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Brockway DF, Crowley NA. Turning the 'Tides on Neuropsychiatric Diseases: The Role of Peptides in the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:588400. [PMID: 33192369 PMCID: PMC7606924 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.588400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in technology have enabled researchers to probe the brain with the greater region, cell, and receptor specificity. These developments have allowed for a more thorough understanding of how regulation of the neurophysiology within a region is essential for maintaining healthy brain function. Stress has been shown to alter the prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning, and evidence links functional impairments in PFC brain activity with neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, a growing body of literature highlights the importance of neuropeptides in the PFC to modulate neural signaling and to influence behavior. The converging evidence outlined in this review indicates that neuropeptides in the PFC are specifically impacted by stress, and are found to be dysregulated in numerous stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. This review explores how neuropeptides in the PFC function to regulate the neural activity, and how genetic and environmental factors, such as stress, lead to dysregulation in neuropeptide systems, which may ultimately contribute to the pathology of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota F Brockway
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Kolasa M, Pabian P, Gruca P, Romańska I, Żurawek D, Szlachta M, Papp M, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Regulation of somatostatin receptor 2 in the context of antidepressant treatment response in chronic mild stress in rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2137-2149. [PMID: 29713785 PMCID: PMC6015609 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The role of somatostatin and its receptors for the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders has been widely raised. Recently, we have also demonstrated the involvement of somatostatin receptor type 2-sst2R and dopamine receptor type 2-D2R in stress. OBJECTIVE In this context, we decided to find if these receptors are involved in response to antidepressant treatment in animal model of depression-chronic mild stress (CMS). METHODS Here, we report data obtained following 7-week CMS procedure. The specific binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide to sst2R and [3H]Domperidone to D2R was measured in the rat brain, using autoradiography. Additionally, the level of dopamine and metabolites was measured in the rat brain. RESULTS In the final baseline test after 7 weeks of stress, the reduced consumption of sucrose solution was observed (controls vs the stressed animals (6.25 0.16 vs. 10.39 0.41; p < 0.05). Imipramine was administered for the next 5 weeks, and it reversed anhedonia in majority of animals (imipramine-reactive); however, in some animals, it did not (imipramine-non-reactive). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of stress and treatment and time interaction [F(16, 168) = 3.72; p < 0.0001], n = 10 per groups. We observed decreased binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide in most of rat brain regions in imipramine non-reactive groups of animals. The decrease of D2R after stress in striatum and nucleus accumbens and no effect of imipramine were observed. In the striatum and prefrontal cortex, the significant role of stress and imipramine in dopamine levels was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in binding assays, together with dopamine level, indicate the involvement of sst2R receptors for reaction to antidepressant treatment. Besides, the stress context itself changes the effect of antidepressant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Central [CNS] and Peripheral [Gastric Tissue] Selective Monitoring of Somatostatin (SRIF) with Micro-Sensor and Voltammetry in Rats: Influence of Growth Factors (GH, EGF). BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040053. [PMID: 29149074 PMCID: PMC5746776 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) is widely distributed throughout the body, and regulates the endocrine system via interactions with various hormones, including the pituitary growth hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone and the majority of the hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. SRIF is present in the central nervous system (CNS), where it affects rates of neurotransmission, and is also reported to be active in the intestinal tract, with evidence that stressed rats present a significant decrease in antral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). Analysis of SRIF has mainly been carried out by means of radioimmunoassay methods. Here, we propose the use of an electrochemical method, such as voltammetry, applied with carbon-based sensors and, in particular, the combination of differential pulse voltammetry with treated carbon fiber micro electrodes (DPV-µCFE) to facilitate the analysis of such peptidergic electro active hormones in the rat striatum and gastric tissue; the effect of growth hormone (GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), in particular, upon the SRIF signal has been studied in such tissues.
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Szafran-Pilch K, Faron-Górecka A, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Szlachta M, Solich J, Kuśmider M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Antidepressants promote formation of heterocomplexes of dopamine D2 and somatostatin subtype 5 receptors in the mouse striatum. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:92-97. [PMID: 28987282 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the dopaminergic and somatostatinergic systems is considered to play a potential role in mood regulation. Chronic administration of antidepressants influences release of both neurotransmitters. The molecular basis of the functional cooperation may stem from the physical interaction of somatostatin receptor subtypes and dopamine D2 receptors since they colocalize in striatal interneurons and were shown to undergo ligand-dependent heterodimerization in heterologous expression systems. In present study we adapted in situ proximity ligation assay to investigate the occurrence of D2-Sst5 receptor heterocomplexes, and their possible alterations in the striatum of mice treated acutely and repeatedly (21days) with antidepressant drugs of different pharmacological profiles (escitalopram and desipramine). Additionally we analysed number of heterocomplexes in primary striatal neuronal cultures incubated with both antidepressant drugs for 1h and 6days. The studies revealed that antidepressants increase formation of D2-Sst5 receptors heterodimers. These findings provide interesting evidence that dopamine D2 and somatostatin Sst5 heterodimers may be considered as potential mediators of antidepressant effects, since the heterodimerization of these receptors occurs in native brain tissue as well as in primary striatal neuronal cultures where receptors are expressed at physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Ko TM, Wong CS, Wu JY, Chen YT. Pharmacogenomics for personalized pain medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:24-30. [PMID: 26976339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics aims to unravel the way that human genetic variation affects drug efficacy and toxicity. Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene findings suggest that genetic approaches may help choose the most appropriate drug and dosage while preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Pain is an unpleasant feeling that usually results from tissue damage. The management of different types of pain (acute, chronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, or cancer) is challenging. Currently, drug intervention is the first-line therapy for resolving pain. However, differences in drug efficacy between individuals are common with pain medications. Moreover, some patients experience ADRs after being treated with specific pain drugs. This review discusses the use of drugs for pain management in the context of the recent pharmacogenomic studies on ADRs and drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ming Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Szafran-Pilch K, Gruca P, Pabian P, Solich J, Papp M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Chronic mild stress alters the somatostatin receptors in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:255-66. [PMID: 26462807 PMCID: PMC4700104 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The involvement of somatostatin (SST) and its receptors in the pathophysiology of depression and stress has been evidenced by numerous studies. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to find whether chronic mild stress (CMS), an animal model of depression, affects the SST receptors in the rat brain and pituitary, as well as the level of SST in plasma. METHODS In CMS model, rats were subjected to 2 weeks of stress and behaviorally characterized using the sucrose consumption test into differently reacting groups based on their response to stress, i.e., stress-reactive (anhedonic), stress-non-reactive (resilient), and invert-reactive rats (characterized by excessive sucrose intake). We measured specific binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide, expression of mRNA encoding sst2R receptors in the rat brains, expression of SST and its receptors in rat pituitary, and the level of SST in the plasma. RESULTS The obtained results show decreases in binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide in most of rat brain regions upon CMS and no significant differences between three stressed groups of animals, except for significant up-regulation of sst2 receptor in medial habenula (MHb) in the stress-reactive group. In the same group of animals, significant increase in plasma SST level was observed. CONCLUSIONS There are two particularly sensitive sites distinguishing the response to stress in CMS model. In the brain, it is MHb, while on the periphery this predictor is SST level in plasma. These changes may broaden an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the stress response and point to the intriguing role of MHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - D. Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - K. Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - P. Gruca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - P. Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - J. Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Papp
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
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7
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Husain BFA, Nanavaty IN, Marathe SV, Rajendran R, Vaidya VA. Hippocampal transcriptional and neurogenic changes evoked by combination yohimbine and imipramine treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 61:1-9. [PMID: 25784603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adjunct α2-adrenoceptor antagonism is a potential strategy to accelerate the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Co-administration of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine hastens the behavioral and neurogenic effects of the antidepressant imipramine. We examined the transcriptional targets of short duration (7days), combination treatment of yohimbine and imipramine (Y+I) within the adult rat hippocampus. Using microarray and qPCR analysis we observed functional enrichment of genes involved in intracellular signaling cascades, plasma membrane, cellular metal ion homeostasis, multicellular stress responses and neuropeptide signaling pathways in the Y+I transcriptome. We noted reduced expression of the α2A-adrenoceptor (Adra2a), serotonin 5HT2C receptor (Htr2c) and the somatostatin receptor 1 (Sstr1), which modulate antidepressant action. Further, we noted a regulation of signaling pathway genes like inositol monophosphatase 2 (Impa2), iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (Dio3), regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (Rgs4), alkaline ceramidase 2 (Acer2), doublecortin-like kinase 2 (Dclk2), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (Nfkbia) and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1), several of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Comparative analysis revealed an overlap in the hippocampal regulation of Acer2, Nfkbia, Sgk1 and Impa2 between Y+I treatment, the fast-acting electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) paradigm, and the slow-onset chronic (21days) imipramine treatment. Further, Y+I treatment enhanced the quiescent neural progenitor pool in the hippocampal neurogenic niche similar to ECS, and distinct from chronic imipramine treatment. Taken together, our results provide insight into the molecular and cellular targets of short duration Y+I treatment, and identify potential leads for the development of rapid-action antidepressants.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticonvulsants/pharmacology
- Cell Count
- Doublecortin Protein
- Drug Combinations
- Electroshock/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hippocampus/cytology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Imipramine/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Neurogenesis/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Yohimbine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Fatima Anwar Husain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ishira N Nanavaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swananda V Marathe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajeev Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Szafran K, Faron-Górecka A, Kolasa M, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Zurawek D, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Potential role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimerization in neuropsychiatric disorders: a focus on depression. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1498-505. [PMID: 24552997 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome and are the target of approximately half of all therapeutic drugs. For many years, GPCRs were thought to exist and function as monomeric units. However, during the past two decades, substantial biochemical, structural and functional evidence have indicated that GPCRs can associate and form heteromers that exhibit functional properties distinct from the corresponding monomers. The understanding of the unique pharmacological and functional properties of such heteromers is a major challenge for neuroscience, particularly given the abundant evidence suggesting that GPCR heteromers may play a crucial role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we present current data on the role of GPCR heterodimerization in neuropsychiatric disorders, with a focus on its potential implications in depression. The presented examples of pairs of receptors, with their specific pharmacological and functional properties, are likely to lead to novel effective strategies in antidepressant drug development. The currently available techniques for studying GPCR heterodimerization, both in vitro as well as in situ in native tissue, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szafran
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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9
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Involvement of prolactin and somatostatin in depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1640-6. [PMID: 24553012 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides have been implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of stress responses and therefore may play an important role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders such as Major Depression Disorder (MDD). The data presented in this mini-review demonstrate the role of prolactin (PRL) and somatostatin (STT) in the pathology and pharmacotherapy of MDD, focusing particularly on the response to antidepressant treatment, and compare the available data with the results obtained in our laboratory using the well-validated chronic mild stress (CMS) animal model of MDD. Despite the availability of many pharmacological therapies for depression, ca. 35% patients remain treatment resistant. This clinical situation is also true for rats subjected to CMS; some animals do not respond to antidepressant therapy and are considered treatment resistant. The most interesting results presented in this mini-review concern the changes in PRL and SST receptors in the brains of rats subjected to the full CMS procedure and IMI treatment and demonstrate the role of these receptors in the mechanisms of antidepressant action. The possible interaction between SST and PRL, the involvement of the D2 dopamine receptor, and their direct protein-protein interactions are also discussed, with the conclusion that these two neurohormones play an important role in the mechanism of resilience after stress as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs.
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Lin LC, Sibille E. Reduced brain somatostatin in mood disorders: a common pathophysiological substrate and drug target? Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:110. [PMID: 24058344 PMCID: PMC3766825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of affect dysregulation has progressively increased, but the pharmacological treatments remain inadequate. Here, we summarize the current literature on deficits in somatostatin, an inhibitory modulatory neuropeptide, in major depression and other neurological disorders that also include mood disturbances. We focus on direct evidence in the human postmortem brain, and review rodent genetic and pharmacological studies probing the role of the somatostatin system in relation to mood. We also briefly go over pharmacological developments targeting the somatostatin system in peripheral organs and discuss the challenges of targeting the brain somatostatin system. Finally, the fact that somatostatin deficits are frequently observed across neurological disorders suggests a selective cellular vulnerability of somatostatin-expressing neurons. Potential cell intrinsic factors mediating those changes are discussed, including nitric oxide induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, high inflammatory response, high demand for neurotrophic environment, and overall aging processes. Together, based on the co-localization of somatostatin with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its presence in dendritic-targeting GABA neuron subtypes, and its temporal-specific function, we discuss the possibility that deficits in somatostatin play a central role in cortical local inhibitory circuit deficits leading to abnormal corticolimbic network activity and clinical mood symptoms across neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Yoshitake S, Ijiri S, Kehr J, Yoshitake T. Concurrent modulation of extracellular levels of noradrenaline and cAMP during stress and by anxiogenic- or anxiolytic-like neuropeptides in the prefrontal cortex of awake rats. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:314-23. [PMID: 23274451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stress and the role of locally infused anxiogenic-like neuropeptides galanin, CCK-8, vasopressin, substance P and neurokinin A, and anxiolytic-like peptides NPY, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, somatostatin and neurotensin, on modulation of noradrenaline (NA) and cAMP efflux monitored simultaneously by microdialysis in the medial prefronatal cortex of awake rats. Concentrations of cAMP were determined by a newly developed method based on derivatization of cAMP with 2-chloroacetaldehyde followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Local infusion of forskolin (10 and 30 μM) dose-dependently increased the cAMP levels to 417% and 1050% of the control group, respectively. Similarly, local infusion of NA (10 μM) increased the cAMP to the peak level of 168%. A 5-min tail pinch and a 10-min swim stress rapidly increased the NA and cAMP levels to 167% and 203% (NA) and 141% and 161% (cAMP), respectively. Infusion of galanin and CCK-8 (0.5 nmol, and 1.5 nmol/0.5 μl) dose-dependently increased NA to the peak levels of 191% and 179% and cAMP levels to 174% and 166%, respectively. The peak levels following infusions of vasopressin, substance P and neurokinin A were 91%, 135% and 86% for NA and 131%, 83% and 76% for cAMP, respectively. Infusions of anxiolytic-like peptides at highest concentrations significantly increased (NPY, 136%) or decreased (nociceptin, 71%; somatostatin, 86%) the NA levels, whereas neurotensin had no effect. The cAMP levels decreased to 86% (NPY, neurotensin), 78% (nociceptin), somatostatin infusion was without effect. The present findings confirmed a close correlation between the stress-induced increases in prefrontal cortical NA and cAMP levels, as well as, concurrent changes in NA and cAMP levels following infusions of galanin and CCK-8 (increased levels) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (decreased levels). Infusions of other neuropeptides showed a more complex pattern of NA and cAMP responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimako Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Szafran K, Łukasiewicz S, Faron-Górecka A, Kolasa M, Kuśmider M, Solich J, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Antidepressant drugs promote the heterodimerization of the dopamine D2 and somatostatin Sst5 receptors – fluorescence in vitro studies. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Job MO, McNamara IM, Kuhar MJ. CART Peptides Regulate Psychostimulants and May be Endogenous Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:12-6. [PMID: 21886553 PMCID: PMC3137165 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CART peptides are endogenous neurotransmitters that are involved in a variety of physiologic functions. Injection of CART 55-102 into the nucleus accumbens produces no effect, but when co-administered with cocaine, it reduces the locomotor and rewarding properties of cocaine. In a human study, subjects carrying a missense mutation of the CART gene exhibited increased anxiety and depression. Also, several animal studies support the idea that CART is involved in anxiety and depression, and they also suggest several possible mechanisms by which this may occur. Thus, there is interesting evidence that CART peptides play a role in anxiety and depression, and that CART peptides may be endogenous antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Job
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta GA 30329, USA
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Nilsson A, Stroth N, Zhang X, Qi H, Fälth M, Sköld K, Hoyer D, Andrén PE, Svenningsson P. Neuropeptidomics of mouse hypothalamus after imipramine treatment reveal somatostatin as a potential mediator of antidepressant effects. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:347-57. [PMID: 21856315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with numerous diseases, including depression, and the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine has been shown to suppress activity of the HPA axis. Central hypothalamic control of the HPA axis is complex and involves a number of neuropeptides released from multiple hypothalamic subnuclei. The present study was therefore designed to determine the effects of imipramine administration on the mouse hypothalamus using a peptidomics approach. Among the factors found to be downregulated after acute (one day) or chronic (21 days) imipramine administration were peptides derived from secretogranin 1 (chromogranin B) as well as peptides derived from cerebellin precursors. In contrast, peptides SRIF-14 and SRIF-28 (1-11) derived from somatostatin (SRIF, somatotropin release inhibiting factor) were significantly upregulated by imipramine in the hypothalamus. Because diminished SRIF levels have long been known to occur in depression, a second part of the study investigated the roles of individual SRIF receptors in mediating potential antidepressant effects. SRA880, an antagonist of the somatostatin-1 autoreceptor (sst1) which positively modulates release of endogenous SRIF, was found to synergize with imipramine in causing antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test. Furthermore, chronic co-administration of SRA880 and imipramine synergistically increased BDNF mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex. Application of SRIF or L054264, an sst2 receptor agonist, but not L803807, an sst4 receptor agonist, increased phosphorylation of CaMKII and GluR1 in cerebrocortical slices. Our present experiments thus provide evidence for antidepressant-induced upregulation of SRIF in the brain, and strengthen the notion that augmented SRIF expression and signaling may counter depressive-like symptoms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, BMC, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Reduced cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and altered markers for subpopulations of GABA interneurons have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD) by in-vivo brain imaging and post-mortem histological studies. Subgroups of GABA interneurons exert differential inhibitory control on principal pyramidal neurons and can be identified based on the non-overlapping expression of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) or calretinin (CR) or the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST). As altered markers of GABAergic functions may also be present in bipolar disorder (BPD), the specificity of particular GABA-related molecular deficits in mood disorders is not known. We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess expression levels of two GABA synthesizing enzymes (glutamate decarboxylase; GAD65 and GAD67) and of three markers of GABA neuron subpopulations (PV, CR, SST) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Brodmann area 9) in triads (n=19) of control subjects and matched subjects with BPD or MDD. BPD subjects demonstrated significantly reduced PV mRNA, trend level reduction in SST mRNA and no alterations in GAD67, GAD65, or CR mRNA levels; MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mRNA expression without alterations in the other transcripts. The characteristic age-related decline in SST expression was not observed in MDD, as low expression was detected across age in MDD subjects. After controlling for age, MDD subjects demonstrated significantly reduced SST mRNA expression. Decreased SST levels in MDD were confirmed at the protein precursor level. Results were not explained by other clinical, demographic or technical parameters. In summary, MDD was characterized by low DLPFC SST, whereas decreased PV mRNA appears to distinguish BPD from MDD.
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Reduced somatostatin in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in major depression. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:116-24. [PMID: 21232602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests a central role for dysfunction of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Underlying mechanisms may include altered GABAergic function. Expression of somatostatin (SST), an inhibitory neuropeptide localized to a subset of GABA neurons, has been shown to be lower in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of male MDD subjects. Here, to investigate whether alterations in SST may contribute to sgACC dysfunction in MDD, and whether the alterations display sex-specificity, we measured sgACC SST at the mRNA and precursor peptide levels in a large cohort of subjects with MDD. SST mRNA levels were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the postmortem sgACC from male (n=26) and female (n=25) subjects with MDD and sex-matched subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis (n=51). Prepro-SST protein levels were assessed in a subset of subjects (n=42 pairs) by semi-quantitative Western blot. The mRNA expression of SST was significantly reduced by 38% in female subjects and by 27% in male subjects with MDD. The characteristic age-related decline in SST expression was observed in control (Pearson R=-0.357, p=0.005) but not MDD (R=-0.104, p=0.234) subjects, as low expression was detected across ages in MDD subjects. Protein expression was similarly reduced by 19% in both MDD groups, and findings were more robust in female (p=0.0056) than in males (p=0.0373) compared to respective controls. In conclusion, low SST represents a robust pathological finding in MDD. Specifically, alterations in SST signaling and/or SST-bearing GABA neurons may represent a critical pathophysiological entity that contributes to sgACC dysfunction and that matches to the high female vulnerability to develop MDD.
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Semenova S, Hoyer D, Geyer MA, Markou A. Somatostatin-28 modulates prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, reward processes and spontaneous locomotor activity in rats. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:421-9. [PMID: 20537385 PMCID: PMC3215674 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatins have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor and affective disorders, as well as psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. We hypothesized that in addition to motor function, somatostatin may be involved in somatosensory gating and reward processes that have been shown to be dysregulated in schizophrenia. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of somatostatin-28 on spontaneous locomotor and exploratory behavior measured in a behavioral pattern monitor, sensorimotor gating, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, and brain reward function (measured in a discrete trial intracranial self-stimulation procedure) in rats. Somatostatin-28 decreased spontaneous locomotor activity during the first 10 min of a 60 min testing session with no apparent changes in the exploratory activity of rats. The highest somatostatin-28 dose (10 microg/5 microl/side) induced PPI deficits with no effect on the acoustic startle response or startle response habituation. The somatostatin-induced PPI deficit was partially reversed by administration of SRA-880, a selective somatostatin 1 (sst(1)) receptor antagonist. Somatostatin-28 also induced elevations in brain reward thresholds, reflecting an anhedonic-like state. The non-peptide sst(1) receptor antagonist SRA-880 had no effect on brain reward function under baseline conditions. Altogether these findings suggest that somatostatin-28 modulates PPI and brain reward function but does not have a robust effect on spontaneous exploratory activity. Thus, increases in somatostatin transmission may represent one of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying anhedonia, one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and sensorimotor gating deficits associated with cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Abstract
Somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) exerts anticonvulsive effects in several rat seizure models, generally attributed to sst(2) receptor activation. Whereas sst(1) immunoreactivity has been localized to both polymorphic interneurons and principal cells in the rat hippocampus, its potential role as an inhibitory autoreceptor or as a receptor involved in mediating anticonvulsive actions remains unknown. We showed that intrahippocampal administration of the sst(1) antagonist SRA880 (1 microM) induced a robust increase in hippocampal SST-14 levels without affecting gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in conscious rats, indicating that the sst(1) receptor acts as an inhibitory autoreceptor. SRA880 did not affect seizure severity and did not reverse the anticonvulsive action of SRIF-14 (1 microM) against pilocarpine-induced seizures, suggesting that hippocampal sst(1) receptors are not involved in the anticonvulsive effects of SRIF-14.
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Engin E, Treit D. Anxiolytic and antidepressant actions of somatostatin: the role of sst2 and sst3 receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:281-9. [PMID: 19609508 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Somatostatin is a cyclic polypeptide that inhibits the release of a variety of regulatory hormones (e.g., growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and thyrotropin). Somatostatin is also widely distributed within the central nervous system (CNS), acting both as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Recently, we showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of somatostatin reduced anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in animal models. The somatostatin receptor subtypes that are involved in these behavioral effects, however, have not been investigated. In the CNS, the neurotransmitter actions of somatostatin are mediated through five G-protein coupled receptors (sst1 to sst5). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the behavioral effects of i.c.v. microinfusions of different doses of selective agonists of each of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes. Their behavioral effects were assessed in the elevated plus-maze and the forced swim apparatus, rodent models of anxiolytic and antidepressant drug effects, respectively. RESULTS Anxiety-like behavior was reduced following i.c.v. infusions of a selective sst2 receptor agonist, but not after infusions of the other four receptor agonists. An antidepressant-like effect was observed following infusions of either sst2 or sst3 agonists. CONCLUSIONS The results add to our nascent understanding of the role of somatostatin in anxiety- and depression-like behavior and suggest a clinical role for somatostatin agonists for the simultaneous treatment of anxiety and depression, which are often comorbid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Engin
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
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