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Cannella N, Tambalo S, Lunerti V, Scuppa G, de Vivo L, Abdulmalek S, Kinen A, Mackle J, Kuhn B, Solberg Woods LC, Chung D, Kalivas P, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Hardiman G, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Long-access heroin self-administration induces region specific reduction of grey matter volume and microglia reactivity in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:210-220. [PMID: 38452987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In opioid use disorder (OUD) patients, a decrease in brain grey matter volume (GMV) has been reported. It is unclear whether this is the consequence of prolonged exposure to opioids or is a predisposing causal factor in OUD development. To investigate this, we conducted a structural MRI longitudinal study in NIH Heterogeneous Stock rats exposed to heroin self-administration and age-matched naïve controls housed in the same controlled environment. Structural MRI scans were acquired before (MRI1) and after (MRI2) a prolonged period of long access heroin self-administration resulting in escalation of drug intake. Heroin intake resulted in reduced GMV in various cortical and sub-cortical brain regions. In drug-naïve controls no difference was found between MRI1 and MRI2. Notably, the degree of GMV reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the insula positively correlated with the amount of heroin consumed and the escalation of heroin use. In a preliminary gene expression analysis, we identified a number of transcripts linked to immune response and neuroinflammation. This prompted us to hypothesize a link between changes in microglia homeostasis and loss of GMV. For this reason, we analyzed the number and morphology of microglial cells in the mPFC and insula. The number of neurons and their morphology was also evaluated. The primary motor cortex, where no GMV change was observed, was used as negative control. We found no differences in the number of neurons and microglia cells following heroin. However, in the same regions where reduced GMV was detected, we observed a shift towards a rounder shape and size reduction in microglia, suggestive of their homeostatic change towards a reactive state. Altogether these findings suggest that escalation of heroin intake correlates with loss of GMV in specific brain regions and that this phenomenon is linked to changes in microglial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Tambalo
- CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Veronica Lunerti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulia Scuppa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Analia Kinen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - James Mackle
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Brittany Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston (SC), USA
| | | | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus (OH), USA
| | - Peter Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston (SC), USA
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Grodin EN. Neuroimmune modulators as novel pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100744. [PMID: 38435721 PMCID: PMC10906159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
One promising avenue of research is the use of neuroimmune modulators to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Neuroimmune modulators target the interactions between the nervous system and immune system, which have been found to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of SUDs. Multiple classes of substances produce alterations to neuroimmune signaling and peripheral immune function, including alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants Preclinical studies have shown that neuroimmune modulators can reduce drug-seeking behavior and prevent relapse in animal models of SUDs. Additionally, early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of using neuroimmune modulators as a treatment for SUDs in humans. These therapeutics can be used as stand-alone treatments or as adjunctive. This review summarizes the current state of the field and provides future directions with a specific focus on personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ye J, Gao S, Liu Z, Chen X, He J, Hu Z. The HMGB1-RAGE axis in nucleus accumbens facilitates cocaine-induced conditioned place preference via modulating microglial activation. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3457. [PMID: 38450910 PMCID: PMC10918599 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repeated exposure to cocaine induces microglial activation. Cocaine exposure also induces a release of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) from neurons into the extracellular space in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). HMGB1 is an important late inflammatory mediator of microglial activation. However, whether the secretion of HMGB1 acts on microglia or contributes to cocaine addiction is largely unknown. METHODS Rats were trained by intraperitoneal cocaine administration and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Expression of HMGB1 was regulated by viral vectors. Activation of microglia was inhibited by minocycline. Interaction of HMGB1 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was disrupted by peptide. RESULTS Cocaine injection facilitated HMGB1 signaling, together with the delayed activation of microglia concurrently in the NAc. Furthermore, the inhibition of HMGB1 or microglia activation attenuated cocaine-induced CPP. Box A, a specific antagonist to interrupt the interaction of HMGB1 and RAGE, abolished the expression of cocaine reward memory. Meanwhile, the inhibition of HMGB1-RAGE interaction suppressed cocaine-induced microglial activation, as well as the consolidation of cocaine-induced memory. CONCLUSION All above results suggest that the neural HMGB1 induces activation of microglia through RAGE, which contributes to the consolidation of cocaine reward memory. These findings offer HMGB1-RAGE axis as a new target for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shuang‐Qi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Departments of NeurosurgeryThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Zi‐Cun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jin‐Gang He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhuang‐Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei ProvinceWuhanChina
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Siemian JN, Woodhouse K, Liu DH, Zhang Y, Li JX. The imidazoline I 2 receptor agonist 2-BFI reduces abuse-related effects of morphine: self-administration and drug discrimination. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:479-487. [PMID: 38159161 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Increasing evidence shows that imidazoline I2 receptor agonists enhance opioid-induced analgesia, suggesting that the combination of I2 receptor agonists with opioids could be a favorable strategy for pain control. However, the effect of I2 receptor agonists on the abuse liability of opioids is unknown. This study examined the impact of the I2 receptor agonist 2-BFI on some abuse-related behavioral effects of the opioid morphine in rats. OBJECTIVES The von Frey filament test was used to determine the antinociceptive effects of 2-BFI (intravenous, i.v.) in a rat model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. IV self-administration was used to assess the reinforcing effects of 2-BFI alone and to assess the effects of non-contingent injections of 2-BFI (i.p.) on morphine self-administration. A two-lever drug discrimination paradigm in which rats were trained to discriminate 3.2 mg/kg morphine (i.p.) from saline was used to examine whether 2-BFI or another I2 receptor agonist 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl)quinoline hydrochloride (BU224) affected the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine. RESULTS 2-BFI could not maintain reliable self-administration behavior in rats with no pain or CFA-treated inflammatory pain. However, pretreatment with 2-BFI (i.p.) produced dose-dependent decreases in the dose-effect curve of morphine self-administration. Both 2-BFI and BU224 did not substitute for morphine but significantly attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that I2 receptor agonists do not enhance, but in fact appear to decrease, the abuse liability of opioids, further supporting the potential utility of I2 receptor agonist-opioid combination therapy for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Woodhouse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Cannella N, Tambalo S, Lunerti V, Scuppa G, de Vivo L, Abdulmalek S, Kinen A, Mackle J, Kuhn B, Solberg Woods LC, Chung D, Kalivas P, Soverchia L, Ubaldi M, Hardiman G, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Long-access heroin self-administration induces region specific reduction of grey matter volume and microglia reactivity in the rat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582024. [PMID: 38463974 PMCID: PMC10925188 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In opioid use disorder (OUD) patients, a decrease in brain grey matter volume (GMV) has been reported. It is unclear whether this is the consequence of prolonged exposure to opioids or is a predisposing causal factor in OUD development. To investigate this, we conducted a structural MRI longitudinal study in NIH Heterogeneous Stock rats exposed to heroin self-administration and age-matched naïve controls housed in the same controlled environment. Structural MRI scans were acquired before (MRI 1 ) and after (MRI 2 ) a prolonged period of long access heroin self-administration resulting in escalation of drug intake. Heroin intake resulted in reduced GMV in various cortical and sub-cortical brain regions. In drug-naïve controls no difference was found between MRI 1 and MRI 2 . Notably, the degree of GMV reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the insula positively correlated with the amount of heroin consumed and the escalation of heroin use. In a preliminary gene expression analysis, we identified a number of transcripts linked to immune response and neuroinflammation. This prompted us to hypothesize a link between changes in microglia homeostasis and loss of GMV. For this reason, we analyzed the number and morphology of microglial cells in the mPFC and insula. The number of neurons and their morphology was also evaluated. The primary motor cortex, where no GMV change was observed, was used as negative control. We found no differences in the number of neurons and microglia cells following heroin. However, in the same regions where reduced GMV was detected, we observed a shift towards a rounder shape and size reduction in microglia, suggestive of their homeostatic change towards a reactive state. Altogether these findings suggest that escalation of heroin intake correlates with loss of GMV in specific brain regions and that this phenomenon is linked to changes in microglial morphology.
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Hiranita T, Ho NP, France CP. Ventilatory Effects of Fentanyl, Heroin, and d-Methamphetamine, Alone and in Mixtures in Male Rats Breathing Normal Air . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:244-256. [PMID: 37739803 PMCID: PMC10801789 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of drug overdoses and deaths has increased significantly over the past decade and co-use of opioids and stimulants is associated with greater likelihood of overdose and decreased likelihood of accessing treatment, compared with use of opioids alone. Potential adverse effects of opioid/stimulant mixtures, particularly methamphetamine, are not well characterized. Two structurally different drugs with agonist properties at µ-opioid receptors (MOR), fentanyl and heroin, and d-methamphetamine, alone and in mixtures, were assessed for their effects on ventilation in rats breathing normal air. Whole-body phethysmography chambers were equipped with a tower and swivel allowing infusions to indwelling intravenous catheters. After a 45-minute habituation period, saline, fentanyl, heroin, or d-methamphetamine, alone and in mixtures, was administered. Five minutes later, the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone or vehicle was injected. Fentanyl (0.0032-0.1 mg/kg) and heroin (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) decreased ventilation [frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT)] in a dose-related manner whereas d-methamphetamine (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) increased f to >400% of control and decreased VT to <60% of control, overall increasing minute volume (product of f and VT) to >240% of control. When combined, d-methamphetamine (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) attenuated the ventilatory depressant effects of fentanyl (0.1 mg/kg) and heroin (3.2 mg/kg). d-Methamphetamine did not alter the potency of naloxone to reverse the ventilatory depressant effects of fentanyl or heroin. These studies demonstrate that d-methamphetamine can attenuate the ventilatory depressant effects of moderate doses of opioid receptor agonists while not altering the potency of naloxone to reverse opioid hypoventilation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Co-use of opioids and stimulants is associated with greater likelihood of overdose and decreased likelihood of accessing treatment, compared with use of opioids alone. Potential adverse effects of opioid/stimulant mixtures are not well characterized. This study reports that 1) d-methamphetamine attenuates the ventilatory depressant effects of moderate doses of two structurally different opioid receptor agonists, fentanyl and heroin, and 2) d-methamphetamine does not alter potency or effectiveness of naloxone to reverse the ventilatory depressant effects of these opioid receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacology (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), Department of Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nicholas P Ho
- Department of Pharmacology (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), Department of Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles P France
- Department of Pharmacology (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), Department of Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence (T.H., N.P.H., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Brown KT, Levis SC, O'Neill CE, Levy C, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1587-1600. [PMID: 37286899 PMCID: PMC10732226 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine can increase inflammatory neuroimmune markers, including chemokines and cytokines characteristic of innate inflammatory responding. Prior work indicates that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates this response, and administration of TLR4 antagonists provides mixed evidence that TLR4 contributes to cocaine reward and reinforcement. OBJECTIVE These studies utilize (+)-naltrexone, the TLR4 antagonist, and mu-opioid inactive enantiomer to examine the role of TLR4 on cocaine self-administration and cocaine seeking in rats. METHODS (+)-Naltrexone was continuously administered via an osmotic mini-pump during the acquisition or maintenance of cocaine self-administration. The motivation to acquire cocaine was assessed using a progressive ratio schedule following either continuous and acute (+)-naltrexone administration. The effects of (+)-naltrexone on cocaine seeking were assessed using both a cue craving model and a drug-primed reinstatement model. The highly selective TLR4 antagonist, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-Rs), was administered into the nucleus accumbens to determine the effectiveness of TLR4 blockade on cocaine-primed reinstatement. RESULTS (+)-Naltrexone administration did not alter the acquisition or maintenance of cocaine self-administration. Similarly, (+)-naltrexone was ineffective at altering the progressive ratio responding. Continuous administration of (+)-naltrexone during forced abstinence did not impact cued cocaine seeking. Acute systemic administration of (+)-naltrexone dose-dependently decreased cocaine-primed reinstatement of previously extinguished cocaine seeking, and administration of LPS-Rs into the nucleus accumbens shell also reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. DISCUSSION These results complement previous studies suggesting that the TLR4 plays a role in cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking, but may have a more limited role in cocaine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sophia C Levis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Casey E O'Neill
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Levy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ryan K Bachtell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Mahintamani T, Basu D, Ghosh A, Luthra-Guptasarma M. The toll of opioid dependence: A research report on the possible role of Toll-like receptor-4 and related immune markers in opioid dependence. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:626-634. [PMID: 37485408 PMCID: PMC10358820 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_314_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The opioid receptors in the central nervous system and immune system contribute to its reinforcing effect. Xenobiotics-associated molecular pattern of opioids interacts with Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) on the glial cell surface and increases dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens in preclinical studies. We wanted to examine whether treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone (BNX) might be associated with changes in immunological markers in individuals with opioid dependence (OD). Methods We recruited 30 individuals with OD on buprenorphine and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). We measured the neutrophil (N), lymphocyte (L), CD-4, and CD-8 T-cell count and estimated plasma TLR-4 level in the HC group once. We measured the immunological markers, craving, pain, and perceived stress in the OD group at the treatment initiation (baseline) and after 4 weeks (±2 weeks) of treatment with BNX. Results The mean severity score on the OD questionnaire was 72.8 (SD 5.4). At baseline, OD had a higher N: L ratio and lower lymphocyte percentage than HC. Plasma TLR-4 concentration increased significantly after 1 month of treatment (t = -3.09, P = 0.004). Craving, pain, and perceived stress correlated with absolute neutrophil count, N: L ratio, and CD-8 T-cell count, although lost significance after corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusion The increase in TLR-4 after treatment with BNX may indicate the rescue from nonprescription opioid-induced immunosuppression or the introduction of a novel xenobiotics-associated molecular pattern of BNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathagata Mahintamani
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Deaddiction and Treatment Centre, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Addiction Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Deaddiction and Treatment Centre, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Deaddiction and Treatment Centre, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Hersey M, Bacon AK, Bailey LG, Lee MR, Chen AY, Leggio L, Tanda G. Oxytocin receptors mediate oxytocin potentiation of methylphenidate-induced stimulation of accumbens dopamine in rats. J Neurochem 2023; 164:613-623. [PMID: 36420597 PMCID: PMC10766115 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While the illicit use and misuse of stimulants like cocaine and methylphenidate (MP) has increased, there remains no FDA-approved treatments for psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD). Oxytocin (OT) has shown promise as a potential pharmacotherapy for PSUD. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission plays a significant role in PSUD. We have recently shown that OT blunts the reinforcing effects of MP but, surprisingly, enhanced MP-induced stimulation of DA levels. Such effects have been suggested as a result of activation of OT receptors or, alternatively, could be mediated by direct actions of OT on MP blockade of the DA transporter. Here, we employed fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to investigate the effects of systemic OT on MP-induced changes in the dynamics of DA, phasic release and uptake, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) of Sprague-Dawley rats. We also tested the systemic effects of an antagonist of OT receptors, atosiban, to counteract the OT enhancement of dopaminergic effects of MP under microdialysis procedures in the NAS in rats. Administration of OT alone (2 mg/kg; i.p.) did not significantly modify evoked NAS DA dynamics measured by FSCV, and when administered 10 min before MP (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.), OT did not potentiate MP-induced increases in phasic DA release and did not alter DA clearance rate, suggesting no direct interactions of OT with the MP-induced blockade of DA uptake. Also, OT alone did not elicit significant changes in tonic, extracellular NAS DA levels measured by microdialysis. However, consistent with previous studies, we observed that OT pretreatments (2 mg/kg; i.p.) potentiated MP-induced (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.) efflux of extracellular NAS DA levels. This effect was abolished when rats were pretreated with atosiban (2 mg/kg; i.p.), suggesting that OT receptors mediate this OT action. Overall, our results suggest that OT receptors mediated OT potentiation of MP-induced stimulation of extracellular NAS DA levels, likely driven by modulation of DA receptor signaling pathways, without affecting MP blockade of DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary R. Lee
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Andy Y. Chen
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, NIDA/NIAAA IRP, Baltimore, MD
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Maternal high-dense diet programs interferon type I signaling and microglia complexity in the nucleus accumbens shell of rats showing food addiction-like behavior. Neuroreport 2022; 33:495-503. [PMID: 35776941 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the molecular immune networks and microglia reactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell affected by fetal nutritional programming leading to addiction-like behavior in the offspring of Wistar rats. Fetal nutritional programming by energy-dense foods leads to addiction-like behavior in the offspring. Exposure to energy-dense foods also activates systemic and central inflammation in the offspring. METHODS Females Wistar rats were exposed to cafeteria (CAF) diet or control diet for 9 weeks (prepregnancy, pregnancy and lactation), and male offspring at 2 months of age were diagnosed with food addiction-like behavior using operant conditioning. Global microarray analysis, RTqPCR, proinflammatory plasma profile and microglia immunostaining were performed in the NAc shell of male rats. SIM-A9 microglia cells were stimulated with IFN-α and palmitic acid, and microglia activation and phagocytosis were determined by RTqPCR and incubation of green-fluorescent latex beads, respectively. RESULTS Microarray analysis in the NAc shell of the male offspring exposed to CAF during development and diagnosed with addiction-like behavior showed increasing in the type I interferon-inducible gene, Ift1 , gene network. Genomic and cellular characterization also confirmed microglia hyperreactivity and upregulation of the Ifit1 in the NAc shell of animals with addiction-like behavior. In-vitro models demonstrated that microglia do respond to IFN-α promoting a time-dependent genomic expression of Ift1, IL-1β and IL-6 followed by increased phagocytosis. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to energy-dense foods primes the IFN type I signaling and microglia complexity in the NAc shell of rats diagnosed with food addiction-like behavior.
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Gaulden AD, McReynolds JR. A rock in the toll road: IRAK4 inhibition of TLR4-MyD88 signaling as potential treatment for addiction. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 104:74-75. [PMID: 35618228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaulden
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jayme R McReynolds
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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Montalvo-Martínez L, Cruz-Carrillo G, Maldonado-Ruiz R, Trujillo-Villarreal LA, Cardenas-Tueme M, Viveros-Contreras R, Ortiz-López R, Camacho-Morales A. Transgenerational Susceptibility to Food Addiction-Like Behavior in Rats Associates to a Decrease of the Anti-Inflammatory IL-10 in Plasma. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3093-3103. [PMID: 35767136 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutritional programming by energy-dense foods leads to the transgenerational heritance of addiction-like behavior. Exposure to energy-dense foods also activates systemic and central inflammation in the offspring. This study aimed to characterize pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in blood and their correlation to the transgenerational heritance of the addiction-like behavior in rats. F1 offspring of male Wistar diagnosed with addiction-like behavior were mated with virgin females to generate the F2 and the F3 offspring, respectively. Diagnosis of addiction-like behavior was performed by the operant training schedule (FR1, FR5 and PR) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in blood were measured by multiplex platform. Multiple linear models between behavior, fetal programming by diet and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles were performed. We found that the addiction-like behavior found in the F1 male offspring exposed to energy-dense food (cafeteria, CAF) diet during fetal programing is transgenerational inherited to the F2 and F3 generations. Blood from addiction-like behavior subjects of F2 and F3 generations exposed to CAF diet during maternal programming showed decrease in the anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the plasma. Conversely, decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory MCP-1 was identified in non-addiction-like subjects. No changes were found in plasmatic TNF-α levels in the F2 and F3 offspring of non-addiction-like and addiction-like subjects. Finally, biological modeling between IL-10 or MCP-1 plasma levels and prenatal diet exposure on operant training responses confirmed an association of decreased IL-10 levels on addiction-like behavior in the F2 and F3 generations. Globally, we identified decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine in the blood of F2 and F3 offspring subjects diagnosed with addiction-like behavior for food rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Montalvo-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Cruz-Carrillo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Roger Maldonado-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Luis A Trujillo-Villarreal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Marcela Cardenas-Tueme
- Institute for Obesity Research. Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Institute for Obesity Research. Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño. Col. Mitras Centro, S/N, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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13
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Wu R, Liu J, Vu J, Huang Y, Dietz DM, Li JX. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the nucleus accumbens regulates opioid-seeking behavior in male rats. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:37-48. [PMID: 34958862 PMCID: PMC8885906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid addiction remains a severe health problem. While substantial insights underlying opioid addiction have been yielded from neuron-centric studies, the contribution of non-neuronal mechanisms to opioid-related behavioral adaptations has begun to be recognized. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pattern recognition receptor, has been widely suggested in opioid-related behaviors. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a kinase essential for TLR4 responses, However, the potential role of IRAK4 in opioid-related responses has not been examined. Here, we explored the role of IRAK4 in cue-induced opioid-seeking behavior in male rats. We found that morphine self-administration increased the phosphorylation level of IRAK4 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rats; the IRAK4 signaling remained activated after morphine extinction and cue-induced reinstatement test. Both systemic and local inhibition of IRAK4 in the NAc core attenuated cue-induced morphine-seeking behavior without affecting the locomotor activity and cue-induced sucrose-seeking. In addition, inhibition of IRAK4 also reduced the cue-induced reinstatement of fentanyl-seeking. Our findings suggest an important role of IRAK4 in opioid relapse-like behaviors and provide novel evidence in the association between innate immunity and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY,Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jimmy Vu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - David M. Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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14
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Berthold EC, Kamble SH, Raju KS, Kuntz MA, Senetra AS, Mottinelli M, León F, Restrepo LF, Patel A, Ho NP, Hiranita T, Sharma A, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:158-167. [PMID: 34759012 PMCID: PMC8969138 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a Southeast Asian tree, has been used for centuries in pain relief and mitigation of opium withdrawal symptoms. Mitragynine (MTG), the major kratom alkaloid, is being investigated for its potential to provide analgesia without the deleterious effects associated with typical opioids. Concerns have been raised regarding the active metabolite of MTG, 7-hydroxymitragynine (7HMG), which has higher affinity and efficacy at µ-opioid receptors than MTG. Here we investigated the hotplate antinociception, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of MTG and 7HMG at equianalgesic oral doses in male and female C57BL/6 mice to determine the extent to which 7HMG metabolized from MTG accounts for the antinociceptive effects of MTG and investigate any sex differences. The mechanism of action was examined by performing studies with the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was developed to predict the behavioral effects after administration of various doses of MTG and 7HMG. When administered alone, 7HMG was 2.8-fold more potent than MTG to produce antinociception. At equivalent effective doses of MTG and 7HMG, there was a marked difference in the maximum brain concentration of 7HMG achieved, i.e., 11-fold lower as a metabolite of MTG. The brain concentration of 7HMG observed 4 hours post administration, producing an analgesic effect <10%, was still 1.5-fold higher than the maximum concentration of 7HMG as a metabolite of MTG. These results provide strong evidence that 7HMG has a negligible role in the antinociceptive effects of MTG in mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitragynine (MTG) is being investigated for its potential to aid in pain relief, opioid withdrawal syndrome, and opioid use disorder. The active metabolite of MTG, 7-hydroxymitragynine (7HMG), has been shown to have abuse potential and has been implicated in the opioid-like analgesic effect after MTG administration. The results of this study suggest a lack of involvement of 7HMG in the antinociceptive effects of MTG in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kanumuri S Raju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle A Kuntz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandria S Senetra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marco Mottinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Avi Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nicholas P Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, (E.C.B., S.H.K., K.S.R., M.A.K., A.S.S., A.S., C.R.M.), Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute (S.H.K., K.S.R., A.S., C.R.M.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.M., F.L., C.R.M.), and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, USA (L.F.R., A.P., N.P.H., T.H., L.R.M.) University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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15
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Liu J, Li JX, Wu R. Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Novel Target to Tackle Drug Addiction? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:275-290. [PMID: 35434747 PMCID: PMC9829382 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors despite the major negative consequences. Current well-established neuronal underpinnings of drug addiction have promoted the substantial progress in understanding this disorder. However, non-neuronal mechanisms of drug addiction have long been underestimated. Fortunately, increased evidence indicates that neuroimmune system, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, plays an important role in the different stages of drug addiction. Drugs like opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol activate TLR4 signaling and enhance the proinflammatory response, which is associated with drug reward-related behaviors. While extensive studies have shown that inhibition of TLR4 attenuated drug-related responses, there are conflicting findings implicating that TLR4 signaling may not be essential to drug addiction. In this chapter, preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to further evaluate whether TLR4-based neuroimmune pharmacotherapy can be used to treat drug addiction. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of TLR4 inhibition in modulating drug-related behaviors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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16
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Hiranita T, Obeng S, Sharma A, Wilkerson JL, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR. In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of kratom. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 93:35-76. [PMID: 35341571 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Kratom products have been historically and anecdotally used in south Asian countries for centuries to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. The use of kratom products has dramatically increased in the United States. More than 45 kratom alkaloids have been isolated, yet the overall pharmacology of the individual alkaloids is still not well characterized. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize in vitro and in vivo opioid activities of the primary kratom alkaloid mitragynine and its more potent metabolite 7-hydroxymitragynine. Following are experimental procedures described to characterize opioid receptor activity; receptor binding and functional assays, antinociceptive assays, operant conditioning assays, and respiratory plethysmography. The capacity of kratom alkaloids to confer tolerance and physical dependence as well as their pharmacokinetic properties are also summarized. The data reviewed here suggest that kratom products and mitragynine possess low efficacy agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor in vivo. In addition, kratom products and mitragynine have been demonstrated to antagonize the effects of high efficacy mu-opioid agonists. The data further suggest that 7-hydroxymitragynine formed in vivo by metabolism of mitragynine may be minimally involved in the overall behavioral profile of mitragynine and kratom, whereas 7-hydroxymitragynine itself, at sufficiently high doses administered exogenously, shares many of the same abuse- and dependence-related behavioral effects associated with traditional opioid agonists. The apparent low efficacy of kratom products and mitragynine at mu-opioid receptors supports the development of these ligands as effective and potentially safe medications for opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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17
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Tadjalli A, Seven YB, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Bolser DC, Levitt ES, Mitchell GS. Acute morphine blocks spinal respiratory motor plasticity via long-latency mechanisms that require toll-like receptor 4 signalling. J Physiol 2021; 599:3771-3797. [PMID: 34142718 DOI: 10.1113/jp281362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS While respiratory complications following opioid use are mainly mediated via activation of mu opioid receptors, long-latency off-target signalling via innate immune toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may impair other essential elements of breathing control such as respiratory motor plasticity. In adult rats, pre-treatment with a single dose of morphine blocked long-term facilitation (LTF) of phrenic motor output via a long-latency TLR4-dependent mechanism. In the phrenic motor nucleus, morphine triggered TLR4-dependent activation of microglial p38 MAPK - a key enzyme that orchestrates inflammatory signalling and is known to undermine phrenic LTF. Morphine-induced LTF loss may destabilize breathing, potentially contributing to respiratory side effects. Therefore, we suggest minimizing TLR-4 signalling may improve breathing stability during opioid therapy. ABSTRACT Opioid-induced respiratory dysfunction is a significant public health burden. While respiratory effects are mediated via mu opioid receptors, long-latency off-target opioid signalling through innate immune toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may modulate essential elements of breathing control, particularly respiratory motor plasticity. Plasticity in respiratory motor circuits contributes to the preservation of breathing in the face of destabilizing influences. For example, respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF), a well-studied model of respiratory motor plasticity triggered by acute intermittent hypoxia, promotes breathing stability by increasing respiratory motor drive to breathing muscles. Some forms of respiratory LTF are exquisitely sensitive to inflammation and are abolished by even a mild inflammation triggered by TLR4 activation (e.g. via systemic lipopolysaccharides). Since opioids induce inflammation and TLR4 activation, we hypothesized that opioids would abolish LTF through a TLR4-dependent mechanism. In adult Sprague Dawley rats, pre-treatment with a single systemic injection of the prototypical opioid agonist morphine blocks LTF expression several hours later in the phrenic motor system - the motor pool driving diaphragm muscle contractions. Morphine blocked phrenic LTF via TLR4-dependent mechanisms because pre-treatment with (+)-naloxone - the opioid inactive stereoisomer and novel small molecule TLR4 inhibitor - prevented impairment of phrenic LTF in morphine-treated rats. Morphine triggered TLR4-dependent activation of microglial p38 MAPK within the phrenic motor system - a key enzyme that orchestrates inflammatory signalling and undermines phrenic LTF. Morphine-induced LTF loss may destabilize breathing, potentially contributing to respiratory side effects. We suggest minimizing TLR-4 signalling may improve breathing stability during opioid therapy by restoring endogenous mechanisms of plasticity within respiratory motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Tadjalli
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Donald C Bolser
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erica S Levitt
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Obeng S, Wilkerson JL, León F, Reeves ME, Restrepo LF, Gamez-Jimenez LR, Patel A, Pennington AE, Taylor VA, Ho NP, Braun T, Fortner JD, Crowley ML, Williamson MR, Pallares VLC, Mottinelli M, Lopera-Londoño C, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Hiranita T. Pharmacological Comparison of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine: In Vitro Affinity and Efficacy for μ-Opioid Receptor and Opioid-Like Behavioral Effects in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:410-427. [PMID: 33384303 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationships between µ-opioid receptor (MOR) efficacy and effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are not fully established. We assessed in vitro binding affinity and efficacy and discriminative stimulus effects together with antinociception in rats. The binding affinities of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine at MOR (Ki values 77.9 and 709 nM, respectively) were higher than their binding affinities at κ-opioid receptor (KOR) or δ-opioid receptor (DOR). [35S]guanosine 5'-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate stimulation at MOR demonstrated that mitragynine was an antagonist, whereas 7-hydroxymitragynine was a partial agonist (Emax = 41.3%). In separate groups of rats discriminating either morphine (3.2 mg/kg) or mitragynine (32 mg/kg), mitragynine produced a maximum of 72.3% morphine-lever responding, and morphine produced a maximum of 65.4% mitragynine-lever responding. Other MOR agonists produced high percentages of drug-lever responding in the morphine and mitragynine discrimination assays: 7-hydroxymitragynine (99.7% and 98.1%, respectively), fentanyl (99.7% and 80.1%, respectively), buprenorphine (99.8% and 79.4%, respectively), and nalbuphine (99.4% and 98.3%, respectively). In the morphine and mitragynine discrimination assays, the KOR agonist U69,593 produced maximums of 72.3% and 22.3%, respectively, and the DOR agonist SNC 80 produced maximums of 34.3% and 23.0%, respectively. 7-Hydroxymitragynine produced antinociception; mitragynine did not. Naltrexone antagonized all of the effects of morphine and 7-hydroxymitragynine; naltrexone antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of mitragynine but not its rate-decreasing effects. Mitragynine increased the potency of the morphine discrimination yet decreased morphine antinociception. Here we illustrate striking differences in MOR efficacy, with mitragynine having less than 7-hydroxymitragynine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: At human µ-opioid receptor (MOR) in vitro, mitragynine has low affinity and is an antagonist, whereas 7-hydroxymitragynine has 9-fold higher affinity than mitragynine and is an MOR partial agonist. In rats, intraperitoneal mitragynine exhibits a complex pharmacology including MOR agonism; 7-hydroxymitragynine has higher MOR potency and efficacy than mitragynine. These results are consistent with 7-hydroxymitragynine being a highly selective MOR agonist and with mitragynine having a complex pharmacology that combines low efficacy MOR agonism with activity at nonopioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Obeng
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Francisco León
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Morgan E Reeves
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lea R Gamez-Jimenez
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Avi Patel
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Anna E Pennington
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Victoria A Taylor
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nicholas P Ho
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tobias Braun
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John D Fortner
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Morgan L Crowley
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Morgan R Williamson
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Victoria L C Pallares
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marco Mottinelli
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carolina Lopera-Londoño
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Departments of Pharmacodynamics (S.O., J.L.W., M.E.R., L.F.R., L.R.G.-J., A.P., A.E.P., V.A.T., N.P.H., T.B., M.R.W., V.L.C.P., L.R.M., T.H.) and Medicinal Chemistry (S.O., F.L., J.D.F., M.L.C., M.M., C.L.-L., C.R.M.), and Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institutes (C.R.M.), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Wu R, Li JX. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling and Drug Addiction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:603445. [PMID: 33424612 PMCID: PMC7793839 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emphasis of neuronal alterations and adaptations have long been the main focus of the studies of the mechanistic underpinnings of drug addiction. Recent studies have begun to appreciate the role of innate immune system, especially toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in drug reward-associated behaviors and physiology. Drugs like opioids, alcohol and psychostimulants activate TLR4 signaling and subsequently induce proinflammatory responses, which in turn contributes to the development of drug addiction. Inhibition of TLR4 or its downstream effectors attenuated the reinforcing effects of opioids, alcohol and psychostimulants, and this effect is also involved in the withdrawal and relapse-like behaviors of different drug classes. However, conflicting results also argue that TLR4-related immune response may play a minimal part in drug addiction. This review discussed the preclinical evidence that whether TLR4 signaling is involved in multiple drug classes action and the possible mechanisms underlying this effect. Moreover, clinical studies which examined the potential efficacy of immune-base pharmacotherapies in treating drug addiction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Wu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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20
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Chen J, Mizuno A, Lyew T, Karim HT, Karp JF, Dombrovski AY, Peciña M. Naltrexone modulates contextual processing in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2070-2078. [PMID: 32843703 PMCID: PMC7547720 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Context, the information surrounding an experience, can significantly alter the meaning and the affective responses to events. Yet the biological mechanisms through which context modulate experiences are not entirely understood. Here, we hypothesized that the µ-opioid system-extensively implicated in placebo effects, a clinical phenomenon thought to rely on contextual processing-modulates the effects of contextual information on emotional attributions in patients with depression. To test this hypothesis, 20 unmedicated patients with depression completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of one dose of 50 mg of naltrexone, or placebo immediately before completing two sessions of the Contextual Framing fMRI task. This task captures effects of valenced contextual cues (pleasant vs. unpleasant) on emotional attribution (the rating of subtle emotional faces: fearful, neutral, or happy). Behaviorally, we found that emotional attribution was significantly moderated by the interaction between contextual cues and subtle emotional faces, such that participants' ratings of valenced faces (fearful and happy), compared to neutral, were more negative during unpleasant, compared to pleasant context cues. At a neural level, context-induced blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal anterior cingulate, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, significantly moderated the effects of context on emotional attribution, and were blunted by naltrexone. Furthermore, the effects of naltrexone on emotional attribution were partially abolished in more severely depressed patients. Our results provide insights into the molecular alterations underlying context representation in patients with depression, providing pivotal early data for future treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - A. Mizuno
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - T. Lyew
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - H. T. Karim
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - J. F. Karp
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - A. Y. Dombrovski
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - M. Peciña
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Lucerne KE, Kiraly DD. The role of gut-immune-brain signaling in substance use disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:311-370. [PMID: 33648673 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are debilitating neuropsychiatric conditions that exact enormous costs in terms of loss of life and individual suffering. While much progress has been made defining the neurocircuitry and intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to SUDs, these studies have yielded limited effective treatment options. This has prompted greater exploration of non-traditional targets in addiction. Emerging data suggest inputs from peripheral systems, such as the immune system and the gut microbiome, impact multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, including SUDs. Until recently the gut microbiome, peripheral immune system, and the CNS have been studied independently; however, current work shows the gut microbiome and immune system critically interact to modulate brain function. Additionally, the gut microbiome and immune system intimately regulate one another via extensive bidirectional communication. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for gut-immune-brain communication in the pathogenesis of substance use disorders. Thus, a better understanding of gut-immune-brain signaling could yield important insight to addiction pathology and potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lucerne
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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Critical role of TLR4 in uncovering the increased rewarding effects of cocaine and ethanol induced by social defeat in male mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 182:108368. [PMID: 33132187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders and social stress are currently associated with changes in the immune system response by which they induce a proinflammatory state in neurons and glial cells that eventually modulates the reward system. AIMS The aim of the present work was to assess the role of the immune TLR4 (Toll-like receptors 4) and its signaling response in the increased contextual reinforcing effects of cocaine and reinforcing effects of ethanol (EtOH) induced by social defeat (SD) stress. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 J wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in TLR4 (TLR4-KO) were assigned to experimental groups according to stress condition (exploration or SD). Three weeks after the last SD, conditioned place preference (CPP) was induced by a subthreshold cocaine dose (1 mg/kg), while another set underwent EtOH 6% operant self-administration (SA). Several inflammatory molecules were analyzed in the hippocampus and the striatum. RESULTS SD induced higher vulnerability to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine only in defeated WT mice. Similarly, defeated WT mice exhibited higher 6% EtOH consumption, an effect that was not observed in the defeated TLR4-KO group. However, the motivation to obtain the drug was observed in both genotypes of defeated animals. Notably, a significant upregulation of the protein proinflammatory markers NFkBp-p65, IL-1β, IL-17 A and COX-2 were observed only in the defeated WT mice, but not in their defeated TLR4-KO counterparts. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TLR4 receptors mediate the neuroinflammatory response underlying the increase in the rewarding effects of cocaine and EtOH induced by social stress.
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Islam A, Rahman MA, Brenner MB, Moore A, Kellmyer A, Buechler HM, DiGiorgio F, Verchio VR, McCracken L, Sumi M, Hartley R, Lizza JR, Moura-Letts G, Fischer BD, Keck TM. Abuse Liability, Anti-Nociceptive, and Discriminative Stimulus Properties of IBNtxA. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:907-920. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradford D. Fischer
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, United States
| | - Thomas M. Keck
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, New Jersey 08103, United States
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Modafinil potentiates cocaine self-administration by a dopamine-independent mechanism: possible involvement of gap junctions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1518-1526. [PMID: 32340023 PMCID: PMC7360549 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modafinil and methylphenidate are medications that inhibit the neuronal reuptake of dopamine, a mechanism shared with cocaine. Their use as "smart drugs" by healthy subjects poses health concerns and requires investigation. We show that methylphenidate, but not modafinil, maintained intravenous self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats similar to cocaine. Both modafinil and methylphenidate pretreatments potentiated cocaine self-administration. Cocaine, at self-administered doses, stimulated mesolimbic dopamine levels. This effect was potentiated by methylphenidate, but not by modafinil pretreatments, indicating dopamine-dependent actions for methylphenidate, but not modafinil. Modafinil is known to facilitate electrotonic neuronal coupling by actions on gap junctions. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction inhibitor, antagonized modafinil, but not methylphenidate potentiation of cocaine self-administration. Our results indicate that modafinil shares mechanisms with cocaine and methylphenidate but has a unique pharmacological profile that includes facilitation of electrotonic coupling and lower abuse liability, which may be exploited in future therapeutic drug design for cocaine use disorder.
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Abstract
The pervasive and devastating nature of substance use disorders underlies the need for the continued development of novel pharmacotherapies. We now know that glia play a much greater role in neuronal processes than once believed. The various types of glial cells (e.g., astrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocytes) participate in numerous functions that are crucial to healthy central nervous system function. Drugs of abuse have been shown to interact with glia in ways that directly contribute to the pharmacodynamic effects responsible for their abuse potential. Through their effect upon glia, drugs of abuse also alter brain function resulting in behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Therefore, drug-induced changes in glia and inflammation within the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) have been investigated to treat various aspects of drug abuse and dependence. This article presents a brief overview of the effects of each of the major classes of addictive drugs on glia. Next, the paper reviews the pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects, such as pleasure, withdrawal, and motivation. There is a strong body of pre-clinical literature demonstrating the general effectiveness of several glia-modulating drugs in models of reward and relapse. Clinical studies have also yielded promising results, though not as robust. There is still much to disentangle regarding the integration between addictive drugs and glial cells. Improved understanding of the relationship between glia and the pathophysiology of drug abuse should allow for more precise exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Cruz-Carrillo G, Montalvo-Martínez L, Cárdenas-Tueme M, Bernal-Vega S, Maldonado-Ruiz R, Reséndez-Pérez D, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Lund G, Garza-Ocañas L, Camacho-Morales A. Fetal Programming by Methyl Donors Modulates Central Inflammation and Prevents Food Addiction-Like Behavior in Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:452. [PMID: 32581665 PMCID: PMC7283929 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming by hypercaloric intake leads to food addiction-like behavior and brain pro-inflammatory gene expression in offspring. The role of methylome modulation during programming on central immune activation and addiction-like behavior has not been characterized. We employed a nutritional programming model exposing female Wistar rats to chow diet, cafeteria (CAF), or CAF-methyl donor’s diet from pre-pregnancy to weaning. Addiction-like behavior in offspring was characterized by the operant training response using Skinner boxes. Food intake in offspring was determined after fasting–refeeding schedule and subcutaneous injection of ghrelin. Genome-wide DNA methylation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell was performed by fluorescence polarization, and brain immune activation was evaluated using real-time PCR for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-1α, and IL-6). Molecular effects of methyl modulators [S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or 5-azatidine (5-AZA)] on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and phagocytosis were identified in the cultures of immortalized SIM-A9 microglia cells following palmitic acid (100 μM) or LPS (100 nM) stimulation for 6 or 24 h. Our results show that fetal programming by CAF exposure increases the number of offspring subjects and reinforcers under the operant training response schedule, which correlates with an increase in the NAc shell global methylation. Notably, methyl donor’s diet selectively decreases lever-pressing responses for reinforcers and unexpectedly decreases the NAc shell global methylation. Also, programmed offspring by CAF diet shows a selective IL-6 gene expression in the NAc shell, which is reverted to control values by methyl diet exposure. In vitro analysis identified that LPS and palmitic acid activate IL-1β, TNF-1α, and IL-6 gene expression, which is repressed by the methyl donor SAM. Finally, methylation actively represses phagocytosis activity of SIM-A9 microglia cells induced by LPS and palmitic acid stimulation. Our in vivo and in vitro data suggest that fetal programming by methyl donors actively decreases addiction-like behavior to palatable food in the offspring, which correlates with a decrease in NAc shell methylome, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, and activity of phagocytic microglia. These results support the role of fetal programming in brain methylome on immune activation and food addiction-like behavior in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cruz-Carrillo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Larisa Montalvo-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Sofia Bernal-Vega
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Roger Maldonado-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Diana Reséndez-Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | | | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Garza-Ocañas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.,Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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Yue K, Tanda G, Katz JL, Zanettini C. A further assessment of a role for Toll-like receptor 4 in the reinforcing and reinstating effects of opioids. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:186-195. [PMID: 30741729 PMCID: PMC6685775 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists, (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, have been reported to decrease self-administration of opioids in rats and to reduce other preclinical indicators of abuse potential. However, under the self-administration conditions studied, the effects of TLR4 antagonists were not reinforcer selective, questioning the involvement of those receptors and their mediated inflammatory response specifically in opioid abuse. The objectives of the current study were to further characterize the reinforcer specificity of TLR4 antagonism in opioid self-administration and to explore its effects in a preclinical model of craving/relapse. The TLR4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone decreased responding in rats trained to self-administer the µ-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil, but with a potency that was not significantly different from that observed in another group of subjects in which responding was maintained by food reinforcement. Responding reinstated by heroin injection was decreased by (+)-naltrexone; however, a similar reduction was not reproduced with the administration of another TLR4 antagonist, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, administered into the NAcc shell. Thus, TLR4 antagonists lacked reinforcer selectivity in reducing opioid self-administration and were not uniformly effective in a model of craving/relapse, suggesting limitations on the development of (+)-naltrexone or TLR4 antagonists as treatments for opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Science, Jianghan University, No.8 Sanjiaohu Street, Wuhan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Abstract
This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2017 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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29
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Lee MR, Rohn MC, Zanettini C, Coggiano MA, Leggio L, Tanda G. Effect of systemically administered oxytocin on dose response for methylphenidate self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine levels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:173-184. [PMID: 31074517 PMCID: PMC10014164 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) alters behaviors related to the administration of drugs of abuse, including stimulants. OT also plays a key role in social bonding, which involves an interaction between OT and dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The nature of the interaction between OT and DA in the striatum in the context of psychostimulants is unclear. We investigated the effect of OT, delivered intraperitoneally, on the methylphenidate (MP) dose-response function for self-administration in rats. Food was used as a control condition. In a microdialysis study, we measured the effect of intraperitoneal OT on MP-stimulated striatal DA levels. Systemic OT pretreatment caused a downward shift in the MP dose-response function for self-administration, while having no effect on motor activity. OT also caused a reduction in food self-administration, although a significantly higher dose of OT was required for this effect compared with that required for a reduction of MP self-administration. Systemic OT pretreatment caused a potentiation of MP-stimulated DA levels in the NAc shell but not in the core. The significance of these findings is discussed, including the potential of OT as a therapeutic agent for addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R. Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew C.H. Rohn
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Magrone T, Jirillo E. Drugs of Abuse Induced-Subversion of the Peripheral Immune Response and Central Glial Activity: Focus on Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:281-291. [PMID: 30488804 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181129104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs of abuse affect both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune function. Besides the involvement of dopamine and glutamate systems, chronic exposure to drugs of abuse alters immune homeostasis, promoting a pro-inflammatory status. At the same time, impaired peripheral immunity leads to an increased susceptibility to infections in drug abusers. DISCUSSION There is evidence that certain drugs, such as opioids, activate microglial cells and astrocytes which, in turn, provoke central neuroinflammation. Particularly, opioids bind the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 with increased expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Peripheral mediators released by immune cells also contribute to aggravate central neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION These are based either on the inhibition of TLR-4 activation by drugs of abuse or on the correction of dopamine and glutamate pathways. Finally, a hypothetic nutraceutical intervention with polyphenols in view of their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties will be outlined as an adjuvant treatment for drugs of abuse-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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31
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Gould RW, Gunter BW, Bubser M, Matthews RT, Teal LB, Ragland MG, Bridges TM, Garrison AT, Winder DG, Lindsley CW, Jones CK. Acute Negative Allosteric Modulation of M 5 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Inhibits Oxycodone Self-Administration and Cue-Induced Reactivity with No Effect on Antinociception. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3740-3750. [PMID: 31268669 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition characterized by compulsive opioid use, dependence, and repeated relapse after periods of abstinence. Given the high risk of developing OUD following prescription opioid use, the continued need for opioid-induced analgesia, and the limitations of current OUD treatments, it is necessary to develop novel, non-opioid-based treatments for OUD and decrease abuse potential of prescription opioids. Recent evidence suggests that negative allosteric modulation (NAM) of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M5 mAChR) may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of OUD. Previous studies demonstrated localization of M5 mAChR expression within the mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry and that the selective M5 NAM ML375 attenuates both cocaine and alcohol self-administration in rats. In the present study, the effects of ML375 were evaluated in rats self-administering the μ-opioid agonists oxycodone or remifentanil on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule or on cue reactivity (a rodent model of relapse) in the absence of oxycodone following 72 h of abstinence. ML375 reduced the PR break point for oxycodone and remifentanil self-administration and attenuated cue-elicited responding. Importantly, ML375 did not affect sucrose pellet-maintained responding on a PR schedule or opioid-induced antinociception using the hot-plate and tail-flick assays. We also confirm expression of M5 mAChR mRNA in the ventral tegmental area and show that this is primarily on dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA-positive) neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that selective functional antagonism of the M5 mAChR may represent a novel, non-opioid-based treatment for OUD.
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32
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Hofford RS, Russo SJ, Kiraly DD. Neuroimmune mechanisms of psychostimulant and opioid use disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2562-2573. [PMID: 30179286 PMCID: PMC6531363 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are global health problems with few effective treatment options. Unfortunately, most potential pharmacological treatments are hindered by abuse potential of their own, limited efficacy, or adverse side effects. As a consequence, there is a pressing need for the development of addiction treatments with limited abuse potential and fewer off target effects. Given the difficulties in developing new pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders, there has been growing interest in medications that act on non-traditional targets. Recent evidence suggests a role for dysregulated immune signaling in the pathophysiology of multiple psychiatric diseases. While there is evidence that immune responses in the periphery and the central nervous system are altered by exposure to drugs of abuse, the contributions of neuroimmune interactions to addictive behaviors are just beginning to be appreciated. In this review, we discuss the data on immunological changes seen in clinical populations with substance use disorders, as well as in translational animal models of addiction. Importantly, we highlight those mechanistic findings showing causal roles for central or peripheral immune mediators in substance use disorder and appropriate animal models. Based on the literature reviewed here, it is clear that brain-immune system interactions in substance use disorders are much more complex and important than previously understood. While much work remains to be done, there are tremendous potential therapeutic implications for immunomodulatory treatments in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Hofford
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Scott J Russo
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Drew D Kiraly
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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33
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Stellwagen D, Kemp GM, Valade S, Chambon J. Glial regulation of synaptic function in models of addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 57:179-185. [PMID: 31163290 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The glial regulation of synaptic function provides important modulation of the synaptic and behavioral changes induced by drugs of abuse. In some cases, this regulation is adaptive, reducing drug-induced change, and in other cases maladaptive, contributing to the induction or maintenance of these changes. Understanding the contribution of glia to addictive behaviors will be important to fully understand the development of addiction, and a critical entry into methods to potentially mitigate this affliction. This review will cover recent advances in elucidating the contribution of the major types of glia - microglia and astrocytes - to drug-induced synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stellwagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Gina M Kemp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simone Valade
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Chambon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Smith SL, Dean RL, Todtenkopf MS, Heal DJ. Investigation of the reinforcing potential of samidorphan and naltrexone by fixed and progressive ratio intravenous self-administration testing in heroin-maintained rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:383-391. [PMID: 30676189 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118822111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Samidorphan is a novel μ-opioid antagonist with low intrinsic activity at κ- and δ-opioid receptors. AIMS Because samidorphan is central nervous system-active, we investigated whether samidorphan (13.6, 40.8, 68 μg/kg/injection) served as a positive reinforcer in rats trained to self-administer heroin on a fixed ratio-5 schedule. Samidorphan's relative reinforcing effect was evaluated by progressive ratio/break-point determination. Naltrexone (13.6, 40.8, 68 μg/kg/injection) and heroin (7.5, 15, 25 μg/kg/injection) were comparators. RESULTS All heroin doses maintained self-administration on fixed ratio-5 and progressive ratio/break-points at levels significantly greater than saline. Samidorphan and naltrexone had similar profiles on fixed ratio-5 with one samidorphan dose serving as a positive reinforcer and one naltrexone dose showing a strong trend ( p=0.053) for positive reinforcement. The numbers of injections of every samidorphan and naltrexone dose were significantly lower than all heroin doses. The numbers of self-administered samidorphan and naltrexone injections/session on fixed ratio-5 were not significantly different from one another. The mean inter-injection intervals for heroin were significantly shorter than for saline, whereas those of samidorphan and naltrexone were not. Progressive ratio break-points for samidorphan and naltrexone were not different from saline except for the highest dose of samidorphan. In addition, the progressive ratio break-points for samidorphan were not significantly different from those of naltrexone and were significantly lower than heroin. The samidorphan unit-doses evaluated in self-administration yielded plasma concentrations ranging between 25-109% and 10-45% of the maximum concentration values in humans. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the profiles of samidorphan and naltrexone, which has no abuse liability, were similar in this model.
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35
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Erickson EK, Grantham EK, Warden AS, Harris RA. Neuroimmune signaling in alcohol use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 177:34-60. [PMID: 30590091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease with limited treatment options. Targeting the neuroimmune system is a new avenue for developing or repurposing effective pharmacotherapies. Alcohol modulates innate immune signaling in different cell types in the brain by altering gene expression and the molecular pathways that regulate neuroinflammation. Chronic alcohol abuse may cause an imbalance in neuroimmune function, resulting in prolonged perturbations in brain function. Likewise, manipulating the neuroimmune system may change alcohol-related behaviors. Psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with AUD, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and other substance use disorders, may also have underlying neuroimmune mechanisms; current evidence suggests that convergent immune pathways may be involved in AUD and in these comorbid disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of major neuroimmune cell-types and pathways involved in mediating alcohol behaviors, discuss potential mechanisms of alcohol-induced neuroimmune activation, and present recent clinical evidence for candidate immune-related drugs to treat AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Erickson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA.
| | - Emily K Grantham
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
| | - Anna S Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-01095, USA
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36
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Drug addiction: a curable mental disorder? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1823-1829. [PMID: 30382181 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. Multiple neural networks in the brain including the reward system (e.g., the mesocorticolimbic system), the anti-reward/stress system (e.g., the extended amygdala), and the central immune system, are involved in the development of drug addiction and relapse after withdrawal from drugs of abuse. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that it is promising to control drug addiction by pharmacologically targeting the addiction-related systems in the brain. Here we review the pharmacological targets within the dopamine system, glutamate system, trace amine system, anti-reward system, and central immune system, which are of clinical interests. Furthermore, we discuss other potential therapies, e.g., brain stimulation, behavioral treatments, and therapeutic gene modulation, which could be effective to treat drug addiction. We conclude that, although drug addiction is a complex disorder that involves complicated neural mechanisms and psychological processes, this mental disorder is treatable and may be curable by therapies such as gene modulation in the future.
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37
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Linker KE, Cross SJ, Leslie FM. Glial mechanisms underlying substance use disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2574-2589. [PMID: 30240518 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive-like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia-neural communication, and the profound effects that glial-derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region-specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug-associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug-induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Linker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F M Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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38
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Turner BD, Kashima DT, Manz KM, Grueter CA, Grueter BA. Synaptic Plasticity in the Nucleus Accumbens: Lessons Learned from Experience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2114-2126. [PMID: 29280617 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity contributes to behavioral adaptations. As a key node in the reward pathway, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is important for determining motivation-to-action outcomes. Across animal models of motivation including addiction, depression, anxiety, and hedonic feeding, selective recruitment of neuromodulatory signals and plasticity mechanisms have been a focus of physiologists and behaviorists alike. Experience-dependent plasticity mechanisms within the NAc vary depending on the distinct afferents and cell-types over time. A greater understanding of molecular mechanisms determining how these changes in synaptic strength track with behavioral adaptations will provide insight into the process of learning and memory along with identifying maladaptations underlying pathological behavior. Here, we summarize recent findings detailing how changes in NAc synaptic strength and mechanisms of plasticity manifest in various models of motivational disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D. Turner
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel T. Kashima
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin M. Manz
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie A. Grueter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Sakloth F, Negus SS. Naltrexone maintenance fails to alter amphetamine effects on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26. [PMID: 29528663 PMCID: PMC5897164 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy to treat stimulant use disorders continues to be an unmet medical need. Some evidence supports both the role of opioids in mediating abuse-related amphetamine effects and the potential utility of opioid antagonists as therapeutic candidates for treating amphetamine abuse. This study used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to evaluate effects of exposure to and termination of naltrexone maintenance on rewarding amphetamine effects in an ICSS procedure in rats. Morphine and cocaine were included as positive and negative controls, respectively. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 40) were trained to lever press for electrical brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle via an implanted electrode. Rats were then implanted with osmotic pumps delivering naltrexone (0.001 mg/kg/h, SC, 0.01 mg/kg/h, SC, or 0.1 mg/kg/h, SC) or saline for 14 days. Cumulative dose-effect curves were determined for amphetamine (0.032 mg/kg to 0.32 mg/kg), cocaine (1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg), and morphine (1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg) during the 2nd week of naltrexone maintenance. Additionally, dose-effect curves for morphine and amphetamine were determined again 24 hr after pump removal. Our results suggest that (a) exposure to and termination of naltrexone maintenance do not affect baseline ICSS responding, (b) naltrexone doses sufficient to antagonize morphine did not alter amphetamine or cocaine effects, and (c) termination of naltrexone treatment produced weak evidence for increased morphine sensitivity but no change in amphetamine effects. Our results do not support naltrexone as a pharmacotherapy for amphetamine and cocaine abuse and also suggest that termination from chronic naltrexone does not increase sensitivity to abuse-related morphine or amphetamine effects in ICSS. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Zhu R, Bu Q, Fu D, Shao X, Jiang L, Guo W, Chen B, Liu B, Hu Z, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. Toll-like receptor 3 modulates the behavioral effects of cocaine in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:93. [PMID: 29571298 PMCID: PMC5865345 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleus accumbens in the midbrain dopamine limbic system plays a key role in cocaine addiction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) in the innate immune system that are also involved in drug dependence; however, the detailed mechanism is largely unknown. METHODS The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of TLR3 in cocaine addiction. Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor activity, and self-administration were used to determine the effects of TLR3 in the rewarding properties of cocaine. Lentivirus-mediated re-expression of Tlr3 (LV-TLR3) was applied to determine if restoration of TLR3 expression in the NAc is sufficient to restore the cocaine effect in TLR3-/- mice. The protein levels of phospho-NF-κB p65, IKKβ, and p-IκBα both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cocaine-induced CPP mice were detected by Western blot. RESULTS We showed that both TLR3 deficiency and intra-NAc injection of TLR3 inhibitors significantly attenuated cocaine-induced CPP, locomotor activity, and self-administration in mice. Importantly, the TLR3-/- mice that received intra-NAc injection of LV-TLR3 displayed significant increases in cocaine-induced CPP and locomotor activity. Finally, we found that TLR3 inhibitor reverted cocaine-induced upregulation of phospho-NF-κB p65, IKKβ, and p-IκBα. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results describe that TLR3 modulates cocaine-induced behaviors and provide further evidence supporting a role for central pro-inflammatory immune signaling in drug reward. We propose that TLR3 blockade could be a novel approach to treat cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Zhu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dengqi Fu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue Shao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Guo
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Bo Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengtao Hu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #28 Gaopeng Street, High Technological Development Zone, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Brown KT, Levis SC, O’Neill CE, Northcutt AL, Fabisiak TJ, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Innate immune signaling in the ventral tegmental area contributes to drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:130-138. [PMID: 28813640 PMCID: PMC6252252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by persistent perturbations to an organism's homeostatic processes that result in maladaptive drug seeking. Although considerable attention has been directed at the consequences of neuronal changes following chronic cocaine taking, few studies have examined the role of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, following chronic cocaine administration. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a molecular pattern receptor that recognizes pathogens, danger signals, and xenobiotics and induces proinflammatory signaling in the central nervous system. TLR4 is generally considered to be expressed primarily by microglia. Here, we used a rodent model of cocaine addiction to investigate the role of TLR4 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in cocaine seeking. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine in daily 2-h sessions for 15days. Following self-administration, rats underwent extinction training and were tested in a drug-primed reinstatement paradigm. Pharmacological antagonism of TLR4 in the VTA using lipopolysaccharide from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) significantly reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking but had no effect on sucrose seeking. TLR4 activation within the VTA using the TLR4 activator, lipopolysaccharide, was sufficient to moderately reinstate cocaine seeking. We also assessed changes in proinflammatory cytokine expression in the VTA following cocaine self-administration. Cocaine self-administration increased the expression of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, in the VTA. Pharmacological antagonism of the interleukin-1 receptor in the VTA reduced cocaine-primed drug seeking. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic cocaine produces inflammatory signaling that contributes to cocaine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Brown
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Muenzinger Building, Boulder, CO 80309, United States., (K.T. Brown)
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Bachtell RK, Jones JD, Heinzerling KG, Beardsley PM, Comer SD. Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:156-170. [PMID: 28892721 PMCID: PMC5790191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plenary session at the 2016 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Conference focused on glia as potential players in the development, persistence and treatment of substance use disorders. Glia partake in various functions that are important for healthy brain activity. Drugs of abuse alter glial cell activity producing several perturbations in brain function that are thought to contribute to behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Consequently, drug-induced changes in glia-driven processes in the brain represent potential targets for pharmacotherapeutics treating substance use disorders. METHODS Four speakers presented preclinical and clinical research illustrating the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects of psychostimulants and opioids. This review highlights some of these findings and expands its focus to include other research focused on drug-induced glia abnormalities and glia-focused treatment approaches in substance use disorders. RESULTS Preclinical findings show that drugs of abuse induce neuroinflammatory signals and disrupt glutamate homeostasis through their interaction with microglia and astrocytes. Preclinical and clinical studies testing the effects of glial modulators show general effectiveness in reducing behaviors associated with substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of drug-induced glial activity continues to emerge as an intriguing target for substance use disorder treatments. Clinical investigations of glial modulators have yielded promising results on substance use measures and indicate that they are generally safe and well-tolerated. However, results have not been entirely positive and more questions remain for continued exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Bachtell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and Center for Neuroscience, UCB 345, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Keith G. Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine and Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sandra D. Comer
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Opioid Self-Administration is Attenuated by Early-Life Experience and Gene Therapy for Anti-Inflammatory IL-10 in the Nucleus Accumbens of Male Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2128-2140. [PMID: 28436446 PMCID: PMC5603817 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Early-life conditions can contribute to the propensity for developing neuropsychiatric disease, including substance abuse disorders. However, the long-lasting mechanisms that shape risk or resilience for drug addiction remain unclear. Previous work has shown that a neonatal handling procedure in rats (which promotes enriched maternal care) attenuates morphine conditioning, reduces morphine-induced glial activation, and increases microglial expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). We thus hypothesized that anti-inflammatory signaling may underlie the effects of early-life experience on later-life opioid drug-taking. Here we demonstrate that neonatal handling attenuates intravenous self-administration of the opioid remifentanil in a drug-concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptional profiling of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) from handled rats following repeated exposure to remifentanil reveals a suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression, consistent with an anti-inflammatory phenotype. To determine if anti-inflammatory signaling alters drug-taking behavior, we administered intracranial injections of plasmid DNA encoding IL-10 (pDNA-IL-10) into the NAc of non-handled rats. We discovered that pDNA-IL-10 treatment reduces remifentanil self-administration in a drug-concentration-dependent manner, similar to the effect of handling. In contrast, neither handling nor pDNA-IL-10 treatment alters self-administration of food or sucrose rewards. These collective observations suggest that neuroimmune signaling mechanisms in the NAc are shaped by early-life experience and may modify motivated behaviors for opioid drugs. Moreover, manipulation of the IL-10 signaling pathway represents a novel approach for influencing opioid reinforcement.
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Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency alters nucleus accumbens synaptic physiology and drug reward behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8865-8870. [PMID: 28760987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705974114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral manifestations of drug-seeking behavior are causally linked to alterations of synaptic strength onto nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSN). Although neuron-driven changes in physiology and behavior are well characterized, there is a lack of knowledge of the role of the immune system in mediating such effects. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system, and evidence suggests that it modulates drug-related behavior. Using TLR4 knockout (TLR4.KO) mice, we show that TLR4 plays a role in NAc synaptic physiology and behavior. In addition to differences in the pharmacological profile of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) in the NAc core, TLR4.KO animals exhibit a deficit in low-frequency stimulation-induced NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (LTD). Interestingly, the synaptic difference is region specific as no differences were found in excitatory synaptic properties in the NAc shell. Consistent with altered NAc LTD, TLR4.KO animals exhibit an attenuation in drug reward learning. Finally, we show that TLR4 in the NAc core is primarily expressed on microglia. These results suggest that TLR4 influences NAc MSN synaptic physiology and drug reward learning and behavior.
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Blednov YA, Black M, Chernis J, Da Costa A, Mayfield J, Harris RA. Ethanol Consumption in Mice Lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4, or MyD88. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:516-530. [PMID: 28146272 PMCID: PMC5332291 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular and behavioral studies support a role for innate immune proinflammatory pathways in mediating the effects of alcohol. Increased levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been observed in animal models of alcohol consumption and in human alcoholics, and many of these TLRs signal via the MyD88-dependent pathway. We hypothesized that this pathway is involved in alcohol drinking and examined some of its key signaling components. METHODS Different ethanol (EtOH)-drinking paradigms were studied in male and female control C57BL/6J mice versus mice lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4 (C57BL/10ScN), or MyD88. We studied continuous and intermittent access 2-bottle choice (2BC) and 1-bottle and 2BC drinking-in-the-dark (DID) tests as well as preference for saccharin, quinine, and NaCl. RESULTS In the 2BC continuous access test, EtOH intake decreased in male TLR2 knockout (KO) mice, and we previously reported reduced 2BC drinking in male and female CD14 KO mice. In the intermittent access 2BC test, EtOH intake decreased in CD14 KO male and female mice, whereas drinking increased in MyD88 KO male mice. In the 2BC-DID test, EtOH drinking decreased in male and female mice lacking TLR2, whereas drinking increased in MyD88 KO male mice. In the 1-bottle DID test, EtOH intake decreased in female TLR2 KO mice. TLR2 KO and CD14 KO mice did not differ in saccharin preference but showed reduced preference for NaCl. MyD88 KO mice showed a slight reduction in preference for saccharin. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of key components of the MyD88-dependent pathway produced differential effects on EtOH intake by decreasing (TLR2 KO and CD14 KO) or increasing (MyD88 KO) drinking, while deletion of TLR4 had no effect. Some of the drinking effects depended on the sex of the mice and/or the EtOH-drinking model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mendy Black
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Julia Chernis
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana Da Costa
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jody Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Hiranita T. Lack of Effects of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Antagonists on the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine and Remifentanil. JOURNAL OF ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG DEPENDENCE 2017; 4. [PMID: 28070538 PMCID: PMC5218983 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), AR 72079-9501, USA
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Genetic and Pharmacologic Manipulation of TLR4 Has Minimal Impact on Ethanol Consumption in Rodents. J Neurosci 2016; 37:1139-1155. [PMID: 27986929 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2002-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical component of innate immune signaling and has been implicated in alcohol responses in preclinical and clinical models. Members of the Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on Alcoholism (INIA-Neuroimmune) consortium tested the hypothesis that TLR4 mediates excessive ethanol drinking using the following models: (1) Tlr4 knock-out (KO) rats, (2) selective knockdown of Tlr4 mRNA in mouse nucleus accumbens (NAc), and (3) injection of the TLR4 antagonist (+)-naloxone in mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreased food/water intake and body weight in ethanol-naive and ethanol-trained wild-type (WT), but not Tlr4 KO rats. There were no consistent genotypic differences in two-bottle choice chronic ethanol intake or operant self-administration in rats before or after dependence. In mice, (+)-naloxone did not decrease drinking-in-the-dark and only modestly inhibited dependence-driven consumption at the highest dose. Tlr4 knockdown in mouse NAc did not decrease drinking in the two-bottle choice continuous or intermittent access tests. However, the latency to ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex increased and the duration decreased in KO versus WT rats. In rat central amygdala neurons, deletion of Tlr4 altered GABAA receptor function, but not GABA release. Although there were no genotype differences in acute ethanol effects before or after chronic intermittent ethanol exposure, genotype differences were observed after LPS exposure. Using different species and sexes, different methods to inhibit TLR4 signaling, and different ethanol consumption tests, our comprehensive studies indicate that TLR4 may play a role in ethanol-induced sedation and GABAA receptor function, but does not regulate excessive drinking directly and would not be an effective therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key mediator of innate immune signaling and has been implicated in alcohol responses in animal models and human alcoholics. Members of the Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on Alcoholism (INIA-Neuroimmune) consortium participated in the first comprehensive study across multiple laboratories to test the hypothesis that TLR4 regulates excessive alcohol consumption in different species and different models of chronic, dependence-driven, and binge-like drinking. Although TLR4 was not a critical determinant of excessive drinking, it was important in the acute sedative effects of alcohol. Current research efforts are directed at determining which neuroimmune pathways mediate excessive alcohol drinking and these findings will help to prioritize relevant pathways and potential therapeutic targets.
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