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Sharma R, Kumarasamy M, Parihar VK, Ravichandiran V, Kumar N. Monoamine Oxidase: A Potential Link in Papez Circuit to Generalized Anxiety Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:638-655. [PMID: 37055898 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230412105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is a common mental illness that affects a large number of people around the world, and its treatment is often based on the use of pharmacological substances such as benzodiazepines, serotonin, and 5-hydroxytyrosine (MAO) neurotransmitters. MAO neurotransmitters levels are deciding factors in the biological effects. This review summarizes the current understanding of the MAO system and its role in the modulation of anxiety-related brain circuits and behavior. The MAO-A polymorphisms have been implicated in the susceptibility to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in several investigations. The 5-HT system is involved in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes, involving anxiety, aggressiveness, stress reactions, and other elements of emotional intensity. Among these, 5-HT, NA, and DA are the traditional 5-HT neurons that govern a range of biological activities, including sleep, alertness, eating, thermoregulation, pains, emotion, and memory, as anticipated considering their broad projection distribution in distinct brain locations. The DNMTs (DNA methyltransferase) protein family, which increasingly leads a prominent role in epigenetics, is connected with lower transcriptional activity and activates DNA methylation. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current state of the art in the elucidation of the brain's complex functions in the regulation of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Murali Kumarasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Vipan Kumar Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali-844102, Bihar, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali-844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali-844102, Bihar, India
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Guzmán-López EG, Reina M, Hernández-Ayala LF, Galano A. Rational Design of Multifunctional Ferulic Acid Derivatives Aimed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 37371986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid has numerous beneficial effects on human health, which are frequently attributed to its antioxidant behavior. In this report, many of them are reviewed, and 185 new ferulic acid derivatives are computationally designed using the CADMA-Chem protocol. Consequently, their chemical space was sampled and evaluated. To that purpose, selection and elimination scores were used, which are built from a set of descriptors accounting for ADME properties, toxicity, and synthetic accessibility. After the first screening, 12 derivatives were selected and further investigated. Their potential role as antioxidants was predicted from reactivity indexes directly related to the formal hydrogen atom transfer and the single electron transfer mechanisms. The best performing molecules were identified by comparisons with the parent molecule and two references: Trolox and α-tocopherol. Their potential as polygenic neuroprotectors was investigated through the interactions with enzymes directly related to the etiologies of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. These enzymes are acetylcholinesterase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and monoamine oxidase B. Based on the obtained results, the most promising candidates (FA-26, FA-118, and FA-138) are proposed as multifunctional antioxidants with potential neuroprotective effects. The findings derived from this investigation are encouraging and might promote further investigations on these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gabriel Guzmán-López
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1A Sección, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09310, Mexico
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Srichomphu P, Wattanathorn J, Thukham-mee W, Muchimapura S. Anxiety, Insomnia, and Memory Impairment in Metabolic Syndrome Rats Are Alleviated by the Novel Functional Ingredients from Anacardium occidentale. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2203. [PMID: 36358575 PMCID: PMC9686671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in the coexistence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychological disorders, together with their great impact on socio-economic burdens, no protective strategies that focus on these situations are available. Due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychological disorders, we hypothesized that substances possessing antioxidant activity such as the novel functional ingredients from Anacardium occidentale (AO) could mitigate common psychological disorders in MetS rats. Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, were induced with MetS through a 12-week high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHC). Then, they were given AO orally via a gastric gavage needle at doses of 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg BW for 14 days. Spatial memory, anxiety, depression, and sleep behaviors, together with changes in oxidative stress status and neurotransmitters, were assessed. All doses of AO significantly improved memory, anxiety, and sleep, together with the suppression of oxidative stress, AChE, and GABA-T in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest the protective effect of AO against anxiety, insomnia, and memory impairment that coexist with the MetS condition via an improvement in oxidative stress and the functions of the cholinergic and GABAergic systems. However, this benefit requires clinical confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratthana Srichomphu
- Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Muchimapura
- Research Institute for High Human Performance and Health Promotion, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Chen LM, Zhou C, Li J, Li J, Guo XQ, Kang TR. Copper-catalyzed reactions of α,β-unsaturated N-tosylhydrazones with diaryliodonium salts to construct N-arylpyrazoles and diaryl sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7011-7016. [PMID: 36000782 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an economical copper-catalyzed reaction of α,β-unsaturated N-tosylhydrazones with diaryliodonium salts to construct both N-arylpyrazoles and diaryl sulfones has been developed. Both the p-toluenesulfonyl anion and the 3-arylpyrazole intermediates were formed in situ from N-tosylhydrazones. Subsequently, the former reacted rapidly with diaryliodonium salts to give diaryl sulfones and aryl iodide intermediates, and the latter reacted with aryl iodide to give N-arylpyrazoles under copper-catalyzed conditions. Using unsymmetrical mesityl phenyliodonium salts as substrates, mesityl p-toluenesulfide was obtained as the major product. This reaction took full advantage of the "waste" part of substrates to form an extra diaryl sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Mei Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
| | - Chuang Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Ran Kang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.
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Rehuman NA, Mathew B, Jat RK, Nicolotti O, Kim H. A Comprehensive Review of Monoamine Oxidase-A Inhibitors in their Syntheses and Potencies. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:898-914. [PMID: 32342809 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200428091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a crucial role during the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. There are two MAO isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A is a flavoenzyme, which binds to the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the oxidative transformations of neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focus on synthetic studies has culminated in the preparation of many MAOA inhibitors, and advancements in combinatorial and parallel synthesis have accelerated the developments of synthetic schemes. Here, we provided an overview of the synthetic protocols employed to prepare different classes of MAO-A inhibitors. We classified these inhibitors according to their molecular scaffolds and the synthetic methods used. RESULTS Various synthetic and natural derivatives from a different class of MAO-A inhibitors were reported. CONCLUSION The review provides a valuable tool for the development of a new class of various selective MAO-A inhibitors for the treatment of depression and other anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha A Rehuman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JJTU University, Jhunjhunu, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi-682, India
| | - Rakesh K Jat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JJTU University, Jhunjhunu, India
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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Duarte P, Cuadrado A, León R. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Classic to New Clinical Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:229-259. [PMID: 32852645 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. This pointed them as potential targets for several disorders and along the last 70 years a wide variety of MAO inhibitors have been developed as successful drugs for the treatment of complex diseases, being the first drugs approved for depression in the late 1950s. The discovery of two MAO isozymes (MAO-A and B) with different substrate selectivity and tissue expression patterns led to novel therapeutic approaches and to the development of new classes of inhibitors, such as selective irreversible and reversible MAO-B inhibitors and reversible MAO-A inhibitors. Significantly, MAO-B inhibitors constitute a widely studied group of compounds, some of them approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Further applications are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. This review summarizes the most important aspects regarding the development and clinical use of MAO inhibitors, going through mechanistic and structural details, new indications, and future perspectives. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. The two different isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B, are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane in different tissues. The enzymatic reaction involves formation of the corresponding aldehyde and releasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia or a substituted amine depending on the substrate. MAO's role in neurotransmitter metabolism made them targets for major depression and Parkinson's disease, among other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, these compounds are being studied for other diseases such as cardiovascular ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÚficas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Ravi Kumar G, Ramesh B, Banik S, Subba Reddy B. TosMIC and its derivatives as versatile sulfonylating agents for the synthesis of p-toluenesulfonylarenes from aryl halides and arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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de Albuquerque DY, de Moraes JR, Schwab RS. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation Reaction to Access 1,2,3-Triazole-5-carboxamides Using Dimethyl Carbonate as Sustainable Solvent. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Yano de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química; Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem); Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235 - SP310 São Carlos São Paulo 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Juliana R. de Moraes
- Departamento de Química; Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem); Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235 - SP310 São Carlos São Paulo 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Schwab
- Departamento de Química; Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem); Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar; Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235 - SP310 São Carlos São Paulo 13565-905 Brazil
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9
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Zhang H, Yu Y, Huang S, Huang X. Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of
o
‐Bromobenzaldehydes with
N
‐Sulfonylhydrazones: An Efficient Approach to the Naphthalene Skeleton. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and ChemicalsNanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou Fujian 350002 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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10
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Tang XZ, Liang J, Zhang XJ, Sun RWY, Yan M, Chan ASC. Synthesis of multisubstituted arylsulfones via a one-pot, three-component [3 + 3] benzannulation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4753-4760. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot, three-component [3 + 3] benzannulation reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, bromoallylic sulfones, and sodium sulfinates provided multisubstituted arylsulfones with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zheng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | | | - Ming Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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11
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Zhou Y, Cao WB, Zhang LL, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Ag(I)-Promoted Dehydroxylation and Site-Selective 1,7-Disulfonylation of Diaryl(1H-indol-2-yl)methanols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6056-6065. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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12
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Tripathi AC, Upadhyay S, Paliwal S, Saraf SK. Privileged scaffolds as MAO inhibitors: Retrospect and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:445-497. [PMID: 29335210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and readable review of general interest to the medicinal chemistry community because it focuses on the pharmacological, chemical, structural and computational aspects of diverse chemical categories as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), namely MAO-A and MAO-B represent an enormously valuable class of neuronal enzymes embodying neurobiological origin and functions, serving as potential therapeutic target in neuronal pharmacotherapy, and hence we have coined the term "Neurozymes" which is being introduced for the first time ever. Nowadays, therapeutic attention on MAOIs engrosses two imperative categories; MAO-A inhibitors, in certain mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and MAO-B inhibitors, in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of MAOIs declined due to some potential side effects, food and drug interactions, and introduction of other classes of drugs. However, curiosity in MAOIs is reviving and the recent developments of new generation of highly selective and reversible MAOIs, have renewed the therapeutic prospective of these compounds. The initial section of the review emphasizes on the detailed classification, structural and binding characteristics, therapeutic potential, current status and future challenges of the privileged pharmacophores. However, the chemical prospective of privileged scaffolds such as; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, hydrazines, azoles, diazoles, tetrazoles, indoles, azines, diazines, xanthenes, tricyclics, benzopyrones, and more interestingly natural products, along with their conclusive SARs have been discussed in the later segment of review. The last segment of the article encompasses some patents granted in the field of MAOIs, in a simplistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C Tripathi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Savita Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Pharmacy Department, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India.
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Tang XZ, Tong L, Liang HJ, Liang J, Zou Y, Zhang XJ, Yan M, Chan ASC. Facile synthesis of substituted diaryl sulfones via a [3 + 3] benzannulation strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3560-3563. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00662h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free and efficient synthesis of highly substituted diaryl sulfones via a base-mediated [3 + 3] benzannulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-zheng Tang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Lang Tong
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Hua-ju Liang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jie Liang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xue-jing Zhang
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ming Yan
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Process
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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14
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Lee HW, Ryu HW, Kang MG, Park D, Oh SR, Kim H. Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by purpurin, an anthraquinone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1136-1140. [PMID: 28188065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidation of monoamines that act as neurotransmitters. During a target-based screening of natural products using two isoforms of recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, purpurin (an anthraquinone derivative) was found to potently and selectively inhibit MAO-A, with an IC50 value of 2.50μM, and not to inhibit MAO-B. Alizarin (also an anthraquinone) inhibited MAO-A less potently with an IC50 value of 30.1μM. Furthermore, purpurin was a reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A with a Ki value of 0.422μM. A comparison of their chemical structures suggested the 4-hydroxy group of purpurin might play an important role in its inhibition of MAO-A. Molecular docking simulation showed that the binding affinity of purpurin for MAO-A (-40.0kcal/mol) was higher than its affinity for MAO-B (-33.9kcal/mol), and that Ile 207 and Gly 443 of MAO-A were key residues for hydrogen bonding with purpurin. The findings of this study suggest purpurin is a potent, selective, reversible inhibitor of MAO-A, and that it be considered a new potential lead compound for development of novel reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Entzeroth M, Ratty AK. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors—Revisiting a Therapeutic Principle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ojd.2017.62004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
PET has deep roots in neuroscience stemming from its first application in brain tumor and brain metabolism imaging. PET emerged over the past few decades and continues to play a prominent role in the study of neurochemistry in the living human brain. Over time, neurochemical imaging with PET has been expanded to address a host of research questions related to, among many others, protein density, drug occupancy, and endogenous neurochemical release. Each of these imaging modes has distinct design and analysis considerations that are critical for enabling quantitative measurements. The number of considerations required for a neurochemical PET study can make it unapproachable. This article aims to orient those interested in neurochemical PET imaging to three of the common imaging modes and to provide some perspective on needs that exist for expansion of neurochemical PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Jacob M Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA.
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A pilot study of the value of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-thymidine PET/CT in predicting viable lymphoma in residual 18F-FDG avid masses after completion of therapy. Clin Nucl Med 2015; 39:874-81. [PMID: 25144214 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its success in diagnosing and staging lymphoma, F-FDG PET/CT can be falsely positive in areas of posttreatment inflammation. 3'-F-fluoro-3'-deoxy-l-thymidine (F-FLT) is a structural analog of the DNA constituent thymidine; its uptake correlates with cellular proliferation. This pilot study evaluates the ability of F-FLT PET/CT to distinguish viable lymphoma from posttreatment inflammatory changes in F-FDG avid residual masses. METHODS Twenty-one patients with lymphoma with at least 1 F-FDG avid residual mass after therapy underwent F-FLT PET/CT imaging. F-FDG and F-FLT uptake values were compared, including quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters extracted from the F-FLT time activity curves generated from dynamic data using graphical and nonlinear compartmental modeling. RESULTS The true nature of the residual mass was confirmed by biopsy in 12 patients (8 positive and 4 negative for viable lymphoma and by follow-up CT and/or repeat F-FDG PET/CT imaging over 1 year); among the remaining 9 patients, 7 lesions resolved or decreased and 2 showed growth indicative of lymphoma. F-FLT PET SUVest.max was significantly higher in tumors than in benign lesions (5.5 [2.2] vs 1.7 [0.6]; P < 0.0001), whereas the difference in F-FDG SUVs was not significant (malignant, 7.8 [3.8] vs benign, 5.4 [2.4]; P = 0.11). All of the benign lesions had an F-FLT SUVest.max of less than 3.0. CONCLUSIONS F-FLT shows improved specificity over F-FDG in distinguishing residual lymphoma from posttreatment inflammation and may be useful in the evaluation of patients with residual F-FDG-positive masses after completing therapy.
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Chiuccariello L, Cooke RG, Miler L, Levitan RD, Baker GB, Kish SJ, Kolla NJ, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase-A Occupancy by Moclobemide and Phenelzine: Implications for the Development of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv078. [PMID: 26316187 PMCID: PMC4772270 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are being developed for major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease. Newer MAOIs have minimal sensitivity to tyramine, but a key limitation for optimizing their development is that standards for in vivo monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) occupancy in humans are not well established. The objectives were to determine the dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide and the occupancy of phenelzine at typical clinical dosing. METHODS Major depressive episode (MDE) subjects underwent [(11)C]harmine positron emission tomography scanning prior to and following 6 weeks of treatment with moclobemide or phenelzine. RESULTS Mean brain MAO-A occupancies were 74.23±8.32% for moclobemide at 300-600 mg daily (n = 11), 83.75±5.52% for moclobemide at 900-1200 mg daily (n = 9), and 86.82±6.89% for phenelzine at 45-60 mg daily (n = 4). The regional dose-occupancy relationship of moclobemide fit a hyperbolic function [F(x) = a(x/[b + x]); F(1,18) = 5.57 to 13.32, p = 0.002 to 0.03, mean 'a': 88.62±2.38%, mean 'b': 69.88±4.36 mg]. Multivariate analyses of variance showed significantly greater occupancy of phenelzine (45-60mg) and higher-dose moclobemide (900-1200 mg) compared to lower-dose moclobemide [300-600 mg; F(7,16) = 3.94, p = 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that for first-line MDE treatment, daily moclobemide doses of 300-600mg correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of 74%, whereas for treatment-resistant MDE, either phenelzine or higher doses of moclobemide correspond to a MAO-A occupancy of at least 84%. Therefore, novel MAO inhibitor development should aim for similar thresholds. The findings provide a rationale in treatment algorithm design to raise moclobemide doses to inhibit more MAO-A sites, but suggest switching from high-dose moclobemide to phenelzine is best justified by binding to additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chiuccariello
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert G Cooke
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Laura Miler
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Robert D Levitan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Glen B Baker
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Stephen J Kish
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Sylvain Houle
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Alan A Wilson
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker)
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- CAMH Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada (Drs Chiuccariello, Cooke, Levitan, Kish, Kolla, Rusjan, Houle, Wilson, and Meyer, and Ms Miler); Department of Psychiatry (NRU) and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Dr Baker).
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Shumay E, Alia-Klein N, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Monoamine oxidase: radiotracer chemistry and human studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:51-64. [PMID: 25678277 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes amines from both endogenous and exogenous sources thereby regulating the concentration of neurotransmitter amines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine as well as many xenobiotics. MAO inhibitor drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and in depression stimulating the development of radiotracer tools to probe the role of MAO in normal human biology and in disease. Over the past 30 years since the first radiotracers were developed and the first positron emission tomography (PET) images of MAO in humans were carried out, PET studies of brain MAO in healthy volunteers and in patients have identified different variables that have contributed to different MAO levels in brain and in peripheral organs. MAO radiotracers and PET have also been used to study the current and developing MAO inhibitor drugs including the selection of doses for clinical trials. In this article, we describe the following: (1) the development of MAO radiotracers; (2) human studies including the relationship of brain MAO levels to genotype, personality, neurological, and psychiatric disorders; and (3) examples of the use of MAO radiotracers in drug research and development. We will conclude with outstanding needs to improve the radiotracers that are currently used and possible new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Evidence that formulations of the selective MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline, which bypass first-pass metabolism, also inhibit MAO-A in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:650-7. [PMID: 25249059 PMCID: PMC4289953 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selegiline (L-deprenyl) is a selective, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) at the conventional dose (10 mg/day oral) that is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, controlled studies have demonstrated antidepressant activity for high doses of oral selegiline and for transdermal selegiline suggesting that when plasma levels of selegiline are elevated, brain MAO-A might also be inhibited. Zydis selegiline (Zelapar) is an orally disintegrating formulation of selegiline, which is absorbed through the buccal mucosa producing higher plasma levels of selegiline and reduced amphetamine metabolites compared with equal doses of conventional selegiline. Although there is indirect evidence that Zydis selegiline at high doses loses its selectivity for MAO-B, there is no direct evidence that it also inhibits brain MAO-A in humans. We measured brain MAO-A in 18 healthy men after a 28-day treatment with Zydis selegiline (2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/day) and in 3 subjects receiving the selegiline transdermal system (Emsam patch, 6 mg/day) using positron emission tomography and the MAO-A radiotracer [(11)C]clorgyline. We also measured dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in three subjects from the 10 mg group. The 10 mg Zydis selegiline dose significantly inhibited MAO-A (36.9±19.7%, range 11-70%, p<0.007)) but not DAT; and while Emsam also inhibited MAO-A (33.2±28.9 (range 9-68%) the difference did not reach significance (p=0.10)) presumably because of the small sample size. Our results provide the first direct evidence of brain MAO-A inhibition in humans by formulations of selegiline, which are currently postulated but not verified to target brain MAO-A in addition to MAO-B.
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Yang Y, Chen Z, Rao Y. The synthesis of diarylsulfones with simple arenes and K2S2O8through double C–S bond formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15037-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05964f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Finberg JPM. Update on the pharmacology of selective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B: focus on modulation of CNS monoamine neurotransmitter release. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:133-52. [PMID: 24607445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were initially used in medicine following the discovery of their antidepressant action. Subsequently their ability to potentiate the effects of an indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amine such as tyramine was discovered, leading to their limitation in clinical use, except for cases of treatment-resistant depression. More recently, the understanding that: a) potentiation of indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amines is caused by inhibitors of MAO-A but not by inhibitors of MAO-B, and b) that reversible inhibitors of MAO-A cause minimal tyramine potentiation, has led to their re-introduction to clinical use for treatment of depression (reversible MAO-A inhibitors and new dose form MAO-B inhibitor) and treatment of Parkinson's disease (MAO-B inhibitors). The profound neuroprotective properties of propargyl-based inhibitors of MAO-B in preclinical experiments have drawn attention to the possibility of employing these drugs for their neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases, and have raised the question of the involvement of the MAO-mediated reaction as a source of reactive free radicals. Despite the long-standing history of MAO inhibitors in medicine, the way in which they affect neuronal release of monoamine neurotransmitters is still poorly understood. In recent years, the detailed chemical structure of MAO-B and MAO-A has become available, providing new possibilities for synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors. This review describes the latest advances in understanding the way in which MAO inhibitors affect the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS, with an accent on the importance of these effects for the clinical actions of the drugs.
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A novel series of 6-substituted 3-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)chromen-2-ones as selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 73:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Burch D, Asgharnejad M, Gerson W, Fielding RM, Azzaro AJ. Lack of tyramine pressor response effect with oral CX157: A specific reversible MAOI. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 3:4-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Gerson
- Segal Institute for Clinical Research; Corporate Headquarters; North Miami FL USA
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Peripheral and central nervous system inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in man by the novel inhibitor ABT-384. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e295. [PMID: 23982627 PMCID: PMC3756293 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABT-384 is a potent, selective inhibitor of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD-1). One milligram of ABT-384 daily fully inhibited hepatic HSD-1. Establishing the dose that fully inhibits central nervous system (CNS) HSD-1 would enable definitive clinical studies in potential CNS indications. [9,11,12,12-(2)H4] cortisol (D4 cortisol), a stable labeled tracer, was used to characterize HSD-1 inhibition by ABT-384. D4 cortisol and its products were measured in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy male volunteers during D4 cortisol infusions, for up to 40 h after five daily doses of 1-50 mg ABT-384. Similar procedures were conducted in control subjects who received no ABT-384. Peripheral HSD-1 inhibition was calculated from plasma levels of D4 cortisol and its products. CNS HSD-1 inhibition was characterized from plasma and CSF levels of D4 cortisol and its products. ABT-384 regimens ≥2 mg daily maintained peripheral HSD-1 inhibition ≥88%. ABT-384 1 mg daily maintained peripheral HSD-1 inhibition ≥81%. No CNS formation of D3 cortisol (the mass-labeled product of HSD-1) was detected following ABT-384 ≥2 mg daily, indicating full CNS HSD-1 inhibition by these regimens. Partial CNS HSD-1 inhibition was associated with 1 mg ABT-384 daily. CNS HSD-1 inhibition was characterized by strong hysteresis and increased with maximum post-dose plasma concentration of ABT-384 and its active metabolites. ABT-384 has a wide potential therapeutic window for potential indications including Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder. Stable labeled substrates may be viable tools for measuring CNS effect during new drug development for other enzyme targets.
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Distribution of monoamine oxidase proteins in human brain: implications for brain imaging studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:863-71. [PMID: 23403377 PMCID: PMC3677103 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of monoamine oxidases (MAO-A: [(11)C]harmine, [(11)C]clorgyline, and [(11)C]befloxatone; MAO-B: [(11)C]deprenyl-D2) has been actively pursued given clinical importance of MAOs in human neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it is unknown how well PET outcome measures for the different radiotracers are quantitatively related to actual MAO protein levels. We measured regional distribution (n=38) and developmental/aging changes (21 hours to 99 years) of both MAOs by quantitative immunoblotting in autopsied normal human brain. MAO-A was more abundant than MAO-B in infants, which was reversed as MAO-B levels increased faster before 1 year and, unlike MAO-A, kept increasing steadily to senescence. In adults, regional protein levels of both MAOs were positively and proportionally correlated with literature postmortem data of MAO activities and binding densities. With the exception of [(11)C]befloxatone (binding potential (BP), r=0.61, P=0.15), correlations between regional PET outcome measures of binding in the literature and MAO protein levels were good (P<0.01) for [(11)C]harmine (distribution volume, r=0.86), [(11)C]clorgyline (λk3, r=0.82), and [(11)C]deprenyl-D2 (λk3 or modified Patlak slope, r=0.78 to 0.87), supporting validity of the latter imaging measures. However, compared with in vitro data, the latter PET measures underestimated regional contrast by ∼2-fold. Further studies are needed to address cause of the in vivo vs. in vitro nonproportionality.
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Shumay E, Logan J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1151-60. [PMID: 22948232 DOI: 10.4161/epi.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain function is mediated by biochemical processes, many of which can be visualized and quantified by positron emission tomography (PET). PET brain imaging of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A)-an enzyme metabolizing neurotransmitters-revealed that MAO A levels vary widely between healthy men and this variability was not explained by the common MAOA genotype (VNTR genotype), suggesting that environmental factors, through epigenetic modifications, may mediate it. Here, we analyzed MAOA methylation in white blood cells (by bisulphite conversion of genomic DNA and subsequent sequencing of cloned DNA products) and measured brain MAO A levels (using PET and [(11)C]clorgyline, a radiotracer with specificity for MAO A) in 34 healthy non-smoking male volunteers. We found significant interindividual differences in methylation status and methylation patterns of the core MAOA promoter. The VNTR genotype did not influence the methylation status of the gene or brain MAO A activity. In contrast, we found a robust association of the regional and CpG site-specific methylation of the core MAOA promoter with brain MAO A levels. These results suggest that the methylation status of the MAOA promoter (detected in white blood cells) can reliably predict the brain endophenotype. Therefore, the status of MAOA methylation observed in healthy males merits consideration as a variable contributing to interindividual differences in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shumay
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may be implicated in 33–57% of depression cases. The currently available effective treatments include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or augmentation of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with antipsychotics. ECT and antipsychotics are both associated with safety and tolerability concerns. Depression is hypothesized to result from a dysregulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, although the source of the dysregulation has been unclear. However, recent studies have revealed that an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitters, known as monamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), may be overactive in patients with depression. Thus, treatments for depression that modulate MAO-A could act upstream relative to current antidepressant treatments. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can be highly effective therapeutic agents for depression and some anxiety disorders. Some evidence suggests that MAOIs may act by reversing excessive neurotransmitter depletion within the neuron and the synapse. MAOIs tend to be underutilized in clinical practice, due in part to misinformation and mythology about their dietary and drug interactions. The new class of reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) has shown efficacy in depression, with safety and tolerability comparable to SSRIs. This article discusses recent progress in RIMAs toward the treatment of TRD. Dietary and drug interactions of MAOIs will be covered, as well as guidelines for integrating these agents into clinical practice.
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Carradori S, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, D'Ascenzio M. Patent-related survey on new monoamine oxidase inhibitors and their therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:759-801. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.698613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shaban NZ, Masoud MS, Mawlawi MA, Awad D, Sadek OM. Effect of some pyrimidine compounds on rat brain monoamine oxidase-B in vitro. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:475-84. [PMID: 22467201 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of some pyrimidine compounds (PCs) including barbituric acid (BA) 5,5-diethyl barbituric acid (DEBA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), violuric acid (VA), 2-thiouracil (TU), and 6-amino-2-thiouracil (ATU) on the activity of rat brain monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) were investigated. The results revealed that MAO-B was activated by BA, DEBA, TBA, TU, and ATU, and the activation was structural, concentration, and time dependent. However, MAO-B was inhibited by VA in a noncompetitive and irreversible manner with an enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constant (K (i) value) of 32 nM and IC(50) equals to 19 nM. All the studied PCs changed both the optimum pH and temperature of MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Z Shaban
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Logan J, Carruthers NI, Letavic MA, Sands S, Jiang X, Shea C, Muench L, Xu Y, Carter P, King P, Fowler JS. Blockade of the brain histamine H3 receptor by JNJ-39220675: preclinical PET studies with [¹¹C]GSK189254 in anesthetized baboon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:447-55. [PMID: 22614669 PMCID: PMC3456925 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The preclinical characterization of a series of aryloxypyridine amides has identified JNJ-39220675 ((4-cyclobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanone) as a high-affinity histamine H(3) receptor antagonist and a candidate for further drug development particularly in the treatment of alcohol-related behaviors. OBJECTIVE This study measured brain histamine H(3) receptor blockade by JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg) in the female baboon. METHODS Positron emission tomography imaging and [(11)C]GSK189254, a reversible high-affinity radiotracer with specificity for the histamine H(3) receptor, was used to measure histamine H(3) receptor availability at baseline and after i.v. and oral administration of JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg) in the anesthetized baboon. Histamine H(3) receptor availability was estimated as the total distribution volume (V (T)) in brain regions. The sensitivity of [(11)C]GSK189254 binding to injected mass and carryover effects was determined. RESULTS JNJ-39220675 produces robust (ca. 90 %) blockade of [(11)C]GSK189254 binding after i.v. and oral administration. After oral administration of JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg), the fractional receptor occupancy was >0.9 at 90 min with a slight increase from 90 to 240 min. Similar to prior studies in humans, V (T) was highly sensitive to the mass of GSK189254 with ED(50) estimated to be 0.16 μg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The robust blockade of binding of [(11)C]GSK189254 by JNJ-39220675 demonstrates that this compound readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier and occupies the histamine H(3) receptor after oral administration at low plasma concentrations (∼1 ng/cc) supporting further drug development for alcohol addiction and other disorders. This study corroborates prior reports of the high sensitivity of [(11)C]GSK189254 to injected mass at doses >0.1 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Logan
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Valente S, Tomassi S, Tempera G, Saccoccio S, Agostinelli E, Mai A. Novel reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitors: highly potent and selective 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8228-32. [PMID: 22017497 DOI: 10.1021/jm201011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders; hence, MAO inhibitors are useful agents in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and depression syndrome. Herein we report a novel series of 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones 3-7 as reversible, highly potent and selective anti-MAO-A agents. In particular, 4b, 5b, and 4c showed a K(i-MAO-A) of 0.6, 0.8, and 1 nM, respectively, 4c being 200000-fold selective for MAO-A with respect to MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Abstract
Survival functions from smoking cessation interventions are described by a three-state Markov model. On quitting, smokers transit through a state of withdrawal characterized by a high rate of relapse, and then into a more secure state of long-term abstinence. The Markov model embodies the dynamic nature of the cessation/relapse process; it permits stronger inference to long-term abstinence rates, provides measures of treatment efficacy, describes the outcomes of new quit attempts, and suggests mechanisms for the survival process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Killeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
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Binda C, Mattevi A, Edmondson DE. Structural properties of human monoamine oxidases A and B. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 100:1-11. [PMID: 21971000 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386467-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The structural elucidations of human monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and -B) have provided novel insights into their similarities and differences. Although the enzymes exhibit ∼70% sequence identities, highly conserved chain folds, and are structurally identical in their flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding sites, they differ considerably in the structures of their active sites opposite the flavin cofactor. MAO-A has a monopartite cavity of ∼550 ų, and MAO-B exhibits a bipartite cavity structure with an entrance cavity of 290 ų and a substrate cavity of ∼400 ų. Ile199 functions as a conformational "gate" separating the two cavities. Both enzymes are anchored to the outer mitochondrial membrane via C-terminal helical tails. Loop structures are found at the entrances to their active sites at the membrane surface. Although the crystal structure of human MAO-A is monomeric while MAO-B is dimeric, both enzymes are dimeric in their membrane-bound forms. Dimerization may be important for the favorable orientation of the resultant protein dipole moment toward the anionic membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binda
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Bolasco A, Carradori S, Fioravanti R. Focusing on new monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:909-39. [PMID: 20553094 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.495716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a significant role in the control of intracellular concentration of monoaminergic neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and dietary amines. The rapid degradation of these molecules ensures the proper functioning of synaptic neurotransmission and is critically important for the regulation of emotional and other brain functions. Furthermore, modulators of neurotransmitters exert pleiotropic effects on mental and cognitive functions. The by-products of MAO-mediated reactions include several chemical species with neurotoxic potential. It is widely speculated that prolonged or excessive activity of these enzymes may be conducive to mitochondrial damages and neurodegenerative disturbances. In keeping with these premises, the development of human MAO inhibitors has led to important breakthroughs in the therapy of several neuropsychiatric disorders. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the recent MAO inhibitors related patents published from July 2005 to December 2009. It also reports on new associations of already known MAO inhibitors with other drugs, innovative therapeutic targets, MAO inhibitors obtained by plants extraction, alternative administration routes and synthetic processes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an overview of the main structures being investigated and their biological activities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Several of these MAO inhibitors appear promising for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bolasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy.
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