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Pe M, Alanya A, Falk RS, Amdal CD, Bjordal K, Chang J, Cislo P, Coens C, Dirven L, Speck RM, Fitzgerald K, Galinsky J, Giesinger JM, Holzner B, Le Cessie S, O'Connor D, Oliver K, Pawar V, Quinten C, Schlichting M, Ren J, Roychoudhury S, Taphoorn MJB, Velikova G, Wintner LM, Griebsch I, Bottomley A. Setting International Standards in Analyzing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life Endpoints in Cancer Clinical Trials-Innovative Medicines Initiative (SISAQOL-IMI): stakeholder views, objectives, and procedures. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:e270-e283. [PMID: 37269858 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as symptoms, functioning, and other health-related quality-of-life concepts are gaining a more prominent role in the benefit-risk assessment of cancer therapies. However, varying ways of analysing, presenting, and interpreting PRO data could lead to erroneous and inconsistent decisions on the part of stakeholders, adversely affecting patient care and outcomes. The Setting International Standards in Analyzing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life Endpoints in Cancer Clinical Trials-Innovative Medicines Initiative (SISAQOL-IMI) Consortium builds on the existing SISAQOL work to establish recommendations on design, analysis, presentation, and interpretation for PRO data in cancer clinical trials, with an expanded set of topics, including more in-depth recommendations for randomised controlled trials and single-arm studies, and for defining clinically meaningful change. This Policy Review presents international stakeholder views on the need for SISAQOL-IMI, the agreed on and prioritised set of PRO objectives, and a roadmap to ensure that international consensus recommendations are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Pe
- Quality of Life Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ahu Alanya
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Cecilie Delphin Amdal
- Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Bjordal
- Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Corneel Coens
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Linda Dirven
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Johannes M Giesinger
- University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Holzner
- University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Saskia Le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin J B Taphoorn
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Galina Velikova
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Lisa M Wintner
- University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Andrew Bottomley
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
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Hawksworth C, Salih F, Cresswell K, Steukers L, Diaz C, Killin L, Pradier L, Bradshaw A, Dawoud D. Participating in innovative medicines initiative funded neurodegenerative disorder projects—An impact analysis conducted as part of the NEURONET project. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1140722. [PMID: 37006486 PMCID: PMC10060789 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1140722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission's Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) has funded many projects focusing on neurodegenerative disorders (ND) that aimed to improve the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and understanding of NDs. To facilitate collaboration across this project portfolio, the IMI funded the “NEURONET” project between March 2019 and August 2022 with the aim of connecting these projects and promoting synergies, enhancing the visibility of their findings, understanding the impact of the IMI funding and identifying research gaps that warrant more/new funding. The IMI ND portfolio currently includes 20 projects consisting of 270 partner organizations across 25 countries. The NEURONET project conducted an impact analysis to assess the scientific and socio-economic impact of the IMI ND portfolio. This was to better understand the perceived areas of impact from those directly involved in the projects. The impact analysis was conducted in two stages: an initial stage developed the scope of the project, defined the impact indicators and measures to be used. A second stage designed and administered the survey amongst partners from European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) organizations and other partners (hereafter, referred to as “non-EFPIA” organizations). Responses were analyzed according to areas of impact: organizational, economic, capacity building, collaborations and networking, individual, scientific, policy, patient, societal and public health impact. Involvement in the IMI ND projects led to organizational impact, and increased networking, collaboration and partnerships. The key perceived disadvantage to project participation was the administrative burden. These results were true for both EFPIA and non-EFPIA respondents. The impact for individual, policy, patients and public health was less clear with people reporting both high and low impact. Overall, there was broad alignment between EFPIA and non-EFPIA participants' responses apart from for awareness of project assets, as part of scientific impact, which appeared to be slightly higher among non-EFPIA respondents. These results identified clear areas of impact and those that require improvement. Areas to focus on include promoting asset awareness, establishing the impact of the IMI ND projects on research and development, ensuring meaningful patient involvement in these public-private partnership projects and reducing the administrative burden associated with participation in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hawksworth
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Claire Hawksworth
| | - Fatima Salih
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Cresswell
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Diaz
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lewis Killin
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Department of Scientific Strategy and External Relations, Sanofi, Paris, France
| | | | - Dalia Dawoud
- Department of Science, Evidence and Analytics, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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O'Rourke D, Coll-Padrós N, Bradshaw A, Killin L, Pradier L, Georges J, Dawoud DM, Steukers L, Diaz C. The Innovative Medicines Initiative neurodegeneration portfolio: From individual projects to collaborative networks. Front Neurol 2022; 13:994301. [PMCID: PMC9666729 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.994301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The IMI public-private partnership between the European Commission and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) was launched in 2008 with an initial budget of €2 billion. Aiming to accelerate the development of innovative medicines for areas of unmet clinical need, the IMI has committed over €380 million to projects on neurodegenerative disorders (NDD), catalyzing public-private collaborations at scale and at all stages of the R&D pipeline. Because of this vast investment, research on neurodegenerative diseases has made enormous strides in recent decades. The challenge for the future however remains to utilize this newly found knowledge and generated assets to develop better tools and novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report the results of an integrated programme analysis of the IMI NDD portfolio, performed by the Neuronet Coordination and Support Action. Neuronet was launched by the IMI in 2019 to boost synergies and collaboration between projects in the IMI NDD portfolio, to increase the impact and visibility of research, and to facilitate interactions with related initiatives worldwide. Our analysis assessed the characteristics, structure and assets of the project portfolio and identifies lessons from projects spanning preclinical research to applied clinical studies and beyond. Evaluation of project parameters and network analyses of project partners revealed a complex web of 236 partnering organizations, with EFPIA partners often acting as connecting nodes across projects, and with a great diversity of academic institutions. Organizations in the UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands were highly represented in the portfolio, which has a strong focus on clinical research in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease in particular. Based on surveys and unstructured interviews with NDD research leaders, we identified actions to enhance collaboration between project partners, by improving the structure and definition of in-kind contributions; reducing administrative burdens; and enhancing the exploitation of outcomes from research investments by EU taxpayers and EFPIA. These recommendations could help increase the efficiency and impact of future public-private partnerships on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O'Rourke
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela Bradshaw
- Alzheimer Europe, Luxembourg, Luxembourg,*Correspondence: Angela Bradshaw
| | - Lewis Killin
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Dalia M. Dawoud
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, United Kingdom,Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Carlos Diaz
- SYNAPSE Research Management Partners, Barcelona, Spain
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Hendrikse NM, Llinares Garcia J, Vetter T, Humphreys AJ, Ehmann F. Biomarkers in Medicines Development-From Discovery to Regulatory Qualification and Beyond. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:878942. [PMID: 35559349 PMCID: PMC9086587 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.878942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools in medicines development and clinical practice. Besides their use in clinical trials, such as for enrichment of patients, monitoring safety or response to treatment, biomarkers are a cornerstone of precision medicine. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) emphasised the importance of the discovery, qualification, and use of biomarkers in their Regulatory Science Strategy to 2025, which included the recommendation to enhance early engagement with biomarker developers to facilitate regulatory qualification. This study explores the journey of biomarkers through the EU regulatory system and beyond, based on a review of interactions between developers and the EMA from 2008 to 2020, as well as the use of qualified biomarkers in clinical trials. Of applicants that used early interaction platforms such as the Innovation Task Force, less than half engaged in fee-related follow-up procedures. Results showed that, as compared to companies, consortia were more likely to opt for the Qualification of Novel Methodologies procedure and engage in follow-up procedures. Our results highlight the importance of early engagement with regulators for achieving biomarker qualification, including pre-submission discussions in the context of the qualification procedure. A review of clinical trials showed that all qualified biomarkers are used in practice, although not always according to the endorsed context of use. Overall, this study highlights important aspects of biomarker qualification, including opportunities to improve the seamless support for developers by EMA. The use of qualified biomarkers in clinical trials underlines the importance of regulatory qualification, which will further enable precision medicine for the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Hendrikse
- Regulatory Science and Innovation Task Force, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jordi Llinares Garcia
- Regulatory Science and Innovation Task Force, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Vetter
- Scientific Advice Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony J Humphreys
- Regulatory Science and Innovation Task Force, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Falk Ehmann
- Regulatory Science and Innovation Task Force, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bakker E, Hendrikse NM, Ehmann F, van der Meer DS, Llinares Garcia J, Vetter T, Starokozhko V, Mol PGM. Biomarker qualification at the European Medicines Agency: a review of biomarker qualification procedures from 2008 to 2020. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:69-80. [PMID: 35137949 PMCID: PMC9313861 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory qualification of biomarkers facilitates their harmonized use across drug developers, enabling more personalized medicine. This study reviews various aspects of the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA’s) biomarker qualification procedure, including frequency and outcome, common challenges, and biomarker characteristics. Our findings provide insights into the EMA’s biomarker qualification process and will thereby support future applications. All biomarker‐related “Qualification of Novel Methodologies for Medicine Development” procedures that started from 2008 to 2020 were included. Procedural data were extracted from relevant documents and analyzed descriptively. In total, 86 biomarker qualification procedures were identified, of which 13 resulted in qualified biomarkers. Whereas initially many biomarker qualification procedures were linked to a single company and specific drug development program, a shift was observed to qualification efforts by consortia. Most biomarkers were proposed (n = 45) and qualified (n = 9) for use in patient selection, stratification, and/or enrichment, followed by efficacy biomarkers (37 proposed, 4 qualified). Overall, many issues were raised during qualification procedures, mostly related to biomarker properties and assay validation (in 79% and 77% of all procedures, respectively). Issues related to the proposed context of use and rationale were least common yet were still raised in 54% of all procedures. While few qualified biomarkers are currently available, procedures focus increasingly on biomarkers for general use instead of those linked to specific drug compounds. The issues raised during qualification procedures illustrate the thorough discussions taking place between applicants and regulators—highlighting aspects that need careful consideration and underlining the importance of an appropriate validation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bakker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Falk Ehmann
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlla S van der Meer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, CBG-MEB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, CBG-MEB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G M Mol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, CBG-MEB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Scientific Advice Working Party of the European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sunyoto T. Partnerships for better neglected disease drug discovery and development: how have we fared? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:531-537. [PMID: 32129688 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1736550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the field of neglected disease, mushrooming partnerships have changed the landscape in the last decades. With high diversity in participants, type, scope, and operational models, partnership becomes the ultimate choice for drug discovery and development. This paper aims to reflect on this phenomenon based on experiences and lessons learned, providing insights for the future.Areas covered: Lack of safe and effective drugs for neglected diseases stems from market and public policy failure. Combining resources, skills, and expertise justifies working collaboratively in the R&D quest. The advancement of public-private partnerships (PPP), including product development partnership (PDP) for neglected diseases, is described, herein, including the rationale behind their conception, evolution, expansion, and alternative approaches. The author also discusses the appeals and the pitfalls of partnership in this field.Expert opinion: The progressive partnerships in drug discovery and development for neglected diseases need to be encouraged, especially in alignment with an open science culture. Experiences in partnerships vary with bias for successful ones, rendering more rigorous evaluation and research necessary. Eventually, the focus of improving partnership should not only be on addressing discovery bottlenecks, but also safeguarding access and delivery. Expanding focus to include vaccines and diagnostics is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temmy Sunyoto
- Public Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Laverty H, Meulien P. The Innovative Medicines Initiative -10 Years of Public-Private Collaboration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:275. [PMID: 31850354 PMCID: PMC6902875 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) is a public-private partnership between the European Union and the European pharmaceutical industry. Born of the necessity to foster collaboration between different stakeholders in order to address growing challenges in bringing new medicines to market and the rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, IMI has successfully delivered the radical collaboration needed to address these challenges. In this article we reflect on some of the major achievements of the programme by highlighting a few of the key projects funded and the progress they have made, as well as some of the lessons learnt in delivering such an ambitious partnership. Those that drove the foundation of IMI recognized that to address these challenges required not just ambitious scientific approaches, but also an awareness of societal needs. Therefore, actors from beyond the traditional pharmaceutical research communities would be needed. One of the key successes of IMI has been to foster radical collaboration between diverse public and private partners of all types, including large pharmaceutical companies, SMEs, regulators, patient organizations and public research institutions. It has achieved this by being a neutral platform where all partners are bound by the same rights and responsibilities. Since it began there has been an evolution in the understanding of what is considered “pre-competitive,” resulting in IMI projects now addressing all of the steps within the pharmaceutical development value chain. With this expansion in the types of projects supported by IMI, different actors from beyond the traditional pharmaceutical research family have been attracted to participate, enriching further the collaboration at the heart of the programme. Finally, such a complex programme brings with it challenges, and we reflect on some of the important learnings that should be applied to future collaborative models to ensure that they are as successful as possible and deliver the expected impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Laverty
- Head of Scientific Operations, Innovative Medicines Initiative, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Meulien
- Executive Director, Innovative Medicines Initiative, Brussels, Belgium
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Research Collaborations and Quality in Research: Foes or Friends? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 31628602 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Collaboration is the cornerstone of nowadays research. Successful collaborative research and high research quality go hand in hand. Collaborative research needs to build on common and upfront expectations for the quality of its outputs. This is necessary to enable a trustful research environment where all are committed to contribute and can share the rewards. A governance and leadership are critical for this to happen as well as a policy for openness and for effective data sharing. Collaborative research is often large-scale research: to be successful it needs good research practice as an enabler. Collaborative projects are ideal vehicles to promote high research quality, among other by enabling the delivery of results of high external validity and the development and implementation of standards. Robustness of results increases when confirmed by combining different methods and tools and even more when results are obtained while sharing and learning different approaches and languages of science. When doing collaborative research, there is the best opportunity to combine the different experience and expertise of all partners by design to create a more efficient and effective environment conductive for high-quality research. Using as example the public-private partnership type of projects created by the Innovative Medicines Initiative, the chapter covers the key aspects of the complex relationship between collaborative research and quality of research providing insights on the critical factors for delivering both a successful collaboration in research and robust high-quality research outputs.
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Torcel-Pagnon L, Bauchau V, Mahy P, Tin Tin Htar M, van der Sande M, Mahé C, Krause TG, Charrat A, Simondon F, Kurz X. Guidance for the governance of public-private collaborations in vaccine post-marketing settings in Europe. Vaccine 2019; 37:3278-3289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Borysowski J, Ehni H, Górski A. Ethics codes and use of new and innovative drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:501-507. [PMID: 30536603 PMCID: PMC6379208 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with new and/or innovative drugs with uncertain safety and efficacy profile is associated with substantial ethical concerns. The main objective of this paper is to present guidance on the use of such drugs contained in: (i) major international codes and guidelines pertaining to medical ethics and biomedical research; (ii) national codes of medical ethics and professional conduct of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Ireland, France and Germany. Out of the four international codes and guidelines analysed, only the Declaration of Helsinki addresses the question of the use of unproven drugs. Among national codes, only two (USA and New Zealand) explicitly allow for use of new or innovative drugs. Moreover, treatment with unproven drugs seems to be permissible under the French code, though this is not stated explicitly. The remaining codes do not contain any articles on the use of new and innovative drugs. An update of existing articles, as well as the addition of new guidelines to the codes, should be considered in view of the rapid pace of development and introduction to clinical practice of new drugs. This work is relevant to innovative off-label applications of approved drugs and expanded access to investigational drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borysowski
- Centre for Studies on Research Integrity, Institute of Law StudiesPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Hans‐Jörg Ehni
- Institute of Ethics and History of MedicineEberhard Karls UniversitätTübingenGermany
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Bacteriophages, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of SciencesWrocławPoland
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Finding synergies for 3Rs – Toxicokinetics and read-across: Report from an EPAA partners' Forum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:5-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Camadro M, Benamouzig D, Barouki R, Trouvin JH, Astagneau P. [Regulatory science in public health: What are we talking about?]. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2018; 30:187-196. [PMID: 30148306 DOI: 10.3917/spub.182.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This article sheds light on a concept little known to public health actors in France: regulatory science, used to describe the range of scientific activities used to produce the knowledge mobilized to support, develop or adapt public policy decisions. The objective is to understand how the expression appeared in the mid-1980s and was formalized into a sociological concept by the American writer Sheila Jasanoff in 1990, and has gradually imposed itself in American, Japanese and European regulatory agencies as a new scientific discipline. The article examines the evolution of the concept and the various approaches proposed to define regulatory science. It highlights its hybrid and heterogeneous nature, underlining the different characteristics that the expression covers according to the institution which formulates it (FDA, EMA, PMDA) and the scope of application that it covers. Based on concrete examples of the application of regulatory science practices in three broad areas of health risk, the paper focuses on the role of research in the decision-making process by showing how the emergence of new methods designed to strengthen the regulatory capacities of regulators and the role of academic communities associated with this approach, contribute to the strengthening of public health policies in France and worldwide.
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Plueschke K, McGettigan P, Pacurariu A, Kurz X, Cave A. EU-funded initiatives for real world evidence: descriptive analysis of their characteristics and relevance for regulatory decision-making. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021864. [PMID: 29903798 PMCID: PMC6009620 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A review of European Union (EU)-funded initiatives linked to 'Real World Evidence' (RWE) was performed to determine whether their outputs could be used for the generation of real-world data able to support the European Medicines Agency (EMA)'s regulatory decision-making on medicines. METHOD The initiatives were identified from publicly available websites. Their topics were categorised into five areas: 'Data source', 'Methodology', 'Governance model', 'Analytical model' and 'Infrastructure'. To assess their immediate relevance for medicines evaluation, their therapeutic areas were compared with the products recommended for EU approval in 2016 and those included in the EMA pharmaceutical business pipeline. RESULTS Of 171 originally identified EU-funded initiatives, 65 were selected based on their primary and secondary objectives (35 'Data source' initiatives, 15 'Methodology', 10 'Governance model', 17 'Analytical model' and 25 'Infrastructure'). These 65 initiatives received over 734 million Euros of public funding. At the time of evaluation, the published outputs of the 40 completed initiatives did not always match their original objectives. Overall, public information was limited, data access was not explicit and their sustainability was unclear. The topics matched 8 of 14 therapeutic areas of the products recommended for approval in 2016 and 8 of 15 therapeutic areas in the 2017-2019 pharmaceutical business pipeline. Haematology, gastroenterology or cardiovascular systems were poorly represented. CONCLUSIONS This landscape of EU-funded initiatives linked to RWE which started before 31 December 2016 highlighted that the immediate utilisation of their outputs to support regulatory decision-making is limited, often due to insufficient available information and to discrepancies between outputs and objectives. Furthermore, the restricted sustainability of the initiatives impacts on their downstream utility. Multiple projects focussing on the same therapeutic areas increase the likelihood of duplication of both efforts and resources. These issues contribute to gaps in generating RWE for medicines and diminish returns on the public funds invested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Plueschke
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Department, Inspections Human Medicines Pharmacovigilance and Committees Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
| | - Patricia McGettigan
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Department, Inspections Human Medicines Pharmacovigilance and Committees Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Pacurariu
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Department, Inspections Human Medicines Pharmacovigilance and Committees Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
- Pharmacovigilance Department, College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Kurz
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Department, Inspections Human Medicines Pharmacovigilance and Committees Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
| | - Alison Cave
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Department, Inspections Human Medicines Pharmacovigilance and Committees Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), London, UK
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Schuhmacher A, Gassmann O, McCracken N, Hinder M. Open innovation and external sources of innovation. An opportunity to fuel the R&D pipeline and enhance decision making? J Transl Med 2018; 16:119. [PMID: 29739427 PMCID: PMC5941640 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, research and development (R&D) in the pharmaceutical sector has predominantly been an in-house activity. To enable investments for game changing late-stage assets and to enable better and less costly go/no-go decisions, most companies have employed a fail early paradigm through the implementation of clinical proof-of-concept organizations. To fuel their pipelines, some pioneers started to complement their internal R&D efforts through collaborations as early as the 1990s. In recent years, multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors induced an opening for external sources of innovation and resulted in new models for open innovation, such as open sourcing, crowdsourcing, public–private partnerships, innovations centres, and the virtualization of R&D. Three factors seem to determine the breadth and depth regarding how companies approach external innovation: (1) the company’s legacy, (2) the company’s willingness and ability to take risks and (3) the company’s need to control IP and competitors. In addition, these factors often constitute the major hurdles to effectively leveraging external opportunities and assets. Conscious and differential choices of the R&D and business models for different companies and different divisions in the same company seem to best allow a company to fully exploit the potential of both internal and external innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Gassmann
- Institute for Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, Dufourstrasse 40a, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nigel McCracken
- Debiopharm International S.A., Chemin Messidor 5-7, 1002, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hinder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Postfach, Forum 1, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Turner JR. A Milestone: Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science Has Been Accepted for Inclusion in MEDLINE. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2018; 52:265-266. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479018773321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Kurz X, Perez‐Gutthann S. Strengthening standards, transparency, and collaboration to support medicine evaluation: Ten years of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2018; 27:245-252. [PMID: 29327451 PMCID: PMC5873428 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kurz
- Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology DepartmentEuropean Medicines AgencyLondonUK
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17
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Bonertz A, Roberts GC, Hoefnagel M, Timon M, Slater JE, Rabin RL, Bridgewater J, Pini C, Pfaar O, Akdis C, Goldstein J, Poulsen LK, van Ree R, Rhyner C, Barber D, Palomares O, Sheikh A, Pawankar R, Hamerlijnk D, Klimek L, Agache I, Angier E, Casale T, Fernandez‐Rivas M, Halken S, Jutel M, Lau S, Pajno G, Sturm G, Varga EM, Gerth van Wijk R, Bonini S, Muraro A, Vieths S. Challenges in the implementation of EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: A global perspective on the regulation of allergen products. Allergy 2018; 73:64-76. [PMID: 28771830 DOI: 10.1111/all.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory approaches for allergen immunotherapy (AIT) products and the availability of high-quality AIT products are inherently linked to each other. While allergen products are available in many countries across the globe, their regulation is very heterogeneous. First, we describe the regulatory systems applicable for AIT products in the European Union (EU) and in the United States (US). For Europe, a depiction of the different types of relevant procedures, as well as the committees involved, is provided and the fundamental role of national agencies of the EU member states in this complex and unique network is highlighted. Furthermore, the regulatory agencies from Australia, Canada, Japan, Russia, and Switzerland provided information on the system implemented in their countries for the regulation of allergen products. While AIT products are commonly classified as biological medicinal products, they are made available by varying types of procedures, most commonly either by obtaining a marketing authorization or by being distributed as named patient products. Exemptions from marketing authorizations in exceptional cases, as well as import of allergen products from other countries, are additional tools applied by countries to ensure availability of needed AIT products. Several challenges for AIT products are apparent from this analysis and will require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. C. Roberts
- University of Southampton Southampton UK
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust Southampton UK
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre Newport Isle of Wight UK
| | - M. Hoefnagel
- CBG‐MEB (Medicines Evaluation Board) Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. Timon
- Division of Biological Products, Advanced Therapies and Biotechnology Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) Madrid Spain
| | - J. E. Slater
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD USA
| | - R. L. Rabin
- US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD USA
| | | | - C. Pini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - O. Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Medical Faculty Mannheim Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden Germany
| | - C. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - J. Goldstein
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - L. K. Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R. van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - D. Barber
- Universidad CEU San Pablo Madrid Spain
| | - O. Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain
| | - A. Sheikh
- The University of Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | | | - D. Hamerlijnk
- Patient Advocacy Group Dutch Lung Foundation Amersfoort The Netherlands
| | - L. Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden Germany
| | - I. Agache
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Faculty of Medicine Transylvania University Brasov Brasov Romania
| | - E. Angier
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital Sheffield UK
| | - T. Casale
- University of South Florida Tampa FL USA
| | | | - S. Halken
- Hans Christian Andersen Childrens Hospital Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - M. Jutel
- Poland and ALL‐MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Medical University Wrocław Poland
| | - S. Lau
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - G. Pajno
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy Unit University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - G. Sturm
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology Medical University of Graz Austria
- Outpatient Allergy Clinic Reumannplatz Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - S. Bonini
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, IFT‐CNR Naples, Rome Italy
| | - A. Muraro
- Padua University Hospital Padua Italy
| | - S. Vieths
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
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de Vrueh RLA, Crommelin DJA. Reflections on the Future of Pharmaceutical Public-Private Partnerships: From Input to Impact. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1985-1999. [PMID: 28589444 PMCID: PMC5579142 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are multiple stakeholder partnerships designed to improve research efficacy. We focus on PPPs in the biomedical/pharmaceutical field, which emerged as a logical result of the open innovation model. Originally, a typical PPP was based on an academic and an industrial pillar, with governmental or other third party funding as an incentive. Over time, other players joined in, often health foundations, patient organizations, and regulatory scientists. This review discusses reasons for initiating a PPP, focusing on precompetitive research. It looks at typical expectations and challenges when starting such an endeavor, the characteristics of PPPs, and approaches to assessing the success of the concept. Finally, four case studies are presented, of PPPs differing in size, geographical spread, and research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, UIPS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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McNamee LM, Walsh MJ, Ledley FD. Timelines of translational science: From technology initiation to FDA approval. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177371. [PMID: 28481922 PMCID: PMC5421779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While timelines for clinical development have been extensively studied, there is little data on the broader path from initiation of research on novel drug targets, to approval of drugs based on this research. We examined timelines of translational science for 138 drugs and biologicals approved by the FDA from 2010-2014 using an analytical model of technology maturation. Research on targets for 102 products exhibited a characteristic (S-curve) maturation pattern with exponential growth between statistically defined technology initiation and established points. The median initiation was 1974, with a median of 25 years to the established point, 28 years to first clinical trials, and 36 years to FDA approval. No products were approved before the established point, and development timelines were significantly longer when the clinical trials began before this point (11.5 vs 8.5 years, p<0.0005). Technological maturation represents the longest stage of translation, and significantly impacts the efficiency of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. McNamee
- Center for Integration of Science and Industry, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Jay Walsh
- Center for Integration of Science and Industry, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fred D. Ledley
- Center for Integration of Science and Industry, Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Management, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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20
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Kurz X, Bauchau V, Mahy P, Glismann S, van der Aa LM, Simondon F. The ADVANCE Code of Conduct for collaborative vaccine studies. Vaccine 2017; 35:1844-1855. [PMID: 28285984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lessons learnt from the 2009 (H1N1) flu pandemic highlighted factors limiting the capacity to collect European data on vaccine exposure, safety and effectiveness, including lack of rapid access to available data sources or expertise, difficulties to establish efficient interactions between multiple parties, lack of confidence between private and public sectors, concerns about possible or actual conflicts of interest (or perceptions thereof) and inadequate funding mechanisms. The Innovative Medicines Initiative's Accelerated Development of VAccine benefit-risk Collaboration in Europe (ADVANCE) consortium was established to create an efficient and sustainable infrastructure for rapid and integrated monitoring of post-approval benefit-risk of vaccines, including a code of conduct and governance principles for collaborative studies. The development of the code of conduct was guided by three core and common values (best science, strengthening public health, transparency) and a review of existing guidance and relevant published articles. The ADVANCE Code of Conduct includes 45 recommendations in 10 topics (Scientific integrity, Scientific independence, Transparency, Conflicts of interest, Study protocol, Study report, Publication, Subject privacy, Sharing of study data, Research contract). Each topic includes a definition, a set of recommendations and a list of additional reading. The concept of the study team is introduced as a key component of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct with a core set of roles and responsibilities. It is hoped that adoption of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct by all partners involved in a study will facilitate and speed-up its initiation, design, conduct and reporting. Adoption of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct should be stated in the study protocol, study report and publications and journal editors are encouraged to use it as an indication that good principles of public health, science and transparency were followed throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kurz
- Surveillance & Epidemiology, European Medicines Agency, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent Bauchau
- Vaccine Clinical Safety and Pharmacovigilance, GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mahy
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steffen Glismann
- Scientific Affairs & Public Health, Paediatric Vaccines Europe, GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
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21
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Kurz X. Advancing regulatory science, advancing regulatory practice. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:722-726. [PMID: 28220974 PMCID: PMC5484349 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Kurz
- European Medicines Agency, Department Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, London, UK
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22
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Milne CP, Mittra J, Kojima N, Sugiyama D, Awatin J, Simmons G. Prospects for Harmonizing Regulatory Science Programs in Europe, Japan, and the United States to Advance Regenerative Medicine. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2016; 50:724-733. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479016650716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Spindler P, Bach KF, Schmiegelow M, Bedlington N, Eichler HG. Innovation of Medical Products: The Evolution of Regulatory Science, Research, and Education. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2016; 50:44-48. [PMID: 30236007 DOI: 10.1177/2168479015599810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a commentary on the international aspects of the evolution of regulatory science as a multidisciplinary, multistakeholder academic discipline of education and applied research emphasizing the need for seamless interaction between stakeholders such as regulatory authorities, the pharmaceutical industry, universities, payers, and patient organizations. Regulatory science is the science of developing new tools, standards, and approaches to evaluate the efficacy, safety, quality, and performance of medical products in order to assess benefit/risk and facilitate a sound and transparent regulatory decision making throughout development and life cycle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Spindler
- 1 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,2 Biopeople, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin F Bach
- 1 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,3 Copenhagen Centre for Regulatory Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Derhaschnig U, Gilbert J, Jäger U, Böhmig G, Stingl G, Jilma B. Combined integrated protocol/basket trial design for a first-in-human trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:134. [PMID: 27716293 PMCID: PMC5050564 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovative trial designs are sought to streamline drug development in rare diseases. Basket- and integrated protocol designs are two of these new strategies and have been applied in a handful oncologic trials. We have taken the concept outside the realm of oncology and report about a first-in-human integrated protocol design that facilitates the transition from phase Ia in healthy volunteers to phase Ib in patients with rare complement-mediated disorders driven by the classical pathway. RESULTS We have been conducting a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled first-in-human study with TNT009, which is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the C1s subunit of human complement component C1. The trial consisted of three subparts, including normal healthy volunteers (part one and two) and a single cohort of patients in part three. Patients suffered from various complement-mediated diseases sharing the same pathophysiological mechanism, i.e. bullous pemphigoid, antibody-mediated rejection of organ transplants, cold agglutinin disease and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Primary objective of the trial has been to evaluate the safety and tolerability of TNT009 in humans. CONCLUSIONS This trial provides probably the first example that basket trials may not be limited to single genetic aberrations, which is overly restrictive, but our trial design demonstrates that pathway specificity is a viable paradigm for defining baskets. This will hopefully serve as a role model that could benefit other innovative drug development programs targeting rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Derhaschnig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jim Gilbert
- True North Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Haematology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Böhmig
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Hoogwerf BJ, Manner DH, Fu H, Moscarelli E, Gaydos BL, Heine RJ. Perspectives on Some Controversies in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment in the Pharmaceutical Development of Glucose-Lowering Medications. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 Suppl 2:S219-27. [PMID: 27440836 DOI: 10.2337/dcs15-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance on requirements to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk with drugs being developed for approval for clinical use. The guidance was triggered by a meta-analysis published by Nissen and Wolski that suggested an increased risk for myocardial infarction with the use of rosiglitazone. This article discusses controversies around CVD trials in diabetes beginning with the University Group Diabetes Program. This is followed by a brief description of the FDA guidance for evaluating CVD risk with glucose-lowering medications. Limitations of meta-analyses of data from phase 2 and 3 (phase 2/3) trials to inform CVD risk are highlighted. These include the differences between patient characteristics in phase 2/3 trials and those in cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) and the relatively short exposure time in phase 2/3 trials. The differences may partly explain the observed disparity between phase 2/3 meta-analyses and the results of completed CVOTs. Approaches to understanding CVD risk with a new medication should get to the answer about risk as efficiently as possible to minimize any potential harm to patients. In that context, we discuss options for clinical trial design and an alternative approach for statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haoda Fu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
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26
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Benchmarking the scientific output of the Innovative Medicines Initiative. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 33:811-2. [PMID: 26252134 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Vaccines for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Possibility or Pipe Dream? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Laurent D, Vinet L, Lamprianou S, Daval M, Filhoulaud G, Ktorza A, Wang H, Sewing S, Juretschke HP, Glombik H, Meda P, Boisgard R, Nguyen DL, Stasiuk GJ, Long NJ, Montet X, Hecht P, Kramer W, Rutter GA, Hecksher-Sørensen J. Pancreatic β-cell imaging in humans: fiction or option? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:6-15. [PMID: 26228188 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a growing worldwide epidemic disease, currently affecting 1 in 12 adults. Treatment of disease complications typically consumes ∼10% of healthcare budgets in developed societies. Whilst immune-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells is responsible for Type 1 diabetes, both the loss and dysfunction of these cells underly the more prevalent Type 2 diabetes. The establishment of robust drug development programmes aimed at β-cell restoration is still hampered by the absence of means to measure β-cell mass prospectively in vivo, an approach which would provide new opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms and ultimately assigning personalized treatments. In the present review, we describe the progress towards this goal achieved by the Innovative Medicines Initiative in Diabetes, a collaborative public-private consortium supported by the European Commission and by dedicated resources of pharmaceutical companies. We compare several of the available imaging methods and molecular targets and provide suggestions as to the likeliest to lead to tractable approaches. Furthermore, we discuss the simultaneous development of animal models that can be used to measure subtle changes in β-cell mass, a prerequisite for validating the clinical potential of the different imaging tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laurent
- Biomarker Department, Clinical Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Vinet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Lamprianou
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Daval
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - G Filhoulaud
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - A Ktorza
- Metabolic Diseases Department, Servier Research Institute, Suresnes, France
| | - H Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Sewing
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H-P Juretschke
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Glombik
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Boisgard
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - D L Nguyen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Equipe d'Imagerie Moléculaire Expérimentale, Orsay, France
| | - G J Stasiuk
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - X Montet
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Hecht
- IMIDIA Project Office, Graz, Austria
| | - W Kramer
- Scientific Consultant for Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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29
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Heining P, Ruysschaert T. The Use of Minipig in Drug Discovery and Development: Pros and Cons of Minipig Selection and Strategies to Use as a Preferred Nonrodent Species. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:467-73. [PMID: 26674804 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315610823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pig was introduced more than 20 years ago in drug development following attempts of finding a species that shares better homology with human than the dog, based on biophysiological parameters. However, miniaturization, standardized breeding, and health status control were required before the pig could find a broader than niche application in pharmaceutical industry. During the years of experience with minipigs in pharmaceutical research and the science evolving rapidly, the selection of a nonrodent animal species for preclinical safety testing became primarily driven by pharmacological (target expression homologous function), pharmacokinetic, and biophysiological considerations. This offered a broad field of application for the minipig, besides the well-established use in dermal projects in all areas of drug development but also in novel approaches including genetically modified animals. In this article, we look at recent approaches and requirements in the optimal selection of a nonrodent model in pharmaceutical development and critically ask how good a choice the minipig offers for the scientist, how did the testing environment evolve, and what are the key requirements for a broader use of the minipig compared to the other well-established nonrodent species like dog or monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Heining
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Berry DA. Emerging innovations in clinical trial design. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:82-91. [PMID: 26561040 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Designs of clinical trials have changed little since the advent of randomization in the 1940s. Modern innovations in designs are being driven by the increasing recognition in clinical research that diseases are heterogeneous and patients who apparently have the same disease require different therapies. This article describes some innovations in clinical trial design across therapeutic areas but with a focus on oncology. No one knows what the future holds for clinical trial design but the status quo of large trials that pretend the patient population is homogeneous is not sustainable, either economically or scientifically/medically. No one knows what the eventual business model and regulatory model will be, but they will be very different from today's.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Berry
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Biostatistics, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Berry DA. The Brave New World of clinical cancer research: Adaptive biomarker-driven trials integrating clinical practice with clinical research. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:951-9. [PMID: 25888066 PMCID: PMC4516171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials are the final links in the chains of knowledge and for determining the roles of therapeutic advances. Unfortunately, in an important sense they are the weakest links. This article describes two designs that are being explored today: platform trials and basket trials. Both are attempting to merge clinical research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Berry
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 2006-2010, USA.
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Tanimoto T. A perspective on the benefit-risk assessment for new and emerging pharmaceuticals in Japan. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:1877-88. [PMID: 25848223 PMCID: PMC4386774 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s62636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal health care system in Japan is facing a historical turning point as a result of the increasing fiscal burden, rapidly aging society, and a decreasing population. To understand the challenges and opportunities in the Japanese pharmaceutical market, which occupies one tenth of the global share, this review highlights several issues related to the benefit-risk assessment that is unique to the modern Japanese society: 1) regulatory system for new drug development; 2) health hazards related to pharmaceuticals ("Yakugai" in Japanese); 3) drug lag; 4) problems and controversies in the vaccination policy; and 5) clinical study misconduct. The regulatory process places a significant importance on Japanese data collection regardless of data accumulation from other countries. Because Yakugai has repeatedly caused tragedies and social disputes historically, the regulatory judgments generally tend to be more prudential when safety concerns are raised for new and emerging pharmaceuticals. Such a regulatory system has caused more than several years of approval delays compared to delays in other countries. The problem of drug lag still lingers on despite several regulatory system revisions, while the solution is incompatible with the elimination of Yakugai because the lag potentially reduces the risk of unpredictable adverse events. The Japanese vaccination policy has also received a lot of criticism, and needs improvements so that the decision-making process can be more transparent and scientifically based. Additionally, repeated clinical study misconduct damaged the reputation of Japanese clinical studies with unnecessary defrayment in health insurance; therefore, the medical community must change its inappropriate relationship with the industry. The problems surrounding pharmaceuticals are related to centralized, strict drug pricing control under the universal health coverage. Although the current government attempts to facilitate innovative research and development of novel therapeutics in Japan, further reforms should be explored for patients who need new and emerging pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Division of Social Communication System for Advanced Clinical Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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