1
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Zhang Z, Zhu Q, Li L, Wen HF, Guo H, Ma Z, Tian Y, Sugawara Y, Li YJ, Tang J, Liu J. Direct Detection of the Magnetic Force and Field Coupling of Electronic Spins Using Photoinduced Magnetic Force Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:12501-12507. [PMID: 39319608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment can provide insights into spintronics. However, the interaction is extremely weak, as is the case with the coupling between an electron's spin and a magnetic field, and it poses significant experimental challenges. Here we demonstrate the direct measurement of polarized single NV- centers and their spin-spin coupling behaviors in diamond. By using photoinduced magnetic force microscopy, we obtain the extremely weak magnetic force coupling originating from the electron spin. The polarized spin state of NV- centers, transitioning from |0⟩ to |±1⟩, and their corresponding Zeeman effect can be characterized through their interaction with a magnetic tip. The result presents an advancement in achieving electron spin measurements by magnetic force, avoiding the need for manufacturing conductive substrates. This facilitates a better understanding and control of electron spin to novel electronic states for future quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrong Zhang
- School of Instrument and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- School of Semiconductor and Physics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Liangjie Li
- School of Instrument and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Huan Fei Wen
- School of Instrument and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Instrument and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zongmin Ma
- School of Semiconductor and Physics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Semiconductor and Physics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yasuhiro Sugawara
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Yan Jun Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Jun Tang
- School of Semiconductor and Physics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Instrument and Electronics, Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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2
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Stewart A, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Simpson DA, Reece PJ. Optical Tweezers Assembled Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:12188-12195. [PMID: 39291712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Here we show that gradient force optical tweezers can be used to mediate the self-assembly of nanodiamonds into superstructures, which can serve as optically trapped nanoscale quantum probes with superior magnetic resonance sensing capabilities. Enhanced fluorescence rates from nitrogen-vacancy NV- defect centers enable rapid acquisition of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and shape-induced forces can improve both positioning accuracy and orientation control. The use of confocal imaging can isolate the signal from individual nanodiamonds within the assembly, thereby retaining the desirable properties of a single crystal probe. The improvements afforded by the use nanodiamond assemblies has the potential to resolve dynamic changes through, for example, real-time monitoring of the ODMR contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stewart
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiting Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- Department of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Reece
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Smith JA, Zhang D, Balram KC. Robotic Vectorial Field Alignment for Spin-Based Quantum Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304449. [PMID: 37974523 PMCID: PMC10787065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing practical quantum technologies will require the exquisite manipulation of fragile systems in a robust and repeatable way. As quantum technologies move toward real world applications, from biological sensing to communication in space, increasing experimental complexity introduces constraints that can be alleviated by the introduction of new technologies. Robotics has shown tremendous progress in realizing increasingly smart, autonomous, and highly dexterous machines. Here, a robotic arm equipped with a magnet is demonstrated to sensitize an NV center quantum magnetometer in challenging conditions unachievable with standard techniques. Vector magnetic fields are generated with 1° angular and 0.1 mT amplitude accuracy and determine the orientation of a single stochastically-aligned spin-based sensor in a constrained physical environment. This work opens up the prospect of integrating robotics across many quantum degrees of freedom in constrained settings, allowing for increased prototyping speed, control, and robustness in quantum technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Smith
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory and Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Krishna C Balram
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
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4
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Gu Q, Shanahan L, Hart JW, Belser S, Shofer N, Atatüre M, Knowles HS. Simultaneous Nanorheometry and Nanothermometry Using Intracellular Diamond Quantum Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20034-20042. [PMID: 37791968 PMCID: PMC10604098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelasticity of the cytoplasm plays a critical role in cell morphology, cell division, and intracellular transport. Viscoelasticity is also interconnected with other biophysical properties, such as temperature, which is known to influence cellular bioenergetics. Probing the connections between intracellular temperature and cytoplasmic viscoelasticity provides an exciting opportunity for the study of biological phenomena, such as metabolism and disease progression. The small length scales and transient nature of changes in these parameters combined with their complex interdependencies pose a challenge for biosensing tools, which are often limited to a single readout modality. Here, we present a dual-mode quantum sensor capable of performing simultaneous nanoscale thermometry and rheometry in dynamic cellular environments. We use nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond nanocrystals as biocompatible sensors for in vitro measurements. We combine subdiffraction resolution single-particle tracking in a fluidic environment with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy to perform simultaneous sensing of viscoelasticity and temperature. We use our sensor to demonstrate probing of the temperature-dependent viscoelasticity in complex media at the nanoscale. We then investigate the interplay between intracellular forces and the cytoplasmic rheology in live cells. Finally, we identify different rheological regimes and reveal evidence of active trafficking and details of the nanoscale viscoelasticity of the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophia Belser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
| | - Noah Shofer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
| | - Helena S. Knowles
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
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5
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Qin Z, Wang Z, Kong F, Su J, Huang Z, Zhao P, Chen S, Zhang Q, Shi F, Du J. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using single nanodiamond sensors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6278. [PMID: 37805509 PMCID: PMC10560202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is to analyze molecular dynamics in place where it occurs, such as in a living cell. The nanodiamond (ND) hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers will be a promising EPR sensor to achieve this goal. However, ND-based EPR spectroscopy remains elusive, due to the challenge of controlling NV centers without well-defined orientations inside a flexible ND. Here, we show a generalized zero-field EPR technique with spectra robust to the sensor's orientation. The key is applying an amplitude modulation on the control field, which generates a series of equidistant Floquet states with energy splitting being the orientation-independent modulation frequency. We acquire the zero-field EPR spectrum of vanadyl ions in aqueous glycerol solution with embedded single NDs, paving the way towards in vivo EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Jia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhehua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Sanyou Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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6
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Shukla A, Tiwari S, Majumder A, Saha K, Pavan Kumar GV. Opto-thermoelectric trapping of fluorescent nanodiamonds on plasmonic nanostructures. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2937-2940. [PMID: 37262248 DOI: 10.1364/ol.491431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic optical manipulation of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in fluids has emerged as an experimental challenge in multimodal biological imaging. Designing and developing nano-optical trapping strategies to serve this purpose is an important task. In this Letter, we show how chemically prepared gold nanoparticles and silver nanowires can facilitate an opto-thermoelectric force to trap individual entities of FNDs using a long working distance lens, low power-density illumination (532-nm laser, 12 µW/µm2). Our trapping configuration combines the thermoplasmonic fields generated by individual plasmonic nanoparticles and the opto-thermoelectric effect facilitated by the surfactant to realize a nano-optical trap down to a single FND that is 120 nm in diameter. We use the same trapping excitation source to capture the spectral signatures of single FNDs and track their position. By tracking the FND, we observe the differences in the dynamics of the FND around different plasmonic structures. We envisage that our drop-casting platform can be extrapolated to perform targeted, low-power trapping, manipulation, and multimodal imaging of FNDs inside biological systems such as cells.
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7
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Riccardi M, Martin OJF. Electromagnetic Forces and Torques: From Dielectrophoresis to Optical Tweezers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1680-1711. [PMID: 36719985 PMCID: PMC9951227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic forces and torques enable many key technologies, including optical tweezers or dielectrophoresis. Interestingly, both techniques rely on the same physical process: the interaction of an oscillating electric field with a particle of matter. This work provides a unified framework to understand this interaction both when considering fields oscillating at low frequencies─dielectrophoresis─and high frequencies─optical tweezers. We draw useful parallels between these two techniques, discuss the different and often unstated assumptions they are based upon, and illustrate key applications in the fields of physical and analytical chemistry, biosensing, and colloidal science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Riccardi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Rusconi CC, Perdriat M, Hétet G, Romero-Isart O, Stickler BA. Spin-Controlled Quantum Interference of Levitated Nanorotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093605. [PMID: 36083661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe how to prepare an electrically levitated nanodiamond in a superposition of orientations via microwave driving of a single embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Suitably aligning the magnetic field with the NV center can serve to reach the regime of ultrastrong coupling between the NV and the diamond rotation, enabling single-spin control of the particle's three-dimensional orientation. We derive the effective spin-oscillator Hamiltonian for small amplitude rotation about the equilibrium configuration and develop a protocol to create and observe quantum superpositions of the particle orientation. We discuss the impact of decoherence and argue that our proposal can be realistically implemented with near-future technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo C Rusconi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Maxime Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gabriel Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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9
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Perdriat M, Huillery P, Pellet-Mary C, Hétet G. Angle Locking of a Levitating Diamond Using Spin Diamagnetism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:117203. [PMID: 35363007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.117203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds with embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have emerged as promising magnetic field sensors, as hyperpolarizing agents in biological environments, as well as efficient tools for spin mechanics with levitating particles. These applications currently suffer from random environmental interactions with the diamond which implies poor control of the N-V direction. Here, we predict and report on a strong diamagnetism of a pure spin origin mediated by a population inversion close to a level crossing in the NV center electronic ground state. We show control of the sign of the magnetic susceptibility as well as angle locking of the crystalline axis of a microdiamond along an external magnetic field, with bright perspectives for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P Huillery
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - C Pellet-Mary
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - G Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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Abstract
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Sotoma S, Okita H, Chuma S, Harada Y. Quantum nanodiamonds for sensing of biological quantities: Angle, temperature, and thermal conductivity. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:e190034. [PMID: 36349322 PMCID: PMC9592573 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring physical quantities in the nanometric region inside single cells is of great importance for understanding cellular activity. Thus, the development of biocompatible, sensitive, and reliable nanobiosensors is essential for progress in biological research. Diamond nanoparticles containing nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs), referred to as fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), have recently emerged as the sensors that show great promise for ultrasensitive nanosensing of physical quantities. FNDs emit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. Additionally, their distinctive magneto-optical properties enable an optical readout of the quantum states of the electron spin in NVC under ambient conditions. These properties enable the quantitative sensing of physical parameters (temperature, magnetic field, electric field, pH, etc.) in the vicinity of an FND; hence, FNDs are often described as “quantum sensors”. In this review, recent advancements in biosensing applications of FNDs are summarized. First, the principles of orientation and temperature sensing using FND quantum sensors are explained. Next, we introduce surface coating techniques indispensable for controlling the physicochemical properties of FNDs. The achievements of practical biological sensing using surface-coated FNDs, including orientation, temperature, and thermal conductivity, are then highlighted. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and perspectives of the quantum sensing of FND are discussed. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, In Situ Measurement of Intracellular Thermal Conductivity Using Diamond Nanoparticle, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 62, p. 122–124 (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shunsuke Chuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University
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12
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Perdriat M, Pellet-Mary C, Huillery P, Rondin L, Hétet G. Spin-Mechanics with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers and Trapped Particles. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:651. [PMID: 34206001 PMCID: PMC8227763 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the motion of macroscopic oscillators in the quantum regime has been the subject of intense research in recent decades. In this direction, opto-mechanical systems, where the motion of micro-objects is strongly coupled with laser light radiation pressure, have had tremendous success. In particular, the motion of levitating objects can be manipulated at the quantum level thanks to their very high isolation from the environment under ultra-low vacuum conditions. To enter the quantum regime, schemes using single long-lived atomic spins, such as the electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, coupled with levitating mechanical oscillators have been proposed. At the single spin level, they offer the formidable prospect of transferring the spins' inherent quantum nature to the oscillators, with foreseeable far-reaching implications in quantum sensing and tests of quantum mechanics. Adding the spin degrees of freedom to the experimentalists' toolbox would enable access to a very rich playground at the crossroads between condensed matter and atomic physics. We review recent experimental work in the field of spin-mechanics that employ the interaction between trapped particles and electronic spins in the solid state and discuss the challenges ahead. Our focus is on the theoretical background close to the current experiments, as well as on the experimental limits, that, once overcome, will enable these systems to unleash their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Clément Pellet-Mary
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Paul Huillery
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Centrale-Supélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Gabriel Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, CEDEX 05, 75231 Paris, France; (M.P.); (C.P.-M.); (P.H.)
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14
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Ortiz-Rivero E, Labrador-Páez L, Rodríguez-Sevilla P, Haro-González P. Optical Manipulation of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles: How to Overcome Their Limitations. Front Chem 2020; 8:593398. [PMID: 33240853 PMCID: PMC7680971 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.593398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Ashkin's pioneering work, optical tweezers have become an essential tool to immobilize and manipulate microscale and nanoscale objects. The use of optical tweezers is key for a variety of applications, including single-molecule spectroscopy, colloidal dynamics, tailored particle assembly, protein isolation, high-resolution surface studies, controlled investigation of biological processes, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy. In recent years, optical trapping of individual sub-100-nm objects has got the attention of the scientific community. In particular, the three-dimensional manipulation of single lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoparticles is of great interest due to the sensitivity of their luminescent properties to environmental conditions. Nevertheless, it is really challenging to trap and manipulate single lanthanide-doped nanoparticles due to the weak optical forces achieved with conventional optical trapping strategies. This limitation is caused, firstly, by the diffraction limit in the focusing of the trapping light and, secondly, by the Brownian motion of the trapped object. In this work, we summarize recent experimental approaches to increase the optical forces in the manipulation of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, focusing our attention on their surface modification and providing a critical review of the state of the art and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ortiz-Rivero
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Labrador-Páez
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paloma Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Pedernales JS, Cosco F, Plenio MB. Decoherence-Free Rotational Degrees of Freedom for Quantum Applications. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:090501. [PMID: 32915600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We employ spherical t-designs for the systematic construction of solids whose rotational degrees of freedom can be made robust to decoherence due to external fluctuating fields while simultaneously retaining their sensitivity to signals of interest. Specifically, the ratio of signal phase accumulation rate from a nearby source to the decoherence rate caused by fluctuating fields from more distant sources can be incremented to any desired level by using increasingly complex shapes. This allows for the generation of long-lived macroscopic quantum superpositions of rotational degrees of freedom and the robust generation of entanglement between two or more such solids with applications in robust quantum sensing and precision metrology as well as quantum registers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pedernales
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Cosco
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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16
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Single-particle spectroscopy for functional nanomaterials. Nature 2020; 579:41-50. [PMID: 32132689 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in nanotechnology has enabled advances in the use of luminescent nanomaterials in imaging, sensing and photonic devices. This translational process relies on controlling the photophysical properties of the building block, that is, single luminescent nanoparticles. In this Review, we highlight the importance of single-particle spectroscopy in revealing the diverse optical properties and functionalities of nanomaterials, and compare it with ensemble fluorescence spectroscopy. The information provided by this technique has guided materials science in tailoring the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve optical uniformity and to develop novel applications. We discuss the opportunities and challenges that arise from pushing the resolution limit, integrating measurement and manipulation modalities, and establishing the relationship between the structure and functionality of single nanoparticles.
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Salakhutdinov V, Sondermann M, Carbone L, Giacobino E, Bramati A, Leuchs G. Single Photons Emitted by Nanocrystals Optically Trapped in a Deep Parabolic Mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:013607. [PMID: 31976723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.013607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the emission of single photons from CdSe/CdS dots-in-rod which are optically trapped in the focus of a deep parabolic mirror. Thanks to this mirror, we are able to image almost the full 4π emission pattern of nanometer-sized elementary dipoles and verify the alignment of the rods within the optical trap. From the motional dynamics of the emitters in the trap, we infer that the single-photon emission occurs from clusters comprising several emitters. We demonstrate the optical trapping of rod-shaped quantum emitters in a configuration suitable for efficiently coupling an ensemble of linear dipoles with the electromagnetic field in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Salakhutdinov
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Giacobino
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Physics, Staudtstrasse 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Fujiwara M, Tsukahara R, Sera Y, Yukawa H, Baba Y, Shikata S, Hashimoto H. Monitoring spin coherence of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds during pH changes in aqueous buffer solutions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12606-12614. [PMID: 35515823 PMCID: PMC9063689 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the sensing stability of quantum nanosensors in aqueous buffer solutions for the two detection schemes of quantum decoherence spectroscopy and nanoscale thermometry. The electron spin properties of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in 25 nm-sized nanodiamonds have been characterized by observing individual nanodiamonds during a continuous pH change from 4 to 11. We have determined the stability of the NV quantum sensors during the pH change as the fluctuations of ±12% and ±0.2 MHz for the spin coherence time (T 2) and the resonance frequency (ω 0) of their mean values, which are comparable to the instrument error of the measurement system. We discuss the importance of characterizing the sensing stability during the pH change and how the present observation affects the measurement scheme of nanodiamond-based NV quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Ryuta Tsukahara
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sera
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku 263-8555 Chiba Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku 263-8555 Chiba Japan
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Takamatsu 761-0395 Japan
- College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Shinichi Shikata
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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Observation of the linewidth broadening of single spins in diamond nanoparticles in aqueous fluid and its relation to the rotational Brownian motion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14773. [PMID: 30283007 PMCID: PMC6170451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing the fast rotational motion of single nanoparticles has been hindered owing to the difficulty of acquiring directional information under the optical diffraction limit. Here, we report the linewidth broadening of the electron spin resonance of single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers that matches the rotational diffusion constant of the host nanodiamonds. When nanodiamonds are gradually detached from the substrates that they were fixed to, their optically detected spin resonance peaks are broadened by 1.8 MHz, which corresponds to the rotational diffusion constant of nanoparticles with a diameter of 11.4 nm from the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation.
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20
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Delord T, Huillery P, Schwab L, Nicolas L, Lecordier L, Hétet G. Ramsey Interferences and Spin Echoes from Electron Spins Inside a Levitating Macroscopic Particle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:053602. [PMID: 30118282 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on observations of Ramsey interferences and spin echoes from electron spins inside a levitating macroscopic particle. The experiment is realized using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers hosted in a micron-sized diamond stored in a Paul trap both under atmospheric conditions and under vacuum. Spin echoes are used to show that the Paul trap preserves the coherence time of the embedded electron spins for more than microseconds. Conversely, the NV spin is employed to demonstrate high angular stability of the diamond even under vacuum. These results are significant steps towards strong coupling of NV spins to the rotational mode of levitating diamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Delord
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P Huillery
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L Schwab
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L Nicolas
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L Lecordier
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - G Hétet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Yoo D, Gurunatha KL, Choi HK, Mohr DA, Ertsgaard CT, Gordon R, Oh SH. Low-Power Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles and Proteins with Resonant Coaxial Nanoaperture Using 10 nm Gap. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3637-3642. [PMID: 29763566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present optical trapping with a 10 nm gap resonant coaxial nanoaperture in a gold film. Large arrays of 600 resonant plasmonic coaxial nanoaperture traps are produced on a single chip via atomic layer lithography with each aperture tuned to match a 785 nm laser source. We show that these single coaxial apertures can act as efficient nanotweezers with a sharp potential well, capable of trapping 30 nm polystyrene nanoparticles and streptavidin molecules with a laser power as low as 4.7 mW. Furthermore, the resonant coaxial nanoaperture enables real-time label-free detection of the trapping events via simple transmission measurements. Our fabrication technique is scalable and reproducible, since the critical nanogap dimension is defined by atomic layer deposition. Thus our platform shows significant potential to push the limit of optical trapping technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehan Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Kargal L Gurunatha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Han-Kyu Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Daniel A Mohr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christopher T Ertsgaard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8P 5C2 , Canada
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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22
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Gieseler J, Millen J. Levitated Nanoparticles for Microscopic Thermodynamics-A Review. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20050326. [PMID: 33265416 PMCID: PMC7512845 DOI: 10.3390/e20050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levitated Nanoparticles have received much attention for their potential to perform quantum mechanical experiments even at room temperature. However, even in the regime where the particle dynamics are purely classical, there is a lot of interesting physics that can be explored. Here we review the application of levitated nanoparticles as a new experimental platform to explore stochastic thermodynamics in small systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gieseler
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (J.M.)
| | - James Millen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Physics, Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (J.M.)
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23
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Graphene-edge dielectrophoretic tweezers for trapping of biomolecules. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1867. [PMID: 29192277 PMCID: PMC5709377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The many unique properties of graphene, such as the tunable optical, electrical, and plasmonic response make it ideally suited for applications such as biosensing. As with other surface-based biosensors, however, the performance is limited by the diffusive transport of target molecules to the surface. Here we show that atomically sharp edges of monolayer graphene can generate singular electrical field gradients for trapping biomolecules via dielectrophoresis. Graphene-edge dielectrophoresis pushes the physical limit of gradient-force-based trapping by creating atomically sharp tweezers. We have fabricated locally backgated devices with an 8-nm-thick HfO2 dielectric layer and chemical-vapor-deposited graphene to generate 10× higher gradient forces as compared to metal electrodes. We further demonstrate near-100% position-controlled particle trapping at voltages as low as 0.45 V with nanodiamonds, nanobeads, and DNA from bulk solution within seconds. This trapping scheme can be seamlessly integrated with sensors utilizing graphene as well as other two-dimensional materials. The capability of positioning target molecules onto the edges of patterned graphene nanostructures is highly desirable. Here, the authors demonstrate that the atomically sharp edges of graphene can be used as dielectrophoretic tweezers for gradient-force-based trapping applications.
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Kim JT, Choudhury U, Jeong HH, Fischer P. Nanodiamonds That Swim. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701024. [PMID: 28605070 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are emerging as nanoscale quantum probes for bio-sensing and imaging. This necessitates the development of new methods to accurately manipulate their position and orientation in aqueous solutions. The realization of an "active" nanodiamond (ND) swimmer in fluids, composed of a ND crystal containing nitrogen vacancy centers and a light-driven self-thermophoretic micromotor, is reported. The swimmer is propelled by a local temperature gradient created by laser illumination on its metal-coated side. Its locomotion-from translational to rotational motion-is successfully controlled by shape-dependent hydrodynamic interactions. The precise engineering of the swimmer's geometry is achieved by self-assembly combined with physical vapor shadow growth. The optical addressability of the suspended ND swimmers is demonstrated by observing the electron spin resonance in the presence of magnetic fields. Active motion at the nanoscale enables new sensing capabilities combined with active transport including, potentially, in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Udit Choudhury
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 AB, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Gao Y, Yu Y, Sanchez L, Yu Y. Seeing the unseen: Imaging rotation in cells with designer anisotropic particles. Micron 2017; 101:123-131. [PMID: 28711013 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellular functions are enabled by cascades of transient biological events. Imaging and tracking the dynamics of these events have proven to be a powerful means of understanding the principles of cellular processes. These studies have typically focused on translational dynamics. By contrast, investigations of rotational dynamics have been scarce, despite emerging evidence that rotational dynamics are an inherent feature of many cellular processes and may also provide valuable clues to understanding those cell functions. Such studies have been impeded by the limited availability of suitable rotational imaging probes. This has recently changed thanks to the advances in the development of anisotropic particles for rotational imaging. In this review, we will summarize current techniques for imaging rotation using particle probes that are anisotropic in shape or optical properties. We will highlight two studies that demonstrate how these techniques can be applied to explore important facets of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Yanqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Lucero Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Salas-Montiel R, Berthel M, Beltran-Madrigal J, Huant S, Drezet A, Blaize S. Local density of electromagnetic states in plasmonic nanotapers: spatial resolution limits with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond nanospheres. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:205207. [PMID: 28323249 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most explored single quantum emitters for the development of nanoscale fluorescence lifetime imaging is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond. An NV center does not experience fluorescence bleaching or blinking at room temperature. Furthermore, its optical properties are preserved when embedded into nanodiamond hosts. This paper focuses on the modeling of the local density of states (LDOS) in a plasmonic nanofocusing structure with an NV center acting as local illumination sources. Numerical calculations of the LDOS near such a nanostructure were done with a classical electric dipole radiation placed inside a diamond sphere as well as near-field optical fluorescence lifetime imaging of the structure. We found that Purcell factors higher than ten can be reached with diamond nanospheres of radius less than 5 nm and at a distance of less than 20 nm from the surface of the structure. Although the spatial resolution of the experiment is limited by the size of the nanodiamond, our work supports the analysis and interpretation of a single NV color center in a nanodiamond as a probe for scanning near-field optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Salas-Montiel
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay-CNRS UMR 6281, Université de technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004, Troyes, France
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27
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Jensen K, Kehayias P, Budker D. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Barik A, Chen X, Oh SH. Ultralow-Power Electronic Trapping of Nanoparticles with Sub-10 nm Gold Nanogap Electrodes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6317-6324. [PMID: 27602796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate nanogap electrodes for rapid, parallel, and ultralow-power trapping of nanoparticles. Our device pushes the limit of dielectrophoresis by shrinking the separation between gold electrodes to sub-10 nm, thereby creating strong trapping forces at biases as low as the 100 mV ranges. Using high-throughput atomic layer lithography, we manufacture sub-10 nm gaps between 0.8 mm long gold electrodes and pattern them into individually addressable parallel electronic traps. Unlike pointlike junctions made by electron-beam lithography or larger micron-gap electrodes that are used for conventional dielectrophoresis, our sub-10 nm gold nanogap electrodes provide strong trapping forces over a mm-scale trapping zone. Importantly, our technology solves the key challenges associated with traditional dielectrophoresis experiments, such as high voltages that cause heat generation, bubble formation, and unwanted electrochemical reactions. The strongly enhanced fields around the nanogap induce particle-transport speed exceeding 10 μm/s and enable the trapping of 30 nm polystyrene nanoparticles using an ultralow bias of 200 mV. We also demonstrate rapid electronic trapping of quantum dots and nanodiamond particles on arrays of parallel traps. Our sub-10 nm gold nanogap electrodes can be combined with plasmonic sensors or nanophotonic circuitry, and their low-power electronic operation can potentially enable high-density integration on a chip as well as portable biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Barik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaoshu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Hoang TM, Ahn J, Bang J, Li T. Electron spin control of optically levitated nanodiamonds in vacuum. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12250. [PMID: 27432560 PMCID: PMC4960308 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron spins of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres are important quantum resources for nanoscale sensing and quantum information. Combining NV spins with levitated optomechanical resonators will provide a hybrid quantum system for novel applications. Here we optically levitate a nanodiamond and demonstrate electron spin control of its built-in NV centres in low vacuum. We observe that the strength of electron spin resonance (ESR) is enhanced when the air pressure is reduced. To better understand this system, we investigate the effects of trap power and measure the absolute internal temperature of levitated nanodiamonds with ESR after calibration of the strain effect. We also observe that oxygen and helium gases have different effects on both the photoluminescence and the ESR contrast of nanodiamond NV centres, indicating potential applications of NV centres in oxygen gas sensing. Our results pave the way towards a levitated spin–optomechanical system for studying macroscopic quantum mechanics. Hybrid systems coupling electron spins and optomechanical responses are of potential use in quantum information systems and sensing technology. Here, the authors demonstrate optical levitation of nanodiamonds and the control of their nitrogen vacancy spins in vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai M Hoang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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30
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Xu X, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Lei H, Li B. Dual focused coherent beams for three-dimensional optical trapping and continuous rotation of metallic nanostructures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29449. [PMID: 27386838 PMCID: PMC4937446 DOI: 10.1038/srep29449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles and nanowires are extremely important for nanoscience and nanotechnology. Techniques to optically trap and rotate metallic nanostructures can enable their potential applications. However, because of the destabilizing effects of optical radiation pressure, the optical trapping of large metallic particles in three dimensions is challenging. Additionally, the photothermal issues associated with optical rotation of metallic nanowires have far prevented their practical applications. Here, we utilize dual focused coherent beams to realize three-dimensional (3D) optical trapping of large silver particles. Continuous rotation of silver nanowires with frequencies measured in several hertz is also demonstrated based on interference-induced optical vortices with very low local light intensity. The experiments are interpreted by numerical simulations and calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongxiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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31
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Mestres P, Berthelot J, Aćimović SS, Quidant R. Unraveling the optomechanical nature of plasmonic trapping. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16092. [PMID: 30167173 PMCID: PMC6059943 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive and ultra-accurate optical manipulation of nanometer objects has recently gained interest as a powerful tool in nanotechnology and biophysics. Self-induced back-action (SIBA) trapping in nano-optical cavities has the unique potential for trapping and manipulating nanometer-sized objects under low optical intensities. However, thus far, the existence of the SIBA effect has been shown only indirectly via its enhanced trapping performances. In this article, we present the first time direct experimental evidence of the self-reconfiguration of the optical potential that is experienced by a nanoparticle trapped in a plasmonic nanocavity. Our observations enable us to gain further understanding of the SIBA mechanism and to determine the optimal conditions for boosting the performances of SIBA-based nano-optical tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Mestres
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johann Berthelot
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Srdjan S Aćimović
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Daly M, Truong VG, Chormaic SN. Evanescent field trapping of nanoparticles using nanostructured ultrathin optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:14470-14482. [PMID: 27410600 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.014470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While conventional optical trapping techniques can trap objects with submicron dimensions, the underlying limits imposed by the diffraction of light generally restrict their use to larger or higher refractive index particles. As the index and diameter decrease, the trapping difficulty rapidly increases; hence, the power requirements for stable trapping become so large as to quickly denature the trapped objects in such diffraction-limited systems. Here, we present an evanescent field-based device capable of confining low index nanoscale particles using modest optical powers as low as 1.2 mW, with additional applications in the field of cold atom trapping. Our experiment uses a nanostructured optical micro-nanofiber to trap 200 nm, low index contrast, fluorescent particles within the structured region, thereby overcoming diffraction limitations. We analyze the trapping potential of this device both experimentally and theoretically, and show how strong optical traps are achieved with low input powers.
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33
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Andres-Arroyo A, Gupta B, Wang F, Gooding JJ, Reece PJ. Optical Manipulation and Spectroscopy Of Silicon Nanoparticles Exhibiting Dielectric Resonances. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1903-1910. [PMID: 26848883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that silicon (Si) nanoparticles with scattering properties exhibiting strong dielectric resonances can be successfully manipulated using optical tweezers. The large dielectric constant of Si has a distinct advantage over conventional colloidal nanoparticles in that it leads to enhanced trapping forces without the heating associated with metallic nanoparticles. Further, the spectral features of the trapped nanoparticles provide a unique marker for probing size, shape, orientation and local dielectric environment. We exploit these properties to investigate the trapping dynamics of Si nanoparticles with different dimensions ranging from 50 to 200 nm and aspect ratios between 0.4 and 2. The unique combination of spectral and trapping properties make Si nanoparticles an ideal system for delivering directed nanoscale sensing in a range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Andres-Arroyo
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bakul Gupta
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J Reece
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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34
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Bradac C, Say JM, Rastogi ID, Cordina NM, Volz T, Brown LJ. Nano-assembly of nanodiamonds by conjugation to actin filaments. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:296-304. [PMID: 26296437 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) are remarkable objects. They possess unique mechanical and optical properties combined with high surface areas and controllable surface reactivity. They are non-toxic and hence suited for use in biological environments. NDs are also readily available and commercially inexpensive. Here, the exceptional capability of controlling and tailoring their surface chemistry is demonstrated. Small, bright diamond nanocrystals (size ˜30 nm) are conjugated to protein filaments of actin (length ˜3-7 µm). The conjugation to actin filaments is extremely selective and highly target-specific. These unique features, together with the relative simplicity of the conjugation-targeting method, make functionalised nanodiamonds a powerful and versatile platform in biomedicine and quantum nanotechnologies. Applications ranging from using NDs as superior biological markers to, potentially, developing novel bottom-up approaches for the fabrication of hybrid quantum devices that would bridge across the bio/solid-state interface are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jana M Say
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ishan D Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Nicole M Cordina
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Thomas Volz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Louise J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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35
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Kayci M, Radenovic A. Single florescent nanodiamond in a three dimensional ABEL trap. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16669. [PMID: 26559890 PMCID: PMC4642320 DOI: 10.1038/srep16669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional single particle trapping and manipulation is an outstanding challenge in various fields ranging from basic physics to life sciences. By monitoring the response of a trapped particle to a designed environment one can extract its characteristics. In addition, quantum dynamics of a spatially scanned well-known particle can provide environmental information. Precise tracking and positioning of such a particle in aqueous environment is crucial task for achieving nano-scale resolution. Here we experimentally demonstrate three dimensional ABEL trap operating at high frequency by employing a hybrid approach in particle tracking. The particle location in the transverse plane is detected via a scanning laser beam while the axial position is determined by defocused imaging. The scanning of the trapped particle is accomplished through a nano positioning stage integrated to the trap platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Kayci
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH -1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH -1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Rodríguez-Sevilla P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez H, Pedroni M, Speghini A, Bettinelli M, Solé JG, Jaque D, Haro-González P. Assessing Single Upconverting Nanoparticle Luminescence by Optical Tweezers. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5068-74. [PMID: 26120948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on stable, long-term immobilization and localization of a single colloidal Er(3+)/Yb(3+) codoped upconverting fluorescent nanoparticle (UCNP) by optical trapping with a single infrared laser beam. Contrary to expectations, the single UCNP emission differs from that generated by an assembly of UCNPs. The experimental data reveal that the differences can be explained in terms of modulations caused by radiation-trapping, a phenomenon not considered before but that this work reveals to be of great relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez-Sevilla
- †Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Modulo 4, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - H Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- †Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Modulo 4, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - M Pedroni
- ‡Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona and INSTM, UdR Verona, Ca' Vignal, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - A Speghini
- ‡Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona and INSTM, UdR Verona, Ca' Vignal, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - M Bettinelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona and INSTM, UdR Verona, Ca' Vignal, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - J García Solé
- †Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Modulo 4, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - D Jaque
- †Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Modulo 4, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - P Haro-González
- †Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Modulo 4, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
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37
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Bermúdez-Ureña E, Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Geiselmann M, Marty R, Radko IP, Holmgaard T, Alaverdyan Y, Moreno E, García-Vidal FJ, Bozhevolnyi SI, Quidant R. Coupling of individual quantum emitters to channel plasmons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7883. [PMID: 26249363 PMCID: PMC4918332 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient light-matter interaction lies at the heart of many emerging technologies that seek on-chip integration of solid-state photonic systems. Plasmonic waveguides, which guide the radiation in the form of strongly confined surface plasmon-polariton modes, represent a promising solution to manipulate single photons in coplanar architectures with unprecedented small footprints. Here we demonstrate coupling of the emission from a single quantum emitter to the channel plasmon polaritons supported by a V-groove plasmonic waveguide. Extensive theoretical simulations enable us to determine the position and orientation of the quantum emitter for optimum coupling. Concomitantly with these predictions, we demonstrate experimentally that 42% of a single nitrogen-vacancy centre emission efficiently couples into the supported modes of the V-groove. This work paves the way towards practical realization of efficient and long distance transfer of energy for integrated solid-state quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Geiselmann
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Renaud Marty
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ilya P. Radko
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohr Allé 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tobias Holmgaard
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Aalborg University, Skjernvej 4A, DK-9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Yury Alaverdyan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Esteban Moreno
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohr Allé 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Atre AC, Brenny BJM, Coenen T, García-Etxarri A, Polman A, Dionne JA. Nanoscale optical tomography with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:429-36. [PMID: 25849788 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomography has enabled the characterization of the Earth's interior, visualization of the inner workings of the human brain, and three-dimensional reconstruction of matter at the atomic scale. However, tomographic techniques that rely on optical excitation or detection are generally limited in their resolution by diffraction. Here, we introduce a tomographic technique--cathodoluminescence spectroscopic tomography--to probe optical properties in three dimensions with nanometre-scale spatial and spectral resolution. We first obtain two-dimensional cathodoluminescence maps of a three-dimensional nanostructure at various orientations. We then use the method of filtered back-projection to reconstruct the cathodoluminescence intensity at each wavelength. The resulting tomograms allow us to locate regions of efficient cathodoluminescence in three dimensions across visible and near-infrared wavelengths, with contributions from material luminescence and radiative decay of electromagnetic eigenmodes. The experimental signal can be further correlated with the radiative local density of optical states in particular regions of the reconstruction. We demonstrate how cathodoluminescence tomography can be used to achieve nanoscale three-dimensional visualization of light-matter interactions by reconstructing a three-dimensional metal-dielectric nanoresonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin C Atre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin J M Brenny
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Aitzol García-Etxarri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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39
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Bray K, Previdi R, Gibson BC, Shimoni O, Aharonovich I. Enhanced photoluminescence from single nitrogen-vacancy defects in nanodiamonds coated with phenol-ionic complexes. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4869-4874. [PMID: 25655482 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds are attracting major attention in the field of bio-sensing and bio-labeling. In this work we demonstrate a robust approach to achieve an encapsulation of individual nanodiamonds with phenol-ionic complexes that enhance the photoluminescence from single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. We show that single NV centres in the coated nanodiamonds also exhibit shorter lifetimes, opening another channel for high resolution sensing. We propose that the nanodiamond encapsulation reduces the non-radiative decay pathways of the NV color centers. Our results provide a versatile and assessable way to enhance photoluminescence from nanodiamond defects that can be used in a variety of sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Bray
- School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
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40
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Nanoscale probing of image-dipole interactions in a metallic nanostructure. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6558. [PMID: 25790228 PMCID: PMC4383001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An emitter near a surface induces an image dipole that can modify the observed emission intensity and radiation pattern. These image-dipole effects are generally not taken into account in single-emitter tracking and super-resolved imaging applications. Here we show that the interference between an emitter and its image dipole induces a strong polarization anisotropy and a large spatial displacement of the observed emission pattern. We demonstrate these effects by tracking the emission of a single quantum dot along two orthogonal polarizations as it is deterministically positioned near a silver nanowire. The two orthogonally polarized diffraction spots can be displaced by up to 50 nm, which arises from a Young’s interference effect between the quantum dot and its induced image dipole. We show that the observed spatially varying interference fringe provides a useful measure for correcting image-dipole-induced distortions. These results provide a pathway towards probing and correcting image-dipole effects in near-field imaging applications. An emitter near a surface induces an image dipole that alters the emission pattern and creates errors in single-particle imaging applications. Here, Ropp et al. show that an image dipole can distort the polarization and measured position of an emitter, and that these distortions can be corrected.
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41
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Lim K, Ropp C, Shapiro B, Taylor JM, Waks E. Scanning localized magnetic fields in a microfluidic device with a single nitrogen vacancy center. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1481-1486. [PMID: 25654268 DOI: 10.1021/nl503280u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond enable local magnetic field sensing with high sensitivity by optical detection of electron spin resonance (ESR). The integration of this capability with microfluidic technology has a broad range of applications in chemical and biological sensing. We demonstrate a method to perform localized magnetometry in a microfluidic device with a 48 nm spatial precision. The device manipulates individual magnetic particles in three dimensions using a combination of flow control and magnetic actuation. We map out the local field distribution of the magnetic particle by manipulating it in the vicinity of a single NV center and optically detecting the induced Zeeman shift with a magnetic field sensitivity of 17.5 μT Hz(-1/2). Our results enable accurate nanoscale mapping of the magnetic field distribution of a broad range of target objects in a microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmook Lim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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42
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Sotoma S, Igarashi R, Iimura J, Kumiya Y, Tochio H, Harada Y, Shirakawa M. Suppression of Nonspecific Protein–Nanodiamond Adsorption Enabling Specific Targeting of Nanodiamonds to Biomolecules of Interest. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.141036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sotoma
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Ryuji Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Jun Iimura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yuta Kumiya
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Hidehito Tochio
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Near-field microscopy with a scanning nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond nanocrystal: A brief review. Micron 2015; 70:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Al Balushi AA, Kotnala A, Wheaton S, Gelfand RM, Rajashekara Y, Gordon R. Label-free free-solution nanoaperture optical tweezers for single molecule protein studies. Analyst 2015; 140:4760-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanoaperture optical tweezers have enabled studies of single nanoparticles like proteins in label-free, free-solution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al Balushi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Abhay Kotnala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Skyler Wheaton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Ryan M. Gelfand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Yashaswini Rajashekara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada V8P5C2
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45
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Sotoma S, Akagi K, Hosokawa S, Igarashi R, Tochio H, Harada Y, Shirakawa M. Comprehensive and quantitative analysis for controlling the physical/chemical states and particle properties of nanodiamonds for biological applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical/chemical states and properties of nanodiamonds subjected to thermal annealing and air oxidation, which are indispensable processes for the preparation of fluorescent nanodiamonds, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sotoma
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - K. Akagi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - S. Hosokawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - R. Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - H. Tochio
- Department of Biophysics
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Y. Harada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - M. Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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46
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Kayci M, Chang HC, Radenovic A. Electron spin resonance of nitrogen-vacancy defects embedded in single nanodiamonds in an ABEL trap. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5335-41. [PMID: 25111386 DOI: 10.1021/nl5023964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature optically detected magnetic resonance of a single quantum object with nanoscale position control is an outstanding challenge in many areas, particularly in the life sciences. We introduce a novel approach to control the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers hosted in a single fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) for which an anti-Brownian electrokinetic trap (ABEL) performs the position control and an integrated radiofrequency (RF) circuit provides enhanced magnetic flux density for ensemble spin-state control simultaneously. We demonstrate static magnetic field sensing in platforms compatible with ABEL trap. With the advances in the synthesis and functionalization of stable arbitrarily small FNDs, we foresee the use of our device for the trapping and manipulation of single molecular-sized FNDs in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Kayci
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Pang Y, Song H, Kim JH, Hou X, Cheng W. Optical trapping of individual human immunodeficiency viruses in culture fluid reveals heterogeneity with single-molecule resolution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:624-30. [PMID: 25038779 PMCID: PMC4125448 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers use the momentum of photons to trap and manipulate microscopic objects, contact-free, in three dimensions. Although this technique has been widely used in biology and nanotechnology to study molecular motors, biopolymers and nanostructures, its application to study viruses has been very limited, largely due to their small size. Here, using optical tweezers that can simultaneously resolve two-photon fluorescence at the single-molecule level, we show that individual HIV-1 viruses can be optically trapped and manipulated, allowing multi-parameter analysis of single virions in culture fluid under native conditions. We show that individual HIV-1 differs in the numbers of envelope glycoproteins by more than one order of magnitude, which implies substantial heterogeneity of these virions in transmission and infection at the single-particle level. Analogous to flow cytometry for cells, this fluid-based technique may allow ultrasensitive detection, multi-parameter analysis and sorting of viruses and other nanoparticles in biological fluid with single-molecule resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Cheng
- Corresponding author: University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, Tel: (734) 763-3709, Fax: (734) 615-6162,
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48
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Balasubramanian G, Lazariev A, Arumugam SR, Duan DW. Nitrogen-Vacancy color center in diamond—emerging nanoscale applications in bioimaging and biosensing. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 20:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Schell AW, Engel P, Werra JFM, Wolff C, Busch K, Benson O. Scanning single quantum emitter fluorescence lifetime imaging: quantitative analysis of the local density of photonic states. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2623-2627. [PMID: 24694035 DOI: 10.1021/nl500460c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Their intrinsic properties render single quantum systems as ideal tools for quantum enhanced sensing and microscopy. As an additional benefit, their size is typically on an atomic scale that enables sensing with very high spatial resolution. Here, we report on utilizing a single nitrogen vacancy center in nanodiamond for performing three-dimensional scanning-probe fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. By measuring changes of the single emitter's lifetime, information on the local density of optical states is acquired at the nanoscale. Three-dimensional ab initio discontinuous Galerkin time-domain simulations are used in order to verify the results and to obtain additional insights. This combination of experiment and simulations to gather quantitative information on the local density of optical states is of direct relevance for the understanding of fundamental quantum optical processes as well as for the engineering of novel photonic and plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Schell
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Institut für Physik, AG Nanooptik, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Schirhagl R, Chang K, Loretz M, Degen CL. Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond: Nanoscale Sensors for Physics and Biology. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:83-105. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Loretz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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