1
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Trallero-Giner C, Santiago-Pérez DG, Tkachenko DV, Marques GE, Fomin VM. Raman scattering owing to magneto-polaron states in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12857. [PMID: 38834720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Magneto-optical measurements are fundamental research tools that allow for studying the hitherto unexplored optical transitions and the related applications of topological two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). A theoretical model is developed for the first-order magneto-resonant Raman scattering in a monolayer of TMD. A significant number of avoided crossing points involving optical phonons in the magneto-polaron (MP) spectrum, a superposition of the electron and hole states in the excitation branches, and their manifestations in optical transitions at various light scattering configurations are unique features for these 2D structures. The Raman intensity reveals three resonant splittings of double avoided-crossing levels. The three excitation branches are present in the MP spectrum provoked by the coupling of the Landau levels in the conduction and valence bands via an out-of-plane A 1 -optical phonon mode. The energy gaps at the anticrossing points in the MP scattering spectrum are revealed as a function of the electron and hole optical deformation potential constants. The resonant MP Raman scattering efficiency profile allows for quantifying the relative contribution of the conduction and valence bands in the formation of MPs. The results obtained are a guideline for controlling MP effects on the magneto-optical properties of TMD semiconductors, which open pathways to novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trallero-Giner
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - D G Santiago-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Ave. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - D V Tkachenko
- Pridnestrovian State University, 25 October Str., 128, 3300, Tiraspol, Republic of Moldova
| | - G E Marques
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13.565-905, Brazil
| | - V M Fomin
- Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies (IET), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraβe 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Moldova State University, Str. A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova.
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2
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Sayyad M, Kopaczek J, Gilardoni CM, Chen W, Xiong Y, Yang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kudrawiec R, Hautier G, Atatüre M, Tongay SA. The Defects Genome of Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403583. [PMID: 38743929 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
2D Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted much interest due to their exciting quantum properties arising from their unique two-faced structure, broken-mirror symmetry, and consequent colossal polarization field within the monolayer. While efforts are made to achieve high-quality Janus monolayers, the existing methods rely on highly energetic processes that introduce unwanted grain-boundary and point defects with still unexplored effects on the material's structural and excitonic properties Through high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM), density functional theory (DFT), and optical spectroscopy measurements; this work introduces the most encountered and energetically stable point defects. It establishes their impact on the material's optical properties. HRSTEM studies show that the most energetically stable point defects are single (VS and VSe) and double chalcogen vacancy (VS -VSe), interstitial defects (Mi), and metal impurities (MW) and establish their structural characteristics. DFT further establishes their formation energies and related localized bands within the forbidden band. Cryogenic excitonic studies on h-BN-encapsulated Janus monolayers offer a clear correlation between these structural defects and observed emission features, which closely align with the results of the theory. The overall results introduce the defect genome of Janus TMDs as an essential guideline for assessing their structural quality and device properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sayyad
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jan Kopaczek
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Carmem M Gilardoni
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Weiru Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Yihuang Xiong
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shize Yang
- Aberration Corrected Electron Microscopy Core, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Robert Kudrawiec
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Geoffroy Hautier
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Seth Ariel Tongay
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287, USA
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3
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Foutty BA, Kometter CR, Devakul T, Reddy AP, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fu L, Feldman BE. Mapping twist-tuned multiband topology in bilayer WSe 2. Science 2024; 384:343-347. [PMID: 38669569 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor moiré superlattices have been shown to host a wide array of interaction-driven ground states. However, twisted homobilayers have been difficult to study in the limit of large moiré wavelengths, where interactions are most dominant. In this study, we conducted local electronic compressibility measurements of twisted bilayer WSe2 (tWSe2) at small twist angles. We demonstrated multiple topological bands that host a series of Chern insulators at zero magnetic field near a "magic angle" around 1.23°. Using a locally applied electric field, we induced a topological quantum-phase transition at one hole per moiré unit cell. Our work establishes the topological phase diagram of a generalized Kane-Mele-Hubbard model in tWSe2, demonstrating a tunable platform for strongly correlated topological phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Foutty
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carlos R Kometter
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Trithep Devakul
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aidan P Reddy
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Liang Fu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin E Feldman
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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4
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Carey B, Wessling NK, Steeger P, Schmidt R, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Bratschitsch R, Arora A. Giant Faraday rotation in atomically thin semiconductors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3082. [PMID: 38600090 PMCID: PMC11006678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Faraday rotation is a fundamental effect in the magneto-optical response of solids, liquids and gases. Materials with a large Verdet constant find applications in optical modulators, sensors and non-reciprocal devices, such as optical isolators. Here, we demonstrate that the plane of polarization of light exhibits a giant Faraday rotation of several degrees around the A exciton transition in hBN-encapsulated monolayers of WSe2 and MoSe2 under moderate magnetic fields. This results in the highest known Verdet constant of -1.9 × 107 deg T-1 cm-1 for any material in the visible regime. Additionally, interlayer excitons in hBN-encapsulated bilayer MoS2 exhibit a large Verdet constant (VIL ≈ +2 × 105 deg T-1 cm-2) of opposite sign compared to A excitons in monolayers. The giant Faraday rotation is due to the giant oscillator strength and high g-factor of the excitons in atomically thin semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. We deduce the complete in-plane complex dielectric tensor of hBN-encapsulated WSe2 and MoSe2 monolayers, which is vital for the prediction of Kerr, Faraday and magneto-circular dichroism spectra of 2D heterostructures. Our results pose a crucial advance in the potential usage of two-dimensional materials in ultrathin optical polarization devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Carey
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nils Kolja Wessling
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Steeger
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ashish Arora
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Jeong H, Nomenyo K, Oh HM, Gwiazda A, Yun SJ, Chevalier César C, Salas-Montiel R, Wourè-Nadiri Bayor S, Jeong MS, Lee YH, Lérondel G. Ultrahigh Photosensitivity Based on Single-Step Lay-on Integration of Freestanding Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4432-4442. [PMID: 38284564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted significant attention because of their unique intrinsic properties, such as high transparency, good flexibility, atomically thin structure, and predictable electron transport. However, the current state of device performance in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide-based optoelectronics is far from commercialization, because of its substantial strain on the heterogeneous planar substrate and its robust metal deposition, which causes crystalline damage. In this study, we show that strain-relaxed and undamaged monolayer WSe2 can improve a device performance significantly. We propose here an original point-cell-type photodetector. The device consists in a monolayer of an absorbing TMD (i.e., WSe2) simply deposited on a structured electrode, i.e., core-shell silicon-gold nanopillars. The maximum photoresponsivity of the device is found to be 23.16 A/W, which is a significantly high value for monolayer WSe2-based photodetectors. Such point-cell photodetectors can resolve the critical issues of 2D materials, leading to tremendous improvements in device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Komla Nomenyo
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Département de Génie Electrique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (ENSI), Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Hye Min Oh
- Department of Physics, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Agnieszka Gwiazda
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Clotaire Chevalier César
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Rafael Salas-Montiel
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
| | - Sibiri Wourè-Nadiri Bayor
- Département de Génie Electrique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (ENSI), Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilles Lérondel
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux et nanotechnologie, CNRS UMR 7076, Université de Technologie de Troyes, BP 2060, 10010 Troyes, France
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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6
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Liu H, Wu Y, Wu Z, Liu S, Zhang VL, Yu T. Coexisting Phases in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Overview, Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2708-2729. [PMID: 38252696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made in phase engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), thereby allowing controlled synthesis of various phases of TMDCs and facile conversion between them. Recently, there has been emerging interest in TMDC coexisting phases, which contain multiple phases within one nanostructured TMDC. By taking advantage of the merits from the component phases, the coexisting phases offer enhanced performance in many aspects compared with single-phase TMDCs. Herein, this review article thoroughly expounds the latest progress and ongoing efforts on the syntheses, properties, and applications of TMDC coexisting phases. The introduction section overviews the main phases of TMDCs (2H, 3R, 1T, 1T', 1Td), along with the advantages of phase coexistence. The subsequent section focuses on the synthesis methods for coexisting phases of TMDCs, with particular attention to local patterning and random formations. Furthermore, on the basis of the versatile properties of TMDC coexisting phases, their applications in magnetism, valleytronics, field-effect transistors, memristors, and catalysis are discussed. Lastly, a perspective is presented on the future development, challenges, and potential opportunities of TMDC coexisting phases. This review aims to provide insights into the phase engineering of 2D materials for both scientific and engineering communities and contribute to further advancements in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- School of Physics and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Vanessa Li Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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7
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Cong X, Mohammadi PA, Zheng M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Rhodes D, Zhang XX. Interplay of valley polarized dark trion and dark exciton-polaron in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5657. [PMID: 37704654 PMCID: PMC10500002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between charges and excitons involve complex many-body interactions at high densities. The exciton-polaron model has been adopted to understand the Fermi sea screening of charged excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. The results provide good agreement with absorption measurements, which are dominated by dilute bright exciton responses. Here we investigate the Fermi sea dressing of spin-forbidden dark excitons in monolayer WSe2. With a Zeeman field, the valley-polarized dark excitons show distinct p-doping dependence in photoluminescence when the carriers reach a critical density. This density can be interpreted as the onset of strongly modified Fermi sea interactions and shifts with increasing exciton density. Through valley-selective excitation and dynamics measurements, we also infer an intervalley coupling between the dark trions and exciton-polarons mediated by the many-body interactions. Our results reveal the evolution of Fermi sea screening with increasing exciton density and the impacts of polaron-polaron interactions, which lay the foundation for understanding electronic correlations and many-body interactions in 2D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Mingyang Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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8
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Wagner K, Iakovlev ZA, Ziegler JD, Cuccu M, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Glazov MM, Chernikov A. Diffusion of Excitons in a Two-Dimensional Fermi Sea of Free Charges. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37220259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Propagation of light-emitting quasiparticles is of central importance across the fields of condensed matter physics and nanomaterials science. We experimentally demonstrate diffusion of excitons in the presence of a continuously tunable Fermi sea of free charge carriers in a monolayer semiconductor. Light emission from tightly bound exciton states in electrically gated WSe2 monolayer is detected using spatially and temporally resolved microscopy. The measurements reveal a nonmonotonic dependence of the exciton diffusion coefficient on the charge carrier density in both electron and hole doped regimes. Supported by analytical theory describing exciton-carrier interactions in a dissipative system, we identify distinct regimes of elastic scattering and quasiparticle formation determining exciton diffusion. The crossover region exhibits a highly unusual behavior of an increasing diffusion coefficient with increasing carrier densities. Temperature-dependent diffusion measurements further reveal characteristic signatures of freely propagating excitonic complexes dressed by free charges with effective mobilities up to 3 × 103 cm2/(V s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koloman Wagner
- Institute of Applied Physics and Wüzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas D Ziegler
- Institute of Applied Physics and Wüzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marzia Cuccu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Wüzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | | | - Alexey Chernikov
- Institute of Applied Physics and Wüzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Feuer MG, Montblanch ARP, Sayyad MY, Purser CM, Qin Y, Alexeev EM, Cadore AR, Rosa BLT, Kerfoot J, Mostaani E, Kalȩba R, Kolari P, Kopaczek J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ferrari AC, Kara DM, Tongay S, Atatüre M. Identification of Exciton Complexes in Charge-Tunable Janus W SeS Monolayers. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7326-7334. [PMID: 37058341 PMCID: PMC10134503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Janus transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers are artificial materials, where one plane of chalcogen atoms is replaced by chalcogen atoms of a different type. Theory predicts an in-built out-of-plane electric field, giving rise to long-lived, dipolar excitons, while preserving direct-bandgap optical transitions in a uniform potential landscape. Previous Janus studies had broad photoluminescence (>18 meV) spectra obfuscating their specific excitonic origin. Here, we identify the neutral and the negatively charged inter- and intravalley exciton transitions in Janus WSeS monolayers with ∼6 meV optical line widths. We integrate Janus monolayers into vertical heterostructures, allowing doping control. Magneto-optic measurements indicate that monolayer WSeS has a direct bandgap at the K points. Our results pave the way for applications such as nanoscale sensing, which relies on resolving excitonic energy shifts, and the development of Janus-based optoelectronic devices, which requires charge-state control and integration into vertical heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. G. Feuer
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | | | - Mohammed Y. Sayyad
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Carola M. Purser
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Ying Qin
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Evgeny M. Alexeev
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Alisson R. Cadore
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Barbara L. T. Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - James Kerfoot
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Elaheh Mostaani
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Radosław Kalȩba
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Pranvera Kolari
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jan Kopaczek
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, U.K.
| | - Dhiren M. Kara
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, U.K.
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10
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Rong R, Liu Y, Nie X, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Guo W. The Interaction of 2D Materials With Circularly Polarized Light. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206191. [PMID: 36698292 PMCID: PMC10074140 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
2D materials (2DMs), due to spin-valley locking degree of freedom, exhibit strongly bound exciton and chiral optical selection rules and become promising material candidates for optoelectronic and spin/valleytronic devices. Over the last decade, the manifesting of 2D materials by circularly polarized lights expedites tremendous fascinating phenomena, such as valley/exciton Hall effect, Moiré exciton, optical Stark effect, circular dichroism, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and spintronic property. In this review, recent advance in the interaction of circularly polarized light with 2D materials covering from graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides, van der Waals heterostructures as well as small proportion of quasi-2D perovskites and topological materials, is overviewed. The confronted challenges and theoretical and experimental opportunities are also discussed, attempting to accelerate the prosperity of chiral light-2DMs interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Xuchen Nie
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Yanpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structuresand Institute for Frontier ScienceNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China
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11
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Manninen J, Laitinen A, Massel F, Hakonen P. Mechanical Detection of the De Haas-van Alphen Effect in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9869-9875. [PMID: 36511693 PMCID: PMC9801430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In our work, we study the dynamics of a graphene Corbino disk supported by a gold mechanical resonator in the presence of a magnetic field. We demonstrate here that our graphene/gold mechanical structure exhibits a nontrivial resonance frequency dependence on the applied magnetic field, showing how this feature is indicative of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in the graphene Corbino disk. Relying on the mechanical resonances of the Au structure, our detection scheme is essentially independent of the material considered and can be applied for dHvA measurements on any conducting 2D material. In particular, the scheme is expected to be an important tool in studies of centrosymmetric transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) crystals, shedding new light on hidden magnetization and interaction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso Manninen
- Low
Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO
Box 15100, AaltoFI-00076, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 15100, AaltoFI-00076, Finland
| | - Antti Laitinen
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Francesco Massel
- Department
of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, JyväskyläFIN 40014, Finland
- Department
of Science and Industry Systems, University
of South-Eastern Norway, PO Box 235, Kongsberg3616, Norway
| | - Pertti Hakonen
- Low
Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO
Box 15100, AaltoFI-00076, Finland
- QTF
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 15100, AaltoFI-00076, Finland
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12
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Och M, Anastasiou K, Leontis I, Zemignani GZ, Palczynski P, Mostaed A, Sokolikova MS, Alexeev EM, Bai H, Tartakovskii AI, Lischner J, Nellist PD, Russo S, Mattevi C. Synthesis of mono- and few-layered n-type WSe 2 from solid state inorganic precursors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15651-15662. [PMID: 36189726 PMCID: PMC9631355 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the charge transport properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is pivotal to their future device integration in post-silicon technologies. To date, co-doping of TMDs during growth still proves to be challenging, and the synthesis of doped WSe2, an otherwise ambipolar material, has been mainly limited to p-doping. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of high-quality n-type monolayered WSe2 flakes using a solid-state precursor for Se, zinc selenide. n-Type transport has been reported with prime electron mobilities of up to 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. We also demonstrate the tuneability of doping to p-type transport with hole mobilities of 50 cm2 V-1 s-1 after annealing in air. n-Doping has been attributed to the presence of Zn adatoms on the WSe2 flakes as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spatially resolved time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and angular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (AD-STEM) characterization of WSe2 flakes. Monolayer WSe2 flakes exhibit a sharp photoluminescence (PL) peak at room temperature and highly uniform emission across the entire flake area, indicating a high degree of crystallinity of the material. This work provides new insight into the synthesis of TMDs with charge carrier control, to pave the way towards post-silicon electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Och
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Ioannis Leontis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Giulia Zoe Zemignani
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pawel Palczynski
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Ali Mostaed
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | | | - Evgeny M Alexeev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Haoyu Bai
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | - Johannes Lischner
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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13
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Le Thi HY, Ngo TD, Phan NAN, Yoo WJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Aoki N, Bird JP, Kim GH. Self-Forming p-n Junction Diode Realized with WSe 2 Surface and Edge Dual Contacts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204547. [PMID: 36216594 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their practical applications, two-dimensional semiconductor p-n diodes have attracted enormous attention. Over the past decade, various methods, such as chemical doping, heterojunction structures, and metallization using metals with different work functions, have been reported for fabrication of such devices. In this study, a lateral p-n junction diode is formed in tungsten diselenide (WSe2 ) using a combination of edge and surface contacts. The appearance of amorphous tungsten oxide at etched WSe2 , and the formation of a junction near the edge contact, are verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The device demonstrates high on/off ratio for both the edge and surface contacts, with respective values of 107 and 108 . The diode can achieve extremely high mobility of up to 168 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a rectification ratio of 103 . The ideality factor is 1.11 at a back gate voltage VG = 60 V at 300 K. The devices with encapsulation of hexagonal boron nitride exhibit good stability to atmospheric exposure, over a measured period of 2 months. In addition, the architecture of the contacts, which is based on a single-channel device, should be advantageous for the implementation of more complicated applications such as inverters, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yen Le Thi
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Centre, Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tien Dat Ngo
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Centre, Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhat Anh Nguyen Phan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Centre, Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Material Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Aoki
- Department of Materials Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Bird
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Gil-Ho Kim
- Samsung-SKKU Graphene Centre, Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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14
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Hao K, Shreiner R, Kindseth A, High AA. Optically controllable magnetism in atomically thin semiconductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7650. [PMID: 36179032 PMCID: PMC9524837 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report evidence that ferromagnetic order in electrostatically doped, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors can be stabilized and controlled at zero magnetic field by local optical pumping. We use circular dichroism (CD) in reflectivity from excitonic states as a spatially resolved probe of charge-carrier spin polarization. At electron densities ne ~ 1012 cm-2, a diffraction-limited, circularly polarized optical pump breaks symmetry between oppositely polarized magnetic states and stabilizes long-range magnetic order, with carrier polarization exceeding 80% over an 8 μm by 5 μm extent. In time-resolved measurements with pulsed optical excitation, we observe that magnetic interactions amplify the initial pump-induced spin polarization by more than an order of magnitude. The optical control of magnetism with local optical pumps will unlock advancements in spin and optical technologies and provides a versatile tool in the study of correlated phases in two-dimensional electron gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert Shreiner
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew Kindseth
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander A. High
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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15
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Zheng H, Zhai D, Yao W. Anomalous Magneto-Optical Response and Chiral Interface of Dipolar Excitons at Twisted Valleys. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5466-5472. [PMID: 35713477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An anomalous magneto-optical spectrum is discovered for dipolar valley excitons in twisted double-layer transition metal dichalcogenides, where the in-plane magnetic field induces a sizable multiplet splitting of exciton states inside the light cone. Chiral dispersions of the split branches make possible an efficient optical injection of the unidirectional exciton current. We also find an analog effect with a modest heterostrain replacing the magnetic field for introducing large splitting and chiral dispersions in the light cone. Angular orientation of the photoinjected exciton flow can be controlled by strain, with left-right unidirectionality selected by circular polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dawei Zhai
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Ren L, Lombez L, Robert C, Beret D, Lagarde D, Urbaszek B, Renucci P, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Crooker SA, Marie X. Optical Detection of Long Electron Spin Transport Lengths in a Monolayer Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:027402. [PMID: 35867459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.027402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using a spatially resolved optical pump-probe experiment, we measure the lateral transport of spin-valley polarized electrons over very long distances (tens of micrometers) in a single WSe_{2} monolayer. By locally pumping the Fermi sea of 2D electrons to a high degree of spin-valley polarization (up to 75%) using circularly polarized light, the lateral diffusion of the electron polarization can be mapped out via the photoluminescence induced by a spatially separated and linearly polarized probe laser. Up to 25% spin-valley polarization is observed at pump-probe separations up to 20 μm. Characteristic spin-valley diffusion lengths of 18±3 μm are revealed at low temperatures. The dependence on temperature, pump helicity, pump intensity, and electron density highlight the key roles played by spin relaxation time and pumping efficiency on polarized electron transport in monolayer semiconductors possessing spin-valley locking.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ren
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - L Lombez
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - C Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Beret
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Lagarde
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - B Urbaszek
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - P Renucci
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-00044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-00044, Japan
| | - S A Crooker
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - X Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Av. Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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17
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Sul O, Seo H, Choi E, Kim S, Gong J, Bang J, Ju H, Oh S, Lee Y, Sun H, Kwon M, Kang K, Hong J, Yang EH, Chung Y, Lee SB. An Ultralow Power Mixed Dimensional Heterojunction Transistor Based on the Charge Plasma pn Junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202153. [PMID: 35754305 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of a reliable doping method for 2D materials is a key issue to adopt the materials in the future microelectronic circuits and to replace the silicon, keeping the Moore's law toward the sub-10 nm channel length. Especially hole doping is highly required, because most of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) among the 2D materials are electron-doped by sulfur vacancies in their atomic structures. Here, hole doping of a TMDC, tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) using the silicon substrate as the dopant medium is demonstrated. An ultralow-power current sourcing transistor or a gated WS2 pn diode is fabricated based on a charge plasma pn heterojunction formed between the WS2 thin-film and heavily doped bulk silicon. An ultralow switchable output current down to 0.01 nA µm-1 , an off-state current of ≈1 × 10-14 A µm-1 , a static power consumption range of 1 fW µm-1 -1 pW µm-1 , and an output current ratio of 103 at 0.1 V supply voltage are achieved. The charge plasma heterojunction allows a stable (less than 3% variation) output current regardless of the gate voltage once it is turned on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onejae Sul
- Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Seo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsuk Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjin Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsil Gong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Bang
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungbeen Ju
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Oh
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Lee
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Kwon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jinki Hong
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Yunchul Chung
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Beck Lee
- Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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18
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Bloch J, Cavalleri A, Galitski V, Hafezi M, Rubio A. Strongly correlated electron-photon systems. Nature 2022; 606:41-48. [PMID: 35614214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of modern condensed-matter physics involves the search for states of matter with emergent properties and desirable functionalities. Although the tools for material design remain relatively limited, notable advances have been recently achieved by controlling interactions at heterointerfaces, precise alignment of low-dimensional materials and the use of extreme pressures. Here we highlight a paradigm based on controlling light-matter interactions, which provides a way to manipulate and synthesize strongly correlated quantum matter. We consider the case in which both electron-electron and electron-photon interactions are strong and give rise to a variety of phenomena. Photon-mediated superconductivity, cavity fractional quantum Hall physics and optically driven topological phenomena in low dimensions are among the frontiers discussed in this Perspective, which highlights a field that we term here 'strongly correlated electron-photon science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Universite Paris Saclay - CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrea Cavalleri
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Galitski
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Mohammad Hafezi
- Departments of Physics and ECE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Islam S, Shamim S, Ghosh A. Benchmarking Noise and Dephasing in Emerging Electrical Materials for Quantum Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2109671. [PMID: 35545231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As quantum technologies develop, a specific class of electrically conducting materials is rapidly gaining interest because they not only form the core quantum-enabled elements in superconducting qubits, semiconductor nanostructures, or sensing devices, but also the peripheral circuitry. The phase coherence of the electronic wave function in these emerging materials will be crucial when incorporated in the quantum architecture. The loss of phase memory, or dephasing, occurs when a quantum system interacts with the fluctuations in the local electromagnetic environment, which manifests in "noise" in the electrical conductivity. Hence, characterizing these materials and devices therefrom, for quantum applications, requires evaluation of both dephasing and noise, although there are very few materials where these properties are investigated simultaneously. Here, the available data on magnetotransport and low-frequency fluctuations in electrical conductivity are reviewed to benchmark the dephasing and noise. The focus is on new materials that are of direct interest to quantum technologies. The physical processes causing dephasing and noise in these systems are elaborated, the impact of both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters from materials synthesis and devices realization are evaluated, and it is hoped that a clearer pathway to design and characterize both material and devices for quantum applications is thus provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Islam
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Saquib Shamim
- Experimentelle Physik III, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Topological Insulators, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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20
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Li J, Goryca M, Choi J, Xu X, Crooker SA. Many-Body Exciton and Intervalley Correlations in Heavily Electron-Doped WSe 2 Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:426-432. [PMID: 34918936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, many-body correlations can manifest in optical spectra when electron-hole pairs (excitons) are photoexcited into a 2D Fermi sea of mobile carriers. At low carrier densities, the formation of charged excitons (X±) is well documented. However, in WSe2 monolayers, an additional absorption resonance, often called X-', emerges at high electron density. Its origin is not understood. Here, we investigate the X-' state via polarized absorption spectroscopy of gated WSe2 monolayers in magnetic fields to 60T. Field-induced filling and emptying of the lowest optically active Landau level in the K' valley causes repeated quenching of the corresponding optical absorption. Surprisingly, these quenchings are accompanied by absorption changes to higher Landau levels in both K' and K valleys, which are unoccupied. These results cannot be reconciled within a single-particle picture, and demonstrate the many-body nature and intervalley correlations of the X-' quasiparticle state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mateusz Goryca
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Junho Choi
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Scott A Crooker
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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21
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Continuous Mott transition in semiconductor moiré superlattices. Nature 2021; 597:350-354. [PMID: 34526709 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of a Landau Fermi liquid into a non-magnetic Mott insulator with increasing electronic interactions is one of the most puzzling quantum phase transitions in physics1-6. The vicinity of the transition is believed to host exotic states of matter such as quantum spin liquids4-7, exciton condensates8 and unconventional superconductivity1. Semiconductor moiré materials realize a highly controllable Hubbard model simulator on a triangular lattice9-22, providing a unique opportunity to drive a metal-insulator transition (MIT) via continuous tuning of the electronic interactions. Here, by electrically tuning the effective interaction strength in MoTe2/WSe2 moiré superlattices, we observe a continuous MIT at a fixed filling of one electron per unit cell. The existence of quantum criticality is supported by the scaling collapse of the resistance, a continuously vanishing charge gap as the critical point is approached from the insulating side, and a diverging quasiparticle effective mass from the metallic side. We also observe a smooth evolution of the magnetic susceptibility across the MIT and no evidence of long-range magnetic order down to ~5% of the Curie-Weiss temperature. This signals an abundance of low-energy spinful excitations on the insulating side that is further corroborated by the Pomeranchuk effect observed on the metallic side. Our results are consistent with the universal critical theory of a continuous Mott transition in two dimensions4,23.
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22
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Liu H, Fu D, Li X, Han J, Chen X, Wu X, Sun B, Tang W, Ke C, Wu Y, Wu Z, Kang J. Enhanced Valley Splitting in Monolayer WSe 2 by Phase Engineering. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8244-8251. [PMID: 33982558 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lifting the valley degeneracy in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides could promote their applications in information processing. Various external regulations, including magnetic substrate, magnetic doping, electric field, and carrier doping, have been implemented to enhance the valley splitting under the magnetic field. Here, a phase engineering strategy, through modifying the intrinsic lattice structure, is proposed to enhance the valley splitting in monolayer WSe2. The valley splitting in hybrid H and T phase WSe2 is tunable by the concentration of the T phase. An obvious valley splitting of ∼4.1 meV is obtained with the T phase concentration of 31% under ±5 T magnetic fields, which corresponds to an effective Landé geff factor of -14, about 3.5-fold of that in pure H-WSe2. Comparing the temperature and magnetic field dependent polarized photoluminescence and also combining the theoretical simulations reveal the enhanced valley splitting is dominantly attributed to exchange interaction of H phase WSe2 with the local magnetic moments induced by the T phase. This finding provides a convenient solution for lifting the valley degeneracy of two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Fu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Han
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodie Chen
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofan Sun
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Congming Ke
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Kang
- Department of Physics, OSED, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Wu L, Cong C, Yang W, Chen Y, Shao Y, Do TTH, Wen W, Feng S, Zou C, Zhang H, Du B, Cao B, Shang J, Xiong Q, Loh KP, Yu T. Observation of Strong Valley Magnetic Response in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Alloys of Mo 0.5W 0.5Se 2 and Mo 0.5W 0.5Se 2/WS 2 Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8397-8406. [PMID: 33881826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) alloys have emerged as a unique material system for promising applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and spintronics due to their tunable electronic structures, effective masses of carriers, and valley polarization with various alloy compositions. Although spin-orbit engineering has been extensively studied in monolayer TMD alloys, the valley Zeeman effect in these alloys still remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate the enhanced valley magnetic response in Mo0.5W0.5Se2 alloy monolayers and Mo0.5W0.5Se2/WS2 heterostructures probed by magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy. The large g factors of negatively charged excitons (trions) of Mo0.5W0.5Se2 have been extracted for both pure Mo0.5W0.5Se2 monolayers and Mo0.5W0.5Se2/WS2 heterostructures, which are attributed to the significant impact of doping-induced strong many-body Coulomb interactions on trion emissions under an out-of-plane magnetic field. Moreover, compared with the monolayer Mo0.5W0.5Se2, the slightly reduced valley Zeeman splitting in Mo0.5W0.5Se2/WS2 is a consequence of the weakened exchange interaction arising from p-doping in Mo0.5W0.5Se2 via interlayer charge transfer between Mo0.5W0.5Se2 and WS2. Such interlayer charge transfer further evidences the formation of type-II band alignment, in agreement with the density functional theory calculations. Our findings give insights into the spin-valley and interlayer coupling effects in monolayer TMD alloys and their heterostructures, which are essential to develop valleytronic applications based on the emerging family of TMD alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Wu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Chunxiao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Weihuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of RF Circuits and System of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - T Thu Ha Do
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Wen Wen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shun Feng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Chenji Zou
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Bowen Du
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Bingchen Cao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jingzhi Shang
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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24
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Robert C, Dery H, Ren L, Van Tuan D, Courtade E, Yang M, Urbaszek B, Lagarde D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Amand T, Marie X. Measurement of Conduction and Valence Bands g-Factors in a Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:067403. [PMID: 33635701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.067403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electron valley and spin degree of freedom in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides can be manipulated in optical and transport measurements performed in magnetic fields. The key parameter for determining the Zeeman splitting, namely, the separate contribution of the electron and hole g factor, is inaccessible in most measurements. Here we present an original method that gives access to the respective contribution of the conduction and valence band to the measured Zeeman splitting. It exploits the optical selection rules of exciton complexes, in particular the ones involving intervalley phonons, avoiding strong renormalization effects that compromise single particle g-factor determination in transport experiments. These studies yield a direct determination of single band g factors. We measure g_{c1}=0.86±0.1, g_{c2}=3.84±0.1 for the bottom (top) conduction bands and g_{v}=6.1±0.1 for the valence band of monolayer WSe_{2}. These measurements are helpful for quantitative interpretation of optical and transport measurements performed in magnetic fields. In addition, the measured g factors are valuable input parameters for optimizing band structure calculations of these 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - H Dery
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - L Ren
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Van Tuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - E Courtade
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - M Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - B Urbaszek
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - D Lagarde
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | - T Amand
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - X Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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25
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Hu W, Sheng Z, Hou X, Chen H, Zhang Z, Zhang DW, Zhou P. Ambipolar 2D Semiconductors and Emerging Device Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000837. [PMID: 34927812 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of 2D materials, new physics and new processing techniques have emerged, triggering possibilities for the innovation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among them, ambipolar 2D semiconductors are of excellent gate-controlled capability and distinctive physical characteristic that the major charge carriers can be dynamically, reversibly and rapidly tuned between holes and electrons by electrostatic field. Based on such properties, novel devices, like ambipolar field-effect transistors, light-emitting transistors, electrostatic-field-charging PN diodes, are developed and show great advantages in logic and reconfigurable circuits, integrated optoelectronic circuits, and artificial neural network image sensors, enriching the functions of conventional devices and bringing breakthroughs to build new architectures. This review first focuses on the basic knowledge including fundamental principle of ambipolar semiconductors, basic material preparation techniques, and how to obtain the ambipolar behavior through electrical contact engineering. Then, the current ambipolar 2D semiconductors and their preparation approaches and main properties are summarized. Finally, the emerging new device structures are overviewed in detail, along with their novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. It is expected to shed light on the future development of ambipolar 2D semiconductors, exploring more new devices with novel functions and promoting the applications of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhe Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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26
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Khani H, Piri Pishekloo S. Gate-controlled spin-valley-layer locking in bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22281-22288. [PMID: 33146202 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04630b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between various internal degrees of freedom of electrons is of fundamental importance for designing high performance electronic devices. A particular instance of this interplay can be observed in bilayer TMDs due to the combined effect of spin-orbit and interlayer couplings. We study the transport of spin, valley and layer pseudospin, generally, through a magnetoelectric barrier in AB-stacked bilayer TMDs and demonstrate an electrically controllable platform for multifunctional and ultra-high-speed logic devices. Perfect spin and valley polarizations as well as good layer localization of electrons occur in a rather large range of Fermi energies for moderate electric and magnetic fields. Any number of these polarizations can be inverted by adjusting the two potential gates on the two layers. Furthermore, the conditions for the excellent polarizations are determined for the spin, valley and layer degrees of freedom, in terms of the adjustable system parameters. We discuss the individual electric and magnetic barriers and show that the single electric barrier acts as a bipolar pseudospin semiconductor with opposite polarizations for the conduction and valence bands. The results of this study pave the way for multifunctional pseudospintronic applications based on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Khani
- Department of Physics, Kharazmi University, 31979-37551, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Wang T, Li Z, Li Y, Lu Z, Miao S, Lian Z, Meng Y, Blei M, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Tongay S, Smirnov D, Zhang C, Shi SF. Giant Valley-Polarized Rydberg Excitons in Monolayer WSe 2 Revealed by Magneto-photocurrent Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7635-7641. [PMID: 32902286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A strong Coulomb interaction could lead to a strongly bound exciton with high-order excited states, similar to the Rydberg atom. The interaction of giant Rydberg excitons can be engineered for a correlated ordered exciton array with a Rydberg blockade, which is promising for realizing quantum simulation. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, with their greatly enhanced Coulomb interaction, are an ideal platform to host the Rydberg excitons in two dimensions. Here, we employ helicity-resolved magneto-photocurrent spectroscopy to identify Rydberg exciton states up to 11s in monolayer WSe2. Notably, the radius of the Rydberg exciton at 11s can be as large as 214 nm, orders of magnitude larger than the 1s exciton. The giant valley-polarized Rydberg exciton not only provides an exciting platform to study the strong exciton-exciton interaction and nonlinear exciton response but also allows the investigation of the different interplay between the Coulomb interaction and Landau quantization, tunable from a low- to high-magnetic-field limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yunmei Li
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Zhengguang Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Shengnan Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Zhen Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yuze Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Mark Blei
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Su-Fei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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28
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Tan C, Wang H, Zhu X, Gao W, Li H, Chen J, Li G, Chen L, Xu J, Hu X, Li L, Zhai T. A Self-Powered Photovoltaic Photodetector Based on a Lateral WSe 2-WSe 2 Homojunction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44934-44942. [PMID: 32909433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lateral homojunctions made of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials are promising for optoelectronic and electronic applications. Here, we report the lateral WSe2-WSe2 homojunction photodiodes formed spontaneously by thickness modulation in which there are unique band structures of a unilateral depletion region. The electrically tunable junctions can be switched from n-n to p-p diodes, and the corresponding rectification ratio increases from about 1 to 1.2 × 104. In addition, an obvious photovoltaic behavior is observed at zero gate voltage, which exhibits a large open voltage of 0.49 V and a short-circuit current of 0.125 nA under visible light irradiation. In addition, due to the unilateral depletion region, the diode can achieve a high detectivity of 4.4 × 1010 Jones and a fast photoresponse speed of 0.18 ms at Vg = 0 and Vds = 0. The studies not only demonstrated the great potential of the lateral homojunction photodiodes for a self-power photodetector but also allowed for the development of other functional devices, such as a nonvolatile programmable diode for logic rectifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiangde Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jiawang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaozong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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29
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Li J, Goryca M, Wilson NP, Stier AV, Xu X, Crooker SA. Spontaneous Valley Polarization of Interacting Carriers in a Monolayer Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:147602. [PMID: 33064502 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report magnetoabsorption spectroscopy of gated WSe_{2} monolayers in high magnetic fields up to 60 T. When doped with a 2D Fermi sea of mobile holes, well-resolved sequences of optical transitions are observed in both σ^{±} circular polarizations, which unambiguously and separately indicate the number of filled Landau levels (LLs) in both K and K^{'} valleys. This reveals the interaction-enhanced valley Zeeman energy, which is found to be highly tunable with hole density p. We exploit this tunability to align the LLs in K and K^{'}, and find that the 2D hole gas becomes unstable against small changes in LL filling and can spontaneously valley polarize. These results cannot be understood within a single-particle picture, highlighting the importance of exchange interactions in determining the ground state of 2D carriers in monolayer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Goryca
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N P Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - A V Stier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - X Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S A Crooker
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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30
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Zhumagulov YV, Vagov A, Gulevich DR, Faria Junior PE, Perebeinos V. Trion induced photoluminescence of a doped MoS2 monolayer. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044132. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav V. Zhumagulov
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Vasili Perebeinos
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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31
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Zipfel J, Wagner K, Ziegler JD, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Semina MA, Chernikov A. Light-matter coupling and non-equilibrium dynamics of exchange-split trions in monolayer WS 2. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034706. [PMID: 32716167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides present an intriguing platform to investigate the interplay of excitonic complexes in two-dimensional semiconductors. Here, we use optical spectroscopy to study the light-matter coupling and non-equilibrium relaxation dynamics of three-particle exciton states, commonly known as trions. We identify the consequences of the exchange interaction for the trion fine structure in tungsten-based monolayer materials from variational calculations and experimentally determine the resulting characteristic differences in their oscillator strength. It allows us to quantitatively extract trion populations from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements and monitor their dynamics after off-resonant optical injection. At liquid helium temperature, we observe a pronounced non-equilibrium distribution of the trions during their lifetime with comparatively slow equilibration that occurs on time-scales up to several hundreds of ps. In addition, we find an intriguing regime of population inversion at lowest excitation densities, which builds up and is maintained for tens of picoseconds. At a higher lattice temperature, the equilibrium is established more rapidly and the inversion disappears, highlighting the role of thermal activation for efficient scattering between exchange-split trions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zipfel
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Koloman Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas D Ziegler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Alexey Chernikov
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Li Z, Wang T, Miao S, Li Y, Lu Z, Jin C, Lian Z, Meng Y, Blei M, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Tongay S, Yao W, Smirnov D, Zhang C, Shi SF. Phonon-exciton Interactions in WSe 2 under a quantizing magnetic field. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3104. [PMID: 32561746 PMCID: PMC7305315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong many-body interaction in two-dimensional transitional metal dichalcogenides provides a unique platform to study the interplay between different quasiparticles, such as prominent phonon replica emission and modified valley-selection rules. A large out-of-plane magnetic field is expected to modify the exciton-phonon interactions by quantizing excitons into discrete Landau levels, which is largely unexplored. Here, we observe the Landau levels originating from phonon-exciton complexes and directly probe exciton-phonon interaction under a quantizing magnetic field. Phonon-exciton interaction lifts the inter-Landau-level transition selection rules for dark trions, manifested by a distinctively different Landau fan pattern compared to bright trions. This allows us to experimentally extract the effective mass of both holes and electrons. The onset of Landau quantization coincides with a significant increase of the valley-Zeeman shift, suggesting strong many-body effects on the phonon-exciton interaction. Our work demonstrates monolayer WSe2 as an intriguing playground to study phonon-exciton interactions and their interplay with charge, spin, and valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Tianmeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Shengnan Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yunmei Li
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Zhenguang Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Chenhao Jin
- Kavli Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhen Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yuze Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mark Blei
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Su-Fei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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33
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Ju L, Wang L, Li X, Moon S, Ozerov M, Lu Z, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Mueller E, Zhang F, Smirnov D, Rana F, McEuen PL. Unconventional valley-dependent optical selection rules and landau level mixing in bilayer graphene. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2941. [PMID: 32523020 PMCID: PMC7287093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection rules are of vital importance in determining the basic optical properties of atoms, molecules and semiconductors. They provide general insights into the symmetry of the system and the nature of relevant electronic states. A two-dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field is a model system where optical transitions between Landau levels (LLs) are described by simple selection rules associated with the LL index N. Here we examine the inter-LL optical transitions of high-quality bilayer graphene by photocurrent spectroscopy measurement. We observed valley-dependent optical transitions that violate the conventional selection rules Δ|N| = ± 1. Moreover, we can tune the relative oscillator strength by tuning the bilayer graphene bandgap. Our findings provide insights into the interplay between magnetic field, band structure and many-body interactions in tunable semiconductor systems, and the experimental technique can be generalized to study symmetry-broken states and low energy magneto-optical properties of other nano and quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ju
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Seongphill Moon
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32312, USA
| | - Mike Ozerov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32312, USA
| | - Zhengguang Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32312, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Erich Mueller
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32312, USA
| | - Farhan Rana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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34
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Ersfeld M, Volmer F, Rathmann L, Kotewitz L, Heithoff M, Lohmann M, Yang B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Bartels L, Shi J, Stampfer C, Beschoten B. Unveiling Valley Lifetimes of Free Charge Carriers in Monolayer WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3147-3154. [PMID: 32202802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on nanosecond-long, gate-dependent valley lifetimes of free charge carriers in monolayer WSe2, unambiguously identified by the combination of time-resolved Kerr rotation and electrical transport measurements. While the valley polarization increases when tuning the Fermi level into the conduction or valence band, there is a strong decrease of the respective valley lifetime consistent with both electron-phonon and spin-orbit scattering. The longest lifetimes are seen for spin-polarized bound excitons in the band gap region. We explain our findings via two distinct, Fermi-level-dependent scattering channels of optically excited, valley-polarized bright trions either via dark or bound states. By electrostatic gating we demonstrate that the transition-metal dichalcogenide WSe2 can be tuned to be either an ideal host for long-lived localized spin states or allow for nanosecond valley lifetimes of free charge carriers (>10 ns).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ersfeld
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Frank Volmer
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lars Rathmann
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Luca Kotewitz
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Maximilian Heithoff
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mark Lohmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ludwig Bartels
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Christoph Stampfer
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Bernd Beschoten
- 2nd Institute of Physics and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
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35
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Liu E, van Baren J, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Chang YC, Lui CH. Landau-Quantized Excitonic Absorption and Luminescence in a Monolayer Valley Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:097401. [PMID: 32202881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.097401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate Landau-quantized excitonic absorption and luminescence of monolayer WSe_{2} under magnetic field. We observe gate-dependent quantum oscillations in the bright exciton and trions (or exciton polarons) as well as the dark trions and their phonon replicas. Our results reveal spin- and valley-polarized Landau levels (LLs) with filling factors n=+0, +1 in the bottom conduction band and n=-0 to -6 in the top valence band, including the Berry-curvature-induced n=±0 LLs of massive Dirac fermions. The LL filling produces periodic plateaus in the exciton energy shift accompanied by sharp oscillations in the exciton absorption width and magnitude. This peculiar exciton behavior can be simulated by semiempirical calculations. The experimentally deduced g factors of the conduction band (g∼2.5) and valence band (g∼15) exceed those predicted in a single-particle model (g=1.5, 5.5, respectively). Such g-factor enhancement implies strong many-body interactions in gated monolayer WSe_{2}. The complex interplay between Landau quantization, excitonic effects, and many-body interactions makes monolayer WSe_{2} a promising platform to explore novel correlated quantum phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfu Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Jeremiah van Baren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-004, Japan
| | - Yia-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun Hung Lui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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36
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Meng L, Hu S, Yan W, Feng J, Li H, Yan X. Controlled synthesis of large scale continuous monolayer WS2 film by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Wang Z, Rhodes DA, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone JC, Shan J, Mak KF. Evidence of high-temperature exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers. Nature 2019; 574:76-80. [PMID: 31578483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A Bose-Einstein condensate is the ground state of a dilute gas of bosons, such as atoms cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero1. With much smaller mass, excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) are expected to condense at considerably higher temperatures2-7. Two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors with very strong exciton binding are ideal systems for the study of high-temperature exciton condensation. Here we study electrically generated interlayer excitons in MoSe2-WSe2 atomic double layers with a density of up to 1012 excitons per square centimetre. The interlayer tunnelling current depends only on the exciton density, which is indicative of correlated electron-hole pair tunnelling8. Strong electroluminescence arises when a hole tunnels from WSe2 to recombine with an electron in MoSe2. We observe a critical threshold dependence of the electroluminescence intensity on exciton density, accompanied by super-Poissonian photon statistics near the threshold, and a large electroluminescence enhancement with a narrow peak at equal electron and hole densities. The phenomenon persists above 100 kelvin, which is consistent with the predicted critical condensation temperature9-12. Our study provides evidence for interlayer exciton condensation in two-dimensional atomic double layers and opens up opportunities for exploring condensate-based optoelectronics and exciton-mediated high-temperature superconductivity13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Wang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Kin Fai Mak
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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38
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Ye T, Li J, Li D. Charge-Accumulation Effect in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterobilayers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902424. [PMID: 31448529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer in transition-metal-dichalcogenides (TMDs) heterostructures is a prerequisite for the formation of interlayer excitons, which hold great promise for optoelectronics and valleytronics. Charge accumulation accompanied by a charge-transfer process can introduce considerable effect on interlayer exciton-based applications; nevertheless, this aspect has been rarely studied up to date. This work demonstrates how the charge accumulation affects the light emission of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterobilayers (HBs) consisting of monolayer WSe2 and WS2 . As excitation power increases, the photoluminescence intensity of interlayer excitons increases more rapidly than that of intralayer excitons. The phenomenon can be explained by charge-accumulation effect, which not only increases the recombination probability of interlayer excitons but also saturates the charge-transfer process. This scenario is further confirmed by a careful examination of trion binding energy of WS2 , which nonlinearly increases with the increase of the excitation power before reaching a maximum of about 75 meV. These investigations provide a better understanding of interlayer excitons and trions in HBs, which may provoke further explorations of excitonic physics as well as TMDs-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junze Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dehui Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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39
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Zhang J, Du L, Feng S, Zhang RW, Cao B, Zou C, Chen Y, Liao M, Zhang B, Yang SA, Zhang G, Yu T. Enhancing and controlling valley magnetic response in MoS 2/WS 2 heterostructures by all-optical route. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4226. [PMID: 31530805 PMCID: PMC6748949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides with interlayer coupling offer an exotic platform to realize fascinating phenomena. Due to the type II band alignment of these heterostructures, electrons and holes are separated into different layers. The localized electrons induced doping in one layer, in principle, would lift the Fermi level to cross the spin-polarized upper conduction band and lead to strong manipulation of valley magnetic response. Here, we report the significantly enhanced valley Zeeman splitting and magnetic tuning of polarization for the direct optical transition of MoS2 in MoS2/WS2 heterostructures. Such strong enhancement of valley magnetic response in MoS2 stems from the change of the spin-valley degeneracy from 2 to 4 and strong many-body Coulomb interactions induced by ultrafast charge transfer. Moreover, the magnetic splitting can be tuned monotonically by laser power, providing an effective all-optical route towards engineering and manipulating of valleytronic devices and quantum-computation. Van der Waals heterostructures may offer a suitable platform for all-optical manipulation of valleytronic devices. Here, the authors observe a strong enhancement of the valley magnetic response in MoS2, and magnetic tuning of the polarization of MoS2 direct optical transition
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Luojun Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanoscale Physics and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, FI-02150, Tietotie 3, Finland
| | - Shun Feng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Run-Wu Zhang
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.,Key Lab of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurement (MOE), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Bingchen Cao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Chenji Zou
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Mengzhou Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanoscale Physics and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore
| | - Shengyuan A Yang
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanoscale Physics and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ting Yu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 63737, Singapore.
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40
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Revealing exciton masses and dielectric properties of monolayer semiconductors with high magnetic fields. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4172. [PMID: 31519909 PMCID: PMC6744484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In semiconductor physics, many essential optoelectronic material parameters can be experimentally revealed via optical spectroscopy in sufficiently large magnetic fields. For monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, this field scale is substantial-tens of teslas or more-due to heavy carrier masses and huge exciton binding energies. Here we report absorption spectroscopy of monolayer [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] in very high magnetic fields to 91 T. We follow the diamagnetic shifts and valley Zeeman splittings of not only the exciton's [Formula: see text] ground state but also its excited [Formula: see text] Rydberg states. This provides a direct experimental measure of the effective (reduced) exciton masses and dielectric properties. Exciton binding energies, exciton radii, and free-particle bandgaps are also determined. The measured exciton masses are heavier than theoretically predicted, especially for Mo-based monolayers. These results provide essential and quantitative parameters for the rational design of opto-electronic van der Waals heterostructures incorporating 2D semiconductors.
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41
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Molas MR, Slobodeniuk AO, Kazimierczuk T, Nogajewski K, Bartos M, Kapuściński P, Oreszczuk K, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Faugeras C, Kossacki P, Basko DM, Potemski M. Probing and Manipulating Valley Coherence of Dark Excitons in Monolayer WSe_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:096803. [PMID: 31524465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.096803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are two-dimensional direct-gap systems which host tightly bound excitons with an internal degree of freedom corresponding to the valley of the constituting carriers. Strong spin-orbit interaction and the resulting ordering of the spin-split subbands in the valence and conduction bands makes the lowest-lying excitons in WX_{2} (X being S or Se) spin forbidden and optically dark. With polarization-resolved photoluminescence experiments performed on a WSe_{2} monolayer encapsulated in a hexagonal boron nitride, we show how the intrinsic exchange interaction in combination with the applied in-plane and/or out-of-plane magnetic fields enables one to probe and manipulate the valley degree of freedom of the dark excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Molas
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - A O Slobodeniuk
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - T Kazimierczuk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - K Nogajewski
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - M Bartos
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P Kapuściński
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - K Oreszczuk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - C Faugeras
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P Kossacki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - D M Basko
- Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M Potemski
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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42
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Smoleński T, Cotlet O, Popert A, Back P, Shimazaki Y, Knüppel P, Dietler N, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kroner M, Imamoglu A. Interaction-Induced Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations in Optical Conductivity of Monolayer MoSe_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:097403. [PMID: 31524484 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.097403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report polarization-resolved resonant reflection spectroscopy of a charge-tunable atomically thin valley semiconductor hosting tightly bound excitons coupled to a dilute system of fully spin- and valley-polarized holes in the presence of a strong magnetic field. We find that exciton-hole interactions manifest themselves in hole-density dependent, Shubnikov-de Haas-like oscillations in the energy and line broadening of the excitonic resonances. These oscillations are evidenced to be precisely correlated with the occupation of Landau levels, thus demonstrating that strong interactions between the excitons and Landau-quantized itinerant carriers enable optical investigation of quantum-Hall physics in transition metal dichalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Smoleński
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Cotlet
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Popert
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Back
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Shimazaki
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Knüppel
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Dietler
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - M Kroner
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Imamoglu
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Li Z, Wang T, Jin C, Lu Z, Lian Z, Meng Y, Blei M, Gao S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ren T, Tongay S, Yang L, Smirnov D, Cao T, Shi SF. Emerging photoluminescence from the dark-exciton phonon replica in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2469. [PMID: 31171789 PMCID: PMC6554274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tungsten-based monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides host a long-lived "dark" exciton, an electron-hole pair in a spin-triplet configuration. The long lifetime and unique spin properties of the dark exciton provide exciting opportunities to explore light-matter interactions beyond electric dipole transitions. Here we demonstrate that the coupling of the dark exciton and an optically silent chiral phonon enables the intrinsic photoluminescence of the dark-exciton replica in monolayer WSe2. Gate and magnetic-field dependent PL measurements unveil a circularly-polarized replica peak located below the dark exciton by 21.6 meV, equal to E″ phonon energy from Se vibrations. First-principles calculations show that the exciton-phonon interaction selectively couples the spin-forbidden dark exciton to the intravalley spin-allowed bright exciton, permitting the simultaneous emission of a chiral phonon and a circularly-polarized photon. Our discovery and understanding of the phonon replica reveals a chirality dictated emission channel of the phonons and photons, unveiling a new route of manipulating valley-spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianmeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Chenhao Jin
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhengguang Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Zhen Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yuze Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- College of Physics, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Mark Blei
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Shiyuan Gao
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63136, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tianhui Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63136, USA
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Su-Fei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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44
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Rhodes D, Chae SH, Ribeiro-Palau R, Hone J. Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:541-549. [PMID: 31114069 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of any materials system requires understanding and controlling disorder, which can obscure intrinsic properties and hinder device performance. Here we examine both intrinsic and extrinsic disorder in two-dimensional (2D) materials, in particular graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Minimizing disorder is crucial for realizing desired properties in 2D materials and improving device performance and repeatability for practical applications. We discuss the progress in disorder control for graphene and TMDs, as well as in van der Waals heterostructures realized by combining these materials with hexagonal boron nitride. Furthermore, we showcase how atomic defects or disorder can also be harnessed to provide useful electronic, optical, chemical and magnetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebeca Ribeiro-Palau
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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45
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Smith RP, Dey P, Mapara V, Semenov D, McGill SA, Kaindl RA, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Coherent two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy using a 25 Tesla resistive magnet. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063901. [PMID: 31255018 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We performed nonlinear optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements using an optical resistive high-field magnet on GaAs quantum wells. Magnetic fields up to 25 T can be achieved using the split helix resistive magnet. Two-dimensional spectroscopy measurements based on the coherent four-wave mixing signal require phase stability. Therefore, these measurements are difficult to perform in environments prone to mechanical vibrations. Large resistive magnets use extensive quantities of cooling water, which causes mechanical vibrations, making two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy very challenging. Here, we report on the strategies we used to overcome these challenges and maintain the required phase-stability throughout the measurement. A self-contained portable platform was used to set up the experiments within the time frame provided by a user facility. Furthermore, this platform was floated above the optical table in order to isolate it from vibrations originating from the resistive magnet. Finally, we present two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra obtained from GaAs quantum wells at magnetic fields up to 25 T and demonstrate the utility of this technique in providing important details, which are obscured in one dimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | | | - Ryan P Smith
- Department of Physics, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Varun Mapara
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Dimitry Semenov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Steven A McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Robert A Kaindl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Denis Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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46
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The valley Zeeman effect in inter- and intra-valley trions in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2330. [PMID: 31133703 PMCID: PMC6536528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) hold great promise for future information processing applications utilizing a combination of electron spin and valley pseudospin. This unique spin system has led to observation of the valley Zeeman effect in neutral and charged excitonic resonances under applied magnetic fields. However, reported values of the trion valley Zeeman splitting remain highly inconsistent across studies. Here, we utilize high quality hBN encapsulated monolayer WSe2 to enable simultaneous measurement of both intervalley and intravalley trion photoluminescence. We find the valley Zeeman splitting of each trion state to be describable only by a combination of three distinct g-factors, one arising from the exciton-like valley Zeeman effect, the other two, trion specific, g-factors associated with recoil of the excess electron. This complex picture goes significantly beyond the valley Zeeman effect reported for neutral excitons, and eliminates the ambiguity surrounding the magneto-optical response of trions in tungsten based TMD monolayers. The unique valley and spin texture of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) allows the observation of the valley Zeeman effect for neutral and charged excitons. Here, the authors unveil the underlying physics of the magneto-optical response and valley Zeeman splitting of trions in tungsten-based TMDs.
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47
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Scharf B, Van Tuan D, Žutić I, Dery H. Dynamical screening in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides and its manifestations in the exciton spectrum. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:203001. [PMID: 30763925 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (ML-TMDs) offer exciting opportunities to test the manifestations of many-body interactions through changes in the charge density. The two-dimensional character and reduced screening in ML-TMDs lead to the formation of neutral and charged excitons with binding energies orders of magnitude larger than those in conventional bulk semiconductors. Tuning the charge density by a gate voltage leads to profound changes in the optical spectra of excitons in ML-TMDs. On the one hand, the increased screening at large charge densities should result in a blueshift of the exciton spectral lines due to reduction in the binding energy. On the other hand, exchange and correlation effects that shrink the band-gap energy at elevated charge densities (band-gap renormalization) should result in a redshift of the exciton spectral lines. While these competing effects can be captured through various approximations that model long-wavelength charge excitations in the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we show that a novel coupling between excitons and shortwave charge excitations is essential to resolve several experimental puzzles. Unlike ubiquitous and well-studied plasmons, driven by collective oscillations of the background charge density in the long-wavelength limit, we discuss the emergence of shortwave plasmons that originate from the short-range Coulomb interaction through which electrons transition between the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] valleys. The shortwave plasmons have a finite energy-gap because of the removal of spin-degeneracy in both the valence- and conduction-band valleys (a consequence of breaking of inversion symmetry in combination with strong spin-orbit coupling in ML-TMDs). We study the coupling between the shortwave plasmons and the neutral exciton through the self-energy of the latter. We then elucidate how this coupling as well as the spin ordering in the conduction band give rise to an experimentally observed optical sideband in electron-doped W-based MLs, conspicuously absent in electron-doped Mo-based MLs or any hole-doped ML-TMDs. While the focus of this review is on the optical manifestations of many-body effects in ML-TMDs, a systematic description of the dynamical screening and its various approximations allow one to revisit other phenomena, such as nonequilibrium transport or superconducting pairing, where the use of the Bethe-Salpeter equation or the emergence of shortwave plasmons can play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Scharf
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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48
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Roch JG, Froehlicher G, Leisgang N, Makk P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Warburton RJ. Spin-polarized electrons in monolayer MoS 2. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:432-436. [PMID: 30858519 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb interactions are crucial in determining the ground state of an ideal two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the limit of low electron densities1. In this regime, Coulomb interactions dominate over single-particle phase-space filling. In silicon and gallium arsenide, electrons are typically localized at these low densities. In contrast, in transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Coulomb correlations in a 2DEG can be anticipated at experimentally relevant electron densities. Here, we investigate a 2DEG in a gated monolayer of the TMD molybdenum disulfide2. We measure the optical susceptibility, a probe of the 2DEG which is local, minimally invasive and spin selective3. In a magnetic field of 9.0 T and at electron concentrations up to n ≃ 5 × 1012 cm-2, we present evidence that the ground state is spin-polarized. Out of the four available conduction bands4,5, only two are occupied. These two bands have the same spin but different valley quantum numbers. Our results suggest that only two bands are occupied even in the absence of a magnetic field. The spin polarization increases with decreasing 2DEG density, suggesting that Coulomb interactions are a key aspect of the symmetry breaking. We propose that exchange couplings align the spins6. The Bohr radius is so small7 that even electrons located far apart in phase-space interact with each other6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gaël Roch
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Nadine Leisgang
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Makk
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and Nanoelectronics 'Momentum' Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Chen SY, Lu Z, Goldstein T, Tong J, Chaves A, Kunstmann J, Cavalcante LSR, Woźniak T, Seifert G, Reichman DR, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Smirnov D, Yan J. Luminescent Emission of Excited Rydberg Excitons from Monolayer WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2464-2471. [PMID: 30860854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental observation of radiative recombination from Rydberg excitons in a two-dimensional semiconductor, monolayer WSe2, encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. Excitonic emission up to the 4 s excited state is directly observed in photoluminescence spectroscopy in an out-of-plane magnetic field up to 31 T. We confirm the progressively larger exciton size for higher energy excited states through diamagnetic shift measurements. This also enables us to estimate the 1 s exciton binding energy to be about 170 meV, which is significantly smaller than most previous reports. The Zeeman shift of the 1 s to 3 s states, from both luminescence and absorption measurements, exhibits a monotonic increase of the g-factor, reflecting nontrivial magnetic-dipole-moment differences between ground and excited exciton states. This systematic evolution of magnetic dipole moments is theoretically explained from the spreading of the Rydberg states in momentum space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Zhengguang Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Physics , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
| | - Thomas Goldstein
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jiayue Tong
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Andrey Chaves
- Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal do Ceará , Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60455-900 Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | - Jens Kunstmann
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - L S R Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal do Ceará , Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60455-900 Fortaleza , Ceará , Brazil
| | - Tomasz Woźniak
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Gotthard Seifert
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden , TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - D R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute of Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute of Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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50
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Lin J, Han T, Piot BA, Wu Z, Xu S, Long G, An L, Cheung P, Zheng PP, Plochocka P, Dai X, Maude DK, Zhang F, Wang N. Determining Interaction Enhanced Valley Susceptibility in Spin-Valley-Locked MoS 2. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1736-1742. [PMID: 30720286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are recently emerged electronic systems with various novel properties, such as spin-valley locking, circular dichroism, valley Hall effect, and superconductivity. The reduced dimensionality and large effective masses further produce unconventional many-body interaction effects. Here we reveal strong interaction effects in the conduction band of MoS2 by transport experiment. We study the massive Dirac electron Landau levels (LL) in high-quality MoS2 samples with field-effect mobilities of 24 000 cm2/(V·s) at 1.2 K. We identify the valley-resolved LLs and low-lying polarized LLs using the Lifshitz-Kosevitch formula. By further tracing the LL crossings in the Landau fan diagram, we unambiguously determine the density-dependent valley susceptibility and the interaction enhanced g-factor from 12.7 to 23.6. Near integer ratios of Zeeman-to-cyclotron energies, we discover LL anticrossings due to the formation of quantum Hall Ising ferromagnets, the valley polarizations of which appear to be reversible by tuning the density or an in-plane magnetic field. Our results provide evidence for many-body interaction effects in the conduction band of MoS2 and establish a fertile ground for exploring strongly correlated phenomena of massive Dirac electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxiazi Lin
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tianyi Han
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Benjamin A Piot
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, LNCMI-CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Zefei Wu
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Shuigang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Gen Long
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Liheng An
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Patrick Cheung
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Peng-Peng Zheng
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Paulina Plochocka
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, LNCMI-CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL , F-31400 Toulouse , France
| | - Xi Dai
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
| | - Duncan K Maude
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, LNCMI-CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL , F-31400 Toulouse , France
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Physics , The University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , China
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