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Yu P, Zhu H, Bosholm CC, Beiner D, Duan Z, Shetty AK, Mou SS, Kramer PA, Barroso LF, Liu H, Cheng K, Ihnat M, Gorris MA, Aloi JA, Woldemichael JA, Bleyer A, Zhang Y. Precision nephrotoxicity testing using 3D in vitro models. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:231. [PMID: 38129901 PMCID: PMC10740310 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a significant concern during the development of new drugs or when assessing the safety of chemicals in consumer products. Traditional methods for testing nephrotoxicity involve animal models or 2D in vitro cell cultures, the latter of which lack the complexity and functionality of the human kidney. 3D in vitro models are created by culturing human primary kidney cells derived from urine in a 3D microenvironment that mimics the fluid shear stresses of the kidney. Thus, 3D in vitro models provide more accurate and reliable predictions of human nephrotoxicity compared to existing 2D models. In this review, we focus on precision nephrotoxicity testing using 3D in vitro models with human autologous urine-derived kidney cells as a promising approach for evaluating drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- The Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hainan Zhu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carol Christine Bosholm
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniella Beiner
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zhongping Duan
- The Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Avinash K Shetty
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steve S Mou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Philip Adam Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Luis F Barroso
- Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and The Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Michael Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Matthew A Gorris
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A Aloi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jobira A Woldemichael
- Division of Nephrology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Bleyer
- Division of Nephrology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Drummond BE, Ercanbrack WS, Wingert RA. Modeling Podocyte Ontogeny and Podocytopathies with the Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010009. [PMID: 36810461 PMCID: PMC9944608 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are exquisitely fashioned kidney cells that serve an essential role in the process of blood filtration. Congenital malformation or damage to podocytes has dire consequences and initiates a cascade of pathological changes leading to renal disease states known as podocytopathies. In addition, animal models have been integral to discovering the molecular pathways that direct the development of podocytes. In this review, we explore how researchers have used the zebrafish to illuminate new insights about the processes of podocyte ontogeny, model podocytopathies, and create opportunities to discover future therapies.
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The "3Ds" of Growing Kidney Organoids: Advances in Nephron Development, Disease Modeling, and Drug Screening. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040549. [PMID: 36831216 PMCID: PMC9954122 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A kidney organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregate grown from stem cells in vitro that undergoes self-organization, recapitulating aspects of normal renal development to produce nephron structures that resemble the native kidney organ. These miniature kidney-like structures can also be derived from primary patient cells and thus provide simplified context to observe how mutations in kidney-disease-associated genes affect organogenesis and physiological function. In the past several years, advances in kidney organoid technologies have achieved the formation of renal organoids with enhanced numbers of specialized cell types, less heterogeneity, and more architectural complexity. Microfluidic bioreactor culture devices, single-cell transcriptomics, and bioinformatic analyses have accelerated the development of more sophisticated renal organoids and tailored them to become increasingly amenable to high-throughput experimentation. However, many significant challenges remain in realizing the use of kidney organoids for renal replacement therapies. This review presents an overview of the renal organoid field and selected highlights of recent cutting-edge kidney organoid research with a focus on embryonic development, modeling renal disease, and personalized drug screening.
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Sullivan KM, Ko E, Kim EM, Ballance WC, Ito JD, Chalifoux M, Kim YJ, Bashir R, Kong H. Extracellular Microenvironmental Control for Organoid Assembly. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1209-1222. [PMID: 35451330 PMCID: PMC9836674 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organoids, which are multicellular clusters with similar physiological functions to living organs, have gained increasing attention in bioengineering. As organoids become more advanced, methods to form complex structures continue to develop. There is evidence that the extracellular microenvironment can regulate organoid quality. The extracellular microenvironment consists of soluble bioactive molecules, extracellular matrix, and biofluid flow. However, few efforts have been made to discuss the microenvironment optimal to engineer specific organoids. Therefore, this review article examines the extent to which engineered extracellular microenvironments regulate organoid quality. First, we summarize the natural tissue and organ's unique chemical and mechanical properties, guiding researchers to design an extracellular microenvironment used for organoid engineering. Then, we summarize how the microenvironments contribute to the formation and growth of the brain, lung, intestine, liver, retinal, and kidney organoids. The approaches to forming and evaluating the resulting organoids are also discussed in detail. Impact statement Organoids, which are multicellular clusters with similar physiological function to living organs, have been gaining increasing attention in bioengineering. As organoids become more advanced, methods to form complex structures continue to develop. This review article focuses on recent efforts to engineer the extracellular microenvironment in organoid research. We summarized the natural organ's microenvironment, which informs researchers of key factors that can influence organoid formation. Then, we summarize how these microenvironmental controls significantly contribute to the formation and growth of the corresponding brain, lung, intestine, liver, retinal, and kidney organoids. The approaches to forming and evaluating the resulting organoids are discussed in detail, including extracellular matrix choice and properties, culture methods, and the evaluation of the morphology and functionality through imaging and biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Sullivan
- Department of Bioengineering, and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eunkyung Ko
- Department of Bioengineering, and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William C. Ballance
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - John D. Ito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Madeleine Chalifoux
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST–Europe), Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Miranda CC, Gomes MR, Moço M, Cabral JMS, Ferreira FC, Sanjuan-Alberte P. A Concise Review on Electrospun Scaffolds for Kidney Tissue Engineering. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100554. [PMID: 36290522 PMCID: PMC9598616 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is one of the deadliest diseases globally and treatment methods are still insufficient, relying mostly on transplantation and dialysis. Engineering of kidney tissues in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide a solution to this medical need by restoring the function of damaged kidneys. However, implementation of such approaches is still challenging to achieve due to the complexity of mature kidneys in vivo. Several strategies have been defined to obtain kidney progenitor endothelial and epithelial cells that could form nephrons and proximal tube cells, but these lack tissue maturity and vascularisation to be further implemented. Electrospinning is a technique that has shown promise in the development of physiological microenvironments of several tissues and could be applied in the engineering of kidney tissues. Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, and poly(vinyl alcohol) have been explored in the manufacturing of fibres that align and promote the proliferation and cell-to-cell interactions of kidney cells. Natural polymers including silk fibroin and decellularised extracellular matrix have also been explored alone and in combination with synthetic polymers promoting the differentiation of podocytes and tubular-specific cells. Despite these attempts, further work is still required to advance the applications of electrospun fibres in kidney tissue engineering and explore this technique in combination with other manufacturing methods such as bioprinting to develop more organised, mature and reproducible kidney organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C. Miranda
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.C.M.); (P.S.-A.)
| | - Mariana Ramalho Gomes
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Moço
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paola Sanjuan-Alberte
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.C.M.); (P.S.-A.)
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Pode-Shakked N, Devarajan P. Human Stem Cell and Organoid Models to Advance Acute Kidney Injury Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137211. [PMID: 35806216 PMCID: PMC9266524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasingly common problem afflicting all ages, occurring in over 20% of non-critically ill hospitalized patients and >30% of children and >50% of adults in critical care units. AKI is associated with serious short-term and long-term consequences, and current therapeutic options are unsatisfactory. Large gaps remain in our understanding of human AKI pathobiology, which have hindered the discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Although animal models of AKI have been extensively studied, these differ significantly from human AKI in terms of molecular and cellular responses. In addition, animal models suffer from interspecies differences, high costs and ethical considerations. Static two-dimensional cell culture models of AKI also have limited utility since they have focused almost exclusively on hypoxic or cytotoxic injury to proximal tubules alone. An optimal AKI model would encompass several of the diverse specific cell types in the kidney that could be targets of injury. Second, it would resemble the human physiological milieu as closely as possible. Third, it would yield sensitive and measurable readouts that are directly applicable to the human condition. In this regard, the past two decades have seen a dramatic shift towards newer personalized human-based models to study human AKI. In this review, we provide recent developments using human stem cells, organoids, and in silico approaches to advance personalized AKI diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel;
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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Saito Y, Matsumoto N, Yamanaka S, Yokoo T, Kobayashi E. Beneficial Impact of Interspecies Chimeric Renal Organoids Against a Xenogeneic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848433. [PMID: 35242145 PMCID: PMC8885510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal fetal kidneys have the potential to be used as scaffolds for organ regeneration. We generated interspecies chimeric renal organoids by adding heterologous rat renal progenitor cells to single cells from mouse fetal kidneys and applying the renal development mechanism of mouse fetuses to rat renal progenitor cells to examine whether rat renal progenitor cells can differentiate into renal tissues of the three progenitor cell lineages of kidneys between different species. Furthermore, we investigated whether chimeric renal organoids with an increased proportion of recipient cells reduce xenogeneic rejection. Methods C57BL/6JJmsSlc mice (B6 mice) and Sprague-Dawley-Tg (CAG-EGFP) rat (GFP rats) fetuses were used as donors, and mature male NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2RγKO Jic mice (NOG mice) and Sprague-Dawley rats (SD rats) were used as recipients. First, fetal kidneys were removed from E13.5 B6 mice or E15.5 GFP rats and enzymatically dissociated into single cells. These cells were then mixed in equal proportions to produce chimeric renal organoids in vitro. The chimeric organoids were transplanted under the renal capsule of NOG mice, and maturation of the renal tissues in the organoids was observed histologically. Furthermore, chimeric organoids were prepared by changing the ratio of cells derived from mouse and rat fetal kidneys and transplanted under the renal capsule of SD rats subjected to mild immunosuppression to pathologically analyze the strength of the xenogeneic immune response. Results The cap mesenchyme was reconstructed in vitro, and nephron progenitor cells and ureteric buds were mosaically comprised GFP-negative mouse and GFP-positive rat cells. In the in vivo environment of immunodeficient mice, chimeric renal organoids mosaically differentiated and matured into renal tissues of three lineages. Chimeric renal organoids with high rates of recipient rat cells showed milder rejection than complete xenograft organoids. The vessels of recipient rats entered from the periphery of the transplanted chimeric renal organoids, which might reduce their immunogenicity. Conclusion Interspecies chimeric renal organoids may differentiate into mature renal tissues of each renal progenitor cell lineage. Furthermore, they may reduce transplant rejection compared with xenograft organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatsumu Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abdollahzadeh F, Khoshdel-Rad N, Moghadasali R. Kidney development and function: ECM cannot be ignored. Differentiation 2022; 124:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Generation of Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413449. [PMID: 34948246 PMCID: PMC8708572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a novel method for generating NPCs from human urine-derived cells (UCs) that can undergo long-term expansion in a serum-free condition. Results: Here, we generated iNPCs from human urine-derived cells by forced expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, and SLUG, followed by exposure to a cocktail of defined small molecules. These iNPCs resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs in terms of their morphology, biological characteristics, differentiation potential, and global gene expression and underwent a long-term expansion in serum-free conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that human iNPCs can be readily generated and expanded, which will facilitate their broad applicability in a rapid, efficient, and patient-specific manner, particularly holding the potential as a transplantable cell source for patients with kidney disease.
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10
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Yi SA, Zhang Y, Rathnam C, Pongkulapa T, Lee KB. Bioengineering Approaches for the Advanced Organoid Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007949. [PMID: 34561899 PMCID: PMC8682947 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D cell culture technology have enabled scientists to generate stem cell derived organoids that recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native organs. Current organoid technologies have been striding toward identifying the essential factors for controlling the processes involved in organoid development, including physical cues and biochemical signaling. There is a growing demand for engineering dynamic niches characterized by conditions that resemble in vivo organogenesis to generate reproducible and reliable organoids for various applications. Innovative biomaterial-based and advanced engineering-based approaches have been incorporated into conventional organoid culture methods to facilitate the development of organoid research. The recent advances in organoid engineering, including extracellular matrices and genetic modulation, are comprehensively summarized to pinpoint the parameters critical for organ-specific patterning. Moreover, perspective trends in developing tunable organoids in response to exogenous and endogenous cues are discussed for next-generation developmental studies, disease modeling, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Thanapat Pongkulapa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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11
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Kidney development to kidney organoids and back again. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:68-76. [PMID: 34627669 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoid technology has led to a renaissance in kidney developmental biology. The complex underpinnings of mammalian kidney development have provided a framework for the generation of kidney cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Termed kidney organoids, these 3-dimensional structures contain kidney-specific cell types distributed similarly to in vivo architecture. The adult human kidney forms from the reciprocal induction of two disparate tissues, the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB), to form nephrons and collecting ducts, respectively. Although nephrons and collecting ducts are derived from the intermediate mesoderm (IM), their development deviates in time and space to impart distinctive inductive signaling for which separate differentiation protocols are required. Here we summarize the directed differentiation protocols which generate nephron kidney organoids and collecting duct kidney organoids, making note of similarities as much as differences. We discuss limitations of these present approaches and discuss future directions to improve kidney organoid technology, including a greater understanding of anterior IM and its derivatives to enable an improved differentiation protocol to collecting duct organoids for which historic and future developmental biology studies will be instrumental.
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12
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Trivedi N, Kumar D. Fibroblast growth factor and kidney disease: Updates for emerging novel therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7909-7925. [PMID: 34196395 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) provided a profound new insight into physiological and metabolic functions. FGF has a large family by having divergent structural elements and enable functional divergence and specification. FGF and FGFRs are highly expressed during kidney development. Signals from the ureteric bud regulate morphogenesis, nephrogenesis, and nephron progenitor survival. Thus, FGF signaling plays an important role in kidney progenitor cell aggregation at the sites of new nephron formation. This review will summarize the current knowledge about functions of FGF signaling in kidney development and their ability to promote regeneration in injured kidneys and its use as a biomarker and therapeutic target in kidney diseases. Further studies are essential to determine the predictive significance of the various FGF/FGFR deviations and to integrate them into clinical algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Ma YS, Yang XL, Xin R, Wu TM, Shi Y, Dan Zhang D, Wang HM, Wang PY, Liu JB, Fu D. The power and the promise of organoid models for cancer precision medicine with next-generation functional diagnostics and pharmaceutical exploitation. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101126. [PMID: 34020369 PMCID: PMC8144479 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As organ-specific three-dimensional cell clusters derived from cancer tissue or cancer-specific stem cells, cancer-derived organoids are organized in the same manner of the cell sorting and spatial lineage restriction in vivo, making them ideal for simulating the characteristics of cancer and the heterogeneity of cancer cells in vivo. Besides the applications as a new in vitro model to study the physiological characteristics of normal tissues and organs, organoids are also used for in vivo cancer cell characterization, anti-cancer drug screening, and precision medicine. However, organoid cultures are not without limitations, i.e., the lack of nerves, blood vessels, and immune cells. As a result, organoids could not fully replicate the characteristics of organs but partially simulate the disease process. This review attempts to provide insights into the organoid models for cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, China; International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, National Center for Liver Cancer, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ting-Miao Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Dan Zhang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, China
| | - Da Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China; Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Radiology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230012, China.
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14
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Rizki-Safitri A, Traitteur T, Morizane R. Bioengineered Kidney Models: Methods and Functional Assessments. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab026. [PMID: 35330622 PMCID: PMC8788738 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into bioengineering kidneys have been extensively conducted owing to their potential for preclinical assays and regenerative medicine. Various approaches and methods have been developed to improve the structure and function of bioengineered kidneys. Assessments of functional properties confirm the adequacy of bioengineered kidneys for multipurpose translational applications. This review is to summarize the studies performed in kidney bioengineering in the past decade. We identified 84 original articles from PubMed and Mendeley with keywords of kidney organoid or kidney tissue engineering. Those were categorized into 5 groups based on their approach: de-/recellularization of kidney, reaggregation of kidney cells, kidney organoids, kidney in scaffolds, and kidney-on-a-chip. These models were physiologically assessed by filtration, tubular reabsorption/secretion, hormone production, and nephrotoxicity. We found that bioengineered kidney models have been developed from simple cell cultures to multicellular systems to recapitulate kidney function and diseases. Meanwhile, only about 50% of these studies conducted functional assessments on their kidney models. Factors including cell composition and organization are likely to alter the applicability of physiological assessments in bioengineered kidneys. Combined with recent technologies, physiological assessments importantly contribute to the improvement of the bioengineered kidney model toward repairing and refunctioning the damaged kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamara Traitteur
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Human reconstructed kidney models. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:133-147. [PMID: 33594607 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human kidney, which consists of up to 2 million nephrons, is critical for blood filtration, electrolyte balance, pH regulation, and fluid balance in the body. Animal experiments, particularly mice and rats, combined with advances in genetically modified technology have been the primary mechanism to study kidney injury in recent years. Mouse or rat kidneys, however, differ substantially from human kidneys at the anatomical, histological, and molecular levels. These differences combined with increased regulatory hurdles and shifting attitudes towards animal testing by non-specialists have led scientists to develop new and more relevant models of kidney injury. Although in vitro tissue culture studies are a valuable tool to study kidney injury and have yielded a great deal of insight, they are not a perfect model. Perhaps, the biggest limitation of tissue culture is that it cannot replicate the complex architecture, consisting of multiple cell types, of the kidney, and the interplay between these cells. Recent studies have found that pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which are capable of differentiation into any cell type, can be used to generate kidney organoids. Organoids recapitulate the multicellular relationships and microenvironments of complex organs like kidney. Kidney organoids have been used to successfully model nephrotoxin-induced tubular and glomerular disease as well as complex diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves multiple cell types. In combination with genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, genetic diseases of the kidney can be reproduced in organoids. Thus, organoid models have the potential to predict drug toxicity and enhance drug discovery for human disease more accurately than animal models.
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16
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Uchimura K, Wu H, Yoshimura Y, Humphreys BD. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Organoids with Improved Collecting Duct Maturation and Injury Modeling. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108514. [PMID: 33326782 PMCID: PMC10122187 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximizing the potential of human kidney organoids for drug testing and regenerative medicine and to model development and disease requires addressing cell immaturity, the lack of a mature collecting system, and off-target cell types. By independently generating two kidney progenitor cell populations-metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud (UB)-like cells-we could generate kidney organoids with a collecting system. We also identify the hormones aldosterone and arginine vasopressin (AVP) as critical to promote differentiation of collecting duct cell types including both principal cells (PCs) and intercalated cells (ICs). The resulting PCs express aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein, which undergoes translocation to the apical membrane after vasopressin or forskolin stimulation. By single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we demonstrate improved proximal tubule maturation and reduced off-target cell populations. We also show appropriate downregulation of progenitor cell types, improved modeling of tubular injury, the presence of urothelium (Uro), and the ability of Notch pathway modulation to regulate PC:IC ratios during organoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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17
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Liu D, Zheng W, Pan S, Liu Z. Concise review: current trends on applications of stem cells in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1000. [PMID: 33221823 PMCID: PMC7680458 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, with high prevalence, is the main cause of renal failure in diabetic patients. The strategies for treating DN are limited with not only high cost but an unsatisfied effect. Therefore, the effective treatment of DN needs to be explored urgently. In recent years, due to their self-renewal ability and multi-directional differentiation potential, stem cells have exerted therapeutic effects in many diseases, such as graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases, pancreatic diseases, and even acute kidney injury. With the development of stem cell technology, stem cell-based regenerative medicine has been tried to be applied to the treatment of DN. Related stem cells include embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal cells, and endothelial progenitor cells. Undoubtedly, stem cell transplantation has achieved certain results in the treatment of DN animal models. However, stem cell therapy still remains certain thorny issues during treatment. For instance, poor engraftment and limited differentiation of stem cells caused by the diabetic microenvironment, differentiation into unwanted cell lineages, and malignant transformation or genetic aberrations of stem cells. At present, various researches on the therapeutic effects of stem cells in DN with different opinions are reported and the specific mechanism of stem cells is still unclear. We review here the potential mechanism of stem cells as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of DN. Also, we review recent findings and updated information about not only the utilization of stem cells on DN in both preclinical and clinical trials but limitations and future expectations of stem cell-based therapy for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China. .,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China. .,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
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18
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Romero-Guevara R, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Kidney Organoids as Disease Models: Strengths, Weaknesses and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563981. [PMID: 33250772 PMCID: PMC7672034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.563981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major global health problem, as it affects 10% of the global population and kills millions of patients every year. It is therefore of the utmost importance to develop models that can help us to understand the pathogenesis of CKD and improve our therapeutic strategies. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and, more recently, the development of methods for the generation of 3D organoids, have opened the way for modeling human kidney development and disease in vitro, and testing new drugs directly on human tissue. In this review we will discuss the most recent advances in the field of kidney organoids for modeling disease, as well as the prospective applications of these models for drug screening. We will also emphasize the impact of CRISPR/cas9 genome engineering on the field, point out the current limitations of the existing organoid technologies, and discuss a set of technical developments that may help to overcome limitations and facilitate the incorporation of these exciting tools into basic biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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19
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Shi Y, Wu Q, Wang X. Modeling brain development and diseases with human cerebral organoids. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:103-115. [PMID: 33130409 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie human brain development and neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders is one of the key topics of neurobiology. Because of the poor accessibility of human and non-human primate brain tissues, the current perception and understanding of human brain development have been mainly derived from studies of rodents. However, some human-specific features of neural development cannot be well characterized by these animal models. Thanks to the advances in stem cell technologies, brain organoids are being under rapid development, showing the promising applications in decoding the human brain development and uncovering the pathology of brain diseases. In this review, we mainly summarized the recent advances in the development of brain organoid technology and discussed the limitations, applications and future prospects of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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20
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Gupta✉ N, Dilmen E, Morizane R. 3D kidney organoids for bench-to-bedside translation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:477-487. [PMID: 33034708 PMCID: PMC8026465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are essential organs that filter the blood, removing urinary waste while maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Current conventional research models such as static cell cultures and animal models are insufficient to grasp the complex human in vivo situation or lack translational value. To accelerate kidney research, novel research tools are required. Recent developments have allowed the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to generate kidney organoids. Kidney organoids resemble the human kidney in vitro and can be applied in regenerative medicine and as developmental, toxicity, and disease models. Although current studies have shown great promise, challenges remain including the immaturity, limited reproducibility, and lack of perfusable vascular and collecting duct systems. This review gives an overview of our current understanding of nephrogenesis that enabled the generation of kidney organoids. Next, the potential applications of kidney organoids are discussed followed by future perspectives. This review proposes that advancement in kidney organoid research will be facilitated through our increasing knowledge on nephrogenesis and combining promising techniques such as organ-on-a-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gupta✉
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Emre Dilmen
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
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21
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Chang Y, Kim J, Park H, Choi H, Kim J. Modelling neurodegenerative diseases with 3D brain organoids. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1497-1509. [PMID: 32568450 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions characterized by the deterioration of brain function. Most brain disease models rely on human post-mortem brain tissue, non-human primate tissue, or in vitro two-dimensional (2D) experiments. Resource limitations and the complexity of the human brain are some of the reasons that make suitable human neurodegenerative disease models inaccessible. However, recently developed three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced PSCs, may provide suitable models for the study of the pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of existing 3D brain organoid models and discuss recent advances in organoid technology that have increased our understanding of brain development. Moreover, we explain how 3D organoid models recapitulate aspects of specific neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, and explore the utility of these models, for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeop Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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22
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Yousef Yengej FA, Jansen J, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC, Clevers H. Kidney Organoids and Tubuloids. Cells 2020; 9:E1326. [PMID: 32466429 PMCID: PMC7349753 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived kidney organoids and adult stem or progenitor cell (ASC)-based kidney tubuloids have emerged as advanced in vitro models of kidney development, physiology, and disease. PSC-derived organoids mimic nephrogenesis. After differentiation towards the kidney precursor tissues ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme, their reciprocal interaction causes self-organization and patterning in vitro to generate nephron structures that resemble the fetal kidney. ASC tubuloids on the other hand recapitulate renewal and repair in the adult kidney tubule and give rise to long-term expandable and genetically stable cultures that consist of adult proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct epithelium. Both organoid types hold great potential for: (1) studies of kidney physiology, (2) disease modeling, (3) high-throughput screening for drug efficacy and toxicity, and (4) regenerative medicine. Currently, organoids and tubuloids are successfully used to model hereditary, infectious, toxic, metabolic, and malignant kidney diseases and to screen for effective therapies. Furthermore, a tumor tubuloid biobank was established, which allows studies of pathogenic mutations and novel drug targets in a large group of patients. In this review, we discuss the nature of kidney organoids and tubuloids and their current and future applications in science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute—Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 24, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Geert Grooteplein 24, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute—Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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23
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Faria J, Ahmed S, Gerritsen KGF, Mihaila SM, Masereeuw R. Kidney-based in vitro models for drug-induced toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3397-3418. [PMID: 31664498 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is frequently involved in adverse effects caused by exposure to foreign compounds, including drugs. An early prediction of those effects is crucial for allowing novel, safe drugs entering the market. Yet, in current pharmacotherapy, drug-induced nephrotoxicity accounts for up to 25% of the reported serious adverse effects, of which one-third is attributed to antimicrobials use. Adverse drug effects can be due to direct toxicity, for instance as a result of kidney-specific determinants, or indirectly by, e.g., vascular effects or crystals deposition. Currently used in vitro assays do not adequately predict in vivo observed effects, predominantly due to an inadequate preservation of the organs' microenvironment in the models applied. The kidney is highly complex, composed of a filter unit and a tubular segment, together containing over 20 different cell types. The tubular epithelium is highly polarized, and the maintenance of this polarity is critical for optimal functioning and response to environmental signals. Cell polarity is dependent on communication between cells, which includes paracrine and autocrine signals, as well as biomechanic and chemotactic processes. These processes all influence kidney cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. For drug disposition studies, this microenvironment is essential for prediction of toxic responses. This review provides an overview of drug-induced injuries to the kidney, details on relevant and translational biomarkers, and advances in 3D cultures of human renal cells, including organoids and kidney-on-a-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Faria
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabbir Ahmed
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin G F Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Koo B, Choi B, Park H, Yoon KJ. Past, Present, and Future of Brain Organoid Technology. Mol Cells 2019; 42:617-627. [PMID: 31564073 PMCID: PMC6776157 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are an exciting new technology with the potential to significantly change our understanding of the development and disorders of the human brain. With step-by-step differentiation protocols, three-dimensional neural tissues are self-organized from pluripotent stem cells, and recapitulate the major millstones of human brain development in vitro. Recent studies have shown that brain organoids can mimic the spatiotemporal dynamicity of neurogenesis, the formation of regional neural circuitry, and the integration of glial cells into a neural network. This suggests that brain organoids could serve as a representative model system to study the human brain. In this review, we will overview the development of brain organoid technology, its current progress and applications, and future prospects of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsang Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Baekgyu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Hoewon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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25
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Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number of patients with end-stage renal disease leads to a growing waiting list for kidney transplantation resulting from the scarcity of kidney donors. Therefore, alternative treatment options for patients with end-stage renal disease are being sought. In vitro differentiation of stem cells into renal tissue is a promising approach to repair nonfunctional kidney tissue. Impressive headway has been made in the use of stem cells with the use of adult renal progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells for the development toward primitive kidney structures. Currently, efforts are directed at improving long-term maintenance and stability of the cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the cell sources used for the generation of kidney cells and strategies used for transplantation in in vivo models. Furthermore, it provides a perspective on stability and safety during future clinical application of in vitro generated kidney cells.
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26
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Generation of Human PSC-Derived Kidney Organoids with Patterned Nephron Segments and a De Novo Vascular Network. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:373-387.e9. [PMID: 31303547 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids recapitulate developmental processes and tissue architecture, but intrinsic limitations, such as lack of vasculature and functionality, have greatly hampered their application. Here we establish a versatile protocol for generating vascularized three-dimensional (3D) kidney organoids. We employ dynamic modulation of WNT signaling to control the relative proportion of proximal versus distal nephron segments, producing a correlative level of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) to define a resident vascular network. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies a subset of nephron progenitor cells as a potential source of renal vasculature. These kidney organoids undergo further structural and functional maturation upon implantation. Using this kidney organoid platform, we establish an in vitro model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), the cystic phenotype of which can be effectively prevented by gene correction or drug treatment. Our studies provide new avenues for studying human kidney development, modeling disease pathogenesis, and performing patient-specific drug validation.
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27
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In vitro generation of mouse polarized embryo-like structures from embryonic and trophoblast stem cells. Nat Protoc 2019; 13:1586-1602. [PMID: 29988106 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryogenesis requires the coordination of embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues to enable implantation into the uterus and post-implantation development to establish the body plan. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a useful tool for studying pluripotent embryonic tissue in vitro. However, they cannot undertake correct embryogenesis alone. Many attempts to model the early embryo in vitro involve the aggregation of ESCs into spheroids of variable size and cell number that undertake germ-layer specification but fail to recapitulate the characteristic architecture and arrangement of tissues of the early embryo. Here, we describe a protocol to generate the first embryo-like structures by directing the assembly of mouse ESCs and extra-embryonic trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) in a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) into structures we call 'polarized embryo-like structures'. By establishing the medium and culture conditions needed to support the growth of both stem cell types simultaneously, embryonic architecture is generated within 4 d of co-culture. This protocol can be performed by those proficient in standard ESC culture techniques and can be used in developmental studies to investigate the interactions between embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues during mammalian development.
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Grassi L, Alfonsi R, Francescangeli F, Signore M, De Angelis ML, Addario A, Costantini M, Flex E, Ciolfi A, Pizzi S, Bruselles A, Pallocca M, Simone G, Haoui M, Falchi M, Milella M, Sentinelli S, Di Matteo P, Stellacci E, Gallucci M, Muto G, Tartaglia M, De Maria R, Bonci D. Organoids as a new model for improving regenerative medicine and cancer personalized therapy in renal diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:201. [PMID: 30814510 PMCID: PMC6393468 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pressure towards innovation and creation of new model systems in regenerative medicine and cancer research has fostered the development of novel potential therapeutic applications. Kidney injuries provoke a high request of organ transplants making it the most demanding system in the field of regenerative medicine. Furthermore, renal cancer frequently threaten patients’ life and aggressive forms still remain difficult to treat. Ethical issues related to the use of embryonic stem cells, has fueled research on adult, patient-specific pluripotent stem cells as a model for discovery and therapeutic development, but to date, normal and cancerous renal experimental models are lacking. Several research groups are focusing on the development of organoid cultures. Since organoids mimic the original tissue architecture in vitro, they represent an excellent model for tissue engineering studies and cancer therapy testing. We established normal and tumor renal cell carcinoma organoids previously maintained in a heterogeneous multi-clone stem cell-like enriching medium. Starting from adult normal kidney specimens, we were able to isolate and propagate organoid 3D-structures composed of both differentiated and undifferentiated cells while expressing nephron specific markers. Furthermore, we were capable to establish organoids derived from cancer tissues although with a success rate inferior to that of their normal counterpart. Cancer cultures displayed epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype while retaining tumor specific markers. Of note, tumor organoids recapitulated neoplastic masses when orthotopically injected into immunocompromised mice. Our data suggest an innovative approach of long-term establishment of normal- and cancer-derived renal organoids obtained from cultures of fleshly dissociated adult tissues. Our results pave the way to organ replacement pioneering strategies as well as to new models for studying drug-induced nephrotoxicity and renal diseases. Along similar lines, deriving organoids from renal cancer patients opens unprecedented opportunities for generation of preclinical models aimed at improving therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Grassi
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Alfonsi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,RPPA Unit, Proteomics Area, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Patologia Generale Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michele Signore
- RPPA Unit, Proteomics Area, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Addario
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Costantini
- Oncological Urology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Simone
- Oncological Urology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mustapha Haoui
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy.,Verona University, Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Paola Di Matteo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Stellacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Gallucci
- Oncological Urology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Muto
- Department of Urology, Humanitas University, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Istituto di Patologia Generale Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy. .,Scientific Vice-Direction, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" - I.R.C.C.S. Largo Francesco Vito 1-8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Désirée Bonci
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Podocytes under Defined Conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2765. [PMID: 30808965 PMCID: PMC6391455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is glomerular disease, which can be attributed to a spectrum of podocyte disorders. Podocytes are non-proliferative, terminally differentiated cells. Thus, the limited supply of primary podocytes impedes CKD research. Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into podocytes has the potential to produce podocytes for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapies. In the podocyte differentiation process described here, hPSCs are first induced to primitive streak-like cells by activating canonical Wnt signaling. Next, these cells progress to mesoderm precursors, proliferative nephron progenitors, and eventually become mature podocytes by culturing in a serum-free medium. Podocytes generated via this protocol adopt podocyte morphology, express canonical podocyte markers, and exhibit podocyte phenotypes, including albumin uptake and TGF-β1 triggered cell death. This study provides a simple, defined strategy to generate podocytes for in vitro modeling of podocyte development and disease or for cell therapies.
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30
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Rezanejad H, Lock JH, Sullivan BA, Bonner-Weir S. Generation of Pancreatic Ductal Organoids and Whole-Mount Immunostaining of Intact Organoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 83:e82. [PMID: 30548444 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, studies of cells and tissues have been performed on isolated primary cells or immortalized cell lines by culturing them in 2D culture dishes or flasks. However, a caveat regarding 2D culture is that the cells poorly recapitulate their in vivo counterparts, mainly due to a lack of 3D cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In recent years, the development of in vitro organoids as 3D culture has gained substantial attention as a model to study different tissues. In adults, pancreatic ductal cells are considered as a source of stem or progenitor cells, so developing new methods to study ductal cells would be useful. Here, we provide a protocol to isolate mouse pancreatic ductal cells and a cost-effective protocol to generate 3D organoid structures from such ductal cells. Additionally, we have devised a protocol for immunostaining of intact whole organoids without sectioning. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Rezanejad
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Hollister Lock
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brooke A Sullivan
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Xu H, Jiao Y, Qin S, Zhao W, Chu Q, Wu K. Organoid technology in disease modelling, drug development, personalized treatment and regeneration medicine. Exp Hematol Oncol 2018; 7:30. [PMID: 30534474 PMCID: PMC6282260 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-018-0122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology bridges the gap between conventional two-dimensional cell line culture and in vivo models. The near-physiological technology can virtually recapitulates organ development and human diseases, such as infectious diseases, genetic abnormality and even cancers. In addition, organoids can more accurately predict drug responses, and serve as an excellent platform for drug development, including efficacy evaluation, toxicity testing and pharmacokinetics analysis. Furthermore, organoids can also be exploited to explore the possible optimized treatment strategies for each individual patient. Besides, organoid technology is a promising strategy for regeneration medicine and transplantation use, which can overcome the deficiency in the supply of healthy donor tissues and inherent immunological rejection through establishing isogenic organoids from minuscule amounts of patient biopsies. Collectively, organoids hold enormous potential for clinical applications and bring basic research closer to clinical practice. In this review, we described common organoid lines, summarized the potential clinical applications, and outlined the current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Weiheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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32
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Wu H, Uchimura K, Donnelly EL, Kirita Y, Morris SA, Humphreys BD. Comparative Analysis and Refinement of Human PSC-Derived Kidney Organoid Differentiation with Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:869-881.e8. [PMID: 30449713 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells have great utility for investigating organogenesis and disease mechanisms and, potentially, as a replacement tissue source, but how closely organoids derived from current protocols replicate adult human kidney is undefined. We compared two directed differentiation protocols by single-cell transcriptomics of 83,130 cells from 65 organoids with single-cell transcriptomes of fetal and adult kidney cells. Both protocols generate a diverse range of kidney cells with differing ratios, but organoid-derived cell types are immature, and 10%-20% of cells are non-renal. Reconstructing lineage relationships by pseudotemporal ordering identified ligands, receptors, and transcription factor networks associated with fate decisions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate receptor NTRK2 were expressed in the neuronal lineage during organoid differentiation. Inhibiting this pathway improved organoid formation by reducing neurons by 90% without affecting kidney differentiation, highlighting the power of single-cell technologies to characterize and improve organoid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erinn L Donnelly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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33
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Scavuzzo MA, Teaw J, Yang D, Borowiak M. Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29912186 DOI: 10.3791/57599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell types include enzyme-secreting acinar cells, an arborized ductal system responsible for the transportation of enzymes to the gut, and hormone-producing endocrine cells. Endocrine beta-cells are the sole cell type in the body that produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Diabetes, a disease characterized by a loss or the dysfunction of beta-cells, is reaching epidemic proportions. Thus, it is essential to establish protocols to investigate beta-cell development that can be used for screening purposes to derive the drug and cell-based therapeutics. While the experimental investigation of mouse development is essential, in vivo studies are laborious and time-consuming. Cultured cells provide a more convenient platform for screening; however, they are unable to maintain the cellular diversity, architectural organization, and cellular interactions found in vivo. Thus, it is essential to develop new tools to investigate pancreatic organogenesis and physiology. Pancreatic epithelial cells develop in the close association with mesenchyme from the onset of organogenesis as cells organize and differentiate into the complex, physiologically competent adult organ. The pancreatic mesenchyme provides important signals for the endocrine development, many of which are not well understood yet, thus difficult to recapitulate during the in vitro culture. Here, we describe a protocol to culture three-dimensional, cellular complex mouse organoids that retain mesenchyme, termed pancreatoids. The e10.5 murine pancreatic bud is dissected, dissociated, and cultured in a scaffold-free environment. These floating cells self-assemble with mesenchyme enveloping the developing pancreatoid and a robust number of endocrine beta-cells developing along with the acinar and the duct cells. This system can be used to study the cell fate determination, structural organization, and morphogenesis, cell-cell interactions during organogenesis, or for the drug, small molecule, or genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Teaw
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Diane Yang
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine; Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine; McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine;
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Burton TP, Callanan A. A Non-woven Path: Electrospun Poly(lactic acid) Scaffolds for Kidney Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:301-310. [PMID: 30603555 PMCID: PMC6171675 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major global health problem affecting millions of people; kidney tissue engineering provides an opportunity to better understand this disease, and has the capacity to provide a cure. Two-dimensional cell culture and decellularised tissue have been the main focus of this research thus far, but despite promising results these methods are not without their shortcomings. Polymer fabrication techniques such as electrospinning have the potential to provide a non-woven path for kidney tissue engineering. In this experiment we isolated rat primary kidney cells which were seeded on electrospun poly(lactic acid) scaffolds. Our results showed that the scaffolds were capable of sustaining a multi-population of kidney cells, determined by the presence of: aquaporin-1 (proximal tubules), aquaporin-2 (collecting ducts), synaptopodin (glomerular epithelia) and von Willebrand factor (glomerular endothelia cells), viability of cells appeared to be unaffected by fibre diameter. The ability of electrospun polymer scaffold to act as a conveyor for kidney cells makes them an ideal candidate within kidney tissue engineering; the non-woven path provides benefits over decellularised tissue by offering a high morphological control as well as providing superior mechanical properties with degradation over a tuneable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P. Burton
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
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36
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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37
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Generation of Functioning Nephrons by Implanting Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:766-779. [PMID: 29429961 PMCID: PMC5918196 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for understanding kidney development and disease. We reproducibly differentiated three genetically distinct wild-type hPSC lines to kidney precursors that underwent rudimentary morphogenesis in vitro. They expressed nephron and collecting duct lineage marker genes, several of which are mutated in human kidney disease. Lentiviral-transduced hPSCs expressing reporter genes differentiated similarly to controls in vitro. Kidney progenitors were subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. By 12 weeks, they formed organ-like masses detectable by bioluminescence imaging. Implants included perfused glomeruli containing human capillaries, podocytes with regions of mature basement membrane, and mesangial cells. After intravenous injection of fluorescent low-molecular-weight dextran, signal was detected in tubules, demonstrating uptake from glomerular filtrate. Thus, we have developed methods to trace hPSC-derived kidney precursors that formed functioning nephrons in vivo. These advances beyond in vitro culture are critical steps toward using hPSCs to model and treat kidney diseases. Reproducible differentiation to kidney progenitors in 3 hESC lines After subcutaneous implantation, kidney-like tissues detectable by bioluminescence Implant nephrons contain glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and collecting ducts Vascularized glomeruli filter intravenously injected low-molecular-weight dextran
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Turunen S, Kaisto S, Skovorodkin I, Mironov V, Kalpio T, Vainio S, Rak-Raszewska A. 3D bioprinting of the kidney—hype or hope? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/celltissue.2018.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Burton TP, Corcoran A, Callanan A. The effect of electrospun polycaprolactone scaffold morphology on human kidney epithelial cells. Biomed Mater 2017; 13:015006. [PMID: 29165317 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8dde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for further advancement in tissue engineering of functional organs with a view to providing a more clinically relevant model for drug development and reduce the dependence on organ donation. Polymer-based scaffolds, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), have been highlighted as a potential avenue for tissue engineered kidneys, but there is little investigation down this stream. Focus within kidney tissue engineering has been on two-dimensional cell culture and decellularised tissue. Electrospun polymer scaffolds can be created with a variety of fibre diameters and have shown a great potential in many areas. The variation in morphology of tissue engineering scaffold has been shown to effect the way cells behave and integrate. In this study we examined the cellular response to scaffold architecture of novel electrospun scaffold for kidney tissue engineering. Fibre diameters of 1.10 ± 0.16 μm and 4.49 ± 0.47 μm were used with three distinct scaffold architectures. Traditional random fibres were spun onto a mandrel rotating at 250 rpm, aligned at 1800 rpm with novel cryogenic fibres spun onto a mandrel loaded with dry ice rotating at 250 rpm. Human kidney epithelial cells were grown for 1 and 2 weeks. Fibre morphology had no effect of cell viability in scaffolds with a large fibre diameter but significant differences were seen in smaller fibres. Fibre diameter had a significant effect in aligned and cryogenic scaffold. Imaging detailed the differences in cell attachment due to scaffold differences. These results show that architecture of the scaffold has a profound effect on kidney cells; whether that is effects of fibre diameter on the cell attachment and viability or the effect of fibre arrangement on the distribution of cells and their alignment with fibres. Results demonstrate that PCL scaffolds have the capability to maintain kidney cells life and should be investigated further as a potential scaffold in kidney tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Burton
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, King's Buildings, EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
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Lichner Z, Mac-Way F, Yousef GM. Obstacles in Renal Regenerative Medicine: Metabolic and Epigenetic Parallels Between Cellular Reprogramming and Kidney Cancer Oncogenesis. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 5:250-261. [PMID: 28847686 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Regenerative medicine has recently presented a revolutionary solution to end-stage kidney disease. Reprogramming patients' own cells generates induced pluripotent stem cells that are subsequently differentiated to "kidney organoid," a structure that is anatomically and functionally similar to the kidney. This approach holds the promise of a transplantable, immunocompetent, and functional kidney that could be produced in vitro. However, caution must be taken due to the molecular-level similarities between induced pluripotent stem cells and renal cell carcinomas. As such, if cell reprogramming is not tightly controlled, it can lead to carcinogenic changes. OBJECTIVE Based on recent next-generation sequencing results and other supporting data, we identified three major molecular attributes of renal cell carcinoma: metabolic alterations, epigenetic changes, and miRNA-based alterations. Strikingly, these variations are mirrored in induced pluripotent stem cells, which are the main cell source of renal regenerative medicine. Our objective was to discuss the shared metabolic, epigenetic and miRNA-regulated characteristics and to abridge their significance in renal regenerative medicine. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION English-language literature was retrieved through PubMed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Authors collected the published evidence and evaluated the content based on independent literature findings. Articles were filtered to include only highly relevant, recent publications that presented reproducible results by authorities of the field. CONCLUSIONS The kidney represents a unique metabolic environment that could be hijacked by induced pluripotent stem cells or by partially differentiated cells for oncogenic transformation. Future differentiation protocols must produce kidney organoids that are fully engaged in filtration function. PATIENT SUMMARY A new technology can produce mini-kidneys or kidney organoids. This review discusses some of the challenges this technology has to face, including its high oncogenic potential. Understanding these similarities will lead to the safe creation of new functional kidney units in patients with kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Lichner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mac-Way
- Research Center of CHU de Québec, l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Faculty and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Weber HM, Tsurkan MV, Magno V, Freudenberg U, Werner C. Heparin-based hydrogels induce human renal tubulogenesis in vitro. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:59-69. [PMID: 28526628 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dialysis or kidney transplantation is the only therapeutic option for end stage renal disease. Accordingly, there is a large unmet clinical need for new causative therapeutic treatments. Obtaining robust models that mimic the complex nature of the human kidney is a critical step in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here we establish a synthetic in vitro human renal tubulogenesis model based on a tunable glycosaminoglycan-hydrogel platform. In this system, renal tubulogenesis can be modulated by the adjustment of hydrogel mechanics and degradability, growth factor signaling, and the presence of insoluble adhesion cues, potentially providing new insights for regenerative therapy. Different hydrogel properties were systematically investigated for their ability to regulate renal tubulogenesis. Hydrogels based on heparin and matrix metalloproteinase cleavable peptide linker units were found to induce the morphogenesis of single human proximal tubule epithelial cells into physiologically sized tubule structures. The generated tubules display polarization markers, extracellular matrix components, and organic anion transport functions of the in vivo renal proximal tubule and respond to nephrotoxins comparable to the human clinical response. The established hydrogel-based human renal tubulogenesis model is thus considered highly valuable for renal regenerative medicine and personalized nephrotoxicity studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The only cure for end stage kidney disease is kidney transplantation. Hence, there is a huge need for reliable human kidney models to study renal regeneration and establish alternative treatments. Here we show the development and application of an in vitro human renal tubulogenesis model using heparin-based hydrogels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first system where human renal tubulogenesis can be monitored from single cells to physiologically sized tubule structures in a tunable hydrogel system. To validate the efficacy of our model as a drug toxicity platform, a chemotherapy drug was incubated with the model, resulting in a drug response similar to human clinical pathology. The established model could have wide applications in the field of nephrotoxicity and renal regenerative medicine and offer a reliable alternative to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mikhail V Tsurkan
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valentina Magno
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Harrison SE, Sozen B, Christodoulou N, Kyprianou C, Zernicka-Goetz M. Assembly of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells to mimic embryogenesis in vitro. Science 2017; 356:science.aal1810. [PMID: 28254784 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryogenesis requires intricate interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues to orchestrate and coordinate morphogenesis with changes in developmental potential. Here, we combined mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and extraembryonic trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) in a three-dimensional scaffold to generate structures whose morphogenesis is markedly similar to that of natural embryos. By using genetically modified stem cells and specific inhibitors, we show that embryogenesis of ESC- and TSC-derived embryos-ETS-embryos-depends on cross-talk involving Nodal signaling. When ETS-embryos develop, they spontaneously initiate expression of mesoderm and primordial germ cell markers asymmetrically on the embryonic and extraembryonic border, in response to Wnt and BMP signaling. Our study demonstrates the ability of distinct stem cell types to self-assemble in vitro to generate embryos whose morphogenesis, architecture, and constituent cell types resemble those of natural embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ellys Harrison
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Berna Sozen
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Neophytos Christodoulou
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christos Kyprianou
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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Morizane R, Bonventre JV. Kidney Organoids: A Translational Journey. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:246-263. [PMID: 28188103 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are attractive sources for regenerative medicine and disease modeling in vitro. Directed hPSC differentiation approaches have derived from knowledge of cell development in vivo rather than from stochastic cell differentiation. Moreover, there has been great success in the generation of 3D organ-buds termed 'organoids' from hPSCs; these consist of a variety of cell types in vitro that mimic organs in vivo. The organoid bears great potential in the study of human diseases in vitro, especially when combined with CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing. We summarize the current literature describing organoid studies with a special focus on kidney organoids, and discuss goals and future opportunities for organoid-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Morizane
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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In Vitro Propagation and Branching Morphogenesis from Single Ureteric Bud Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:401-416. [PMID: 28089670 PMCID: PMC5311471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to maintain and rebuild ureteric bud (UB)-like structures from UB cells in vitro could provide a useful tool for kidney regeneration. We aimed in our present study to establish a serum-free culture system that enables the expansion of UB progenitor cells, i.e., UB tip cells, and reconstruction of UB-like structures. We found that fibroblast growth factors or retinoic acid (RA) was sufficient for the survival of UB cells in serum-free condition, while the proliferation and maintenance of UB tip cells required glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor together with signaling from either WNT-β-catenin pathway or RA. The activation of WNT-β-catenin signaling in UB cells by endogenous WNT proteins required R-spondins. Together with Rho kinase inhibitor, our culture system facilitated the expansion of UB tip cells to form UB-like structures from dispersed single cells. The UB-like structures thus formed retained the original UB characteristics and integrated into the native embryonic kidneys. FGFs and RA signaling sustain UB cell survival in serum-free culture condition WNT-β-catenin and RA signaling maintain the expansion of UB tip cells WNT proteins in UB cells activate WNT-β-catenin signaling through R-spondins Single UB cells form UB-like structures in vitro that integrate into native kidneys
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Chuah JKC, Zink D. Stem cell-derived kidney cells and organoids: Recent breakthroughs and emerging applications. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:150-167. [PMID: 28017905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The global rise in the numbers of kidney patients and the shortage in transplantable organs have led to an increasing interest in kidney-specific regenerative therapies, renal disease modelling and bioartificial kidneys. Sources for large quantities of high-quality renal cells and tissues would be required, also for applications in in vitro platforms for compound safety and efficacy screening. Stem cell-based approaches for the generation of renal-like cells and tissues would be most attractive, but such methods were not available until recently. This situation has drastically changed since 2013, and various protocols for the generation of renal-like cells and precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) have been established. The most recent breakthroughs were related to the establishment of various protocols for the generation of PSC-derived kidney organoids. In combination with recent advances in genome editing, bioprinting and the establishment of predictive renal screening platforms this results in exciting new possibilities. This review will give a comprehensive overview over current PSC-based protocols for the generation of renal-like cells, precursors and organoids, and their current and potential applications in regenerative medicine, compound screening, disease modelling and bioartificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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47
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Morizane R, Bonventre JV. Generation of nephron progenitor cells and kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2016; 12:195-207. [PMID: 28005067 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A variety of protocols have been developed that demonstrate the capability to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into kidney structures. Our goal was to develop a high-efficiency protocol to generate nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and kidney organoids to facilitate applications for tissue engineering, disease modeling and chemical screening. Here, we describe a detailed protocol resulting in high-efficiency production (80-90%) of NPCs from hPSCs within 9 d of differentiation. Kidney organoids were generated from NPCs within 12 d with high reproducibility using 96-well plates suitable for chemical screening. The protocol requires skills for culturing hPSCs and careful attention to morphological changes indicative of differentiation. This kidney organoid system provides a platform for studies of human kidney development, modeling of kidney diseases, nephrotoxicity and kidney regeneration. The system provides a model for in vitro study of kidney intracellular and intercompartmental interactions using differentiated human cells in an appropriate nephron and stromal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Morizane
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Kaminski MM, Tosic J, Kresbach C, Engel H, Klockenbusch J, Müller AL, Pichler R, Grahammer F, Kretz O, Huber TB, Walz G, Arnold SJ, Lienkamp SS. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into renal tubular epithelial cells by defined transcription factors. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:1269-1280. [PMID: 27820600 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming by forced expression of transcription factors can convert one cell type into another. Thus, desired cell types can be generated bypassing pluripotency. However, direct reprogramming towards renal cells remains an unmet challenge. Here, we identify renal cell fate-inducing factors on the basis of their tissue specificity and evolutionarily conserved expression, and demonstrate that combined expression of Emx2, Hnf1b, Hnf4a and Pax8 converts mouse and human fibroblasts into induced renal tubular epithelial cells (iRECs). iRECs exhibit epithelial features, a global gene expression profile resembling their native counterparts, functional properties of differentiated renal tubule cells and sensitivity to nephrotoxic substances. Furthermore, iRECs integrate into kidney organoids and form tubules in decellularized kidneys. Our approach demonstrates that reprogramming factors can be identified by targeted in silico analysis. Renal tubular epithelial cells generated ex vivo by forced expression of transcription factors may facilitate disease modelling, drug and nephrotoxicity testing, and regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catena Kresbach
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Engel
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Klockenbusch
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Müller
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Pichler
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Sánchez-Romero N, Schophuizen CM, Giménez I, Masereeuw R. In vitro systems to study nephropharmacology: 2D versus 3D models. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The elucidation of cancer pathogenesis has been hindered by limited access to patient samples, tumor heterogeneity and the lack of reliable model organisms. Characterized by their ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into all cell lineages of an organism, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), provide a powerful and unlimited source to generate differentiated cells that can be used to study disease biology, facilitate drug discovery and development, and provide key insights for developing personalized therapies. This article reviews the recent developments and technologies converting PSCs into clinically relevant model systems for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ruoji Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ihor R Lemischka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pharmacology and System Therapeutics, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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