1
|
Callan L, Caroland-Williams A, Lee G, Belflower J, Belflower J, Modi U, Kase C, Patel A, Collins N, Datta A, Qasi S, Gheidi A. After a period of forced abstinence, rats treated with the norepinephrine neurotoxin DSP-4 still exhibit preserved food-seeking behavior and prefrontal cortex fos-expressing neurons. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32146. [PMID: 39027623 PMCID: PMC11255514 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims Relapse is a common characteristic of compulsive behaviors like addiction, where individuals tend to return to drug use or overeating after a period of abstinence. PFC (prefrontal cortex) neuronal ensembles are required for drug and food-seeking behaviors and are partially regulated by Norepinephrine (NE). However, the contributions of neuromodulators, such as the adrenergic system, in food-seeking behavior are not fully understood. Main methods To investigate this, we trained male and female rats to press a lever in an operant chamber to obtain banana-flavored food pellets for ten days. We then administered DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride), a neurotoxin that diminishes norepinephrine levels in the brain. The rats were kept in their home cages for ten more days before being returned to the operant chambers to measure food-seeking behavior. Key findings Despite receiving DSP-4, the PFC neuronal ensembles measured by Fos and food-seeking behavior did not differ between groups, but rather sex. Significance Although both NE and Fos expressing neurons are implicated in food-seeking, they do not seem to be involved in a cue-contextual induced re-exposure response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.N. Callan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - A.J. Caroland-Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - G. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - J.M. Belflower
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - J.T. Belflower
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - U.A. Modi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - C.V. Kase
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - A.D. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - N.A. Collins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - A. Datta
- Lincoln Memorial University DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - S. Qasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - A. Gheidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acosta MC, Hussein M, Saltzman W. Effects of acute inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase on neural responses to pups in adult virgin male California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115116. [PMID: 38897419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying paternal care in biparental mammals are not well understood. The California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) is a biparental rodent in which virtually all fathers are attracted to pups, while virgin males vary widely in their behavior toward unrelated infants, ranging from attacking to avoiding to huddling and grooming pups. We previously showed that pharmacologically inhibiting the synthesis of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) with the dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor nepicastat reduced the propensity of virgin male and female California mice to interact with pups. The current study tested the hypothesis that nepicastat would reduce pup-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity, a cellular marker of neural activity, in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), medial amygdala (MeA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), brain regions implicated in the control of parental behavior and/or anxiety. Virgin males were injected with nepicastat (75 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 2 hours prior to exposure to either an unrelated pup or novel object for 60 minutes (n = 4-6 mice per group). Immediately following the 60-minute stimulus exposure, mice were euthanized and their brains were collected for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Nepicastat reduced c-Fos expression in the MeA and MPOA of pup-exposed virgin males compared to vehicle-injected controls. In contrast, nepicastat did not alter c-Fos expression in any of the above brain regions following exposure to a novel object. Overall, these results suggest that the noradrenergic system might influence MeA and MPOA function to promote behavioral interactions with pups in virgin males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina C Acosta
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manal Hussein
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beldjoud H, Avelar A, de Guglielmo G, Kallupi M, Sedighim S, Velarde N, Boomhower B, Rizo N, Carrette LLG, George O. Chronic administration of a norepinephrine antagonist prevents and partially reverses escalation of cocaine self-administration. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13316. [PMID: 37644893 PMCID: PMC10614571 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is a critical component of the development and maintenance of drug addiction; however, anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines and beta-blockers (β-adrenergic receptor antagonists) are not used for the treatment of substance use disorder, except for the management of acute withdrawal syndrome. Preclinical studies have shown that beta-blockers may reduce stress-induced relapse; however, the effect of beta blockers on the escalation and maintenance of drug intake has not been tested. To address this issue, we chronically administered the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol during the escalation or maintenance of cocaine intake in a model of extended access (6 h) to cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg). The behavioural specificity of propranolol was tested using a non-drug reward (saccharin). Daily administration of propranolol (15 mg/kg) prevented the development of escalation of cocaine self-administration and partially reversed self-administration after the establishment of escalation of intake. Moreover, propranolol dose-dependently decreased the motivation for cocaine tested under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement during the development of escalation and after maintenance. Finally, propranolol administration had no effect on the escalation and maintenance of saccharin self-administration. These results demonstrate that chronic treatment with propranolol provides therapeutic efficacy in reducing cocaine self-administration during the development and after the establishment of escalation of cocaine self-administration in an animal model relevant to cocaine use disorder. These results suggest that beta blockers should be further investigated as a target for medication development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassiba Beldjoud
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alicia Avelar
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sharona Sedighim
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan Velarde
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brent Boomhower
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan Rizo
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lieselot L G Carrette
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1143373. [PMID: 37465001 PMCID: PMC10350507 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1143373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. Methods In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-h sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. Results In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. Discussion These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Hinds
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Ireneusz D. Wojtas
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Corinne A. Gallagher
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Claire M. Corbett
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel F. Manvich
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543393. [PMID: 37333293 PMCID: PMC10274722 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-hr sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
Collapse
|
6
|
Curtis D. Analysis of Rare Variants in 470,000 Exome-Sequenced UK Biobank Participants Implicates Novel Genes Affecting Risk of Hypertension. Pulse (Basel) 2023; 11:9-16. [PMID: 38090255 PMCID: PMC10712968 DOI: 10.1159/000535157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A previous study of 200,000 exome-sequenced UK Biobank participants to test for association of rare coding variants with hypertension implicated two genes at exome-wide significance, DNMT3A and FES. A total of 42 genes had an uncorrected p value <0.001. These results were followed up in a larger sample of 470,000 exome-sequenced participants. Methods Weighted burden analysis of rare coding variants in a new sample of 97,050 cases and 172,263 controls was carried out for these 42 genes. Those showing evidence for association were then analysed in the combined sample of 167,127 cases and 302,691 controls. Results The association of DNMT3A and FES with hypertension was replicated in the new sample and they and the previously implicated gene NPR1, which codes for a membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, were all exome-wide significant in the combined sample. Also exome-wide significant as risk genes for hypertension were GUCY1A1, ASXL1, and SMAD6, while GUCY1B1 had a nominal p value of <0.0001. GUCY1A1 and GUCY1B1 code for subunits of a soluble guanylate cyclase. For two genes, DBH, which codes for dopamine beta hydroxylase, and INPPL1, rare coding variants predicted to impair gene function were protective against hypertension, again with exome-wide significance. Conclusion The findings offer new insights into biological risk factors for hypertension which could be the subject of further investigation. In particular, genetic variants predicted to impair the function of either membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, activated by natriuretic peptides, or soluble guanylate cyclase, activated by nitric oxide, increase risk of hypertension. Conversely, variants impairing the function of dopamine beta hydroxylase, responsible for the synthesis of norepinephrine, reduce hypertension risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lustberg DJ, Liu JQ, Iannitelli AF, Vanderhoof SO, Liles LC, McCann KE, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine and dopamine contribute to distinct repetitive behaviors induced by novel odorant stress in male and female mice. Horm Behav 2022; 144:105205. [PMID: 35660247 PMCID: PMC10216880 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to unfamiliar odorants induces an array of repetitive defensive and non-defensive behaviors in rodents which likely reflect adaptive stress responses to the uncertain valence of novel stimuli. Mice genetically deficient for dopamine β-hydroxylase (Dbh-/-) lack the enzyme required to convert dopamine (DA) into norepinephrine (NE), resulting in globally undetectable NE and supranormal DA levels. Because catecholamines modulate novelty detection and reactivity, we investigated the effects of novel plant-derived odorants on repetitive behaviors in Dbh-/- mice and Dbh+/- littermate controls, which have catecholamine levels comparable to wild-type mice. Unlike Dbh+/- controls, which exhibited vigorous digging in response to novel odorants, Dbh-/- mice displayed excessive grooming. Drugs that block NE synthesis or neurotransmission suppressed odorant-induced digging in Dbh+/- mice, while a DA receptor antagonist attenuated grooming in Dbh-/- mice. The testing paradigm elicited high circulating levels of corticosterone regardless of Dbh genotype, indicating that NE is dispensable for this systemic stress response. Odorant exposure increased NE and DA abundance in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Dbh+/- mice, while Dbh-/- animals lacked NE and had elevated PFC DA levels that were unaffected by novel smells. Together, these findings suggest that novel odorant-induced increases in central NE tone contribute to repetitive digging and reflect psychological stress, while central DA signaling contributes to repetitive grooming. Further, we have established a simple method for repeated assessment of stress-induced repetitive behaviors in mice, which may be relevant for modeling neuropsychiatric disorders like Tourette syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder that are characterized by stress-induced exacerbation of compulsive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joyce Q Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexa F Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Samantha O Vanderhoof
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Downs AM, McElligott ZA. Noradrenergic circuits and signaling in substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108997. [PMID: 35176286 PMCID: PMC9498225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central noradrenergic system innervates almost all regions of the brain and, as such, is well positioned to modulate many neural circuits implicated in behaviors and physiology underlying substance use disorders. Ample pharmacological evidence demonstrates that α1, α2, and β adrenergic receptors may serve as therapeutic targets to reduce drug -seeking behavior and drug withdrawal symptoms. Further, norepinephrine is a key modulator of the stress response, and stress has been heavily implicated in reinstatement of drug taking. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of noradrenergic circuitry and noradrenergic receptor signaling in the context of opioid, alcohol, and psychostimulant use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Downs
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Zoe A McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hadizadeh H, Flores J, Nunes E, Mayerson T, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Novel Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-022-00246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Harris SS, Green SM, Kumar M, Urs NM. A role for cortical dopamine in the paradoxical calming effects of psychostimulants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3129. [PMID: 35210489 PMCID: PMC8873208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants have a paradoxical calming effect in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their mechanism of action is unclear. Studies using dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) knockout (KO) mice have suggested that the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants might occur through actions on serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. However, newer non-stimulant drugs, such as atomoxetine and guanfacine, suggest that targeting the norepinephrine (NE) system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) might explain this paradoxical calming effect. Thus, we sought to clarify the mechanism of this paradoxical action of psychostimulants. Our ex vivo efflux experiments reveal that the NE transporter (NET) blocker desipramine elevates both norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), but not 5-HT levels, in PFC tissue slices from wild-type (WT) and DAT-KO, but not NET-KO mice. However, the 5-HT transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine elevates only 5-HT in all three genotypes. Systemic administration of desipramine or fluoxetine inhibits hyperactivity in DAT-KO mice, whereas local PFC infusion of desipramine alone produced this same effect. In contrast, pharmacological NE depletion and DA elevation using nepicastat also inhibits hyperactivity in DAT-KO mice. Together, these data suggest elevation of PFC DA and not NE or 5-HT, as a convergent mechanism for the paradoxical effects of psychostimulants observed in ADHD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda S Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sara M Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nikhil M Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Acosta MC, Tillage RP, Weinshenker D, Saltzman W. Acute inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase attenuates behavioral responses to pups in adult virgin California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Horm Behav 2022; 137:105086. [PMID: 34808463 PMCID: PMC9250832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In biparental species, in which both parents care for their offspring, the neural and endocrine mediators of paternal behavior appear to overlap substantially with those underlying maternal behavior. Little is known, however, about the roles of classical neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine (NE), in paternal care and whether they resemble those in maternal care. We tested the hypothesis that NE facilitates the initiation of nurturant behavior toward pups in virgin male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus), a biparental rodent. Virtually all parents in this species are attracted to familiar and unfamiliar pups, while virgins either attack, avoid, or nurture pups, suggesting that the neurochemical control of pup-related behavior changes as mice transition into parenthood. We injected virgin males and females with nepicastat, a selective dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor that blocks NE synthesis (75 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle 2 h before exposing them to a novel pup, estrous female (males only), or pup-sized novel object for 60 min. Nepicastat significantly reduced the number of males and females that approached the pup and that displayed parental behavior. In contrast, nepicastat did not alter virgins' interactions with an estrous female or a novel object, suggesting that nepicastat-induced inhibition of interactions with pups was not mediated by changes in generalized neophobia, arousal, or activity. Nepicastat also significantly reduced NE levels in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex and increased the ratio of dopamine to NE in the hypothalamus. Our results suggest that NE may facilitate the initiation of parental behavior in male and female California mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina C Acosta
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rachel P Tillage
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar G, Saini M, Kundu S. Therapeutic enzymes as non-conventional targets in cardiovascular impairments:A Comprehensive Review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:197-209. [PMID: 34932415 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In-depth mechanistic insights have also provided opportunities to explore novel therapeutic targets and treatment regimens to be discovered. Therapeutic enzymes are an example of such opportunities. The balanced functioning of such enzymes protects against a variety of CVDs while on the other hand, even a small shift in the normal functioning of these enzymes may lead to deleterious outcomes. Owing to the great versatility of these enzymes, inhibition and activation are key regulatory approaches to counter the onset and progression of several cardiovascular impairments. While cardiovascular remedies are already available in excess and of course they are efficacious, a comprehensive description of novel therapeutic enzymes to combat CVDs is the need of the hour. In light of this, the regulation of the functional activity of these enzymes also opens a new avenue for the treatment approaches to be employed. This review describes the importance of non-conventional enzymes as potential candidates in several cardiovascular disorders while highlighting some of the recently targeted therapeutic enzymes in CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Manisha Saini
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| | - Suman Kundu
- University of Delhi - South Campus, 93081, Biochemistry, New Delhi, Delhi, India;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin EL, Doncheck EM, Reichel CM, McRae-Clark AL. Consideration of sex as a biological variable in the translation of pharmacotherapy for stress-associated drug seeking. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100364. [PMID: 34345636 PMCID: PMC8319013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a frequent precipitant of relapse to drug use. Pharmacotherapies targeting a diverse array of neural systems have been assayed for efficacy in attenuating stress-induced drug-seeking in both rodents and in humans, but none have shown enough evidence of utility to warrant routine use in the clinic. We posit that a critical barrier in effective translation is inattention to sex as a biological variable at all phases of the research process. In this review, we detail the neurobiological systems implicated in stress-induced relapse to cocaine, opioids, methamphetamine, and cannabis, as well as the pharmacotherapies that have been used to target these systems in rodent models, the human laboratory, and in clinical trials. In each of these areas we additionally describe the potential influences of biological sex on outcomes, and how inattention to fundamental sex differences can lead to biases during drug development that contribute to the limited success of large clinical trials. Based on these observations, we determine that of the pharmacotherapies discussed only α2-adrenergic receptor agonists and oxytocin have a body of research with sufficient consideration of biological sex to warrant further clinical evaluation. Pharmacotherapies that target β-adrenergic receptors, other neuroactive peptides, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroactive steroids, and the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems require further assessment in females at the preclinical and human laboratory levels before progression to clinical trials can be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Doncheck
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carmela M Reichel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Frankowska M, Surówka P, Suder A, Pieniążek R, Pukło R, Jastrzębska J, Daniel WA, Filip M, Zadrożny-Bujalska M, Kleczkowska P. Treatment with dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors prevents morphine use and relapse-like behavior in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1694-1711. [PMID: 34236605 PMCID: PMC8599263 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Opioid use disorders are serious contributors to the harms associated with the drug use. Unfortunately, therapeutic interventions for opioid addicts after detoxification have been limited and not sufficiently effective. Recently, several studies have led to promising results with disulfiram (DSF), a dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor, showing that it is a potent agent against not only alcohol but also addiction to various drugs. Materials and methods This study was designed to examine whether DSF and nepicastat (NEP; another DBH inhibitor) modify morphine intake and reinstatement of seeking-behavior using the rat model of intravenous morphine self-administration. Additionally, we intended to estimate the effects of both inhibitors on the locomotor activity as well as on extracellular dopamine and its metabolite levels in the nucleus accumbens using microdialysis in naive rats. Results We demonstrated that both DBH inhibitors reduced responding to morphine self-administration. Moreover, DSF and NEP administered acutely before reinstatement test sessions consistently attenuated the reinforcing effects of morphine and a morphine-associated conditioned cue. The observed effects for lower doses (6.25–25 mg/kg; ip) of both DBH inhibitors seem to be independent of locomotor activity reduction and dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens. Neither DSF nor NEP administered daily during morphine abstinence with extinction training sessions had any effect on active lever-responding and changed the reinstatement induced by morphine priming doses. Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by a conditioned cue previously associated with morphine delivery was attenuated following repeated administration of DSF or NEP during the abstinence period. Conclusion These results seem to point to the significance of DBH inhibition as a potential pharmacotherapy against morphine use disorders. Graphic abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Surówka
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Suder
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pieniążek
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pukło
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Jastrzębska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zadrożny-Bujalska
- Department of Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kleczkowska
- Department of Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, ul. Kozielska 4, 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caccamise A, Van Newenhizen E, Mantsch JR. Neurochemical mechanisms and neurocircuitry underlying the contribution of stress to cocaine seeking. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1697-1713. [PMID: 33660857 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with substance use disorders, stress is a critical determinant of relapse susceptibility. In some cases, stressors directly trigger cocaine use. In others, stressors interact with other stimuli to promote drug seeking, thereby setting the stage for relapse. Here, we review the mechanisms and neurocircuitry that mediate stress-triggered and stress-potentiated cocaine seeking. Stressors trigger cocaine seeking by activating noradrenergic projections originating in the lateral tegmentum that innervate the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to produce beta adrenergic receptor-dependent regulation of neurons that release corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). CRF promotes the activation of VTA dopamine neurons that innervate the prelimbic prefrontal cortex resulting in D1 receptor-dependent excitation of a pathway to the nucleus accumbens core that mediates cocaine seeking. The stage-setting effects of stress require glucocorticoids, which exert rapid non-canonical effects at several sites within the mesocorticolimbic system. In the nucleus accumbens, corticosterone attenuates dopamine clearance via the organic cation transporter 3 to promote dopamine signaling. In the prelimbic cortex, corticosterone mobilizes the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which produces CB1 receptor-dependent reductions in inhibitory transmission, thereby increasing excitability of neurons which comprise output pathways responsible for cocaine seeking. Factors that influence the role of stress in cocaine seeking, including prior history of drug use, biological sex, chronic stress/co-morbid stress-related disorders, adolescence, social variables, and genetics are discussed. Better understanding when and how stress contributes to drug seeking should guide the development of more effective interventions, particularly for those whose drug use is stress related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Caccamise
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erik Van Newenhizen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John R Mantsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lustberg D, Tillage RP, Bai Y, Pruitt M, Liles LC, Weinshenker D. Noradrenergic circuits in the forebrain control affective responses to novelty. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3337-3355. [PMID: 32821984 PMCID: PMC7572912 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In rodents, exposure to novel environments elicits initial anxiety-like behavior (neophobia) followed by intense exploration (neophilia) that gradually subsides as the environment becomes familiar. Thus, innate novelty-induced behaviors are useful indices of anxiety and motivation in animal models of psychiatric disease. Noradrenergic neurons are activated by novelty and implicated in exploratory and anxiety-like responses, but the role of norepinephrine (NE) in neophobia has not been clearly delineated. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the role of central NE transmission in neophilic and neophobic behaviors. METHODS We assessed dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice lacking NE and their NE-competent (Dbh +/-) littermate controls in neophilic (novelty-induced locomotion; NIL) and neophobic (novelty-suppressed feeding; NSF) behavioral tests with subsequent quantification of brain-wide c-fos induction. We complimented the gene knockout approach with pharmacological interventions. RESULTS Dbh -/- mice exhibited blunted locomotor responses in the NIL task and completely lacked neophobia in the NSF test. Neophobia was rescued in Dbh -/- mice by acute pharmacological restoration of central NE with the synthetic precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), and attenuated in control mice by the inhibitory α2-adrenergic autoreceptor agonist guanfacine. Following either NSF or NIL, Dbh -/- mice demonstrated reduced c-fos in the anterior cingulate cortex, medial septum, ventral hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and basolateral amygdala. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that central NE signaling is required for the expression of both neophilic and neophobic behaviors. Further, we describe a putative noradrenergic novelty network as a potential therapeutic target for treating anxiety and substance abuse disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rachel P Tillage
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Molly Pruitt
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lustberg D, Iannitelli AF, Tillage RP, Pruitt M, Liles LC, Weinshenker D. Central norepinephrine transmission is required for stress-induced repetitive behavior in two rodent models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1973-1987. [PMID: 32313981 PMCID: PMC7961804 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive behaviors exacerbated by stress. Many OCD patients do not respond to available pharmacotherapies, but neurosurgical ablation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) can provide symptomatic relief. Although the ACC receives noradrenergic innervation and expresses adrenergic receptors (ARs), the involvement of norepinephrine (NE) in OCD has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of genetic or pharmacological disruption of NE neurotransmission on marble burying (MB) and nestlet shredding (NS), two animal models of OCD. METHODS We assessed NE-deficient (Dbh -/-) mice and NE-competent (Dbh +/-) controls in MB and NS tasks. We also measured the effects of anti-adrenergic drugs on NS and MB in control mice and the effects of pharmacological restoration of central NE in Dbh -/- mice. Finally, we compared c-fos induction in the locus coeruleus (LC) and ACC of Dbh -/- and control mice following both tasks. RESULTS Dbh -/- mice virtually lacked MB and NS behaviors seen in control mice but did not differ in the elevated zero maze (EZM) model of general anxiety-like behavior. Pharmacological restoration of central NE synthesis in Dbh -/- mice completely rescued NS behavior, while NS and MB were suppressed in control mice by anti-adrenergic drugs. Expression of c-fos in the ACC was attenuated in Dbh -/- mice after MB and NS. CONCLUSION These findings support a role for NE transmission to the ACC in the expression of stress-induced compulsive behaviors and suggest further evaluation of anti-adrenergic drugs for OCD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alexa F Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rachel P Tillage
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Molly Pruitt
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Z, Niu D, Peng M, Xiong Y, Ji J, Dong Z, Li J. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase and its role in regulating the growth and larval metamorphosis in Sinonovacula constricta. Gene 2020; 737:144418. [PMID: 32006597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH) plays a key role in the synthesis of catecholamines (CAs) in the neuroendocrine regulatory network. The DβH gene was identified from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and referred to as ScDβH. The ScDβH gene is a copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase with a DOMON domain and two Cu2_monooxygen domains. ScDβH transcript expression was abundant in liver and hemolymph. During early development, ScDβH expression significantly increased at the umbo larval stage. Furthermore, the inhibitors and siRNA of DβH were screened. After challenge with DβH inhibitor, the larval metamorphosis and survival rates, and juvenile growth were obviously decreased. Under the siRNA stress, the larval metamorphosis and survival rates were also significantly decreased. Therefore, ScDβH may play an important regulating role in larval metamorphosis and juvenile growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ya Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Farrell MR, Schoch H, Mahler SV. Modeling cocaine relapse in rodents: Behavioral considerations and circuit mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:33-47. [PMID: 29305936 PMCID: PMC6034989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, in that most addicted individuals who choose to quit taking drugs fail to maintain abstinence in the long-term. Relapse is especially likely when recovering addicts encounter risk factors like small "priming" doses of drug, stress, or drug-associated cues and locations. In rodents, these same factors reinstate cocaine seeking after a period of abstinence, and extensive preclinical work has used priming, stress, or cue reinstatement models to uncover brain circuits underlying cocaine reinstatement. Here, we review common rat models of cocaine relapse, and discuss how specific features of each model influence the neural circuits recruited during reinstated drug seeking. To illustrate this point, we highlight the surprisingly specific roles played by ventral pallidum subcircuits in cocaine seeking reinstated by either cocaine-associated cues, or cocaine itself. One goal of such studies is to identify, and eventually to reverse the specific circuit activity that underlies the inability of some humans to control their drug use. Based on preclinical findings, we posit that circuit activity in humans also differs based on the triggers that precipitate craving and relapse, and that associated neural responses could help predict the triggers most likely to elicit relapse in a given person. If so, examining circuit activity could facilitate diagnosis of subgroups of addicted people, allowing individualized treatment based on the most problematic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Farrell
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Greenwald MK. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:84-104. [PMID: 30238023 PMCID: PMC6138948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress-potentiated seeking and consumption of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opioids (i.e., key phenotypes for the most commonly abused substances). I evaluate neuropharmacological mechanisms in experimental models of drug-maintenance and relapse, which translate more readily to individuals presenting for treatment (who have initiated and progressed). An affective/motivational systems model (three dimensions: valence, arousal, control) is mapped onto a systems biology of addiction approach for addressing this problem. Based on quality of evidence to date, promising first-tier neurochemical receptor targets include: noradrenergic (α1 and β antagonist, α2 agonist), kappa-opioid antagonist, nociceptin antagonist, orexin-1 antagonist, and endocannabinoid modulation (e.g., cannabidiol, FAAH inhibition); second-tier candidates may include corticotropin releasing factor-1 antagonists, serotonergic agents (e.g., 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, 5-HT3 antagonists), glutamatergic agents (e.g., mGluR2/3 agonist/positive allosteric modulator, mGluR5 antagonist/negative allosteric modulator), GABA-promoters (e.g., pregabalin, tiagabine), vasopressin 1b antagonist, NK-1 antagonist, and PPAR-γ agonist (e.g., pioglitazone). To address affective/motivational mechanisms of stress-related substance use, it may be advisable to combine agents with actions at complementary targets for greater efficacy but systematic studies are lacking except for interactions with the noradrenergic system. I note clinically-relevant factors that could mediate/moderate the efficacy of anti-stress therapeutics and identify research gaps that should be pursued. Finally, progress in developing anti-stress medications will depend on use of reliable CNS biomarkers to validate exposure-response relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adolescent cannabinoid exposure induces irritability-like behavior and cocaine cross-sensitization without affecting the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13893. [PMID: 30224774 PMCID: PMC6141462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is typically initiated during adolescence and is a significant risk factor for the development of cocaine use in adulthood. However, no preclinical studies have examined the effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure on cocaine dependence in adulthood using the escalation model of cocaine self-administration and the assessment of negative emotional states. In the present study, we found that exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in adolescence produced irritability-like behavior and psychomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine in adolescence. In adulthood, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine. The acquisition of cocaine self-administration was lower in rats with adolescent WIN exposure compared with controls. However, both WIN-exposed and control rats escalated their cocaine intake at the same rate, had similar responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, and had similar psychomotor responses to cocaine. Interestingly, the increase in irritability-like behavior that was previously observed in adolescence after WIN exposure persisted into adulthood. Whether the persisting increase in irritability-like behavior after WIN exposure has translational relevance remains to be studied. In summary, these results suggest that psychoactive cannabinoid exposure during adolescence is unlikely to have a major effect on the escalation of cocaine intake or the development of compulsive-like responding per se in adulthood in a rat model of cocaine self-administration. However, whether the persisting irritability-like behavior may predispose an individual to mood-related impairments in adulthood or predict such impairments warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications January–March 2018. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 16:253-259. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.29077.pq1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
23
|
Di Ciano P, Le Foll B. The Rat Gambling Task as a model for the preclinical development of treatments for gambling disorder. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1448428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Di Ciano
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Addiction Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Solecki WB, Szklarczyk K, Pradel K, Kwiatkowska K, Dobrzański G, Przewłocki R. Noradrenergic signaling in the VTA modulates cocaine craving. Addict Biol 2018. [PMID: 28635140 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to drug-associated cues evokes drug-seeking behavior and is regarded as a major cause of relapse. Conditional stimulus upregulates noradrenaline (NA) system activity, but the drug-seeking behavior depends particularly on phasic dopamine signaling downstream from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA dopamine-ergic activity is regulated via the signaling of alpha1 -adrenergic and alpha2 -adrenergic receptors (α1 -ARs and α2 -ARs); thus, the impact of the conditional stimulus on drug-seeking behavior might involve NAergic signaling in the VTA. To date, the role of VTA ARs in regulating cocaine seeking was not studied. We found that cocaine seeking under extinction conditions in male Sprague-Dawley rats was attenuated by intra-VTA prazosin or terazosin-two selective α1 -AR antagonists. In contrast, cocaine seeking was facilitated by intra-VTA administration of the selective α1 -AR agonist phenylephrine as well as α2 -AR antagonist RX 821002, whereas the selective β-AR antagonist propranolol had no effects. In addition, blockade of α1 -AR in the VTA prevented α2 -AR antagonist-induced enhancement of cocaine seeking. Importantly, the potential non-specific effects of the VTA AR blockade on cocaine seeking could be excluded, because none of the AR antagonists influenced sucrose seeking under extinction conditions or locomotor activity in the open field test. These results demonstrate that NAergic signaling potently and selectively regulates cocaine seeking during early cocaine withdrawal via VTA α1 -AR and α2 -AR but not β-AR. Our findings provide new insight into the NAergic mechanisms that underlie cocaine craving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Barnaba Solecki
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology; Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University; Poland
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Klaudia Szklarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology; Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University; Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Krystyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dobrzański
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewłocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology; Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mitrano DA, Jackson K, Finley S, Seeley A. α1b-Adrenergic Receptor Localization and Relationship to the D1-Dopamine Receptor in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens. Neuroscience 2018; 371:126-137. [PMID: 29229557 PMCID: PMC5809204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The α1-adrenergic receptors (α1ARs) have been implicated in numerous actions of the brain, including attention and wakefulness. Additionally, they have been identified as contributing to disorders of the brain, such as drug addiction, and recent work has shown a role of these receptors in relapse to psychostimulants. While some functionality is known, the actual subcellular localization of the subtypes of the α1ARs remains to be elucidated. Further, their anatomical relationship to receptors for other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine (DA), remains unclear. Therefore, using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy techniques, this study describes the subcellular localization of the α1b-adrenergic receptor (α1bAR), the subtype most tied to relapse behaviors, as well as its relationship to the D1-dopamine receptor (D1R) in both the shell and core of the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc). Overall, α1bARs were found in unmyelinated axons and axon terminals with some labeling in dendrites. In accordance with other studies of the striatum, the D1R was found mainly in dendrites and spines; therefore, colocalization of the D1R with the α1bAR was rare postsynaptically. However, in the NAc shell, when the receptors were co-expressed in the same neuronal elements there was a trend for both receptors to be found on the plasma membrane, as opposed to the intracellular compartment. This study provides valuable anatomical information about the α1bAR and its relationship to the D1R and the regulation of DA and norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission in the brain which have been examined previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Mitrano
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States.
| | - Kelsey Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States.
| | - Samantha Finley
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States.
| | - Allison Seeley
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Effects of disulfiram on choice behavior in a rodent gambling task: association with catecholamine levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:23-35. [PMID: 29085979 PMCID: PMC5750121 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gambling disorder is a growing societal concern, as recognized by its recent classification as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5. Case reports have shown that disulfiram reduces gambling-related behavior in humans. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to determine whether disulfiram affects performance on a rat gambling task, a rodent version of the Iowa gambling task in humans, and whether any changes were associated with alterations in dopamine and/or norepinephrine levels. METHODS Rats were administered disulfiram prior to testing on the rat gambling task or prior to analysis of dopamine or norepinephrine levels in brain homogenates. Rats in the behavioral task were divided into two subgroups (optimal vs suboptimal) based on their baseline levels of performance in the rat gambling task. Rats in the optimal group chose the advantageous strategy more, and rats in the suboptimal group (a parallel to problem gambling) chose the disadvantageous strategy more. Rats were not divided into optimal or suboptimal groups prior to neurochemical analysis. RESULTS Disulfiram administered 2 h, but not 30 min, before the task dose-dependently improved choice behavior in the rats with an initial disadvantageous "gambling-like" strategy, while having no effect on the rats employing an advantageous strategy. The behavioral effects of disulfiram were associated with increased striatal dopamine and decreased striatal norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that combined actions on dopamine and norepinephrine may be a useful treatment for gambling disorders.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kohut SJ, Jacobs DS, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Bergman J, Blough BE. Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of "norepinephrine-preferring" monoamine releasers: time course and interaction studies in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3455-3465. [PMID: 28889212 PMCID: PMC5747253 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The therapeutic potential of monoamine releasers with prominent dopaminergic effects is hindered by their high abuse liability. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the effects of several novel "norepinephrine (NE)-preferring" monoamine releasers relative to non-selective monoamine releasers, d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine, in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine. NE-preferring releasers were approximately 13-fold more potent for NE compared to dopamine release and ranged in potency for serotonin release (PAL-329 < l-methamphetamine < PAL-169). METHODS Adult rhesus macaques were trained to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg, IM cocaine on a 30-response fixed ratio schedule of food reinforcement. Substitution studies determined the extent to which test drugs produced cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and their time course. Drug interaction studies determined whether pretreatment with test drugs altered the discriminable effects of cocaine. RESULTS Results show that cocaine, d-amphetamine, and d-methamphetamine dose-dependently substituted for cocaine with similar potencies. Among the "NE-preferring" releasers, PAL-329 and l-methamphetamine also dose-dependently substituted for cocaine but differed in potency. PAL-169 failed to substitute for cocaine up to a dose that disrupted responding. When administered prior to cocaine, only d-amphetamine and PAL-329 significantly shifted the cocaine dose-effect function leftward indicating enhancement of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that greater potency for NE relative to dopamine release (up to 13-fold) does not interfere with the ability of a monoamine releaser to produce cocaine-like discriminative effects but that increased serotonin release may have an inhibitory effect. Further characterization of these and other "NE-preferring" monoamine releasers should provide insight into their potential for the management of cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kohut
- McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - David S Jacobs
- McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Richard B Rothman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Partilla
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- McLean Hospital - Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
The α-1 adrenoceptor (ADRA1A) genotype moderates the magnitude of acute cocaine-induced subjective effects in cocaine-dependent individuals. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:428-35. [PMID: 27379509 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether a functional variant of the ADRA1A gene moderated cocaine-induced subjective effects in a group of cocaine-dependent individuals. METHODS This study was a within-participant, double-blind, placebo-controlled inpatient human laboratory evaluation of 65 nontreatment-seeking, cocaine-dependent [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV)] individuals aged 18-55 years. Participants received both placebo (saline, IV) and cocaine (40 mg, IV), and subjective responses were assessed 15 min before receiving an infusion and at 5 min intervals for the subsequent 20 min. The rs1048101 variant of the α1A-adrenoceptor (ADRA1A) gene was genotyped and it was evaluated whether the Cys to Arg substitution at codon 347 in exon 2 (Cys347Arg) moderated the magnitude of the subjective effects produced by cocaine. RESULTS Thirty (46%) participants were found to have the major allele CC genotype and 35 (44%) carried at least one minor T-allele of rs1048101 (TT or TC genotype). Individuals with the CC genotype showed greater responses for 'desire' (P<0.0001), 'high' (P<0.0001), 'any drug effect' (P<0.0001), 'like cocaine' (P<0.0001), and 'likely to use cocaine if given access' (P<0.05) with experiment-wise significance. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the ADRA1A genotype could be used to identify individuals for whom acute cocaine exposure may be more rewarding and by inference may result in greater difficulty in establishing and/or maintaining abstinence from cocaine.
Collapse
|
29
|
Schmidt KT, Schroeder JP, Foster SL, Squires K, Smith BM, Pitts EG, Epstein MP, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine regulates cocaine-primed reinstatement via α1-adrenergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:134-140. [PMID: 28392265 PMCID: PMC5495469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats is thought to reflect relapse-like behavior and is mediated by the integration of signals from mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic projections and corticostriatal glutamatergic innervation. Cocaine-primed reinstatement can also be attenuated by systemic administration of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors, which prevent norepinephrine (NE) synthesis, or by α1-adrenergic receptor (α1AR) antagonists, indicating functional modulation by the noradrenergic system. In the present study, we sought to further discern the role of NE in cocaine-seeking behavior by determining whether α1AR activation can induce reinstatement on its own or is sufficient to permit cocaine-primed reinstatement in the absence of all other AR signaling, and identifying the neuroanatomical substrate within the mesocorticolimbic reward system harboring the critical α1ARs. We found that while intracerebroventricular infusion of the α1AR agonist phenylephrine did not induce reinstatement on its own, it did overcome the blockade of cocaine-primed reinstatement by the DBH inhibitor nepicastat. Furthermore, administration of the α1AR antagonist terazosin in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but not the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement. Combined, these data indicate that α1AR activation in the mPFC is required for cocaine-primed reinstatement, and suggest that α1AR antagonists merit further investigation as pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jason P Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Katherine Squires
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brilee M Smith
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Pitts
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gerth AI, Alhadeff AL, Grill HJ, Roitman MF. Regional influence of cocaine on evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core: A role for the caudal brainstem. Brain Res 2016; 1655:252-260. [PMID: 27789280 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine increases dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens through competitive binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT). However, it also increases the frequency of dopamine release events, a finding that cannot be explained by action at the DAT alone. Rather, this effect may be mediated by cocaine-induced modulation of brain regions that project to dopamine neurons. To explore regional contributions of cocaine to dopamine signaling, we administered cocaine to the lateral or fourth ventricles and compared the effects on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area to that of systemically-delivered cocaine. Stimulation trains caused a sharp rise in dopamine followed by a slower return to baseline. The magnitude of dopamine release ([DA]max) as well as the latency to decay to fifty percent of the maximum (t(1/2); index of DAT activity) by each stimulation train were recorded. All routes of cocaine delivery caused an increase in [DA]max; only systemic cocaine caused an increase in t(1/2). Importantly, these data are the first to show that hindbrain (fourth ventricle)-delivered cocaine modulates phasic dopamine signaling. Fourth ventricular cocaine robustly increased cFos immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), suggesting a neural substrate for hindbrain cocaine-mediated effects on [DA]max. Together, the data demonstrate that cocaine-induced effects on phasic dopamine signaling are mediated via actions throughout the brain including the hindbrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn I Gerth
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Disulfiram inhibits chocolate self-administration and reinstatement to chocolate seeking in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
32
|
Reward deficiency and anti-reward in pain chronification. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:282-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Zaniewska M, Filip M, Przegalinski E. The Involvement of Norepinephrine in Behaviors Related to Psychostimulant Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:407-18. [PMID: 26411968 PMCID: PMC4812804 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150121225659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that the abuse-related effects of
amphetamines and cocaine result from the activation of the brain dopaminergic
(DA) system, the psychostimulants also alter other neurotransmitter systems. In
particular, they increase extracellular levels of norepinephrine (NE) and
serotonin by inhibiting respective plasma membrane transporters and/or inducing
release. The present review will discuss the preclinical findings on the effects
of the NE system modulation (lesions, pharmacological and genetic approaches) on
behaviors (locomotor hyperactivity, behavioral sensitization, modification of
intracranial self-stimulation, conditioned place preference, drug
self-administration, extinction/reinstatement of drug seeking behavior) related
to the psychostimulant addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zaniewska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vendelboe TV, Harris P, Zhao Y, Walter TS, Harlos K, El Omari K, Christensen HEM. The crystal structure of human dopamine β-hydroxylase at 2.9 Å resolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1500980. [PMID: 27152332 PMCID: PMC4846438 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The norepinephrine pathway is believed to modulate behavioral and physiological processes, such as mood, overall arousal, and attention. Furthermore, abnormalities in the pathway have been linked to numerous diseases, for example hypertension, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and cocaine dependence. We report the crystal structure of human dopamine β-hydroxylase, which is the enzyme converting dopamine to norepinephrine. The structure of the DOMON (dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal) domain, also found in >1600 other proteins, reveals a possible metal-binding site and a ligand-binding pocket. The catalytic core structure shows two different conformations: an open active site, as also seen in another member of this enzyme family [the peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating (and α-amidating) monooxygenase], and a closed active site structure, in which the two copper-binding sites are only 4 to 5 Å apart, in what might be a coupled binuclear copper site. The dimerization domain adopts a conformation that bears no resemblance to any other known protein structure. The structure provides new molecular insights into the numerous devastating disorders of both physiological and neurological origins associated with the dopamine system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trine V. Vendelboe
- Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas S. Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hans E. M. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mejias-Aponte CA. Specificity and impact of adrenergic projections to the midbrain dopamine system. Brain Res 2016; 1641:258-73. [PMID: 26820641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neuromodulator that regulates different brain circuits involved in cognitive functions, motor coordination, and emotions. Dysregulation of DA is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and substance abuse. Several lines of research have shown that the midbrain DA system is regulated by the central adrenergic system. This review focuses on adrenergic interactions with midbrain DA neurons. It discusses the current neuroanatomy including source of adrenergic innervation, type of synapses, and adrenoceptors expression. It also discusses adrenergic regulation of DA cell activity and neurotransmitter release. Finally, it reviews several neurological and psychiatric disorders where changes in adrenergic system are associated with dysregulation of the midbrain DA system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Histology Core, Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
España RA, Schmeichel BE, Berridge CW. Norepinephrine at the nexus of arousal, motivation and relapse. Brain Res 2016; 1641:207-16. [PMID: 26773688 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arousal plays a critical role in cognitive, affective and motivational processes. Consistent with this, the dysregulation of arousal-related neural systems is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Noradrenergic systems exert potent arousal-enhancing actions that involve signaling at α1- and β-noradrenergic receptors within a distributed network of subcortical regions. The majority of research into noradrenergic modulation of arousal has focused on the nucleus locus coeruleus. Nevertheless, anatomical studies demonstrate that multiple noradrenergic nuclei innervate subcortical arousal-related regions, providing a substrate for differential regulation of arousal across these distinct noradrenergic nuclei. The arousal-promoting actions of psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse contribute to their widespread abuse. Moreover, relapse can be triggered by a variety of arousal-promoting events, including stress and re-exposure to drugs of abuse. Evidence has long-indicated that norepinephrine plays an important role in relapse. Recent observations suggest that noradrenergic signaling elicits affectively-neutral arousal that is sufficient to reinstate drug seeking. Collectively, these observations indicate that norepinephrine plays a key role in the interaction between arousal, motivation, and relapse. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Brooke E Schmeichel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Craig W Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gaval-Cruz M, Goertz RB, Puttick DJ, Bowles DE, Meyer RC, Hall RA, Ko D, Paladini CA, Weinshenker D. Chronic loss of noradrenergic tone produces β-arrestin2-mediated cocaine hypersensitivity and alters cellular D2 responses in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol 2016; 21:35-48. [PMID: 25123018 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine blocks plasma membrane monoamine transporters and increases extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT). The addictive properties of cocaine are mediated primarily by DA, while NE and 5-HT play modulatory roles. Chronic inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), which converts DA to NE, increases the aversive effects of cocaine and reduces cocaine use in humans, and produces behavioral hypersensitivity to cocaine and D2 agonism in rodents, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We found a decrease in β-arrestin2 (βArr2) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) following chronic genetic or pharmacological DBH inhibition, and overexpression of βArr2 in the NAc normalized cocaine-induced locomotion in DBH knockout (Dbh -/-) mice. The D2/3 agonist quinpirole decreased excitability in NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from control, but not Dbh -/- animals, where instead there was a trend for an excitatory effect. The Gαi inhibitor NF023 abolished the quinpirole-induced decrease in excitability in control MSNs, but had no effect in Dbh -/- MSNs, whereas the Gαs inhibitor NF449 restored the ability of quinpirole to decrease excitability in Dbh -/- MSNs, but had no effect in control MSNs. These results suggest that chronic loss of noradrenergic tone alters behavioral responses to cocaine via decreases in βArr2 and cellular responses to D2/D3 activation, potentially via changes in D2-like receptor G-protein coupling in NAc MSNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Gaval-Cruz
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Richard B. Goertz
- Department of Biology; Neurosciences Institute; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX USA
| | - Daniel J. Puttick
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Dawn E. Bowles
- Department of Surgery; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham NC USA
| | - Rebecca C. Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Daijin Ko
- Department of Management Science and Statistics; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX USA
| | - Carlos A. Paladini
- Department of Biology; Neurosciences Institute; University of Texas at San Antonio; San Antonio TX USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devoto P, Fattore L, Antinori S, Saba P, Frau R, Fratta W, Gessa GL. Elevated dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex suppresses cocaine seeking via D1 receptor overstimulation. Addict Biol 2016; 21:61-71. [PMID: 25135633 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations indicate that the dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors disulfiram and nepicastat suppress cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine self-administration behaviour. Moreover, both inhibitors increase dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and markedly potentiate cocaine-induced dopamine release in this region. This study was aimed to clarify if the suppressant effect of DBH inhibitors on cocaine reinstatement was mediated by the high extracellular dopamine in the rat mPFC leading to a supra-maximal stimulation of D1 receptors in the dorsal division of mPFC, an area critical for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour. In line with previous microdialysis studies in drug-naïve animals, both DBH inhibitors potentiated cocaine-induced dopamine release in the mPFC, in the same animals in which they also suppressed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Similar to the DBH inhibitors, L-DOPA potentiated cocaine-induced dopamine release in the mPFC and suppressed cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviour. The bilateral microinfusion of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the dorsal mPFC not only prevented cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking but also reverted both disulfiram- and L-DOPA-induced suppression of reinstatement. Moreover, the bilateral microinfusion of the D1 receptor agonist chloro-APB (SKF 82958) into the dorsal mPFC markedly attenuated cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These results suggest that stimulation of D1 receptors in the dorsal mPFC plays a crucial role in cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, whereas the suppressant effect of DBH inhibitors and L-DOPA on drug-induced reinstatement is mediated by a supra-maximal stimulation of D1 receptors leading to their inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Devoto
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- ‘Guy Everett Laboratory’; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari; National Research Council (CNR); Italy
| | - Silvia Antinori
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Roberto Frau
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- ‘Guy Everett Laboratory’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- ‘Guy Everett Laboratory’; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari; National Research Council (CNR); Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Funk D, Lê AD, Shaham Y. Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:335-56. [PMID: 25976297 PMCID: PMC4677117 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas Funk
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Weinshenker D, Holmes PV. Regulation of neurological and neuropsychiatric phenotypes by locus coeruleus-derived galanin. Brain Res 2015; 1641:320-37. [PMID: 26607256 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research confirm that noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are essential for arousal, attention, motivation, and stress responses. While most studies on LC transmission focused unsurprisingly on norepinephrine (NE), adrenergic signaling cannot account for all the consequences of LC activation. Galanin coexists with NE in the vast majority of LC neurons, yet the precise function of this neuropeptide has proved to be surprisingly elusive given our solid understanding of the LC system. To elucidate the contribution of galanin to LC physiology, here we briefly summarize the nature of stimuli that drive LC activity from a neuroanatomical perspective. We go on to describe the LC pathways in which galanin most likely exerts its effects on behavior, with a focus on addiction, depression, epilepsy, stress, and Alzheimer׳s disease. We propose a model in which LC-derived galanin has two distinct functions: as a neuromodulator, primarily acting via the galanin 1 receptor (GAL1), and as a trophic factor, primarily acting via galanin receptor 2 (GAL2). Finally, we discuss how the recent advances in neuropeptide detection, optogenetics and chemical genetics, and galanin receptor pharmacology can be harnessed to identify the roles of LC-derived galanin definitively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute and Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Devoto P, Flore G, Saba P, Frau R, Gessa GL. Selective inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase enhances dopamine release from noradrenergic terminals in the medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00393. [PMID: 26516613 PMCID: PMC4614051 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disulfiram has been claimed to be useful in cocaine addiction therapy, its efficacy being attributed to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibition. Our previous results indicate that disulfiram and the selective DBH inhibitor nepicastat increase extracellular dopamine (DA) in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and markedly potentiated cocaine-induced increase. Concomitantly, in rats with cocaine self-administration history, cocaine-seeking behavior induced by drug priming was prevented, probably through overstimulation of D1 receptors due to the DA increase. The present research was aimed at studying the neurochemical mechanisms originating the enhanced DA release. METHODS Noradrenergic system ablation was attained by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the neurotoxin anti-DBH-saporin (aDBH-sap). DA, noradrenaline (NA), and DOPAC were assessed by HPLC after ex vivo tissue extraction or in vivo microdialysis. Control and denervated rats were subjected to microdialysis in the mPFC and caudate nucleus to evaluate the effect of nepicastat-cocaine combination on extracellular DA levels and their regulation by α2-adrenoceptors. RESULTS Fifteen days after neurotoxin or its vehicle administration, tissue and extracellular NA were reduced to less than 2% the control value, while extracellular DA was increased by approximately 100%. In control rats, nepicastat given alone and in combination with cocaine increased extracellular DA by about 250% and 1100%, respectively. In denervated rats, nepicastat slightly affected extracellular DA, while in combination with cocaine increased extracellular DA by 250%. No differences were found in the caudate nucleus. Clonidine almost totally reversed the extracellular DA elevation produced by nepicastat-cocaine combination, while it was ineffective in denervated rats. CONCLUSIONS This research shows that the increase of extracellular DA produced by nepicastat alone or in combination with cocaine was prevented by noradrenergic denervation. The results indicate that nepicastat enhances DA release from noradrenergic terminals supposedly by removing NA from α2-autoreceptors. In addition to the inhibition of DA uptake, the latter mechanism may explain the synergistic effect of cocaine on nepicastat-induced DA release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy ; "Guy Everett Laboratory" University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy ; Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction" University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Giovanna Flore
- Department of Medical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Roberto Frau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy ; "Guy Everett Laboratory" University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Gian L Gessa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy ; "Guy Everett Laboratory" University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy ; National Research Council CNR, Institute of Neuroscience Cagliari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ogbonmwan YE, Sciolino NR, Groves-Chapman JL, Freeman KG, Schroeder JP, Edwards GL, Holmes PV, Weinshenker D. The galanin receptor agonist, galnon, attenuates cocaine-induced reinstatement and dopamine overflow in the frontal cortex. Addict Biol 2015; 20:701-13. [PMID: 25053279 PMCID: PMC4305031 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Relapse represents one of the most significant problems in the long-term treatment of drug addiction. Cocaine blocks plasma membrane monoamine transporters and increases dopamine (DA) overflow in the brain, and DA is critical for the motivational and primary reinforcing effects of the drug as well as cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats, a model of relapse. Thus, modulators of the DA system may be effective for the treatment of cocaine dependence. The endogenous neuropeptide galanin inhibits DA transmission, and both galanin and the synthetic galanin receptor agonist, galnon, interfere with some rewarding properties of cocaine. The purpose of this study was to further assess the effects of galnon on cocaine-induced behaviors and neurochemistry in rats. We found that galnon attenuated cocaine-induced motor activity, reinstatement and DA overflow in the frontal cortex at a dose that did not reduce baseline motor activity, stable self-administration of cocaine, baseline extracellular DA levels or cocaine-induced DA overflow in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Similar to cocaine, galnon had no effect on stable food self-administration but reduced food-primed reinstatement. These results indicate that galnon can diminish cocaine-induced hyperactivity and relapse-like behavior, possibly in part by modulating DA transmission in the frontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E. Ogbonmwan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Natale R. Sciolino
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jessica L. Groves-Chapman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kimberly G. Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jason P. Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gaylen L. Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Philip V. Holmes
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Colombo G, Maccioni P, Vargiolu D, Loi B, Lobina C, Zaru A, Carai MAM, Gessa GL. The dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor, nepicastat, reduces different alcohol-related behaviors in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2345-53. [PMID: 25257286 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental data indicate that treatment with the selective dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor, nepicastat, suppressed different reward-related behaviors, including self-administration of chocolate and reinstatement of cocaine and chocolate seeking, in rats. This study was designed to extend to different alcohol-related behaviors the investigation on the "anti-addictive" properties of nepicastat. METHODS Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats, selectively bred for excessive alcohol consumption, were exposed to different procedures of alcohol drinking and self-administration. RESULTS Repeated treatment with nepicastat (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], once daily for 10 consecutive days) produced a stable and dose-related reduction in daily alcohol intake in sP rats exposed to the homecage 2-bottle "alcohol (10% v/v) versus water" choice regimen with unlimited access. Acute treatment with nepicastat (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) completely suppressed the "alcohol deprivation effect" (i.e., the temporary increase in alcohol intake occurring after a period of abstinence; model of alcohol relapse episodes) in sP rats exposed to the 2-bottle choice regimen. Acute treatment with nepicastat (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently and selectively reduced oral alcohol self-administration in sP rats trained to lever respond for alcohol (15% v/v) on a fixed ratio 4 schedule of reinforcement. Finally, combination of nepicastat (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) and alcohol (2 g/kg, intragastrically) did not alter spontaneous locomotor activity in sP rats. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data extend to alcohol the capacity of nepicastat to suppress different behaviors motivated by natural stimuli and drugs of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Colombo
- Section of Cagliari, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Evaluation of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) inhibitor nepicastat in participants who meet criteria for cocaine use disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:40-48. [PMID: 25602710 PMCID: PMC4777897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the potent and selective dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) inhibitor nepicastat would have minimal effects on cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic parameters associated with cocaine administration and would reduce the positive subjective effects produced by cocaine. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, inpatient study of oral nepicastat (0, 80 and 160mg) concurrent with intravenous (IV) cocaine (0, 10, 20 and 40mg) in non-treatment seeking participants who metcriteria for cocaine use disorder. Safety analyses revealed that nepicastat was well-tolerated and there were no differences in adverse events observed after nepicastat plus cocaine vs. cocaine alone. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties of cocaine administration were not altered by nepicastat treatment. Cocaine-induced cardiovascular and subjective effects were evaluated for completers in the cohort randomized to nepicastat (n=13) using a within-subjects statistical analysis strategy. Specifically, the cardiovascular and subjective effects of cocaine were assessed in the presence of placebo (0mg), 80mg of nepicastat or 160mg of nepicastat on study Days 4, 8 and 12, respectively. Analyses revealed a main effect of nepicastat to reduce several cocaine-induced positive subjective effects. Taken together, these data indicate that nepicastat is safe when co-administered with cocaine and may suppress its positive subjective effects, and may be viable as a pharmacotherapy for treatment of cocaine use disorder.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ogbonmwan YE, Schroeder JP, Holmes PV, Weinshenker D. The effects of post-extinction exercise on cocaine-primed and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1395-403. [PMID: 25358851 PMCID: PMC4388768 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Voluntary aerobic exercise has shown promise as a treatment for substance abuse, reducing relapse in cocaine-dependent people. Wheel running also attenuates drug-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats, an animal model of relapse. However, in most of these studies, wheel access was provided throughout cocaine self-administration and/or extinction and had effects on several parameters of drug seeking. Moreover, the effects of exercise on footshock stress-induced reinstatement have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to isolate and specifically examine the protective effect of exercise on relapse-like behavior elicited by a drug prime or stress. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine at a stable level, followed by extinction training. Once extinction criteria were met, rats were split into exercise (24 h, continuous access to running wheel) and sedentary groups for 3 weeks, after which, drug-seeking behavior was assessed following a cocaine prime or footshock. We also measured galanin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the locus coeruleus and A2 noradrenergic nucleus. RESULTS Exercising rats ran ∼4-6 km/day, comparable to levels previously reported for rats without a history of cocaine self-administration. Post-extinction exercise significantly attenuated cocaine-primed, but not footshock stress-induced, reinstatement of cocaine seeking, and increased galanin mRNA expression in the LC but not A2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that chronic wheel running can attenuate some forms of reinstatement, even when initiated after the cessation of cocaine self-administration, supporting the idea that voluntary exercise programs may help maintain abstinence in clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E. Ogbonmwan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jason P. Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip V. Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute and Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shorter D, Domingo CB, Kosten TR. Emerging drugs for the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a review of neurobiological targets and pharmacotherapy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 20:15-29. [PMID: 25425416 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.985203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocaine use is a global public health concern of significant magnitude, negatively impacting both the individual as well as larger society. Despite numerous trials, the discovery of an effective medication for treatment of cocaine use disorder remains elusive. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the emerging pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine use disorder, focusing on those medications that are currently in Phase II or III human clinical trials. Articles reviewed were obtained through searches of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov and the Pharmaprojects database. EXPERT OPINION Research into cocaine pharmacotherapy must continue to show innovation. Given that medications targeting single neurotransmitter systems have demonstrated little efficacy in treatment of cocaine use disorder, the recent focus on pharmacotherapeutic agents with multiple neurobiochemical targets represents an exciting shift in trial design and approach. Additionally, consideration of pharmacogenetics may be helpful in identification of subpopulations of cocaine-dependent individuals who may preferentially respond to medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Shorter
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Research Service Line , 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Bldg 121, Office 121-137, Houston, TX 77030 , USA +1 713 791 1414 Ext. 24643 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Perry CJ, Zbukvic I, Kim JH, Lawrence AJ. Role of cues and contexts on drug-seeking behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4636-72. [PMID: 24749941 PMCID: PMC4209936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance-abuse disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which cues are able to affect drug-seeking behaviour. We address how animal models can describe the way drug-associated cues come to facilitate the development and persistence of drug taking, as well as how these cues are critical to the tendency to relapse that characterizes substance-abuse disorders. Drug-associated cues acquire properties of conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation and discriminative control, which allow them to influence drug-seeking behaviour. Using these models, researchers have been able to investigate the pharmacology subserving the behavioural impact of environmental stimuli, some of which we highlight. Subsequently, we examine whether the impact of drug-associated stimuli can be attenuated via a process of extinction, and how this question is addressed in the laboratory. We discuss how preclinical research has been translated into behavioural therapies targeting substance abuse, as well as highlight potential developments to therapies that might produce more enduring changes in behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Perry
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabel Zbukvic
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
van de Wiel SMW, Verheij MM, Homberg JR. Designing modulators of 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling to treat abuse disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1293-306. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.959925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
49
|
Patent Highlights. Pharm Pat Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cocaine self-administration and extinction alter medullary noradrenergic and limbic forebrain cFos responses to acute, noncontingent cocaine injections in adult rats. Neuroscience 2014; 281:241-50. [PMID: 25050821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Central noradrenergic (NA) signaling contributes critically to multiple behavioral effects of cocaine administration, particularly stress- and anxiety-related effects. The present study examined the ability of acute cocaine to induce the immediate early gene product, cFos, in NA neurons and stress-related neural circuits in rats that were cocaine-naïve, or had a history of cocaine self-administration with or without extinction. Rats implanted with jugular catheters were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.5-mg/kg/infusion), with a subset subsequently trained on extinction. Cocaine-naïve controls were handled daily. After a final day of self-administration, extinction, or handling, rats received an i.p. injection of either cocaine (20-mg/kg) or saline, and 90min later were anesthetized and perfused. Tissue sections were processed for immunoperoxidase labeling of nuclear cFos with either immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescent cytoplasmic labeling of dopamine beta hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. Acute cocaine increased the number of activated NA neurons within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS; A2 cell group) in cocaine-naïve and extinguished rats, but not in rats that only self-administered. Extinction attenuated cocaine-induced cFos activation in NA neurons of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (A1/C1 cell groups), and attenuated cFos within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the apex of the central neuroendocrine stress axis. Cocaine consistently increased cFos in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, regardless of history. NA neurons of the locus coeruleus (A6 cell group) were not activated after cocaine administration in any experimental group. Thus, the ability of cocaine to activate central stress circuitry is altered after cocaine self-administration. Our results suggest a unique role for the NTS in cocaine-induced reinstatement, as extinction training enhanced the ability of cocaine to activate NA neurons within this region. These findings suggest central NA systems originating in the caudal brainstem as potential targets for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
Collapse
|