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Ko CH, Lu YC, Lee CH, Liao YC. The influence of adverse childhood experiences and depression on addiction severity among methamphetamine users: exploring the role of perseveration. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1382646. [PMID: 38807693 PMCID: PMC11130423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1382646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims This investigation aimed to clarify the intricate relationship among depression, cognitive function, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and their combined influence on methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). Methods Utilizing a battery of psychological tests, this study ascertained the impact of ACEs on the condition of 76 people with MUD who meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, aged 42.17 on average. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Conners' Continuous Performance-II (CPT-II), the self-report Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used for these evaluations. Individuals involved in the study were categorized into two discrete cohorts, mild (ME) and severe (SE), based on the extent of their ACEs exposure. This study employed the PROCESS regression, the independent t-test andχ2 tests for the analysis. Results The findings revealed notable discrepancies in the psychological consequences between the two groups with different degrees of ACEs; however, no substantial differences were observed in the demographic parameters. The SE group exhibited elevated BDI-II scores, more evident indications of MUD, and a higher degree of CPT-II cognitive perseveration. The PROCESS model revealed that cognitive perseveration moderated the impact of depression on ACEs and subjective MUD severity, explaining 20.2% of the variance. The ACEs and depression predicted 28.6% of the variance in MUD symptoms. However, no statistically significant differences were detected between the two groups regarding the parameters in the IGT-2 assessment. Conclusions These results indicate that the interaction between cognitive and depressive factors mediates the effect of ACEs on subjective MUD severity but not on MUD symptoms. The ACEs significant impact on mental health severity perception is explained by cognitive and depressive factors. This implies that MUD treatment and rehabilitation should address cognitive dysfunction and developmental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Ko
- Department of Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Lu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lee
- Department of Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liao
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Prevention and Treatment of Internet Addiction, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Psychology Center, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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van Ruitenbeek P, Franzen L, Mason NL, Stiers P, Ramaekers JG. Methylphenidate as a treatment option for substance use disorder: a transdiagnostic perspective. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1208120. [PMID: 37599874 PMCID: PMC10435872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1208120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A transition in viewing mental disorders from conditions defined as a set of unique characteristics to one of the quantitative variations on a collection of dimensions allows overlap between disorders. The overlap can be utilized to extend to treatment approaches. Here, we consider the overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder to probe the suitability to use methylphenidate as a treatment for substance use disorder. Both disorders are characterized by maladaptive goal-directed behavior, impaired cognitive control, hyperactive phasic dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum, prefrontal hypoactivation, and reduced frontal cortex gray matter volume/density. In addition, methylphenidate has been shown to improve cognitive control and normalize associated brain activation in substance use disorder patients and clinical trials have found methylphenidate to improve clinical outcomes. Despite the theoretical basis and promising, but preliminary, outcomes, many questions remain unanswered. Most prominent is whether all patients who are addicted to different substances may equally profit from methylphenidate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Ruitenbeek
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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3
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Herman AM. Interoception Within the Context of Impulsivity and Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023; 10:97-106. [PMID: 37266189 PMCID: PMC10148627 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to examine the relationship between impulsivity and interoception in addiction, to summarize the current understanding of the topic, identify any gaps in knowledge, and provide directions for future research. Research Findings Interoception may be a contributing factor to impulsive behaviour and, thus, addiction. Substance abuse can negatively impact the brain's ability to process interoceptive information and impact the reward system, leading to decreased sensitivity to natural rewards and increased sensitivity to drugs. There is potential for new therapies, such as mindfulness, interoceptive training, brain stimulation, or vagal nerve stimulation to target both impulsivity and interoception in the treatment of addiction. Summary Despite a growing interest in interoception in addiction research, further research is needed to better understand the role of interoception in addiction and to develop new methods for studying how individuals with addiction process and perceive internal bodily sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Herman
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3 St, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Strzelecki A, Weafer J, Stoops WW. Human behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 93:77-103. [PMID: 35341574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant use disorders present an enduring public health concern. Chronic stimulant use is associated with a range of health problems, with notable increases in stimulant overdose that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. With these persistent problems, it is important to understand the behavioral and pharmacological factors that contribute to stimulant use in humans. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update and narrative review on recent human laboratory research that has evaluated the behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs. We focus on two prototypic stimulants: cocaine as a prototype monoamine reuptake inhibitor and d-amphetamine as a prototype monoamine releaser. As such, placebo controlled human laboratory studies that involved administration of doses of cocaine or d-amphetamine and were published in peer reviewed journals within the last 10 years (i.e., since 2011) are reviewed. Primary outcomes from these studies are subjective effects, reinforcing effects, cognitive/behavioral effects, and discriminative stimulus effects. Both cocaine and d-amphetamine produce classical stimulant-like behavioral effects (e.g., increase positive subjective effects, function as reinforcers), but there are notable gaps in the literature including understanding sex differences in response to stimulant drugs, cognitive-behavioral effects of stimulants, and influence of use history (e.g., relatively drug naïve vs drug experienced) on stimulant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Strzelecki
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica Weafer
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William W Stoops
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Psychiatry, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Lexington, KY, United States.
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5
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Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, Ho D, Baskerville WA, Ray LA. Moderators of subjective response to alcohol in the human laboratory. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:468-476. [PMID: 35084054 PMCID: PMC9153269 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective response (SR) to alcohol represents a biobehavioral risk factor for heavy drinking and for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Identifying moderators of SR have been hindered by small sample sizes that are often used in alcohol administration studies. METHODS This study combined data from multiple alcohol administration trials to test whether sex, family history of alcohol problems, and impulsivity (via delay discounting) predict SR to alcohol, comprised of four domains: stimulation, sedation, negative affect, and craving. Non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (N = 250) completed a battery of self-report scales and behavioral measures of alcohol use and problems, mood, and impulsivity. All participants completed an intravenous alcohol administration session wherein SR domains were measured at baseline, 20, 40, and 60 mg%. RESULTS Analyses using multilevel modeling showed that male sex independently predicted higher alcohol-induced stimulation and alcohol craving, after controlling for other moderators. A family history of alcohol problems also independently predicted alcohol craving after controlling for other moderators. CONCLUSIONS Using a large sample and advanced data analytic methods, this study extends the literature on alcohol administration by identifying important moderators of SR in heavy drinkers: namely, male sex and family history of alcohol problems. These findings consolidate and extend a growing body of research aimed at differentiating individuals most likely to report the SR features that confer risk for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Nieto
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Ho
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lara A. Ray
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA,University of California Los Angeles, Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Desrochers SS, Spring MG, Nautiyal KM. A Role for Serotonin in Modulating Opposing Drive and Brake Circuits of Impulsivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:791749. [PMID: 35250501 PMCID: PMC8892181 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.791749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity generally refers to a deficit in inhibition, with a focus on understanding the neural circuits which constitute the “brake” on actions and gratification. It is likely that increased impulsivity can arise not only from reduced inhibition, but also from a heightened or exaggerated excitatory “drive.” For example, an action which has more vigor, or is fueled by either increased incentive salience or a stronger action-outcome association, may be harder to inhibit. From this perspective, this review focuses on impulse control as a competition over behavioral output between an initially learned response-reward outcome association, and a subsequently acquired opposing inhibitory association. Our goal is to present a synthesis of research from humans and animal models that supports this dual-systems approach to understanding the behavioral and neural substrates that contribute to impulsivity, with a focus on the neuromodulatory role of serotonin. We review evidence for the role of serotonin signaling in mediating the balance of the “drive” and “brake” circuits. Additionally, we consider parallels of these competing instrumental systems in impulsivity within classical conditioning processes (e.g., extinction) in order to point us to potential behavioral and neural mechanisms that may modulate the competing instrumental associations. Finally, we consider how the balance of these competing associations might contribute to, or be extracted from, our experimental assessments of impulsivity. A careful understanding of the underlying behavioral and circuit level contributions to impulsivity is important for understanding the pathogenesis of increased impulsivity present in a number of psychiatric disorders. Pathological levels of impulsivity in such disorders are likely subserved by deficits in the balance of motivational and inhibitory processes.
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7
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Manworren JR, Hajduk J, Hill JN, Raad AA, Manworren RCB. Adolescents' Understanding of Opioid-Induced Euphoria Measures and Proposed Measurement Revisions. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:258-268. [PMID: 34355666 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1953642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opioid misuse is an unintended consequence of acute pain management. Opioid-induced euphoria (OIE) with first therapeutic opioid exposure may influence opioid misuse. OIE is not assessed in clinical care and self-report measures of OIE have not been validated in adolescents. We (1) determined adolescents' ability to understand existing self-reported OIE measures, (2) revised measures for better understanding by this population, and (3) established initial content validity of revised measures with adolescents. Using runner's euphoria to simulate OIE in Study 1, 29 adolescents' (14 males) understanding of the Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ-5), the Addiction Resource Center Inventory Morphine Benzedrine Group scale (ARCI-MBG), and the ARCI Lysergic Acid Diethylamide scale (ARCI-LSD) were tested. In Study 2, 29 additional adolescents (9 males) participated in a modified Delphi study with focus groups to revise survey items to improve understanding by peers. In Study 1, runners understood <40% of ARCI-MBG and ARCI-LSD statements. In Study 2, all but 7 survey items were revised. Revised measures of OIE for adolescents may help define at-risk OIE phenotypes and validate risk assessments using survey methodology. Additional studies are needed to validate the revised OIE self-report measures with opioid-naive adolescents receiving opioids to treat acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon R Manworren
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nursing, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Hajduk
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alice A Raad
- Department of Nursing, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Renee C B Manworren
- Department of Nursing, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Weafer J, Gorka SM, Dzemidzic M, Kareken DA, Phan KL, de Wit H. Neural correlates of inhibitory control are associated with stimulant-like effects of alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1442-1450. [PMID: 33947965 PMCID: PMC8208996 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poor inhibitory control and heightened feelings of stimulation after alcohol are two well-established risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Although these risk factors have traditionally been viewed as orthogonal, recent evidence suggests that the two are related and may share common neurobiological mechanisms. Here we examined the degree to which neural activity during inhibition was associated with subjective reports of stimulation following alcohol. To assess neural changes during inhibition, moderate alcohol drinkers performed a stop signal task during fMRI without drug. To assess subjective responses to alcohol they ingested alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo beverages under double-blind conditions and provided subjective reports of stimulation and sedation. Feelings of stimulation following alcohol were inversely associated with activity in the supplementary motor area, insula, and middle frontal gyrus during inhibition (successful stop trials compared to go trials). Feelings of sedation did not correlate with brain activation. These results extend previous findings suggesting that poor inhibitory control is associated with more positive subjective responses to alcohol. These interrelated risk factors may contribute to susceptibility to future excessive alcohol use, and ultimately lead to neurobiological targets to prevent or treat AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Dieterich R, Wüllhorst V, Berghäuser J, Overmeyer R, Endrass T. Electrocortical correlates of impaired motor inhibition and outcome processing are related in high binge-watching. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13814. [PMID: 33733543 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models posit problematic binge-watching to involve a vicious circle of low motivation for alternative activities, low sensitivity for the consequences of neglected goals, and low self-control. As such, simultaneously impaired feedback and inhibitory functioning might contribute to binge-watching. We tested the hypothesis that blunted feedback-related brain activity is coupled with attenuated inhibitory brain activity in binge-watchers. High (n = 32) and non-binge-watchers (n = 31) performed go/nogo (inhibition) and stop signal (stopping) tasks and a flanker paradigm with performance feedback during electroencephalography. We examined how neural correlates of inhibition and stopping were associated with outcome processing in each group. We assessed the temporospatial relationship using a single-trial regression approach. High binge-watchers, but not non-binge-watchers, who differentiated less between gains and losses at the neural level (feedback-P3b) also recruited less brain activity during both inhibition and stopping (inhibition-P3 and stopping-P3). Exploratory analyses suggested that these relationships were most prominent in high binge-watchers with high loss of control over watching. Main effects of the group in performance or EEG did not emerge. These results suggest a potentially problematic interaction between outcome and inhibitory functions in binge-watchers. Insensitivity to behavioral consequences along with inhibitory impairments may also confer a long-term risk for compulsive watching. Our multi-modal approach may be particularly suited to detect such an underlying risk marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Dieterich
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Wüllhorst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Berghäuser
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebecca Overmeyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Using pharmacological manipulations to study the role of dopamine in human reward functioning: A review of studies in healthy adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:123-158. [PMID: 33202256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in reward processing and is implicated in psychological disorders such as depression, substance use, and schizophrenia. The role of DA in reward processing is an area of highly active research. One approach to this question is drug challenge studies with drugs known to alter DA function. These studies provide good experimental control and can be performed in parallel in laboratory animals and humans. This review aimed to summarize results of studies using pharmacological manipulations of DA in healthy adults. 'Reward' is a complex process, so we separated 'phases' of reward, including anticipation, evaluation of cost and benefits of upcoming reward, execution of actions to obtain reward, pleasure in response to receiving a reward, and reward learning. Results indicated that i) DAergic drugs have different effects on different phases of reward; ii) the relationship between DA and reward functioning appears unlikely to be linear; iii) our ability to detect the effects of DAergic drugs varies depending on whether subjective, behavioral, imaging measures are used.
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11
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Lim AC, Grodin EN, Green R, Venegas A, Meredith LR, Courtney KE, Moallem NR, Sayegh P, London ED, Ray LA. Executive function moderates naltrexone effects on methamphetamine-induced craving and subjective responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2020; 46:565-576. [PMID: 32343625 PMCID: PMC7920534 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1741002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that opioid receptor antagonists, such as naltrexone, are effective pharmacotherapies for alcohol, opioid, and possibly stimulant use disorders. It is posited that naltrexone exerts its effects, in part, by increasing functional connectivity between neural reward circuitry and frontal systems implicated in executive function. Yet no studies had examined whether executive function moderates these effects. Objectives: This study examined whether a composite measure of executive function (EF) moderates the effect of naltrexone on craving for methamphetamine and subjective responses following infusion of the drug. Methods: Individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (N = 30; 27% female) completed baseline neurocognitive assessments of premorbid and executive function, and an executive function factor was computed. Participants then underwent a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study of titration with naltrexone and placebo. Participants then received a 30-mg intravenous methamphetamine infusion and completed subjective response questionnaires at 8 times in the 120 minutes post-infusion. Results: Multilevel mixed models indicated a significant EF × medication interaction, reflecting greater effects of naltrexone to decrease "desire to access the drug", "want more of the drug", "crave the drug", "feel drug effects" and "feel high" in participants with low EF compared to those with high EF (Bs = .36-1.29, SEs = .14-.17, ps<0.01). These effects remained significant after controlling for premorbid cognitive functioning, baseline responses to methamphetamine, severity of methamphetamine use, and methamphetamine-related functional problems. Conclusion: Naltrexone may be especially effective in methamphetamine-dependent individuals with low EF. Neuropsychological assessments may also provide predictive clinical utility not captured by traditional measures of substance use severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Venegas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay R. Meredith
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly E. Courtney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathasha R. Moallem
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip Sayegh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
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12
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Weafer J, Van Hedger K, Keedy SK, Nwaokolo N, Wit H. Methamphetamine acutely alters frontostriatal resting state functional connectivity in healthy young adults. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12775. [PMID: 31099141 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of methamphetamine impairs frontostriatal structure and function, which may result in increased incentive-motivational responses to drug cues and decreased regulation of drug-seeking behavior. However, less is known regarding how the drug affects these circuits after acute administration. The current study examined the effects of a single dose of methamphetamine on resting state frontostriatal functional connectivity in healthy volunteers. Participants (n = 22, 12 female) completed two sessions in which they received methamphetamine (20 mg) and placebo before a resting state scan during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants also provided self-report measures of euphoria and stimulation at regular intervals. We conducted seed-based voxelwise functional connectivity analyses using three bilateral striatal seed regions: nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, and putamen and compared connectivity following methamphetamine versus placebo administration. Additionally, we conducted correlational analyses to assess if drug-induced changes in functional connectivity were related to changes in subjective response. Methamphetamine increased NAcc functional connectivity with medial frontal regions (ie, orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus) and decreased NAcc functional connectivity with subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Methamphetamine also increased functional connectivity between putamen and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and individuals who displayed greater drug-induced increase in connectivity reported less euphoria and stimulation. These findings provide important information regarding the effects of methamphetamine on brain function in nonaddicted individuals. Further studies will reveal whether such effects contribute to the abuse potential of the drug and whether they are related to the frontostriatal impairments observed after chronic methamphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Kathryne Van Hedger
- Department of Clinical Neurological SciencesUniversity of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Sarah K. Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Nkemdilim Nwaokolo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Harriet Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of Chicago Chicago Illinois
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13
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Poor inhibitory control is associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:825-832. [PMID: 31832721 PMCID: PMC7039753 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Poor inhibitory control is a well-established risk factor for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Similarly, greater sensitivity to the stimulant effects and less sensitivity to the sedative effects of alcohol are also strongly linked to risk for AUD. Traditionally, these two risk factors have been considered to be orthogonal, and thus they have been studied independently. However, recent evidence from animal and human studies suggests that they may be related. The current study examined the relationship between inhibitory control and subjective responses to alcohol in a sample of healthy young adults. METHODS Moderate social drinkers (N = 69) first completed the stop signal task to assess inhibitory control. They then participated in four sessions in which they received an oral dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of stimulation and sedation on the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) at regular intervals. RESULTS Linear mixed effects models showed that poor inhibitory control was associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol compared with placebo. CONCLUSION These findings provide the first direct evidence that individuals with poor inhibitory control experience greater sensitivity to the rewarding, stimulant effects of alcohol, and less sensitivity to the negative, sedative effects. These findings suggest that inhibition and subjective response to alcohol are not independent risk factors, and that together they constitute a heightened profile of risk for AUD.
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Langenecker SA, Kling LR, Crane NA, Gorka SM, Nusslock R, Damme KSF, Weafer J, de Wit H, Phan KL. Anticipation of monetary reward in amygdala, insula, caudate are predictors of pleasure sensitivity to d-Amphetamine administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107725. [PMID: 31757518 PMCID: PMC6980714 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction and dependence continue as an unresolved source of morbidity and mortality. Two approaches to identifying risk for abuse and addiction are psychopharmacological challenge studies and neuroimaging experiments. The present study combined these two approaches by examining associations between self-reported euphoria or liking after a dose of d-amphetamine and neural-based responses to anticipation of a monetary reward. METHODS Healthy young adults (N = 73) aged 19 and 26, without any history of alcohol/substance dependence completed four laboratory sessions in which they received oral d-amphetamine (20 mg) or placebo, and completed drug effect questionnaires. On a separate session they underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while they completed a monetary incentive delay task. During the task, we recorded neural signal related to anticipation of winning $5 or $1.50 compared to winning no money (WinMoney-WinZero), in reward related regions. RESULTS Liking of amphetamine during the drug sessions was related to differences in activation during the WinMoney-WinZero conditions - in the amygdala (positive), insula (negative) and caudate (negative). In posthoc analyses, liking of amphetamine was also positively correlated with activation of the amygdala during anticipation of large rewards and negatively related to activation of the left insula to both small and large anticipated rewards. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individual differences in key regions of the reward network are related to rewarding subjective effects of a stimulant drug. To further clarify these relationships, future pharmacofMRI studies could probe the influence of amphetamine at the neural level during reward anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Leah R Kling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Billings Hospital, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 820 S Damen Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, OSU Harding Hospital, 1670 Upham Drive, Suite 130, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Cajanus A, Solje E, Koikkalainen J, Lötjönen J, Suhonen NM, Hallikainen I, Vanninen R, Hartikainen P, de Marco M, Venneri A, Soininen H, Remes AM, Hall A. The Association Between Distinct Frontal Brain Volumes and Behavioral Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1059. [PMID: 31632342 PMCID: PMC6786130 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the association between behavioral symptoms of agitation, disinhibition, irritability, elation, and aberrant motor behavior to frontal brain volumes in a cohort with various neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 121 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 58), Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 45) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD, n = 18) were evaluated with a Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). A T1-weighted MRI scan was acquired for each participant and quantified with a multi-atlas segmentation method. The volumetric MRI measures of the frontal lobes were associated with neuropsychiatric symptom scores with a linear model. In the regression model, we included CDR score and TMT B time as covariates to account for cognitive and executive functions. The brain volumes were corrected for age, gender and head size. The total behavioral symptom score of the five symptoms of interest was negatively associated with the volume of the subcallosal area (β = −0.32, p = 0.002). High disinhibition scores were associated with reduced volume in the gyrus rectus (β = −0.30, p = 0.002), medial frontal cortex (β = −0.30, p = 0.002), superior frontal gyrus (β = −0.28, p = 0.003), inferior frontal gyrus (β = −0.28, p = 0.005) and subcallosal area (β = −0.28, p = 0.005). Elation scores were associated with reduced volumes of the medial orbital gyrus (β = −0.30, p = 0.002) and inferior frontal gyrus (β = −0.28, p = 0.004). Aberrant motor behavior was associated with atrophy of frontal pole (β = −0.29, p = 0.005) and the subcallosal area (β = −0.39, p < 0.001). No significant associations with frontal brain volumes were found for agitation and irritability. We conclude that the subcallosal area may be common neuroanatomical area for behavioral symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases, and it appears to be independent of disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Cajanus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Ilona Hallikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Matteo de Marco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Weafer J, Crane NA, Gorka SM, Phan KL, de Wit H. Neural correlates of inhibition and reward are negatively associated. Neuroimage 2019; 196:188-194. [PMID: 30974242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with impulsive and addictive disorders, including drug addiction, binge eating/obesity, and problem gambling, exhibit both impaired control over behavior and heightened sensitivity to reward. However, it is not known whether such deviation in inhibitory and reward circuitry among clinical populations is a cause or consequence of the disorders. Recent evidence suggests that these constructs may be related at the neural level, and together, increase risk for engaging in maladaptive behaviors. The current study examined the degree to which brain function during inhibition relates to brain function during receipt of reward in healthy young adults who have not yet developed problem behaviors. Participants completed the stop signal task to assess inhibitory control and the doors task to assess reactivity to monetary reward (win vs loss) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Brain activation during response inhibition was negatively correlated with brain activation during reward. Specifically, less brain activation in right prefrontal regions during inhibition, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor area, was associated with greater brain activation in left ventral striatum during receipt of monetary reward. Moreover, these associations were stronger in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers. These findings suggest that the systems are related even before the onset of impulsive or addictive disorders. As such, it is possible that the association between inhibitory and reward circuitry may be a prospective marker of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Medical Center, 802 S. Seeley Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, MC3077, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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17
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Weafer J, Ross TJ, O’Connor S, Stein EA, de Wit H, Childs E. Striatal activity correlates with stimulant-like effects of alcohol in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2532-2538. [PMID: 30093699 PMCID: PMC6224577 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who experience greater stimulation and less sedation from alcohol are at increased risk for alcohol-related problems. However, little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying subjective response to alcohol. The current study examined the degree to which alcohol-induced brain activation correlates with ratings of stimulation and sedation, using a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants (N = 34 healthy adults with no history of alcohol use disorder) completed three sessions: a calibration session to determine the duration of infusion needed to bring the breath alcohol to 80 mg/dl for each subject, and two counterbalanced fMRI sessions with placebo and alcohol administration. During the fMRI sessions, participants underwent 50 min scans, which included a 10 min baseline period, the IV infusion period needed to bring breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) to a peak 80 mg/dl (on the alcohol session), followed by a post-peak decline period. Participants rated their subjective stimulation and sedation at regular intervals throughout the scan. A priori VOI analyses showed that the time course of stimulation correlated with BOLD signal in the striatum. The time course of sedation did not correlate with BOLD signal in any VOIs. There were no correlations in primary visual cortex, which served as a control. These findings are the first to show that alcohol effects in the striatum are linked to the positive, stimulant-like effects of the drug and advance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in subjective responses to alcohol, and more broadly, risk for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- 0000 0004 1936 7822grid.170205.1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fNeuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Sean O’Connor
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0000 9681 3540grid.280828.8R.L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fNeuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- 0000 0004 1936 7822grid.170205.1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Emma Childs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Oberlin BG, Dzemidzic M, Eiler WJA, Carron CR, Soeurt CM, Plawecki MH, Grahame NJ, O'Connor SJ, Kareken DA. Pairing neutral cues with alcohol intoxication: new findings in executive and attention networks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2725-2737. [PMID: 30066136 PMCID: PMC6119082 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol-associated stimuli capture attention, yet drinkers differ in the precise stimuli that become paired with intoxication. OBJECTIVES Extending our prior work to examine the influence of alcoholism risk factors, we paired abstract visual stimuli with intravenous alcohol delivered covertly and examined brain responses to these Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli in fMRI when subjects were not intoxicated. METHODS Sixty healthy drinkers performed task-irrelevant alcohol conditioning that presented geometric shapes as conditioned stimuli. Shapes were paired with a rapidly rising alcohol limb (conditioned stimulus; CS+) using intravenous alcohol infusion targeting a final peak breath alcohol concentration of 0.045 g/dL or saline (CS-) infusion at matched rates. On day 2, subjects performed monetary delay discounting outside the scanner to assess delay tolerance and then underwent event-related fMRI while performing the same task with CS+, CS-, and an irrelevant symbol. RESULTS CS+ elicited stronger activation than CS- in frontoparietal executive/attention and orbitofrontal reward-associated networks. Risk factors including family history, recent drinking, sex, and age of drinking onset did not relate to the [CS+ > CS-] activation. Delay-tolerant choice and [CS+ > CS-] activation in right inferior parietal cortex were positively related. CONCLUSIONS Networks governing executive attention and reward showed enhanced responses to stimuli experimentally paired with intoxication, with the right parietal cortex implicated in both alcohol cue pairing and intertemporal choice. While different from our previous study results in 14 men, we believe this paradigm in a large sample of male and female drinkers offers novel insights into Pavlovian processes less affected by idiosyncratic drug associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Oberlin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 355 W. 16th Street (GH 4800), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William J A Eiler
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claire R Carron
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christina M Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 355 W. 16th Street (GH 4800), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nicholas J Grahame
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sean J O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 355 W. 16th Street (GH 4800), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Kareken
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 355 W. 16th Street (GH 4800), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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19
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Crane NA, Gorka SM, Weafer J, Langenecker SA, de Wit H, Phan KL. Neural activation to monetary reward is associated with amphetamine reward sensitivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1738-1744. [PMID: 29581536 PMCID: PMC6006344 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One known risk factor for drug use and abuse is sensitivity to rewarding effects of drugs. It is not known whether this risk factor extends to sensitivity to non-drug rewards. In this study with healthy young adults, we examined the association between sensitivity to the subjective rewarding effects of amphetamine and a neural indicator of anticipation of monetary reward. We hypothesized that greater euphorigenic response to amphetamine would be associated with greater neural activation to anticipation of monetary reward (Win > Loss). Healthy participants (N = 61) completed four laboratory sessions in which they received d-amphetamine (20 mg) and placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of euphoria and stimulation at regular intervals. At a separate visit 1-3 weeks later, participants completed the guessing reward task (GRT) during fMRI in a drug-free state. Participants reporting greater euphoria after amphetamine also exhibited greater neural activation during monetary reward anticipation in mesolimbic reward regions, including the bilateral caudate and putamen. This is the first study to show a relationship between neural correlates of monetary reward and sensitivity to the subjective rewarding effects of amphetamine in humans. These findings support growing evidence that sensitivity to reward in general is a risk factor for drug use and abuse, and suggest that sensitivity of drug-induced euphoria may reflect a general sensitivity to rewards. This may be an index of vulnerability for drug use or abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania A Crane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Swerdlow NR, Bhakta SG, Talledo JA, Franz DM, Hughes EL, Rana BK, Light GA. Effects of Amphetamine on Sensorimotor Gating and Neurocognition in Antipsychotic-Medicated Schizophrenia Patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:708-717. [PMID: 29154367 PMCID: PMC5809803 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is being explored both as an indicator of target engagement for, and a biomarker predicting the sensitivity to, procognitive effects of drugs. We now report the effects of the pro-attentional drug, d-amphetamine, on PPI and neurocognition in antipsychotic-medicated schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects (HS) who were also tested in a targeted cognitive training (TCT) module. 44 HS and 38 schizophrenia patients completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effects of a single dose of amphetamine (10 mg po) on PPI and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) performance; TCT results were previously reported from 60 of these subjects. Moderators predicting AMPH sensitivity were assessed, including the rs4680 single-nucleotide polymorphism for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). After placebo, patients exhibited PPI deficits with 60 ms prepulse intervals; these deficits were 'rescued' by amphetamine. The magnitude of amphetamine-enhanced PPI was greater in patients than in HS (p<0.032), and was associated with positive symptoms (p<0.007), antipsychotic load (p<0.015), hedonic effects of AMPH (p<0.003), and with the presence of at least one methionine allele in rs4680 (p<0.008). No significant effects of amphetamine on MCCB performance were detected in either group, though pro-attentional effects of amphetamine in patients were associated with greater amphetamine-enhanced TCT learning. Amphetamine acutely 'normalized' PPI in antipsychotic-medicated schizophrenia patients; no concurrent acute neurocognitive changes were detected by the MCCB. Findings suggest that in the context of appropriate antipsychotic medication, a low dose of amphetamine enhances brain processes associated with higher function in schizophrenia patients, without accompanying changes in MCCB performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA, Tel: +619-543-6270, Fax: +619-543-2493, E-mail:
| | - Savita G Bhakta
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jo A Talledo
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erica L Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Sweet taste liking is associated with subjective response to amphetamine in women but not men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3185-3194. [PMID: 28762072 PMCID: PMC5660927 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Preference for sweet taste rewards has been linked to the propensity for drug use in both animals and humans. Here, we tested the association between sweet taste liking and sensitivity to amphetamine reward in healthy adults. We hypothesized that sweet likers would report greater euphoria and stimulation following D-amphetamine (20 mg) compared to sweet dislikers. METHODS Men (n = 36) and women (n = 34) completed a sweet taste test in which they rated their liking of various concentrations of sucrose and filtered water (0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.42, and 0.83 M). Participants who preferred the highest concentration were classified as "sweet likers." All others were classified as "sweet dislikers." They then completed four sessions in which they received D-amphetamine (20 mg) and placebo in alternating order, providing self-report measures of euphoria and stimulation on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) at regular intervals. We conducted linear mixed effects models to examine relationships between sweet liking and drug-induced euphoria and stimulation. RESULTS Sweet likers reported significantly greater amphetamine-induced euphoria than did sweet dislikers among women. By contrast, sweet liking was not associated with amphetamine response in men. No associations with stimulation were observed. CONCLUSION The association between sweet preference and amphetamine response in women is consistent with animal studies linking sweet taste preference and drug reward and also fits with observations that individuals who use drugs show a preference for sweet tastes. Whether the sex difference is related to circulating hormones, or other variables, remains to be determined.
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