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Silva-Hurtado TJ, Inocencio JF, Yong RL. Emerging applications of hypomethylating agents in the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 39006906 PMCID: PMC11240870 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA hypomethylating agents (HMAs) such as decitabine and 5-azacytidine have established roles in the treatment paradigms for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia, where they are considered to exert their anticancer effects by restoring the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Due to their relatively favorable adverse effect profile and known ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier, applications in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) and other central nervous system malignancies are under active investigation. The present review examines the types of HMAs currently available, their known and less-understood antineoplastic mechanisms, and the evidence to date of their preclinical and clinical efficacy in glioblastoma and other solid malignancies. The present review discusses the potential synergies HMAs may have with established and emerging GBM treatments, including temozolomide, immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines. Recent successes and setbacks in clinical trials for newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM are summarized in order to highlight opportunities for HMAs to improve therapeutic responses. Challenges for future clinical trials are also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenzing J. Silva-Hurtado
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julio F. Inocencio
- Leo M. Davidoff Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Raymund L. Yong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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2
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Gupta MK, Peng H, Li Y, Xu CJ. The role of DNA methylation in personalized medicine for immune-related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108508. [PMID: 37567513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics functions as a bridge between host genetic & environmental factors, aiding in human health and diseases. Many immune-related diseases, including infectious and allergic diseases, have been linked to epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation. In this review, we summarized an updated overview of DNA methylation and its importance in personalized medicine, and demonstrated that DNA methylation has excellent potential for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in a personalized manner. The future implications and limitations of the DNA methylation study have also been well-discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - He Peng
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Ejam SS, Saleh RO, Catalan Opulencia MJ, Najm MA, Makhmudova A, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Al-Gazally ME, Hammid AT, Mustafa YF, Sergeevna SE, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Pathogenic role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4415-4442. [PMID: 36651359 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid that serves several important functions, including maintaining the homeostasis of cells, acting as a precursor to bile acid and steroid hormones and preserving the stability of membrane lipid rafts. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a cholesterol derivative that may be formed from cholesterol. 25-HC is a crucial component in various biological activities, including cholesterol metabolism. In recent years, growing evidence has shown that 25-HC performs a critical function in the etiology of cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. This review will summarize the latest findings regarding 25-HC, including its biogenesis, immunomodulatory properties and role in innate/adaptive immunity, inflammation and the development of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Mazin Aa Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Aziza Makhmudova
- Department of Social Sciences & Humanities, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sergushina Elena Sergeevna
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevitskaya Street, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, 430005, Russia
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Zhou JD, Xu ZJ, Jin Y, Zhang XL, Gu Y, Ma JC, Wen XM, Lin J, Zhang TJ, Qian J. Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Sequencing Reveals Epigenetic Changes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:897898. [PMID: 35847864 PMCID: PMC9277050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.897898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation of cancer-associated genes has been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, few studies have elucidated the whole-genome DNA methylation in the initiation pathogenesis of MDS. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was performed in five de novo MDS patients and four controls to investigate epigenetic alterations in MDS pathogenesis. The mean global methylation in five MDS patients showed no significant difference compared with the four controls. In depth, a total of 1,459 differentially methylated fragments, including 759 hypermethylated and 700 hypomethylated fragments, were identified between MDS patients and controls. Targeted bisulfite sequencing further identified that hypermethylation of DLEU7, FOXR1, LEP, and PANX2 were frequent events in an additional cohort of MDS patients. Subsequently, LEP hypermethylation was confirmed by real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR in an expanded cohort of larger MDS patients. In clinics, LEP hypermethylation tended to be associated with lower bone marrow blasts and was significantly correlated with U2AF1 mutation. Survival analysis indicated that LEP hypermethylation was associated with a markedly longer survival time but was not an independent prognostic biomarker in MDS patients. Functional studies revealed pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of leptin in the MDS cell line SKM-1, and it was significantly associated with cell growth and death as well as the Toll-like receptor and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that whole-genome DNA methylation analysis identified novel epigenetic alterations such as DLEU7, FOXR1, LEP, and PANX2 methylations as frequent events in MDS. Moreover, LEP might play a role in MDS pathogenesis, and LEP hypermethylation was associated with longer survival but not as an independent prognostic biomarker in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-dong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zi-jun Xu
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xin-long Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ji-chun Ma
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang-mei Wen
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
| | - Ting-juan Zhang
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, China
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Qian, ; Ting-juan Zhang, ; Jiang Lin,
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5
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Feerick CL, McKernan DP. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors increase NOD-like receptor activity and expression in a monocytic cell line. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 44:99-109. [PMID: 34881658 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.2007264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRa) is involved in initiating the innate immune response of which NOD1 and NOD2 are the best-characterized members. Aberrant expression of NOD1 and NOD2 has been uncovered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanism underlying NOD1/NOD2 gene expression regulation is still in its infancy. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation regulate the expression of genes and alterations in their patterns have been linked to many inflammatory diseases. This study investigated whether epigenetic modifying drugs affect the regulation of NOD1/NOD2 activity and expression. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have recently been used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and as combination therapy in cancer but the full extent of their effects has not been quantified.Methods: Pharmacological inhibition of epigenetic enzymes in a human monocytic THP-1 cell line was carried out and NOD1/NOD2 expression and pro-inflammatory responses were quantified.Results: Cells primed with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (but not a histone deacetylase [HDAC] inhibitor) were found to be consistently more responsive to NOD1/NOD2 stimulation and had increased basal expression.Conclusion: The novel experimentation carried out here suggests for the first time that NOD1/NOD2 receptor activity and expression in monocytes are possibly regulated directly by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Feerick
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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6
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Zhu L, Li X, Yuan Y, Dong C, Yang M. APC Promoter Methylation in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653222. [PMID: 33968756 PMCID: PMC8103321 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, known as tumor suppressor gene, has the two promoters 1A and 1B. Researches on APC have usually focused on its loss-of-function variants causing familial adenomatous polyposis. Hypermethylation, however, which is one of the key epigenetic alterations of the APC CpG sequence, is also associated with carcinogenesis in various cancers. Accumulating studies have successively explored the role of APC hypermethylation in gastrointestinal (GI) tumors, such as in esophageal, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and hepatic cancer. In sporadic colorectal cancer, the hypermethylation of CpG island in APC is even considered as one of the primary causative factors. In this review, we systematically summarized the distribution of APC gene methylation in various GI tumors, and attempted to provide an improved general understanding of DNA methylation in GI tumors. In addition, we included a robust overview of demethylating agents available for both basic and clinical researches. Finally, we elaborated our findings and perspectives on the overall situation of APC gene methylation in GI tumors, aiming to explore the potential research directions and clinical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Epigenetics in a Spectrum of Myeloid Diseases and Its Exploitation for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071746. [PMID: 33917538 PMCID: PMC8038780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The genome is stored in the limited space of the nucleus in a highly condensed form. The regulation of this packaging contributes to determining the accessibility of genes and is important for cell function. Genes affecting the genome’s packaging are frequently mutated in bone marrow cells that give rise to the different types of blood cells. Here, we first discuss the molecular functions of these genes and their role in blood generation under healthy conditions. Then, we describe how their mutations relate to a subset of diseases including blood cancers. Finally, we provide an overview of the current efforts of using and developing drugs targeting these and related genes. Abstract Mutations in genes encoding chromatin regulators are early events contributing to developing asymptomatic clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential and its frequent progression to myeloid diseases with increasing severity. We focus on the subset of myeloid diseases encompassing myelodysplastic syndromes and their transformation to secondary acute myeloid leukemia. We introduce the major concepts of chromatin regulation that provide the basis of epigenetic regulation. In greater detail, we discuss those chromatin regulators that are frequently mutated in myelodysplastic syndromes. We discuss their role in the epigenetic regulation of normal hematopoiesis and the consequence of their mutation. Finally, we provide an update on the drugs interfering with chromatin regulation approved or in development for myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia.
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8
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Rodriguez-Casanova A, Costa-Fraga N, Bao-Caamano A, López-López R, Muinelo-Romay L, Diaz-Lagares A. Epigenetic Landscape of Liquid Biopsy in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622459. [PMID: 33614651 PMCID: PMC7892964 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Thus, there is a clinical need to improve early detection of CRC and personalize therapy for patients with this disease. In the era of precision oncology, liquid biopsy has emerged as a major approach to characterize the circulating tumor elements present in body fluids, including cell-free DNA and RNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. This non-invasive tool has allowed the identification of relevant molecular alterations in CRC patients, including some indicating the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic alterations found in solid and liquid biopsies have shown great utility as biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, monitoring, and evaluation of therapeutic response in CRC patients. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms associated with cancer development and progression, and the implications of their deregulation in cancer cells and liquid biopsy of CRC patients. In particular, we describe the methodologies used to analyze these epigenetic alterations in circulating tumor material, and we focus on the clinical utility of epigenetic marks in liquid biopsy as tumor biomarkers for CRC patients. We also discuss the great challenges and emerging opportunities of this field for the diagnosis and personalized management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Rodriguez-Casanova
- Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nicolás Costa-Fraga
- Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aida Bao-Caamano
- Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael López-López
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Diaz-Lagares
- Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Proteomic Profiling of Fibroblasts Isolated from Chronic Wounds Identifies Disease-Relevant Signaling Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2280-2290.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Ma L, Zhang X, Wang Z, Huang L, Meng F, Hu L, Chen Y, Wei J. Anti-cancer Effects of Curcumin on Myelodysplastic Syndrome through the Inhibition of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog-2 (EZH2). Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:729-741. [PMID: 30747066 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190212121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase that regulates histone H3 methylation of lysine27 (H3K27me3), is involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Targeting epigenetic regulators has been identified as a potential treatment target in MDS chemotherapy. Curcumin, a natural compound extracted from turmeric, was found to possess a wide range of anticancer activities in various tumors. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect and action mechanism of curcumin in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Our results showed that curcumin can significantly suppress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human MDS-derived cell lines. It reduced EZH2, DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3a), ASXL1 and downstream H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and HOXA9 expression and inhibited EZH2 and H3K27me3 nuclear translocation. Curcumin also showed anti-cancer effects in a xenograft mouse model and reduced EZH2, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in vivo. EZH2 knockdown can reduce the H3K27me3 levels and induce curcumin resistance in vitro but attenuates leukemic transformation in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings provide the potential molecular mechanism of curcumin as a therapeutic agent for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiqiong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lifang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fankai Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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11
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Takeshima H, Yoda Y, Wakabayashi M, Hattori N, Yamashita S, Ushijima T. Low-dose DNA demethylating therapy induces reprogramming of diverse cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:142. [PMID: 32958049 PMCID: PMC7507826 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic reprogramming using DNA demethylating drugs is a promising approach for cancer therapy, but its efficacy is highly dependent on the dosing regimen. Low-dose treatment for a prolonged period shows a remarkable therapeutic efficacy, despite its small demethylating effect. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of how such low-dose treatment shows this remarkable efficacy by focusing on epigenetic reprograming at the single-cell level. METHODS Expression profiles in HCT116 cells treated with decitabine (DAC) were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Functional consequences and DNA demethylation at the single-cell level were analyzed using cloned HCT116 cells after DAC treatment. RESULTS scRNA-seq revealed that DAC-treated cells had highly diverse expression profiles at the single-cell level, and tumor-suppressor genes, endogenous retroviruses, and interferon-stimulated genes were upregulated in random fractions of cells. DNA methylation analysis of cloned HCT116 cells revealed that, while only partial reduction of DNA methylation levels was observed in bulk cells, complete demethylation of specific cancer-related genes, such as cell cycle regulation, WNT pathway, p53 pathway, and TGF-β pathway, was observed, depending upon clones. Functionally, a clone with complete demethylation of CDKN2A (p16) had a larger fraction of cells with tetraploid than parental cells, indicating induction of cellular senescence due to normalization of cell cycle regulation. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic reprogramming of specific cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level is likely to underlie the remarkable efficacy of low-dose DNA demethylating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoda
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mika Wakabayashi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Guinan M, Benckendorff C, Smith M, Miller GJ. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Nucleoside Analogues. Molecules 2020; 25:E2050. [PMID: 32354007 PMCID: PMC7248840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have proven to be highly successful chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Several such compounds, including gemcitabine and cytarabine, are the go-to option in first-line treatments. However, these materials do have limitations and the development of next generation compounds remains a topic of significant interest and necessity. Herein, we discuss recent advances in the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of nucleoside analogues as potential anticancer agents. Focus is paid to 4'-heteroatom substitution of the furanose oxygen, 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 5'-position ring modifications and the development of new prodrug strategies for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Guinan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Caecilie Benckendorff
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford ChEM-H, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
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13
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Bao-Caamano A, Rodriguez-Casanova A, Diaz-Lagares A. Epigenetics of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:117-134. [PMID: 32304083 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy based on the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has emerged as an important field of research. Molecular characterization of CTCs can provide insights into cancer biology and biomarkers for the clinic, representing a non-invasive powerful tool for monitoring breast cancer metastasis and predict the therapeutic response. Epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in the control of gene expression and their alteration contributes to cancer development and progression. These epigenetic modifications in CTCs have been described mainly related to modifications of the DNA methylation pattern and changes in the expression profile of noncoding RNAs. Here we summarize the recent findings on the epigenetic characterization of CTCs in breast cancer and their clinical value as tumor biomarkers, and discuss challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Bao-Caamano
- Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aitor Rodriguez-Casanova
- Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Diaz-Lagares
- Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Tong Z, Yerramilli U, Yao S, Young JD, Hoffmann M, Surapaneni S. In vitro inhibition of human nucleoside transporters and uptake of azacitidine by an isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor enasidenib and its metabolite AGI-16903. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1229-1236. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1539783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeen Tong
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Usha Yerramilli
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Sylvia Yao
- Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Department of Physiology, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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15
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Sapienza MR, Abate F, Melle F, Orecchioni S, Fuligni F, Etebari M, Tabanelli V, Laginestra MA, Pileri A, Motta G, Rossi M, Agostinelli C, Sabattini E, Pimpinelli N, Truni M, Falini B, Cerroni L, Talarico G, Piccioni R, Amente S, Indio V, Tarantino G, Brundu F, Paulli M, Berti E, Facchetti F, Dellino GI, Bertolini F, Tripodo C, Rabadan R, Pileri SA. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: genomics mark epigenetic dysregulation as a primary therapeutic target. Haematologica 2018; 104:729-737. [PMID: 30381297 PMCID: PMC6442957 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.202093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy for which there is still no effective therapy. In order to identify genetic alterations useful for a new treatment design, we used whole-exome sequencing to analyze 14 BPDCN patients and the patient-derived CAL-1 cell line. The functional enrichment analysis of mutational data reported the epigenetic regulatory program to be the most significantly undermined (P<0.0001). In particular, twenty-five epigenetic modifiers were found mutated (e.g. ASXL1, TET2, SUZ12, ARID1A, PHF2, CHD8); ASXL1 was the most frequently affected (28.6% of cases). To evaluate the impact of the identified epigenetic mutations at the gene-expression and Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation/acetylation levels, we performed additional RNA and pathology tissue-chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments. The patients displayed enrichment in gene signatures regulated by methylation and modifiable by decitabine administration, shared common H3K27-acetylated regions, and had a set of cell-cycle genes aberrantly up-regulated and marked by promoter acetylation. Collectively, the integration of sequencing data showed the potential of a therapy based on epigenetic agents. Through the adoption of a preclinical BPDCN mouse model, established by CAL-1 cell line xenografting, we demonstrated the efficacy of the combination of the epigenetic drugs 5’-azacytidine and decitabine in controlling disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Sapienza
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Abate
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federica Melle
- Division of Haematopathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Tabanelli
- Division of Haematopathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Laginestra
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Motta
- Division of Haematopathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Rossi
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Pimpinelli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Truni
- Pathological Anatomy Histology & Cytogenetics, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda-Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncology Research (CREO), University and Hospital of Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, LKH-Universitatsklinikum Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanna Talarico
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Piccioni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Amente
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- "Giorgio Prodi" Cancer Research Center, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Brundu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Paulli
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Policlinic, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emilio Berti
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinic and Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Pathology Section, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Italy
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano A Pileri
- Division of Haematopathology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Roosendaal J, Rosing H, Lucas L, Oganesian A, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Development, validation, and clinical application of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of total intracellular β-decitabine nucleotides and genomic DNA incorporated β-decitabine and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:16-26. [PMID: 30366147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is an epigenetic event that is commonly found in malignant cells and is used as a therapeutic target for β-decitabine (β-DEC) containing hypomethylating agents (eg Dacogen® and guadecitabine). β-DEC requires cellular uptake and intracellular metabolic activation to β-DEC triphosphate before it can get incorporated into the DNA. Once incorporated in the DNA, β-DEC can exert its hypomethylating effect by trapping DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), resulting in reduced 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) DNA content. β-DEC DNA incorporation and its effect on DNA methylation, however, have not yet been investigated in patients treated with β-DEC containing therapies. For this reason, we developed and validated a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method to determine total intracellular β-DEC nucleotide (β-DEC-XP) concentrations, as well as to quantify β-DEC and 5mdC DNA incorporation relative to 2'-deoxycytidine (2dC) DNA content. The assay was successfully validated according to FDA and EMA guidelines in a linear range from 0.5 to 100 ng/mL (β-DEC), 50 to 10,000 ng/mL (2dC), and 5 to 1,000 ng/mL (5mdC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysate. An additional calibrator at a concentration of 0.1 ng/mL was added for β-DEC to serve as a limit of detection (LOD). Clinical applicability of the method was demonstrated in patients treated with guadecitabine. Our data support the use of the validated LC-MS/MS method to further explore the intracellular pharmacokinetics in patients treated with β-DEC containing hypomethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Roosendaal
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Lucas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aram Oganesian
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Decitabine in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia: a profile of its use in the EU. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-017-0445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Shinohara KI, Yoda N, Takane K, Watanabe T, Fukuyo M, Fujiwara K, Kita K, Nagase H, Nemoto T, Kaneda A. Inhibition of DNA Methylation at the MLH1 Promoter Region Using Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1164-1172. [PMID: 30023504 PMCID: PMC6044701 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation causes major epigenetic changes and has been implicated in cancer following the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands. Although methylated DNA regions can be randomly demethylated by 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, site-specific inhibition of DNA methylation, for example, in the promoter region of a specific gene, has yet to be technically achieved. Hairpin pyrrole (Py)-imidazole (Im) polyamides are small molecules that can be designed to recognize and bind to particular DNA sequences. In this study, we synthesized the hairpin polyamide MLH1_-16 (Py-Im-β-Im-Im-Py-γ-Im-Py-β-Im-Py-Py) to target a CpG site 16 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the human MLH1 gene. MLH1 is known to be frequently silenced by promoter hypermethylation, causing microsatellite instability and a hypermutation phenotype in cancer. We show that MLH1_-16 binds to the target site and that CpG methylation around the binding site is selectively inhibited in vitro. MLH1_non, which does not have a recognition site in the MLH1 promoter, neither binds to the sequence nor inhibits DNA methylation in the region. When MLH1_-16 was used to treat RKO human colorectal cancer cells in a remethylating system involving the MLH1 promoter under hypoxic conditions (1% O2), methylation of the MLH1 promoter was inhibited in the region surrounding the compound binding site. Silencing of the MLH1 expression was also inhibited. Promoter methylation and silencing of MLH1 were not inhibited when MLH1_non was added. These results indicate that Py-Im polyamides can act as sequence-specific antagonists of CpG methylation in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Shinohara
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Institute
for Global and Prominent Research, Chiba
University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yoda
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Takane
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory
of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center
Research Institute, 666-2
Nitona, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- Innovative
Therapy Research Group, Nihon University
Research Institute of Medical Science, Nihon University School of
Medicine, 30-1 Ooyaguchi-kami, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kita
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Laboratory
of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center
Research Institute, 666-2
Nitona, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department
of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- E-mail: . Phone: +81-43-226-2039. Fax: +81-43-226-2039 (A.K.)
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19
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Hassan HE, Keita JA, Narayan L, Brady SM, Frederick R, Carlson S, C Glass K, Natesan S, Buttolph T, Fandy TE. The combination of dimethoxycurcumin with DNA methylation inhibitor enhances gene re-expression of promoter-methylated genes and antagonizes their cytotoxic effect. Epigenetics 2016; 11:740-749. [PMID: 27588609 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1226452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin and its analogs exhibited antileukemic activity either as single agent or in combination therapy. Dimethoxycurcumin (DMC) is a more metabolically stable curcumin analog that was shown to induce the expression of promoter-methylated genes without reversing DNA methylation. Accordingly, co-treatment with DMC and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors could hypothetically enhance the re-expression of promoter-methylated tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects and epigenetic changes associated with the combination of DMC and the DNMT inhibitor decitabine (DAC) in primary leukemia samples and cell lines. The combination demonstrated antagonistic cytotoxic effects and was minimally cytotoxic to primary leukemia cells. The combination did not affect the metabolic stability of DMC. Although the combination enhanced the downregulation of nuclear DNMT proteins, the hypomethylating activity of the combination was not increased significantly compared to DAC alone. On the other hand, the combination significantly increased H3K27 acetylation (H3K27Ac) compared to the single agents near the promoter region of promoter-methylated genes. Furthermore, sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and DNA pyrosequencing of the chromatin-enriched H3K27Ac did not show any significant decrease in DNA methylation compared to other regions. Consequently, the enhanced induction of promoter-methylated genes by the combination compared to DAC alone is mediated by a mechanism that involves increased histone acetylation and not through potentiation of the DNA hypomethylating activity of DAC. Collectively, our results provide the mechanistic basis for further characterization of this combination in leukemia animal models and early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E Hassan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Jean-Arnaud Keita
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Lawrence Narayan
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Sean M Brady
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Richard Frederick
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Samuel Carlson
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Karen C Glass
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
| | - Senthil Natesan
- d Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology , Washington State University , Spokane , WA , USA
| | - Thomm Buttolph
- e Department of Neurological Sciences , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
| | - Tamer E Fandy
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy (Vermont Campus) , Colchester , VT , USA
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20
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Pan Y, Daito T, Sasaki Y, Chung YH, Xing X, Pondugula S, Swamidass SJ, Wang T, Kim AH, Yano H. Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferases Blocks Mutant Huntingtin-Induced Neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31022. [PMID: 27516062 PMCID: PMC4981892 DOI: 10.1038/srep31022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although epigenetic abnormalities have been described in Huntington's disease (HD), the causal epigenetic mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in HD cortex and striatum remain undefined. Using an epigenetic pathway-targeted drug screen, we report that inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), decitabine and FdCyd, block mutant huntingtin (Htt)-induced toxicity in primary cortical and striatal neurons. In addition, knockdown of DNMT3A or DNMT1 protected neurons against mutant Htt-induced toxicity, together demonstrating a requirement for DNMTs in mutant Htt-triggered neuronal death and suggesting a neurodegenerative mechanism based on DNA methylation-mediated transcriptional repression. Inhibition of DNMTs in HD model primary cortical or striatal neurons restored the expression of several key genes, including Bdnf, an important neurotrophic factor implicated in HD. Accordingly, the Bdnf promoter exhibited aberrant cytosine methylation in mutant Htt-expressing cortical neurons. In vivo, pharmacological inhibition of DNMTs in HD mouse brains restored the mRNA levels of key striatal genes known to be downregulated in HD. Thus, disturbances in DNA methylation play a critical role in mutant Htt-induced neuronal dysfunction and death, raising the possibility that epigenetic strategies targeting abnormal DNA methylation may have therapeutic utility in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Pan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Takuji Daito
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yong Hee Chung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Santhi Pondugula
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert H. Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Mizuguchi Y, Saiki Y, Horii A, Fukushige S. Targeted TET oxidase activity through methyl-CpG-binding domain extensively suppresses cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2522-33. [PMID: 27457352 PMCID: PMC5055179 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors are epigenetic drugs used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome. They not only induce DNA demethylation but also have significant cytostatic and cytotoxic effects; however, the relationships between these characteristics have not been established yet due to the lack of a method to induce only DNA demethylation. Herein, we show that a fusion protein comprised of the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) and the catalytic domain of Ten-eleven translocation protein 1 (TET1-CD) globally demethylates and upregulates a number of methylated genes. These upregulated genes frequently contained CpG islands (CGIs) within ± 1000 bp of the transcription start site (TSS). Interestingly, 65% of the genes upregulated fivefold or more by MBD-TET1-CDwt were also reactivated after treatment with a DNMT inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (Aza-CR), suggesting that gene reactivation by both methods primarily shares the same mechanism, DNA demethylation. In order to examine whether DNA demethylation affects the growth of cancer cells, we have established a tetracycline inducible system that can regulate the expression of MBD-TET1-CDwt in a prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. The induction of MBD-TET1-CDwt demethylated and upregulated glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), one of the hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer. In accordance with the reactivation of methylated genes, induction of MBD-TET1-CDwt extensively suppressed the growth of LNCaP cells through G1/S arrest. These results clearly indicate that TET oxidase activity recruited at methyl-CpG sites through MBD induces reactivation of hypermethylated genes by DNA demethylation and allows us to analyze the effect of only global DNA demethylation in a wide variety of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Mizuguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukushige
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. .,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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22
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Song N, Endo D, Song B, Shibata Y, Koji T. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine impairs mouse spermatogenesis at multiple stages through different usage of DNA methyltransferases. Toxicology 2016; 361-362:62-72. [PMID: 27396502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a progressive process comprising spermatogonial proliferation, spermatocytic meiosis, and later spermiogenesis, which is considered to be under the regulation of epigenetic parameters. To gain insights into the significance of DNA methylation in early spermatogenesis, 5-azadC was used as a molecular biological tool to mimic the level of DNA methylation in vivo. Since the drug is incorporated into DNA during the S-phase, spermatogonia and spermatocytes would be affected primarily in mouse spermatogenesis. Adult male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-azadC at a dose of 0.25mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days, allowing us to examine its maximum effect on the kinetics of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In this short-term protocol, 5-azadC induced significant histological abnormalities, such as a marked increase in apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, followed by severe loss of spermatids, while after termination of 5-azadC treatment, normal histology was restored in the testis within 35days. Quantification of the methylation level of CCGG sites as well as whole DNA showed spermatogonial hypomethylation, which correlated with increased apoptosis of spermatogonia. Interestingly, the hypomethylated cells were simultaneously positive for tri-methylated histone H3 at K4. On the other hand, no changes in methylation level were found in spermatocytes, but PCNA staining clearly showed disordered accumulation of S-phase spermatocytes, which increased their apoptosis in stage XII. In addition, different immunohistochemical staining pattern was found for DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs); DNMT1was expressed in the majority of all germ cells, but DNMT3a and b were only expressed in spermatogonia. Our results indicate that 5-azadC caused DNA hypomethylation in spermatogonia, but induced prolongation of S-phase in spermatocytes, resulting in the induction of apoptosis in both cases. Thus, 5-azadC affects spermatogenesis at more than one differentiation stage with different mechanisms, probably due to the specific usage of DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Rd., Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Daisuke Endo
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, NO. 1, Xueyuan Rd., Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Yasuaki Shibata
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takehiko Koji
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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23
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Nieto Y, Valdez BC, Thall PF, Jones RB, Wei W, Myers A, Hosing C, Ahmed S, Popat U, Shpall EJ, Qazilbash M, Gulbis A, Anderlini P, Shah N, Bashir Q, Alousi A, Oki Y, Fanale M, Dabaja B, Pinnix C, Champlin R, Andersson BS. Double epigenetic modulation of high-dose chemotherapy with azacitidine and vorinostat for patients with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphoma. Cancer 2016; 122:2680-8. [PMID: 27203405 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More active high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) regimens are needed for refractory lymphomas. The authors previously combined infusional gemcitabine with busulfan and melphalan (Gem/Bu/Mel) pursuing DNA damage repair inhibition. Subsequently, they combined Gem/Bu/Mel with vorinostat, which facilitates chemotherapy access to DNA. The resulting regimen was safe and synergistic. However, vorinostat induced DNA methyltransferase up-regulation, which could be preclinically abrogated by azacitidine, increasing tumor-cell kill. Those observations led to a clinical combination of azacitidine with vorinostat/Gem/Bu/Mel. METHODS Patients ages 12 to 65 years with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphomas were eligible. They received intravenous azacitidine on days -11 through -3 at doses from 15 to 35 mg/m(2) daily (dose levels 1-3), followed by oral vorinostat (1000 mg once daily on days -11 through -3), gemcitabine (2775 mg/m(2) over 4.5 × 2), busulfan (at an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 4000 daily × 4), and melphalan (60 mg/m(2) × 2). Patients who had tumors that were positive for CD20 (cluster of differentiation 20; B-lymphocyte antigen) received rituximab on day -9. RESULTS In total, 60 patients were enrolled, including 26 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (10 double hit/double expressors), 21 with Hodgkin lymphoma, 8 with T-cell lymphoma, and 5 with other B-cell lymphomas. The median patient age was 41 years (range, 16-65 years), patients had received a median of 3 prior lines of chemotherapy (range, 2-7 lines of chemotherapy); and 32% of tumors were positive on positron emission tomography studies at the time of HDC. Two patients died from treatment complications (respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia and sepsis, respectively). The maximum tolerated dose of azacitidine was encountered at dose level 1 (15 mg/m(2) daily). The toxicity profile (mainly mucositis and dermatitis) was manageable and was identical to that of vorinostat/Gem/Bu/Mel. Neutrophils and platelets engrafted promptly. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 8-27 months), the event-free and overall survival rates were 65% and 77%, respectively, among patients with DLBCL; 76% and 95%, respectively, among patients with Hodgkin lymphoma; and 88% for both among patients with T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS Double epigenetic modulation of Gem/Bu/Mel with azacitidine/vorinostat is feasible and highly active in patients with refractory/poor-risk relapsed lymphomas, warranting further evaluation. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2680-2688. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter F Thall
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roy B Jones
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alan Myers
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chitra Hosing
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Uday Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Muzaffar Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alison Gulbis
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paolo Anderlini
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nina Shah
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qaiser Bashir
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amin Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yasuhiro Oki
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle Fanale
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bouthaina Dabaja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chelsea Pinnix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Paluch BE, Naqash AR, Brumberger Z, Nemeth MJ, Griffiths EA. Epigenetics: A primer for clinicians. Blood Rev 2016; 30:285-95. [PMID: 26969414 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cellular biology, we now appreciate that modifications to DNA and histones can have a profound impact on transcription and function, even in the absence of changes to DNA sequence. These modifications, now commonly referred to as "epigenetic" alterations, have changed how we understand cell behavior, reprogramming and differentiation and have provided significant insight into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Epigenetic alterations, to this point, are largely identified by changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation as well as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation of histone tails. These modifications enable significant flexibility in gene expression, rather than just turning genes "ON" or "OFF." Herein we describe the epigenetic landscape in the regulation of gene expression with a particular focus on interrogating DNA methylation in myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Abdul R Naqash
- Catholic Health, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY), 2157 Main Street, 14214 Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Zachary Brumberger
- University at Buffalo State University of New York, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 3435 Main Street, 14260 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology and Genetics Building (CGP), Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA; Leukemia Division, RPCI, Elm and Carlton Street, 14263 Buffalo, NY, USA.
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25
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Murase M, Iwamura H, Komatsu K, Saito M, Maekawa T, Nakamura T, Yokokawa T, Shimada Y. Lack of cross-resistance to FF-10501, an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, in azacitidine-resistant cell lines selected from SKM-1 and MOLM-13 leukemia cell lines. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00206. [PMID: 26977297 PMCID: PMC4777262 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to azacitidine is a major issue in the treatments of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and previous studies suggest that changes in drug metabolism are involved in the resistance. Therefore, drugs with mechanisms resistant or alternative to such metabolic changes have been desired for the treatment of resistant disease. We generated azacitidine‐resistant cells derived from SKM‐1 and MOLM‐13 leukemia cell lines in vitro, analyzed the mechanisms, and examined the impact on the efficacy of other antimetabolic drugs. It appeared that the cell growth‐inhibitory effect of azacitidine, expression levels of uridine–cytidine kinase 2, and the concentrations of azacitidine triphosphate were remarkably decreased in the resistant cells compared with those in parent cells. These results were consistent with previous observations that azacitidine resistance is derived from metabolic changes. Cross‐resistance of greater than 10‐fold (shift in IC50 value) was observed in azacitidine‐resistant cells for decitabine and for cytarabine, but not for gemcitabine or the inosine‐5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors FF‐10501 and mycophenolate mofetil (cross‐resistance to 5‐fluorouracil was cell line dependent). The IMPDH inhibitors maintained their cell growth‐inhibitory activities in the azacitidine‐resistant cell lines, in which the levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (which converts FF‐10501 to its active form, FF‐10501 ribosylmonophosphate [FF‐10501RMP]), FF‐10501RMP, and the target enzyme, IMPDH, were equivalent to those in the parent cell lines. These results suggest that an IMPDH inhibitor such as FF‐10501 could be an alternative therapeutic treatment for leukemia patients with acquired resistance to azacitidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Murase
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamura
- Pharmaceutical Products Division Fujifilm Corporation Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kensuke Komatsu
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Motoki Saito
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Takuya Yokokawa
- Pharmaceutical Products Division Fujifilm Corporation Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
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26
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Abstract
The approval of DNA methylation inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia has demonstrated that modulation of relatively broad epigenetic regulatory processes can show beneficial efficacy/safety profiles in defined patient groups. This chapter will focus on the biochemical mechanisms controlling DNA methylation, consequences of aberrant DNA methylation in complex chronic diseases, existing modulators of DNA methylation used in the clinic, and opportunities for new drugs targeting this central epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D. Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals 436 Cambridge Science Park Cambridge CB4 0QA UK
| | - Michael McCullar
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc. 4140 Dublin Boulevard, Suite 200 Dublin CA 94568 USA
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Tsujioka T, Yokoi A, Itano Y, Takahashi K, Ouchida M, Okamoto S, Kondo T, Suemori SI, Tohyama Y, Tohyama K. Five-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced hypomethylation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase gene is responsible for cell death of myelodysplasia/leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16709. [PMID: 26577244 PMCID: PMC4649363 DOI: 10.1038/srep16709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMT inhibitors) are administered for high-risk MDS, but their action mechanisms are not fully understood. Hence, we performed a genome-wide DNA methylation assay and focused on cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) among the genes whose expression was up-regulated and whose promoter region was hypomethylated after decitabine (DAC) treatment in vitro. CH25H catalyzes hydroxylation of cholesterol and produces 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC). Although CH25H mRNA expression level was originally low in MDS/leukemia cell lines, exposure to DNMT inhibitors enhanced CH25H mRNA expression. The promoter region of CH25H was originally hypermethylated in HL-60 and MDS-L cells, but DAC treatment induced their hypomethylation together with increased CH25H mRNA expression, activation of CH25H-oxysterol pathway, 25-OHC production and apoptotic cell death. We further confirmed that normal CD34-positive cells revealed hypomethylated status of the promoter region of CH25H gene. CH25H-knockdown by transfection of shRNA lentiviral vector into the cell lines partially protected the cells from DAC-induced cell death. Exogenous addition of 25-OHC suppressed leukemic cell growth. The present study raises a possibility that DNMT inhibitors activate CH25H-oxysterol pathway by their hypomethylating mechanism and induce leukemic cell death. Further investigations of the promoter analysis of CH25H gene and therapeutic effects of DNMT inhibitors on MDS/leukemia will be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoi
- Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Itano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kondo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Suemori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tohyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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28
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Holleran JL, Beumer JH, McCormick DL, Johnson WD, Newman EM, Doroshow JH, Kummar S, Covey JM, Davis M, Eiseman JL. Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine and THU in cynomolgus monkeys and humans. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:803-11. [PMID: 26321472 PMCID: PMC4573928 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd; NSC48006), a fluoropyrimidine nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methylation, is degraded by cytidine deaminase (CD). Pharmacokinetic evaluation was carried out in cynomolgus monkeys in support of an ongoing phase I study of the PO combination of FdCyd and the CD inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU; NSC112907). METHODS Animals were dosed intravenously (IV) or per os (PO). Plasma samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for FdCyd, metabolites, and THU. Clinical chemistry and hematology were performed at various times after dosing. A pilot pharmacokinetic study was performed in humans to assess FdCyd bioavailability. RESULTS After IV FdCyd and THU administration, FdCyd C(max) and AUC increased with dose. FdCyd half-life ranged between 22 and 56 min, and clearance was approximately 15 mL/min/kg. FdCyd PO bioavailability after THU ranged between 9 and 25 % and increased with increasing THU dose. PO bioavailability of THU was less than 5 %, but did result in plasma concentrations associated with inhibition of its target CD. Human pilot studies showed comparable bioavailability for FdCyd (10 %) and THU (4.1 %). CONCLUSION Administration of THU with FdCyd increased the exposure to FdCyd and improved PO FdCyd bioavailability from <1 to 24 %. Concentrations of THU and FdCyd achieved after PO administration are associated with CD inhibition and hypomethylation, respectively. The schedule currently studied in phase I studies of PO FdCyd and THU is daily times three at the beginning of the first and second weeks of a 28-day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne L Holleran
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Research Pavilion, Room G27E, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-1863, USA.
| | - David L McCormick
- IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - William D Johnson
- IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Edward M Newman
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph M Covey
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Myrtle Davis
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julie L Eiseman
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Research Pavilion, Room G27B, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-1863, USA.
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Lack of mutational hot spots during decitabine-mediated HIV-1 mutagenesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6834-43. [PMID: 26282416 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01644-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decitabine has previously been shown to induce lethal mutagenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, the factors that determine the susceptibilities of individual sequence positions in HIV-1 to decitabine have not yet been defined. To investigate this, we performed Illumina high-throughput sequencing of multiple amplicons prepared from proviral DNA that was recovered from decitabine-treated cells infected with HIV-1. We found that decitabine induced an ≈4.1-fold increase in the total mutation frequency of HIV-1, primarily due to a striking ≈155-fold increase in the G-to-C transversion frequency. Intriguingly, decitabine also led to an ≈29-fold increase in the C-to-G transversion frequency. G-to-C frequencies varied substantially (up to ≈80-fold) depending upon sequence position, but surprisingly, mutational hot spots (defined as upper outliers within the mutation frequency distribution) were not observed. We further found that every single guanine position examined was significantly susceptible to the mutagenic effects of decitabine. Taken together, these observations demonstrate for the first time that decitabine-mediated HIV-1 mutagenesis is promiscuous and occurs in the absence of a clear bias for mutational hot spots. These data imply that decitabine-mediated G-to-C mutagenesis is a highly effective antiviral mechanism for extinguishing HIV-1 infectivity.
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30
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Busch C, Burkard M, Leischner C, Lauer UM, Frank J, Venturelli S. Epigenetic activities of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:64. [PMID: 26161152 PMCID: PMC4497414 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic modifications are described in an increasing number of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity and cancer. The general reversibility of epigenetic changes makes them an attractive and promising target e.g. in the treatment of cancer. Thus, a growing number of epigenetically active compounds are currently tested in clinical trials for their therapeutic potential. Interestingly, many phytochemicals present in plant foods, particularly flavonoids, are suggested to be able to alter epigenetic cellular mechanisms. Flavonoids are natural phenol compounds that form a large group of secondary plant metabolites with interesting biological activities. They can be categorized into six major subclasses, which display diverse properties affecting the two best characterized epigenetic mechanisms: modulation of the DNA methylation status and histone acetylation. High dietary flavonoid intake has strongly been suggested to reduce the risk of numerous cancer entities in a large body of epidemiological studies. Established health-promoting effects of diets rich in fruit and vegetables are faced by efforts to use purified flavonoids as supplements or pharmaceuticals, whereupon data on the latter applications remain controversial. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of current research on flavonoids to further elucidate their potential in cancer prevention and therapy, thereby focusing on their distinct epigenetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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31
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Computational fishing of new DNA methyltransferase inhibitors from natural products. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:43-54. [PMID: 26099696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) have become an alternative for cancer therapies. However, only two DNMTis have been approved as anticancer drugs, although with some restrictions. Natural products (NPs) are a promising source of drugs. In order to find NPs with novel chemotypes as DNMTis, 47 compounds with known activity against these enzymes were used to build a LDA-based QSAR model for active/inactive molecules (93% accuracy) based on molecular descriptors. This classifier was employed to identify potential DNMTis on 800 NPs from NatProd Collection. 447 selected compounds were docked on two human DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) structures (PDB codes: 3SWR and 2QRV) using AutoDock Vina and Surflex-Dock, prioritizing according to their score values, contact patterns at 4 Å and molecular diversity. Six consensus NPs were identified as virtual hits against DNMTs, including 9,10-dihydro-12-hydroxygambogic, phloridzin, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 4'-glucoside, daunorubicin, pyrromycin and centaurein. This method is an innovative computational strategy for identifying DNMTis, useful in the identification of potent and selective anticancer drugs.
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Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Johnston SJ, Carroll JS. Transcription factors and chromatin proteins as therapeutic targets in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1855:183-92. [PMID: 25721328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the factors that regulate gene transcription is a compelling strategy in cancer therapeutics. Traditionally, these have been considered intractable targets, but recent work has revealed novel strategies for the regulation of transcription factor activity in cancer. This review will highlight some of the emerging concepts and provide examples where agents that target transcription factors are being exploited clinically for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Johnston
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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Newman EM, Morgan RJ, Kummar S, Beumer JH, Blanchard MS, Ruel C, El-Khoueiry AB, Carroll MI, Hou JM, Li C, Lenz HJ, Eiseman JL, Doroshow JH. A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, administered with tetrahydrouridine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:537-46. [PMID: 25567350 PMCID: PMC4344391 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases (DNMT) are active antineoplastic agents. We conducted the first-in-human phase I trial of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd), a DNMT inhibitor stable in aqueous solution, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Objectives were to establish the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of FdCyd + tetrahydrouridine (THU). METHODS FdCyd + THU were administered by 3 h IV infusion on days 1-5 every 3 weeks, or days 1-5 and 8-12 every 4 weeks. FdCyd was administered IV with a fixed 350 mg/m(2)/day dose of THU to inhibit deamination of FdCyd. Pharmacokinetics of FdCyd, downstream metabolites and THU were assessed by LC-MS/MS. RBC γ-globin expression was evaluated as a pharmacodynamics biomarker. RESULTS Patients were enrolled on the 3-week schedule at doses up to 80 mg/m(2)/day without dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) prior to transitioning to the 4-week schedule, which resulted in an MTD of 134 mg/m(2)/day; one of six patients had a first-cycle DLT (grade 3 colitis). FdCyd ≥40 mg/m(2)/day produced peak plasma concentrations >1 µM. Although there was inter-patient variability, γ-globin mRNA increased during the first two treatment cycles. One refractory breast cancer patient experienced a partial response (PR) of >90 % decrease in tumor size, lasting over a year. CONCLUSIONS The MTD was established at 134 mg/m(2) FdCyd + 350 mg/m(2) THU days 1-5 and 8-12 every 4 weeks. Based on toxicities observed over multiple cycles, good plasma exposures, and the sustained PR observed at 67 mg/m(2)/day, the phase II dose for our ongoing multi-histology trial is 100 mg/m(2)/day FdCyd with 350 mg/m(2)/day THU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Newman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA,
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Hyoda T, Tsujioka T, Nakahara T, Suemori SI, Okamoto S, Kataoka M, Tohyama K. Rigosertib induces cell death of a myelodysplastic syndrome-derived cell line by DNA damage-induced G2/M arrest. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:287-93. [PMID: 25580850 PMCID: PMC4376437 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-kinase inhibitor, rigosertib (ON 01910.Na) has recently been highlighted as a novel type of anti-cancer agent for the treatment of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but its action mechanisms remain to be clarified. We investigated the in vitro effects of rigosertib on an MDS-derived cell line MDS-L and a myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Rigosertib suppressed the proliferation of both HL-60 and MDS-L cells and induced apoptosis by inhibition of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. As the effects on cell cycle, rigosertib treatment promoted the phosphorylation of histone H2AX and led to the DNA damage-induced G2/M arrest. In addition, an immunofluorescence staining study demonstrated the abnormal localization of aurora A kinase, suggesting that rigosertib causes perturbation of spindle assembly and deregulated mitotic patterns towards cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We also found that rigosertib exerted growth inhibitory effects on two lymphoid cell lines, Jurkat and Ramos. We further examined the molecular pathways influenced by rigosertib from the gene expression profiling data of MDS-L cells and found a possible involvement of rigosertib treatment in the upregulation of the genes related to microtubule kinetics and the downregulation of the mRNA degradation system. The gene set enrichment analysis showed the suppression of "nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)" as the most significantly affected gene set. These data provide a new aspect and a potential utility of rigosertib for the treatment of refractory hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hyoda
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki College of Allied Health Professions, Okayama, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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36
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Epigenetic control of myeloid cell differentiation, identity and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:7-17. [PMID: 25534619 DOI: 10.1038/nri3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are crucial effectors of the innate immune response and important regulators of adaptive immunity. The differentiation and activation of myeloid cells requires the timely regulation of gene expression; this depends on the interplay of a variety of elements, including transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic control involves histone modifications and DNA methylation, and is coupled to lineage-specifying transcription factors, upstream signalling pathways and external factors released in the bone marrow, blood and tissue environments. In this Review, we highlight key epigenetic events controlling myeloid cell biology, focusing on those related to myeloid cell differentiation, the acquisition of myeloid identity and innate immune memory.
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37
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Öz S, Raddatz G, Rius M, Blagitko-Dorfs N, Lübbert M, Maercker C, Lyko F. Quantitative determination of decitabine incorporation into DNA and its effect on mutation rates in human cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e152. [PMID: 25159616 PMCID: PMC4231731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decitabine (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and an archetypal epigenetic drug for the therapy of myeloid leukemias. The mode of action of decitabine strictly depends on the incorporation of the drug into DNA. However, DNA incorporation and ensuing genotoxic effects of decitabine have not yet been investigated in human cancer cell lines or in models related to the approved indication of the drug. Here we describe a robust assay for the quantitative determination of decitabine incorporation rates into DNA from human cancer cells. Using a panel of human myeloid leukemia cell lines we show appreciable amounts of decitabine incorporation that closely correlated with cellular drug uptake. Decitabine incorporation was also detectable in primary cells from myeloid leukemia patients, indicating that the assay is suitable for biomarker analyses to predict drug responses in patients. Finally, we also used next-generation sequencing to comprehensively analyze the effects of decitabine incorporation on the DNA sequence level. Interestingly, this approach failed to reveal significant changes in the rates of point mutations and genome rearrangements in myeloid leukemia cell lines. These results indicate that standard rates of decitabine incorporation are not genotoxic in myeloid leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Öz
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Raddatz
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Rius
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Blagitko-Dorfs
- Department of Hematology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Hematology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Maercker
- Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, 73728 Esslingen, Germany Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Quintás-Cardama A, Daver N, Kim H, Dinardo C, Jabbour E, Kadia T, Borthakur G, Pierce S, Shan J, Cardenas-Turanzas M, Cortes J, Ravandi F, Wierda W, Estrov Z, Faderl S, Wei Y, Kantarjian H, Garcia-Manero G. A prognostic model of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome for predicting survival and transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 14:401-10. [PMID: 24875590 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND We evaluated the characteristics of a cohort of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) related to therapy (t-MDS) to create a prognostic model. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 281 patients with MDS who had received previous chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for previous malignancy. Potential prognostic factors were determined using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified 7 factors that independently predicted short survival in t-MDS: age ≥ 65 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 2-4 (HR, 1.86), poor cytogenetics (-7 and/or complex; HR, 2.47), World Health Organization MDS subtype (RARs or RAEB-1/2; HR, 1.92), hemoglobin (< 11 g/dL; HR, 2.24), platelets (< 50 × 10(9)/dL; HR, 2.01), and transfusion dependency (HR, 1.59). These risk factors were used to create a prognostic model that segregated patients into 3 groups with distinct median overall survival: good (0-2 risk factors; 34 months), intermediate (3-4 risk factors; 12 months), and poor (5-7 risk factors; 5 months) (P < .001) and 1-year leukemia-free survival (96%, 84%, and 72%, respectively, P = .003). This model also identified distinct survival groups according to t-MDS therapy. CONCLUSION In summary, we devised a prognostic model specifically for patients with t-MDS that predicted overall survival and leukemia-free survival. This model might facilitate the development of risk-adapted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hawk Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Courtney Dinardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tapan Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sherry Pierce
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jianqin Shan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stefan Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yue Wei
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Laribi K, Denizon N, Ghnaya H, Atlassi M, Besançon A, Pineau-Vincent F, Gaulard P, Petrella T. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: the first report of two cases treated by 5-Azacytidine. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:81-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Laribi
- Hematology Department; Centre Hospitalier Le Mans; Le Mans France
| | - Nathalie Denizon
- Hematology Department; Centre Hospitalier Le Mans; Le Mans France
| | - Habib Ghnaya
- Hematology Department; Centre Hospitalier Le Mans; Le Mans France
| | - Mustapha Atlassi
- Hematology Department; Centre Hospitalier Le Mans; Le Mans France
| | - Anne Besançon
- Hematology Department; Centre Hospitalier Le Mans; Le Mans France
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40
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TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation. Nature 2013; 502:472-9. [PMID: 24153300 DOI: 10.1038/nature12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1096] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation has a profound impact on genome stability, transcription and development. Although enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation have been well characterized, those that are involved in methyl group removal have remained elusive, until recently. The transformative discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes can oxidize 5-methylcytosine has greatly advanced our understanding of DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a key nexus in demethylation that can either be passively depleted through DNA replication or actively reverted to cytosine through iterative oxidation and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Methylation, oxidation and repair now offer a model for a complete cycle of dynamic cytosine modification, with mounting evidence for its significance in the biological processes known to involve active demethylation.
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41
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Quantitative determination of azacitidine triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 90:7-14. [PMID: 24317024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Azacitidine is a cytidine analog used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. The pharmacological effect of azacitidine arises after incorporation into the DNA and RNA. To this end, the drug first has to be converted into its triphosphate forms. This paper describes the development of an assay for quantitative determination of azacitidine triphosphate (aza-CTP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To quantify aza-CTP, separation from the endogenous nucleotides cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP) is required. This was a challenge as the structures of these nucleotides are highly similar and the monoisotopic molecular masses of aza-CTP, UTP and the naturally occurring [(13)C]- and [(15)N]-isotopes of CTP differ less than 0.02 Da. Efforts to select a specific MS(2)-fragment for aza-CTP using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer remained without success. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility to separate these highly resembling nucleotides based on accurate mass spectrometry using a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) coupled with an Orbitrap. The LTQ-Orbitrap was able to differentiate between aza-CTP and the endogenous nucleotides UTP and [(13)C]-CTP. There was no baseline resolution between aza-CTP and [(15)N]-CTP, but the [(15)N]-CTP interference was low. For quantification, extracted ion chromatograms were obtained for the accurate m/z window of the aza-CTP product ion. The assay was able to determine aza-CTP concentrations in PBMC lysate from 40.7 to 281 nM. Assuming that an average cell suspension extracted from 16 mL blood contains 10 to 42 million PBMCs per mL, this range corresponds with 2.58/10.9-17.8/74.9 pmol aza-CTP per million PBMCs. Intra-assay accuracies were between -1.1 and 9.5% deviation and coefficient of variation values were ≤13.2%. The assay was successfully applied to quantify aza-CTP in samples from two patients treated with azacitidine. Aza-CTP concentrations up to 19.0 pmol per million PBMCs were measured. This is the first time that aza-CTP concentrations were quantified in PBMCs from patients treated with azacitidine.
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Warnault V, Ron D. Chromatin remodeling: a new landscape to treat harmful alcohol-use disorders. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2011-3. [PMID: 24215342 PMCID: PMC4072217 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Warnault
- The Gallo Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Box 0663, San Francisco, CA 94143–0663, USA
| | - Dorit Ron
- The Gallo Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Box 0663, San Francisco, CA 94143–0663, USA
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Curran MP. Decitabine: a review of its use in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Drugs Aging 2013; 30:447-58. [PMID: 23580320 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-013-0084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decitabine (Dacogen(®)) is a deoxynucleoside analogue of cytidine that selectively inhibits DNA methyltransferases. Decitabine administered at a dose of 20 mg/m(2) by a 1-h intravenous infusion for 5 consecutive days of a 4-week cycle has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in adult patients aged ≥65 years with de novo or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) who are not candidates for standard induction therapy. Decitabine, compared with treatment choice (cytarabine or supportive care), did not result in a statistically significant improvement in median overall survival (OS) in older patients with AML at the pre-specified primary endpoint of a pivotal phase III trial. However, the improvement in OS was considered by the EMA to be clinically meaningful. After a further year of follow-up, an analysis of the mature survival data demonstrated a statistical significance in median OS in favour of decitabine over treatment choice. Complete remission (CR) rates in the phase III trial were significantly improved with decitabine versus treatment choice. The overall safety profile of decitabine in older patients with AML was generally similar to that of cytarabine, with pyrexia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia being the most commonly reported adverse events. In conclusion, low-dose decitabine may be considered as an effective and generally well tolerated alternative treatment to cytarabine or supportive care in older patients with AML who are not candidates for standard induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique P Curran
- Adis, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore, 0754, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Borssén M, Palmqvist L, Karrman K, Abrahamsson J, Behrendtz M, Heldrup J, Forestier E, Roos G, Degerman S. Promoter DNA methylation pattern identifies prognostic subgroups in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65373. [PMID: 23762353 PMCID: PMC3675104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has improved, but there is a considerable fraction of patients experiencing a poor outcome. There is a need for better prognostic markers and aberrant DNA methylation is a candidate in other malignancies, but its potential prognostic significance in T-ALL is hitherto undecided. Design and Methods Genome wide promoter DNA methylation analysis was performed in pediatric T-ALL samples (n = 43) using arrays covering >27000 CpG sites. Clinical outcome was evaluated in relation to methylation status and compared with a contemporary T-ALL group not tested for methylation (n = 32). Results Based on CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), T-ALL samples were subgrouped as CIMP+ (high methylation) and CIMP− (low methylation). CIMP− T-ALL patients had significantly worse overall and event free survival (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively) compared to CIMP+ cases. CIMP status was an independent factor for survival in multivariate analysis including age, gender and white blood cell count. Analysis of differently methylated genes in the CIMP subgroups showed an overrepresentation of transcription factors, ligands and polycomb target genes. Conclusions We identified global promoter methylation profiling as being of relevance for subgrouping and prognostication of pediatric T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Borssén
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abrahamsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Behrendtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Heldrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Forestier
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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45
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Filì C, Malagola M, Follo MY, Finelli C, Iacobucci I, Martinelli G, Cattina F, Clissa C, Candoni A, Fanin R, Gobbi M, Bocchia M, Defina M, Spedini P, Skert C, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Russo D. Prospective phase II Study on 5-days azacitidine for treatment of symptomatic and/or erythropoietin unresponsive patients with low/INT-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3297-308. [PMID: 23596104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase II prospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-days azacytidine (5d-AZA) in patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Second, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic profile and phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) β1 levels were studied to evaluate possible biologic markers able to predict the hematologic response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study tested a lower intensity schedule of azacytidine. The treatment plan consisted of 75 mg/sqm/d subcutaneous administered for 5 days every 28 days, for a total of 8 cycles. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the study. The overall response rate was 47% (15 of 32) on intention-to-treat and 58% (15 of 26) for patients completing the treatment program. In this latter group, 5 (19%) achieved complete remission (CR) and 10 (38%) had hematologic improvement, according to the International Working Group (IWG) criteria. Three patients have maintained their hematologic improvement after 37, 34, and 33 months without other treatments. Moreover, 21 and 2 of 26 cases completing 8 cycles were transfusion-dependent for red blood cells and platelets at baseline, respectively. Of these, 7 (33%) and 2 (100%) became transfusion-independent at the end of the treatment program, respectively. Grade 3-4 neutropenia occurred in 28% of patients and 4 patients died early due to infections or hemorrhage. SNP results were not significantly correlated to the clinical outcome, whereas PI-PLCβ1 level anticipated either positive or negative clinical responses. CONCLUSIONS 5d-AZA is safe and effective in a proportion of patients with low-risk MDS. PI-PLCβ1 gene expression is a reliable and dynamic marker of response that can be useful to optimize azacytidine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Filì
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Disease and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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46
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Abstract
Harmful excessive use of alcohol has a severe impact on society and it remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the population. However, mechanisms that underlie excessive alcohol consumption are still poorly understood, and thus available medications for alcohol use disorders are limited. Here, we report that changing the level of chromatin condensation by affecting DNA methylation or histone acetylation limits excessive alcohol drinking and seeking behaviors in rodents. Specifically, we show that decreasing DNA methylation by inhibiting the activity of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) with systemic administration of the FDA-approved drug, 5-azacitidine (5-AzaC) prevents excessive alcohol use in mice. Similarly, we find that increasing histone acetylation via systemic treatment with several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reduces mice binge-like alcohol drinking. We further report that systemic administration of the FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor, SAHA, inhibits the motivation of rats to seek alcohol. Importantly, the actions of both DNMT and HDAC inhibitors are specific for alcohol, as no changes in saccharin or sucrose intake were observed. In line with these behavioral findings, we demonstrate that excessive alcohol drinking increases DNMT1 levels and reduces histone H4 acetylation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rodents. Together, our findings illustrate that DNA methylation and histone acetylation control the level of excessive alcohol drinking and seeking behaviors in preclinical rodent models. Our study therefore highlights the possibility that DNMT and HDAC inhibitors can be used to treat harmful alcohol abuse.
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Tsujioka T, Yokoi A, Uesugi M, Kishimoto M, Tochigi A, Suemori S, Tohyama Y, Tohyama K. Effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTIs) on MDS-derived cell lines. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:189-97. [PMID: 23085465 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTIs), including decitabine (DAC) and azacitidine (AZA), have recently been highlighted for the treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); however, their action mechanisms have not been clearly defined. Therefore, we investigated the effects of DNMTIs on MDS-derived cell lines in vitro. An MDS-derived cell line MDS92 and its blastic subline MDS-L and HL-60 were used. All three cell lines were sensitive to DNMTIs, but MDS-L was the most susceptible. DAC-induced cell death in MDS-L was preceded by DNA damage-induced G2 arrest via a p53-independent pathway. AZA did not influence the pattern of cell cycle, although it induced DNA damage response. The IC(50) of DAC or AZA on MDS-L cells was associated with the dose inducing the maximal hypomethylation in long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) methylation assay. AZA suppressed the level of methylation in a time-dependent manner (days 4, 7, and 10), whereas DAC maintained the level of methylation from day 4 to 11. The protein expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a decreased with the suppression of growth and methylation. We conclude that this study provides in vitro models for understanding the effects of DNMTIs on cell growth and gene regulation, including differences in the possible action mechanism of DAC and AZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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Overexpression of BMI1 confers clonal cells resistance to apoptosis and contributes to adverse prognosis in myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer Lett 2012; 317:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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49
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Synthesis of azanucleosides through regioselective ring-opening of epoxides catalyzed by sulphated zirconia under microwave and solvent-free conditions. Molecules 2012; 17:3359-69. [PMID: 22421790 PMCID: PMC6268552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New azanucleosides were obtained using sulphated zirconia (ZS) as catalyst in the nucleophilic oxirane ring opening reaction of 1-allyl-3-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and 1-allyl-5-methyl-3-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, with (S)-prolinol. The new templates were obtained with good yields following a route which exploits the reactivity of epoxides in the presence of sulphated zirconia as catalyst. The key step was carried out using microwave and solvent-free conditions and proceeds with high selectivity.
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5-azacitidine in aggressive myelodysplastic syndromes regulates chromatin structure at PU.1 gene and cell differentiation capacity. Leukemia 2012; 26:1804-11. [PMID: 22343522 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic 5-azacitidine (AZA) therapy of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) represents a promising, albeit not fully understood, approach. Hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 is dynamically regulated by upstream regulatory element (URE), whose deletion causes downregulation of PU.1 leading to AML in mouse. In this study a significant group of the high-risk MDS patients, as well as MDS cell lines, displayed downregulation of PU.1 expression within CD34+ cells, which was associated with DNA methylation of the URE. AZA treatment in vitro significantly demethylated URE, leading to upregulation of PU.1 followed by derepression of its transcriptional targets and onset of myeloid differentiation. Addition of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs; granulocyte-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and macrophage-CSF) modulated AZA-mediated effects on reprogramming of histone modifications at the URE and cell differentiation outcome. Our data collectively support the importance of modifying the URE chromatin structure as a regulatory mechanism of AZA-mediated activation of PU.1 and induction of the myeloid program in MDS.
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