNs selectively express endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD), which requires dopamine D2 receptor activation. In models of Parkinson's disease, indirect-pathway eCB-LTD is absent but is rescued by a D2 receptor agonist or inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. Administration of these drugs together in vivo reduces parkinsonian motor deficits, suggesting that endocannabinoid-mediated depression of indirect-pathway synapses has a critical role in the control of movement. These findings have implications for understanding the normal functions of the basal ganglia, and also suggest approaches for the development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of striatal-based brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
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41
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important mediators of short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, but the mechanisms of endocannabinoid release have not been studied extensively outside the hippocampus and cerebellum. Here, we examined the mechanisms of endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) in the dorsal striatum, a brain region critical for motor control and reinforcement learning. Unlike other cell types, strong depolarization of medium spiny neurons was not sufficient to yield detectable endocannabinoid release. However, when paired with postsynaptic depolarization sufficient to activate L-type calcium channels, activation of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), either by high-frequency tetanic stimulation or an agonist, induced eCB-LTD. Pairing bursts of afferent stimulation with brief subthreshold membrane depolarizations that mimicked down-state to up-state transitions also induced eCB-LTD, which not only required activation of mGluRs and L-type calcium channels but also was bidirectionally modulated by dopamine D2 receptors. Consistent with network models, these results demonstrate that dopamine regulates the induction of a Hebbian form of long-term synaptic plasticity in the striatum. However, this gating of plasticity by dopamine is accomplished via an unexpected mechanism involving the regulation of mGluR-dependent endocannabinoid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
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42
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Abstract
Postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids can inhibit presynaptic neurotransmitter release on short and long timescales. This retrograde inhibition occurs at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and may provide a mechanism for synaptic gain control, short-term associative plasticity, reduction of synaptic crosstalk, and metaplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Abstract
Synapses that reliably activate their postsynaptic targets typically release neurotransmitter with high probability, are not very sensitive to changes in calcium entry, and depress. We have determined the mechanisms that give rise to these characteristic features at the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse. We find that saturation of presynaptic calcium entry, of presynaptic release, and of postsynaptic receptors combine to produce a postsynaptic response that is near maximal. Postsynaptic receptor saturation also accelerates recovery from depression, in part by accentuating a rapid calcium-dependent recovery phase. Thus, postsynaptic receptor saturation interacts with presynaptic mechanisms to produce highly reliable synapses that can effectively drive their targets even during sustained activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Foster
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that endocannabinoids act as retrograde messengers at many synapses in the central nervous system. Activation of phospholipases, either through calcium-mediated or receptor-mediated signaling, leads to the formation and release of endocannabinoids. These lipophilic signaling molecules diffuse to nearby presynaptic terminals where they bind to specific G-protein-coupled receptors and inhibit neurotransmitter release for tens of seconds. Thus, an important physiological role of endocannabinoids may be to provide a mechanism by which neurons can rapidly regulate the strength of their synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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45
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids serve as retrograde messengers in many brain regions. These diffusible lipophilic molecules are released by postsynaptic cells and regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Here we describe an additional mechanism that mediates the spread of endocannabinoid signaling to distant inhibitory synapses. Depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje cells reduced the firing rate of nearby interneurons, and this reduction in firing was blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 also reduced firing rates in interneurons, and this inhibition arose from the activation of a small potassium conductance. Thus, endocannabinoids released from the dendrites of depolarized neurons can lead to inhibition of firing in nearby cells. Because interneurons can project over several hundred micrometers, this inhibition of firing allows cells to regulate synaptic inputs at distances well beyond the limits of endocannabinoid diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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46
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Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG. Cerebellar depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2001; 21:RC174. [PMID: 11588204 PMCID: PMC6763870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje neurons transiently suppresses IPSCs through a process known as depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). This IPSC suppression occurs presynaptically and results from an unknown retrograde signal released from Purkinje cells. We recorded IPSCs from voltage-clamped Purkinje cells in cerebellar brain slices to identify the retrograde signal for cerebellar DSI. We find that DSI persists in the presence of the broad-spectrum metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist LY341495 and the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP55845, suggesting that the retrograde signal is not acting through these receptors. However, an antagonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor AM251 completely blocked cerebellar DSI. Additionally, the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 suppressed IPSCs and occluded any additional IPSC reduction by DSI. These results indicate that cannabinoids released from Purkinje cells after depolarization activate CB1 receptors on inhibitory neurons and suppress IPSCs for tens of seconds. Cerebellar DSI thus shares a common retrograde messenger with DSI in the hippocampus and depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in the cerebellum, suggesting that retrograde synaptic suppression by endogenous cannabinoids represents a widespread signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Abstract
Brief depolarization of cerebellar Purkinje cells was found to inhibit parallel fiber and climbing fiber EPSCs for tens of seconds. This depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is accompanied by altered paired-pulse plasticity, suggesting a presynaptic locus. Fluorometric imaging revealed that postsynaptic depolarization also reduces presynaptic calcium influx. The inhibition of both presynaptic calcium influx and EPSCs is eliminated by buffering postsynaptic calcium with BAPTA. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 prevents DSE, and the agonist WIN 55,212-2 occludes DSE. These findings suggest that Purkinje cells release endogenous cannabinoids in response to elevated calcium, thereby inhibiting presynaptic calcium entry and suppressing transmitter release. DSE may provide a way for cells to use their firing rate to dynamically regulate synaptic inputs. Together with previous studies, these findings suggest a widespread role for endogenous cannabinoids in retrograde synaptic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Abstract
Fluorometric calcium measurements have revealed presynaptic residual calcium (Ca(res)) to be an important regulator of synaptic strength. However, in the mammalian brain, it has not been possible to monitor Ca(res) in fibers that project from one brain region to another. Here, we label neuronal projections by injecting dextran-conjugated calcium indicators into brain nuclei in vivo. Currently available dextran conjugates distort Ca(res) due to their high affinity for calcium. Therefore, we synthesized a low-affinity indicator, fluo-4 dextran, that can more accurately measure the amplitude and time course of Ca(res). We then demonstrate the utility of fluo-4 dextran by measuring Ca(res) at climbing fiber presynaptic terminals. This method promises to facilitate the study of many synapses in the mammalian CNS, both in brain slices and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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49
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Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG. Modulation of transmission during trains at a cerebellar synapse. J Neurosci 2000; 20:1348-57. [PMID: 10662825 PMCID: PMC6772360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent processes dynamically regulate synapses on the time scale of milliseconds to seconds. Here, we examine the factors governing synaptic strength during repetitive stimulation, both in control conditions and during presynaptic inhibition. Field recordings of presynaptic volleys, optical measurements of presynaptic calcium, and voltage-clamp recordings of postsynaptic currents were used to examine parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses in cerebellar brain slices at 34 degrees C. In control conditions, regular stimulus trains (1-50 Hz) evoked up to a 250% peak synaptic enhancement, whereas during irregular stimulation, a threefold variability in EPSC amplitude was observed. When initial EPSC amplitudes were reduced by 50%, either by lowering external calcium or by activating adenosine A(1) or GABA(B) receptors, the peak enhancement during regular trains was 500%, and synaptic variability during irregular trains was nearly sixfold. By contrast, changes in fiber excitability and calcium influx per pulse were small during trains. Presynaptic calcium measurements indicated that by pulse 10, stimulus-evoked calcium influx had increased by approximately 15%, which on the basis of the measured relationship between calcium influx and release corresponds to an EPSC enhancement of 50%. This enhancement was the same in all experimental conditions, even in the presence of N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine or baclofen, suggesting that repetitive stimulation does not relieve the G-protein inhibition of calcium channels by these modulators. Therefore, for our experimental conditions, changes in synaptic strength during trains are primarily attributable to residual calcium (Ca(res))-dependent short-term plasticities, and the actions of neuromodulators during repetitive stimulation result from their inhibition of initial calcium influx and the resulting effects on Ca(res) and calcium-driven processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Dittman JS, Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG. Interplay between facilitation, depression, and residual calcium at three presynaptic terminals. J Neurosci 2000; 20:1374-85. [PMID: 10662828 PMCID: PMC6772383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses display remarkable alterations in strength during repetitive use. Different types of synapses exhibit distinctive synaptic plasticity, but the factors giving rise to such diversity are not fully understood. To provide the experimental basis for a general model of short-term plasticity, we studied three synapses in rat brain slices at 34 degrees C: the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, and the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal cell synapse. These synapses exhibited a broad range of responses to regular and Poisson stimulus trains. Depression dominated at the climbing fiber synapse, facilitation was prominent at the parallel fiber synapse, and both depression and facilitation were apparent in the Schaffer collateral synapse. These synapses were modeled by incorporating mechanisms of short-term plasticity that are known to be driven by residual presynaptic calcium (Ca(res)). In our model, release is the product of two factors: facilitation and refractory depression. Facilitation is caused by a calcium-dependent increase in the probability of release. Refractory depression is a consequence of release sites becoming transiently ineffective after release. These sites recover with a time course that is accelerated by elevations of Ca(res). Facilitation and refractory depression are coupled by their common dependence on Ca(res) and because increased transmitter release leads to greater synaptic depression. This model captures the behavior of three different synapses for various stimulus conditions. The interplay of facilitation and depression dictates synaptic strength and variability during repetitive activation. The resulting synaptic plasticity transforms the timing of presynaptic spikes into varying postsynaptic response amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dittman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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