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Maharramov A, Shikhaliyev NQ, Abdullayeva A, Atakishiyeva GT, Niyazova A, Khrustalev VN, Gahramanova SI, Atioğlu Z, Akkurt M, Bhattarai A. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-azido-2-(3,5-di-methyl-phen-yl)-5-(4-nitro-phen-yl)-2 H-1,2,3-triazole. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:905-909. [PMID: 37817945 PMCID: PMC10561200 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023007855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H13N7O2, the 3,5-di-methyl-phenyl and 4-nitro-phenyl rings are inclined to the central 2H-1,2,3-triazole ring by 1.80 (7) and 1.79 (7)°, respectively, and to one another by 2.16 (7)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.7295 (9) and 3.7971 (9) Å], forming ribbons along the b-axis direction. These ribbons are connected to each other by weak van der Waals inter-actions and the stability of the crystal structure is ensured. A Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (31.5%), N⋯H/H⋯N (19.2%), O⋯H/H⋯O (14.5%), N⋯C/C⋯C (10.9%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (10.2%) contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Maharramov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov str. 23, AZ 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Namiq Q. Shikhaliyev
- Organic Chemistry Department, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov str. 23, AZ 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Afaq Abdullayeva
- Organic Chemistry Department, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov str. 23, AZ 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Gulnar T. Atakishiyeva
- Organic Chemistry Department, Baku State University, Z. Khalilov str. 23, AZ 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ayten Niyazova
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Azerbaijan State University of Economics, M. Mukhtarov 194, Baku AZ1001, Azerbaijan
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklay St. 6, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Shahnaz I. Gahramanova
- Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry , 113 H. Javid Ave., AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Zeliha Atioğlu
- Department of Aircraft Electrics and Electronics, School of Applied Sciences, Cappadocia University, Mustafapaşa, 50420 Ürgüp, Nevşehir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Akkurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, M.M.A.M.C (Tribhuvan University) Biratnagar, Nepal
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Study of the Anticancer Potential of Plant Extracts Using Liver Tumor Microphysiological System. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020135. [PMID: 35207423 PMCID: PMC8880716 DOI: 10.3390/life12020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Plants have been considered a vital source of modern pharmaceutics since the paleolithic age. Contemporary chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer therapy are chemical entities sourced from plants. However, synthetic drugs or their derivatives come with severe to moderate side effects for human health. Hence, the quest to explore and discover plant-based novel anticancer drugs is ongoing. Anticancer activities are the primary method to estimate the potential and efficacy of an extract or compound for drug discovery. However, traditional in vitro anticancer activity assays often show poor efficacy due to the lack of in-vivo-like cellular environment. In comparison, the animal-based in vivo assays lack human genetic makeup and have ethical concerns. Aim: This study aimed to overcome the limitations of traditional cell-culture-based anticancer assays and find the most suitable assay for anticancer activity of plant extracts. We first reported utilizing a liver tumor microphysiological system in the anticancer effect assessment of plant extracts. Methodology: Methanolic extracts of Acer cappadocicum Gled were used to assess anticancer activity against liver tumor microphysiological system (MPS), and cell viability, liver function tests, and antioxidant enzyme activities were performed. Additionally, an embedded transepithelial electrical resistance sensor was utilized for the real-time monitoring of the liver tumor MPS. The results were also compared with the traditional cell culture model. Results: The study demonstrated the superiority of the TEER sensor-based liver tumor MPS by its better anticancer activity based on cell viability and biomarker analysis compared to the traditional in vitro cell culture model. The anticancer effects of the plant extracts were successfully observed in real time, and methanolic extracts of Acer cappadocicum Gled increased the alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase secretion, which may reveal the different mechanisms of these extracts and suggest a clue for the future molecular study of the anticancer pathways. Conclusion: Our results show that the liver tumor microphysiological system could be a better platform for plant-based anticancer activity assessment than traditional cell culture models.
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Graciano IA, de Carvalho AS, de Carvalho da Silva F, Ferreira VF. 1,2,3-Triazole- and Quinoline-Based Hybrids with Potent Antiplasmodial Activity. Med Chem 2021; 18:521-535. [PMID: 34758718 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666211110143041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a disease causing millions of victims every year and requires new drugs, often due to parasitic strain mutations. Thus, the search for new molecules that possess antimalarial activity is constant and extremely important. However, the potential that an antimalarial drug possesses cannot be ignored, and molecular hybridization is a good strategy to design new chemical entities. OBJECTIVE This review article aims to emphasize recent advances in the biological activities of new 1,2,3-triazole- and quinoline-based hybrids and their place in the development of new biologically active substances. More specifically, it intends to present the synthetic methods that have been utilized for the syntheses of hybrid 1,2,3-triazoles with quinoline nuclei. METHOD We have comprehensively and critically discussed all the information available in the literature regarding 1,2,3-triazole- and quinoline-based hybrids with potent antiplasmodial activity. RESULTS The quinoline nucleus has already been proven to lead to new chemical entities in the pharmaceutical market, such as drugs for the treatment of malaria and other diseases. The same can be said about the 1,2,3-triazole heterocycle, which has been shown to be a beneficial scaffold for the construction of new drugs with several activities. However, only a few triazoles have entered the pharmaceutical market as drugs. CONCLUSION Many studies have been conducted to develop new substances that may circumvent the resistance developed by the parasite that causes malaria, thereby improving the therapy currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A Graciano
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Alcione S de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói, RJ. Brazil
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Structure-Based Virtual Screening: Identification of a Novel NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitor with Potent Antiviral Activity against Zika and Dengue Viruses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030545. [PMID: 33800763 PMCID: PMC8000814 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), which is associated with severe diseases in humans, has spread rapidly and globally since its emergence. ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) are closely related, and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection between cocirculating ZIKV and DENV may exacerbate disease. Despite these serious threats, there are currently no approved antiviral drugs against ZIKV and DENV. The NS2B-NS3 viral protease is an attractive antiviral target because it plays a pivotal role in polyprotein cleavage, which is required for viral replication. Thus, we sought to identify novel inhibitors of the NS2B-NS3 protease. To that aim, we performed structure-based virtual screening using 467,000 structurally diverse chemical compounds. Then, a fluorescence-based protease inhibition assay was used to test whether the selected candidates inhibited ZIKV protease activity. Among the 123 candidate inhibitors selected from virtual screening, compound 1 significantly inhibited ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease activity in vitro. In addition, compound 1 effectively inhibited ZIKV and DENV infection of human cells. Molecular docking analysis suggested that compound 1 binds to the NS2B-NS3 protease of ZIKV and DENV. Thus, compound 1 could be used as a new therapeutic option for the development of more potent antiviral drugs against both ZIKV and DENV, reducing the risks of ADE.
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Chakraborty J, Kanungo A, Mahata T, Kumar K, Sharma G, Pal R, Ahammed KS, Patra D, Majhi B, Chakrabarti S, Das S, Dutta S. Quinoxaline derivatives disrupt the base stacking of hepatitis C virus-internal ribosome entry site RNA: reduce translation and replication. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14027-14030. [PMID: 31690898 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06531h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA-biased small molecules with a monoquinoxaline core target the L-shaped structure of subdomain IIa of Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA in proximity to the Mg2+ binding site. The binding event leads to the destacking of RNA bases, resulting in the inhibition of IRES-mediated translation and HCV RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Chakraborty
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Koirala D, Shao Y, Koldobskaya Y, Fuller JR, Watkins AM, Shelke SA, Pilipenko EV, Das R, Rice PA, Piccirilli JA. A conserved RNA structural motif for organizing topology within picornaviral internal ribosome entry sites. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3629. [PMID: 31399592 PMCID: PMC6689051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviral IRES elements are essential for initiating the cap-independent viral translation. However, three-dimensional structures of these elements remain elusive. Here, we report a 2.84-Å resolution crystal structure of hepatitis A virus IRES domain V (dV) in complex with a synthetic antibody fragment-a crystallization chaperone. The RNA adopts a three-way junction structure, topologically organized by an adenine-rich stem-loop motif. Despite no obvious sequence homology, the dV architecture shows a striking similarity to a circularly permuted form of encephalomyocarditis virus J-K domain, suggesting a conserved strategy for organizing the domain architecture. Recurrence of the motif led us to use homology modeling tools to compute a 3-dimensional structure of the corresponding domain of foot-and-mouth disease virus, revealing an analogous domain organizing motif. The topological conservation observed among these IRESs and other viral domains implicates a structured three-way junction as an architectural scaffold to pre-organize helical domains for recruiting the translation initiation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Koirala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yaming Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yelena Koldobskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - James R Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andrew M Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sandip A Shelke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Evgeny V Pilipenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rhiju Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Phoebe A Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Joseph A Piccirilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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8
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Synthesis of Carvone-Derived 1,2,3-Triazoles Study of Their Antioxidant Properties and Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112991. [PMID: 30453471 PMCID: PMC6278498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural L-carvone was utilized as a starting material for an efficient synthesis of some terpenyl-derived 1,2,3-triazoles. Chlorination of carvone, followed by nucleophilic substitution with sodium azide resulted in the preparation of 10-azidocarvone. Subsequent CuAAC click reaction with propargylated derivatives provided an efficient synthetic route to a set of terpenyl-derived conjugates with increased solubility in water. All investigated compounds exhibit high antioxidant activity, which is comparable with that of vitamin C. It was also found that serum albumin and the terpenyl-1,2,3-triazoles hybrids spontaneously undergo reversible binding driven by hydrophobic interactions, suggesting that serum albumin can transport the target triazoles.
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9
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You Y, Kim HS, Park JW, Keum G, Jang SK, Kim BM. Sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange as a key reaction for synthesizing biaryl sulfate core derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship studies. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31803-31821. [PMID: 35548241 PMCID: PMC9085918 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely potent, new hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 5A (NS5A) featuring substituted biaryl sulfate core structures was designed and synthesized. Based on the previously reported novel HCV NS5A inhibitors featuring biaryl sulfate core structures which exhibit two-digit picomolar half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values against HCV genotype 1b and 2a, the new inhibitors equipped with the sulfate core structures containing diversely substituted aryl groups were explored. In this study, highly efficient, chemoselective coupling reactions between an arylsulfonyl fluoride and an aryl silyl ether, known as the sulfur(vi) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction, were utilized. Among the inhibitors prepared based on the SuFEx chemistry, compounds 14, 15 and 29 exhibited two-digit picomolar EC50 values against GT-1b and single digit or sub nanomolar activities against the HCV GT-2a strain. Nonsymmetrical inhibitors containing an imidazole and amide moieties on each side of the sulfate core structures were also synthesized. In addition, a biotinylated probe targeting NS5A protein was prepared for labeling using the same synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsu You
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - Jung Woo Park
- Supercomputing Modeling & Simulation Center, Division of Data Analysis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 245 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 South Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02455 South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 South Korea
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Jin G, Lee J, Lee K. Chemical genetics-based development of small molecules targeting hepatitis C virus. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1021-1036. [PMID: 28856597 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem that has emerged as one of the most significant diseases affecting humans. There are currently no vaccines or efficient therapies without side effects, despite today's advanced medical technology. Currently, the common therapy for most patients (i.e. genotype 1) is combination of HCV-specific direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Up to 2011, the standard of care (SOC) was a combination of peg-IFNα with ribavirin (RBV). After approval of NS3/4A protease inhibitor, SOC was peg-IFNα and RBV with either the first-generation DAAs boceprevir or telaprevir. In the past several years, various novel small molecules have been discovered and some of them (i.e., HCV polymerase, protease, helicase and entry inhibitors) have undergone clinical trials. Between 2013 and 2016, the second-generation DAA drugs simeprevir, asunaprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and elbasvir were approved, as well as the combinational drugs Harvoni®, Zepatier®, Technivie®, and Epclusa®. A number of reviews have been recently published describing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the development of HCV inhibitors and outlining current therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C infection. Target identification involves studying a drug's mechanism of action (MOA), and a variety of target identification methods have been developed in the past few years. Chemical biology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying biological processes using small molecules. The use of chemical genetic methods is a valuable strategy for studying the molecular mechanisms of the viral lifecycle and screening for anti-viral agents. Two general screening approaches have been employed: forward and reverse chemical genetics. This review reveals information on the small molecules in HCV drug discovery by using chemical genetics for targeting the HCV protein and describes successful examples of targets identified with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Garner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
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12
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Milovanovic M, Arsenijevic A, Milovanovic J, Kanjevac T, Arsenijevic N. Nanoparticles in Antiviral Therapy. ANTIMICROBIAL NANOARCHITECTONICS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7173505 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-52733-0.00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to general unavailability of specific antiviral therapeutics for a variety of viral diseases, usage of most antiviral drugs is linked to their limited solubility in aqueous media, short half-life time, and inadequate penetration to specified anatomic compartments. Accordingly, there is continuous effort to improve physicochemical characteristics of existing antiviral drugs. Since nanomaterials display remarkable physical and chemical properties, high surface area to volume ratio, and increased reactivity, new approaches for antiviral therapies include combinations of nanomaterials and current antiviral agents. Multivalent nanostructures, polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes can establish multivalent binding interactions with many biological systems and thus can target pathogenic interactions. There are reports about anitiviral activities of different metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles and their potential for treatment, prophylaxis, and control of viral infections. Integration of classic antiviral drugs, in the form of multiple ligands, onto nanostructures provides the advantages by creating a high local concentration of active molecules. This article will summarize the antiviral activity of different nanoparticle-based approaches currently available for the treatment of viral infections, and it will discuss metal nanoparticles as possible future antiviral drugs.
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JunaBeegum GR, Revikumar A, SuharaBeevy S, Sugunan VS. Identification of novel inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease genotype 3 subtype B through molecular docking studies of phytochemicals from Boerhavia diffusa L. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Banerjee S, Keval R, Gakkhar S. Global dynamics of hepatitis C viral infection with logistic proliferation. INT J BIOMATH 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451650056x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A modified mathematical model of hepatitis C viral dynamics has been presented in this paper, which is described by four coupled ordinary differential equations. The aim of this paper is to perform global stability analysis using geometric approach to stability, based on the higher-order generalization of Bendixson’s criterion. The result is also supported numerically. An important epidemiological issue of eradicating hepatitis C virus has been addressed through the global stability analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Banerjee
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ram Keval
- Department of Mathematics, Keshav Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, Pitampura, Delhi 110034, India
| | - Sunita Gakkhar
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Klebl BM, Kurtenbach A, Salassidis K, Daub H, Herget T. Host Cell Targets in HCV Therapy: Novel Strategy or Proven Practice? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:69-90. [PMID: 15889531 DOI: 10.1177/095632020501600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel antiviral drugs against hepatitis C is a challenging and competitive area of research. Progress of this research has been hampered due to the quasispecies nature of the hepatitis C virus, the absence of cellular infection models and the lack of easily accessible and highly representative animal models. The current combination therapy consisting of interferon-α and ribavirin mainly acts by supporting host cell defence. These therapeutics are the prototypic representatives of indirect antiviral agents as they act on cellular targets. However, the therapy is not a cure, when considered from the long-term perspective, for almost half of the chronically infected patients. This draws attention to the urgent need for more efficient treatments. Novel anti-hepatitis C treatments under study are directed against a number of so-called direct antiviral targets such as polymerases and proteases, which are encoded by the virus. Although such direct antiviral approaches have proven to be successful in several viral indications, there is a risk of resistant viruses developing. In order to avoid resistance, the development of indirect antiviral compounds has to be intensified. These act on host cell targets either by boosting the immune response or by blocking the virus host cell interaction. A particularly interesting approach is the development of inhibitors that interfere with signal transduction, such as protein kinase inhibitors. The purpose of this review is to stress the importance of developing indirect antiviral agents that act on host cell targets. In doing so, a large source of potential targets and mechanisms can be exploited, thus increasing the likelihood of success. Ultimately, combination therapies consisting of drugs against direct and indirect viral targets will most probably provide the solution to fighting and eradicating hepatitis C virus in patients.
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Hermann T. Small molecules targeting viral RNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:726-743. [PMID: 27307213 PMCID: PMC7169885 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly conserved noncoding RNA (ncRNA) elements in viral genomes and transcripts offer new opportunities to expand the repertoire of drug targets for the development of antiinfective therapy. Ligands binding to ncRNA architectures are able to affect interactions, structural stability or conformational changes and thereby block processes essential for viral replication. Proof of concept for targeting functional RNA by small molecule inhibitors has been demonstrated for multiple viruses with RNA genomes. Strategies to identify antiviral compounds as inhibitors of ncRNA are increasingly emphasizing consideration of drug‐like properties of candidate molecules emerging from screening and ligand design. Recent efforts of antiviral lead discovery for RNA targets have provided drug‐like small molecules that inhibit viral replication and include inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV), and influenza A virus. While target selectivity remains a challenge for the discovery of useful RNA‐binding compounds, a better understanding is emerging of properties that define RNA targets amenable for inhibition by small molecule ligands. Insight from successful approaches of targeting viral ncRNA in HIV, HCV, SARS CoV, and influenza A will provide a basis for the future exploration of RNA targets for therapeutic intervention in other viral pathogens which create urgent, unmet medical needs. Viruses for which targeting ncRNA components in the genome or transcripts may be promising include insect‐borne flaviviruses (Dengue, Zika, and West Nile) and filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg). WIREs RNA 2016, 7:726–743. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1373 This article is categorized under:
RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Small Molecule–RNA Interactions Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Drug Discovery Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Kim KS, Hyun H, Yang JA, Lee MY, Kim H, Yun SH, Choi HS, Hahn SK. Bioimaging of Hyaluronate-Interferon α Conjugates Using a Non-Interfering Zwitterionic Fluorophore. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3054-61. [PMID: 26258264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We conducted real-time bioimaging of the hyaluronate-interferon α (HA-IFNα) conjugate using a biologically inert zwitterionic fluorophore of ZW800-1 for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. ZW800-1 was labeled on the IFNα molecule of the HA-IFNα conjugate to investigate its biodistribution and clearance without altering its physicochemical and targeting characteristics. Confocal microscopy clearly visualized the effective in vitro cellular uptake of the HA-IFNα conjugate to HepG2 cells. After verifying the biological activity in Daudi cells, we conducted the pharmacokinetic analysis of the HA-IFNα conjugate, which confirmed its target-specific delivery to the liver with a prolonged residence time longer than that of PEGylated IFNα. In vivo and ex vivo bioimaging of the ZW800-1-labeled HA-IFNα conjugate directly showed real-time biodistribution and clearance of the conjugate that are consistent with the biological behaviors analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the elevated level of OAS1 mRNA in the liver confirmed in vivo antiviral activity of HA-IFNα conjugates. With the data taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of ZW800-1 as a biologically inert fluorophore and target-specific HA-IFNα conjugate for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Su Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Medical School , 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-746, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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18
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Szunerits S, Barras A, Khanal M, Pagneux Q, Boukherroub R. Nanostructures for the Inhibition of Viral Infections. Molecules 2015; 20:14051-81. [PMID: 26247927 PMCID: PMC6332336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200814051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions are omnipresent in biology and confer biological systems with dramatically enhanced affinities towards different receptors. Such multivalent binding interactions have lately been considered for the development of new therapeutic strategies against bacterial and viral infections. Multivalent polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes have successfully targeted pathogenic interactions. While a high synthetic effort was often needed for the development of such therapeutics, the integration of multiple ligands onto nanostructures turned to be a viable alternative. Particles modified with multiple ligands have the additional advantage of creating a high local concentration of binding molecules. This review article will summarize the different nanoparticle-based approaches currently available for the treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Manakamana Khanal
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Quentin Pagneux
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
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19
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Structure-activity relationship studies on quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives containing thiazol-2-amine against hepatitis C virus leading to the discovery of BH6870. Mol Divers 2015. [PMID: 26205408 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection represents a serious global public health problem, typically resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on our previous discovery of lead compound 2 (Liu et al. J Med Chem 54:5747-5768, 2011), 35 new quinoxalinone derivatives were explored in this study. Outline of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed that compound BH6870 (36) showed high anti-HCV potency ([Formula: see text]) and a good cell safety index (SI [Formula: see text]). SARs analysis indicated that quinoxalin-2(1H)-one containing a 4-aryl-substituted thiazol-2-amine moiety was optimal for antiviral activity. Introducing a hydrogen-bond acceptor (such as ester or amide group) at the C-3 position of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was beneficial for the antiviral potency, and especially, N,N-disubstituted amide was far superior to N-monosubstituted amide. Incorporation of more than one halogen (fluorine or chlorine atom) or a strong electron-withdrawing group on the benzene ring of the thiazole-phenyl moiety might reduce electron atmosphere density further and resulted in a dramatical loss of activity. The NH-group of the lactam moiety was clearly required for anti-HCV activity. Design and synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives as new non-nucleoside small-molecule HCV inhibitors. BH6870 (36), showing higher antiviral potency and a good cell safety index, was identified.
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20
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Novel benzidine and diaminofluorene prolinamide derivatives as potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:163-78. [PMID: 26134551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study describes the discovery of a series of highly potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors based on symmetrical prolinamide derivatives of benzidine and diaminofluorene. Through modification of benzidine, l-proline, and diaminofluorene derivatives, we developed novel inhibitor structures, which allowed us to establish a library of potent HCV NS5A inhibitors. After optimizing the benzidine prolinamide backbone, we identified inhibitors embedding meta-substituted benzidine core structures that exhibited the most potent anti-HCV activities. Furthermore, through a battery of studies including hERG ligand binding assay, CYP450 binding assay, rat plasma stability test, human liver microsomal stability test, and pharmacokinetic studies, the identified compounds 24, 26, 27, 42, and 43 are found to be nontoxic, and are expected to be effective therapeutic anti-HCV agents.
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21
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El-Shenawy R, Tabll A, Bader El Din NG, El Abd Y, Mashaly M, Abdel Malak CA, Dawood R, El-Awady M. Antiviral activity of virocidal peptide derived from NS5A against two different HCV genotypes: an in vitro study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 36:63-79. [PMID: 24606010 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.896264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessment of the antiviral activity of an amphipathic α-helical peptide derived from the hepatitis C virus NS5A known as C5A virocidal peptide against different HCV genotypes. Two sources of HCV virus for in vitro study: HCV genotype 4 sera samples and JFH-1 infectious culture system genotype 2a were used. Several virocidal peptide concentrations were tested to determine the concentration that inhibits HCV propagation in Huh 7.5 cells according to three different prortocols (pre-infection, coinfection, and post infection). The capacity of the virocidal peptide to block HCV in Huh7.5 cells infected with different 10 individual serum samples was evaluated. In the pre-infection protocol, virocidal concentration (20, 50, and 75 μM) showed no viral RNA. In the co-infection protocol, virocidal concentrations (10, 20, 50, 75 μM) showed no viral RNA while in post-infection protocol, 75 μM was the only concentration that blocked the HCV activity. Results of Huh7.5 cell line transfected with HCV cc J6/JFH and treated with virocidal peptide revealed that only the higher virocidal concentration (75 μM) showed no amplification. The percentage of virocidal blocking in the 10 HCV individual serum samples was 60%. In conclusion, the C5A virocidal peptide has potent antiviral activity against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem El-Shenawy
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , National Research Center , Giza , Egypt
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22
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Asghar K, Ashiq MT, Zulfiqar B, Mahroo A, Nasir K, Murad S. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and activity in patients with hepatitis C virus-induced liver cirrhosis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:901-904. [PMID: 25667650 PMCID: PMC4316896 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunoregulatory enzyme. It plays a key role in various malignancies, infection and autoimmune diseases. IDO induces immunosuppression through the depletion of tryptophan and its downstream metabolites. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected more than 12 million individuals in Pakistan. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression and activity of IDO in HCV-infected patients. The functional enzymatic activity of IDO was measured by colorimetric assay. Serum samples from 100 HCV-infected patients were taken to examine IDO activity and samples from 100 healthy volunteers were used as controls. Liver sections from patients with HCV (n=35) and healthy controls (n=5) were used for immunohistochemical studies. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that IDO was overexpressed in 28 of 35 (80%) cirrhotic liver samples, whereas 5 of 35 (14.2%) cases presented moderate and 2 of 35 (5.7%) cases presented mild expression of IDO. The enzymatic activity of IDO was significantly higher in the serum samples of HCV-infected patients as compared with those in the control. These data indicate that the expression of IDO correlated with the pathogenesis of disease. In summary, it is suggested that the high expression of IDO in the progressively cirrhotic livers of HCV-infected patients might contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. IDO may characterize a novel therapeutic target against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Asghar
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - M Taimour Ashiq
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amnah Mahroo
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Kaenat Nasir
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sheeba Murad
- Molecular Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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23
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Pourbasheer E, Aalizadeh R, Shokouhi Tabar S, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Shadmanesh J. 2D and 3D Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors by Comparative Molecular Field Analysis and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis Methods. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2902-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Pourbasheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Shokouhi Tabar
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center
of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 143981-7435, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor
Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences
Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box,
14114-13137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center
of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 143981-7435, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor
Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences
Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box,
14114-13137, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Smith AAA, Wohl BM, Kryger MBL, Hedemann N, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Postma A, Zelikin AN. Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin: concerted efforts of the carrier and the drug. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1404-7. [PMID: 24408515 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymers in tune. Automated parallel polymer synthesis is developed to obtain libraries of macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. As many as 10 identified lead polymer conjugates exhibit therapeutic efficacy matching that of the pristine drug and at the same time suppressed the origin of the main side effect of ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. A. Smith
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Benjamin M. Wohl
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Mille B. L. Kryger
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Natasha Hedemann
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO - Materials Science and Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory; Bayview Ave Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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25
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Design and synthesis of novel 2-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridines as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Upadya MH, Aweya JJ, Tan YJ. Understanding the interaction of hepatitis C virus with host DEAD-box RNA helicases. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2913-2926. [PMID: 24659882 PMCID: PMC3961968 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic regimen to combat chronic hepatitis C is not optimal due to substantial side effects and the failure of a significant proportion of patients to achieve a sustained virological response. Recently developed direct-acting antivirals targeting hepatitis C virus (HCV) enzymes reportedly increase the virologic response to therapy but may lead to a selection of drug-resistant variants. Besides direct-acting antivirals, another promising class of HCV drugs in development include host targeting agents that are responsible for interfering with the host factors crucial for the viral life cycle. A family of host proteins known as DEAD-box RNA helicases, characterized by nine conserved motifs, is known to play an important role in RNA metabolism. Several members of this family such as DDX3, DDX5 and DDX6 have been shown to play a role in HCV replication and this review will summarize our current knowledge on their interaction with HCV. As chronic hepatitis C is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma, the involvement of DEAD-box RNA helicases in the development of HCC will also be highlighted. Continuing research on the interaction of host DEAD-box proteins with HCV and the contribution to viral replication and pathogenesis could be the panacea for the development of novel therapeutics against HCV.
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27
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Zhang CY, Zhang Q, Zhang HM, Yang HS. 3.0T 31P MR spectroscopy in assessment of response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2107-2112. [PMID: 24587683 PMCID: PMC3934482 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the utility of phosphorus-31 (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a noninvasive test for assessment of response to interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with different severities of hepatitis C virus infection.
METHODS: Sixty chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing antiviral therapy with interferon and ribavirin underwent 31P MRS at 3.0T before treatment, 6 mo after the start of treatment, and 1 year after the start of treatment.
RESULTS: The phosphomonoester (PME)/phosphodiester (PDE) ratio at 6 mo after the start of antiviral therapy in the Child-Pugh B and C groups were significantly higher than those before therapy, but this was not seen in the Child-Pugh A group. In the antiviral therapy group, the PME/PDE ratios had decreased on follow-up MR spectroscopy. However, in the virological nonresponder group, the PME/PDE ratios on follow-up imaging were similar to the baseline values.
CONCLUSION: 31P MRS can be used to provide biochemical information on hepatic metabolic processes. This study indicates that the PME/PDE ratio can be used as an indicator of response to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Danielsson A, Palanisamy N, Golbob S, Yin H, Blomberg J, Hedlund J, Sylvan S, Lennerstrand J. Transmission of hepatitis C virus among intravenous drug users in the Uppsala region of Sweden. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2014; 4:22251. [PMID: 24455107 PMCID: PMC3895264 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v4.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiology and transmission patterns of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are important subjects as we enter a new era of treatment with directly acting antivirals (DAAs). The highest prevalence of HCV in developed countries is found among intravenous drug users (IDUs), where unsafe needle sharing practices provide the main route of infection. Efforts to prohibit the continuous spread of HCV among these groups have been initiated by the community services and health care providers. Our goal was to understand how HCV was transmitted among IDUs within a limited population group. We provide a retrospective study (2005–2007) of the HCV transmission patterns in a population of IDUs in the Uppsala region of Sweden. Method Eighty-two serum samples were collected from IDUs in Uppsala County. Our reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) and sequencing method enabled a comprehensive genetic analysis for a broad spectrum of genotypes of two relatively conserved regions, NS5B and NS3, that encodes for the viral polymerase and protease, respectively. HCV RNA in serum samples was amplified and sequenced with in-house primers. Sequence similarities between individuals and subgroups were analyzed with maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees. Published HCV reference sequences from other geographic regions and countries were also included for clarity. Results Phylogenetic analysis was possible for 59 NS5B (72%) and 29 NS3 (35%) sequences from Uppsala patients. Additionally, we also included 15 NS3 sequences from Örebro patients, making a total of 44 NS3 sequences for the analysis. By analyzing the NS3 sequences, two transmission sets were found between the IDUs (>98% sequence identity), with one set consisting of two individuals and another set consisting of three individuals. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis done with our serum samples displayed clusters that distinguished them from the reference sequences. Conclusion Our method seems to enable us to trace the HCV transmission between IDUs. Furthermore, the method is fairly independent of the time of infection because the method uses relatively conserved HCV sequence regions (i.e. NS5B and NS3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Danielsson
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Navaneethan Palanisamy
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sultan Golbob
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hong Yin
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Blomberg
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Hedlund
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Uppsala County Council, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Sylvan
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Uppsala County Council, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lennerstrand
- Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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de Carvalho da Silva F, Cardoso MFDC, Ferreira PG, Ferreira VF. Biological Properties of 1H-1,2,3- and 2H-1,2,3-Triazoles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2014_124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wohl BM, Smith AAA, Kryger MBL, Zelikin AN. Narrow therapeutic window of ribavirin as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis is broadened by macromolecular prodrugs. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3916-26. [PMID: 24156371 DOI: 10.1021/bm401048s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, is a standard medication against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, despite the decades of clinical success, the mechanism of action of this drug against HCV remains a subject of debate. Furthermore, the appeal of this therapeutic agent is considerably lessened by unfavorable pharmacokinetics. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the understanding of intracellular effects exerted by RBV and presents a successful design of macromolecular prodrugs of RBV to achieve a safer treatment. Specifically, we demonstrate that RBV exhibits a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages as is evidenced by a 2-fold decrease in the levels of produced nitric oxide achieved using a clinically relevant concentration of this drug. However, this effect was characterized by a rather narrow therapeutic window with experimental values of EC50 and IC50 being 7 and 19 μM, respectively. Macromolecular prodrugs were obtained using an acrylate derivative of RBV, RAFT polymerization technique, and N-vinyl pyrrolidone as a partner monomer. The synthesized polymers were characterized with uniform molecular weights, relatively narrow polydispersities, and gradually increasing content of RBV. The resulting polymer therapeutics were effective in delivering their payload to the cultured macrophages and afforded a significantly wider therapeutic window, as much as >1000 μM (18-fold in relative values). Taken together, this work contributes significantly to the development of safer methods for delivery of RBV, as well as understanding the mechanism of action and origins of the side effects of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wohl
- Department of Chemistry and ‡iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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31
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Emerging hepatitis C virus inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The lack of small animal models for hepatitis C virus has impeded the discovery and development of anti-HCV drugs. HCV-IRES plays an important role in HCV gene expression, and is an attractive target for antiviral therapy. In this study, we report a zebrafish model with a biscistron expression construct that can co-transcribe GFP and HCV-core genes by human hepatic lipase promoter and zebrafish liver fatty acid binding protein enhancer. HCV core translation was designed mediated by HCV-IRES sequence and gfp was by a canonical cap-dependent mechanism. Results of fluorescence image and in situ hybridization indicate that expression of HCV core and GFP is liver-specific; RT-PCR and Western blotting show that both core and gfp expression are elevated in a time-dependent manner for both transcription and translation. It means that the HCV-IRES exerted its role in this zebrafish model. Furthermore, the liver-pathological impact associated with HCV-infection was detected by examination of gene markers and some of them were elevated, such as adiponectin receptor, heparanase, TGF-β, PDGF-α, etc. The model was used to evaluate three clinical drugs, ribavirin, IFNα-2b and vitamin B12. The results show that vitamin B12 inhibited core expression in mRNA and protein levels in dose-dependent manner, but failed to impact gfp expression. Also VB12 down-regulated some gene transcriptions involved in fat liver, liver fibrosis and HCV-associated pathological process in the larvae. It reveals that HCV-IRES responds to vitamin B12 sensitively in the zebrafish model. Ribavirin did not disturb core expression, hinting that HCV-IRES is not a target site of ribavirin. IFNα-2b was not active, which maybe resulted from its degradation in vivo for the long time. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the zebrafish model for screening of anti-HCV drugs targeting to HCV-IRES. The zebrafish system provides a novel evidence of using zebrafish as a HCV model organism.
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Ismail MAH, Abouzid KAM, Mohamed NS, Dokla EME. Ligand design, synthesis and biological anti-HCV evaluations for genotypes 1b and 4a of certain 4-(3- & 4-[3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propylamino]phenyl) butyric acids and 3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propylamino-acetamidobenzoic acid esters. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 28:1274-90. [PMID: 23294107 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.733384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(4-[N-1-carboxy-3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxo-propylamino]phenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid (V), 4-(3- & 4-[N-1-carboxy-3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxo-propylaminophenyl]-2-aryl-4-oxo-butyric acids (Xa-e) and 4-(2-alkyl-2-[N-3-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-carboxy-3-oxo-propylamino]acetamido) benzoate esters (XVa-e) were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as anti-HCV for genotypes 1b and 4a. The design was based on their docking scores with HCV NS3/4A protease-binding site of the genotype 1b (1W3C), which is conserved in the genotype 4a structure. The docking scores predicted that most of these molecules have higher affinity to the HCV NS3/4A enzyme more than Indoline lead. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their cytopathic inhibitory activity against RAW HCV cell cultures of genotype 4a and also examined against Huh 5-2 HCV cell culture of genotype 1b, utilizing Luciferase and MTS assays. Compounds Xa and Xb have 95 and 80% of the activity of Ribavirin against genotype 4a and compounds XVa, XVb and XVd exerted high percentage inhibitory activity against genotype 1b equal 87.7, 84.3 and 82.8%, respectively, with low EC50 doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel Hamid Ismail
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , 11655 El khalifa El Mamoon Street, Abbassia, Cairo , Egypt
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Ferreira VF, da Rocha DR, da Silva FC, Ferreira PG, Boechat NA, Magalhães JL. Novel 1H-1,2,3-, 2H-1,2,3-, 1H-1,2,4- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives: a patent review (2008 – 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:319-31. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.749862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Drexler JF, Corman VM, Müller MA, Lukashev AN, Gmyl A, Coutard B, Adam A, Ritz D, Leijten LM, van Riel D, Kallies R, Klose SM, Gloza-Rausch F, Binger T, Annan A, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Oppong S, Bourgarel M, Rupp D, Hoffmann B, Schlegel M, Kümmerer BM, Krüger DH, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Setién AA, Cottontail VM, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Osterrieder K, Bartenschlager R, Matthee S, Beer M, Kuiken T, Reusken C, Leroy EM, Ulrich RG, Drosten C. Evidence for novel hepaciviruses in rodents. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003438. [PMID: 23818848 PMCID: PMC3688547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is among the most relevant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research is complicated by a lack of accessible small animal models. The systematic investigation of viruses of small mammals could guide efforts to establish such models, while providing insight into viral evolutionary biology. We have assembled the so-far largest collection of small-mammal samples from around the world, qualified to be screened for bloodborne viruses, including sera and organs from 4,770 rodents (41 species); and sera from 2,939 bats (51 species). Three highly divergent rodent hepacivirus clades were detected in 27 (1.8%) of 1,465 European bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 10 (1.9%) of 518 South African four-striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). Bats showed anti-HCV immunoblot reactivities but no virus detection, although the genetic relatedness suggested by the serologic results should have enabled RNA detection using the broadly reactive PCR assays developed for this study. 210 horses and 858 cats and dogs were tested, yielding further horse-associated hepaciviruses but none in dogs or cats. The rodent viruses were equidistant to HCV, exceeding by far the diversity of HCV and the canine/equine hepaciviruses taken together. Five full genomes were sequenced, representing all viral lineages. Salient genome features and distance criteria supported classification of all viruses as hepaciviruses. Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA in-situ hybridisation, and histopathology suggested hepatic tropism with liver inflammation resembling hepatitis C. Recombinant serology for two distinct hepacivirus lineages in 97 bank voles identified seroprevalence rates of 8.3 and 12.4%, respectively. Antibodies in bank vole sera neither cross-reacted with HCV, nor the heterologous bank vole hepacivirus. Co-occurrence of RNA and antibodies was found in 3 of 57 PCR-positive bank vole sera (5.3%). Our data enable new hypotheses regarding HCV evolution and encourage efforts to develop rodent surrogate models for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Architectures et Fonctions des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257 CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Adam
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Klose
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gloza-Rausch
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Bad Segeberg, Germany
| | - Tabea Binger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Augustina Annan
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Centre de Cooperation Internationale de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate M. Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Detlev H. Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology (Helmut Ruska Haus), Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Aguilar Setién
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Netherlands Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Small molecule inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus-encoded NS5A protein. Virus Res 2012; 170:1-14. [PMID: 23009750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a modern-day pandemic; 2-3% of the world's population are thought to be infected with the virus and are subsequently at risk of developing end-stage liver diseases. The traditional standard of care (SOC) for HCV-infected patients has been limited to a regimen of pegylated-interferon alpha (pegIFN) and ribavirin; displaying low cure rates in a majority of patients and severe side effects. However, in 2011 the first direct-acting antivirals (DAA) were licensed to treat HCV-infected patients in combination with SOC, which served to elevate treatment response rates. The HCV drug development pipeline is currently populated with many additional and improved DAAs; primarily molecules that target the virus-encoded protease or polymerase enzymes. These molecules are being evaluated both in combination with the traditional SOC and together with other DAAs as all-oral pegIFN-free regimens with the ultimate goal of developing multiple DAA-containing HCV therapies that do not rely on an pegIFN backbone. A recent addition to the arsenal of HCV inhibitors in development is represented by an entirely new DAA class; molecules that target the HCV-encoded non-enzymatic NS5A protein. NS5A is essential for HCV propagation and, although its actual functions are largely unknown, it is likely a key regulator of viral genome replication and virion assembly. The protein is exquisitely sensitive to small molecule-mediated inhibition; NS5A-targeting molecules are probably the most potent antiviral molecules ever discovered and exhibit a number of other attractive drug-like properties, including activity against many HCV genotypes/subtypes and once-daily dosing potential. Although their mechanism of action is unclear, NS5A-targeting molecules are already proving their utility in clinical evaluation; particularly as components of pegIFN-sparring DAA combination regimens. This review will aim to amalgamate our current understanding and knowledge of NS5A-targeting molecules; their discovery, properties, applications, and insight into their future impact as components of all-oral pegIFN-free DAA combination therapies to combat HCV infection.
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Characterization of resistance to the protease inhibitor GS-9451 in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5289-95. [PMID: 22869562 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00780-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-9451, a novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural 3/4a (NS3/4a) protease inhibitor, is highly active in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (GT 1). The aim of this study is to characterize the clinical resistance profile of GS-9451 in GT 1 HCV-infected patients in a phase 1, 3-day monotherapy study. The full-length NS3/4A gene was population sequenced at baseline, on the final treatment day, and at follow-up time points. NS3 protease domains from patient isolates with emerging mutations were cloned into an NS3 shuttle vector, and their susceptibilities to GS-9451 and other HCV inhibitors were determined using a transient replication assay. No resistance mutations at NS3 position 155, 156, or 168 were detected in any of the baseline samples or in viruses from patients treated with 60 mg of GS-9451 once daily. Among patients who received 200 mg and 400 mg of GS-9451, viruses with mutations at position D168 (D168E/G/V) and R155 (R155K), which confer high-level resistance to GS-9451, were detected in those with GT 1b and GT 1a virus, respectively. Viruses with D168 mutations were no longer detected in any GT 1b patient at day 14 and subsequent time points. In GT 1a patients, R155K mutants were replaced by the wild type in 57% of patients at week 24. These NS3 clinical mutants were sensitive to NS5B and NS5A inhibitors, as well as alpha interferon (IFN-α) and ribavirin. The lack of cross-resistance between GS-9451 and other classes of HCV inhibitors supports the utility of combination therapy.
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Vaughan R, Li Y, Fan B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Kao CC. RNA binding by the NS3 protease of the hepatitis C virus. Virus Res 2012; 169:80-90. [PMID: 22814430 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is essential for the processing of the HCV polyprotein, the replication of HCV RNA, and to short circuit innate immunity signaling. NS3 contains an N-terminal domain with protease activity and a C-terminal domain with helicase activity. The two domains communicate with each other along with other HCV and cellular proteins. Herein we show that RNAs can bind directly to the active site cleft of the NS3 protease domain (NS3P) and inhibit proteolysis of peptide substrates. RNAs that are less apt to form intramolecular structures have a stronger inhibitory activity than RNAs with more stable base paired regions. Two mutations in the protease domain that resulted in decreased affinity to ssRNA were also defective in RNA-induced ATPase activity from the helicase domain of NS3. The coordinated effects on inhibition of protease activity and stimulation of ATPase activity raise the possibility that RNA serves as a regulatory switch for the two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vaughan
- The Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Lim PJ, Chatterji U, Cordek D, Sharma SD, Garcia-Rivera JA, Cameron CE, Lin K, Targett-Adams P, Gallay PA. Correlation between NS5A dimerization and hepatitis C virus replication. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30861-73. [PMID: 22801423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.376822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main agent of acute and chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current standard therapy has limited efficacy and serious side effects. Thus, the development of alternate therapies is of tremendous importance. HCV NS5A (nonstructural 5A protein) is a pleiotropic protein with key roles in HCV replication and cellular signaling pathways. Here we demonstrate that NS5A dimerization occurs through Domain I (amino acids 1-240). This interaction is not mediated by nucleic acids because benzonase, RNase, and DNase treatments do not prevent NS5A-NS5A interactions. Importantly, DTT abrogates NS5A-NS5A interactions but does not affect NS5A-cyclophilin A interactions. Other reducing agents such as tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine and 2-mercaptoethanol also abrogate NS5A-NS5A interactions, implying that disulfide bridges may play a role in this interaction. Cyclophilin inhibitors, cyclosporine A, and alisporivir and NS5A inhibitor BMS-790052 do not block NS5A dimerization, suggesting that their antiviral effects do not involve the disruption of NS5A-NS5A interactions. Four cysteines, Cys-39, Cys-57, Cys-59, and Cys-80, are critical for dimerization. Interestingly, the four cysteines have been proposed to form a zinc-binding motif. Supporting this notion, NS5A dimerization is greatly facilitated by Zn(2+) but not by Mg(2+) or Mn(2+). Importantly, the four cysteines are vital not only for viral replication but also critical for NS5A binding to RNA, revealing a correlation between NS5A dimerization, RNA binding, and HCV replication. Altogether our data suggest that NS5A-NS5A dimerization and/or multimerization could represent a novel target for the development of HCV therapies.
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Gupta SP, Samanta S, Masand N, Patil VM. k nearest neighbor-molecular field analysis on human HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors: 2,5-disubstituted imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Liu MM, Zhou L, He PL, Zhang YN, Zhou JY, Shen Q, Chen XW, Zuo JP, Li W, Ye DY. Discovery of flavonoid derivatives as anti-HCV agents via pharmacophore search combining molecular docking strategy. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:33-43. [PMID: 22445328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Common feature based pharmacophore and structure-based docking approaches have been employed in the identification of novel anti-HCV candidates from our in-house database. A total of 31 hits identified in silico were screened in vitro assay. 20 Compounds demonstrated anti-HCV activities (EC(50)<50 μM), including two naturally occurring flavones apigenin (21) and luteolin (22) with low micromole EC(50) values and three compounds (23, 24 and 25) of novel scaffolds with moderate potencies. In addition, pharmacophore refinement was also conducted based on the current knowledge of flavone-derived anti-HCV candidates and the results of combined in silico and in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
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Olmstead AD, Knecht W, Lazarov I, Dixit SB, Jean F. Human subtilase SKI-1/S1P is a master regulator of the HCV Lifecycle and a potential host cell target for developing indirect-acting antiviral agents. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002468. [PMID: 22241994 PMCID: PMC3252376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV infection is a major risk factor for liver cancer and liver transplantation worldwide. Overstimulation of host lipid metabolism in the liver by HCV-encoded proteins during viral infection creates a favorable environment for virus propagation and pathogenesis. In this study, we hypothesize that targeting cellular enzymes acting as master regulators of lipid homeostasis could represent a powerful approach to developing a novel class of broad-spectrum antivirals against infection associated with human Flaviviridae viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), whose assembly and pathogenesis depend on interaction with lipid droplets (LDs). One such master regulator of cholesterol metabolic pathways is the host subtilisin/kexin-isozyme-1 (SKI-1) – or site-1 protease (S1P). SKI-1/S1P plays a critical role in the proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), which control expression of the key enzymes of cholesterol and fatty-acid biosynthesis. Here we report the development of a SKI-1/S1P-specific protein-based inhibitor and its application to blocking the SREBP signaling cascade. We demonstrate that SKI-1/S1P inhibition effectively blocks HCV from establishing infection in hepatoma cells. The inhibitory mechanism is associated with a dramatic reduction in the abundance of neutral lipids, LDs, and the LD marker: adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP)/perilipin 2. Reduction of LD formation inhibits virus assembly from infected cells. Importantly, we confirm that SKI-1/S1P is a key host factor for HCV infection by using a specific active, site-directed, small-molecule inhibitor of SKI-1/S1P: PF-429242. Our studies identify SKI-1/S1P as both a novel regulator of the HCV lifecycle and as a potential host-directed therapeutic target against HCV infection and liver steatosis. With identification of an increasing number of human viruses that use host LDs for infection, our results suggest that SKI-1/S1P inhibitors may allow development of novel broad-spectrum biopharmaceuticals that could lead to novel indirect-acting antiviral options with the current standard of care. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of liver cancer and liver transplantation worldwide. No vaccine is available for preventing the spread of HCV, and the current therapeutic regimen is only moderately effective and causes serious side effects. New antiviral agents are required to treat HCV infection, but the high mutation rate of HCV hinders the effectiveness of virus-specific inhibitors. Targeting the host enzymes required for HCV to replicate offers a promising new direction for antiviral therapy. During infection, HCV promotes excessive fat accumulation in the liver, which benefits the virus as this promotes formation of lipid droplets, a cellular organelle essential for assembly of new HCV infectious viral particles. Here, we report the development of a specific inhibitor targeting SKI-1/S1P, a host enzyme required for lipid production in human cells. We show that inhibiting SKI-1/S1P activity in human liver cells effectively blocks lipid droplet formation and HCV infection. Many prevalent human viruses, such as dengue, rotavirus, and hepatitis B virus, hijack host lipid metabolic pathways similar to those targeted by HCV to complete their lifecycle. Thus, we propose that cellular SKI-1/S1P is a potential target for developing desperately needed novel broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Olmstead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Knecht
- Lead Generation - Target Production, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ina Lazarov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - François Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Yu S, Liu D, Proksch P, Lin W. Inhibitory effects of polyphenols toward HCV from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1099-102. [PMID: 22196120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four new polyphenols namely excoecariphenols A-D (1-4) were isolated from the Chinese mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. together with 23 known phenolic compounds. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses including IR, MS, NMR, and CD data. Excoecariphenols A and B presented as the unusual flavane-based 1-thioglycosides. Part of the isolated polyphenols were tested against hepatitis C NS3-4A protease and HCV RNA in huh 7.5 cells. Excoecariphenol D, corilagin, geraniin, and chebulagic acid showed potential inhibition toward HCV NS3-4A protease with IC(50) values in a range of 3.45-9.03μM, while excoecariphenol D and corilagin inhibited HCV RNA in huh 7.5 cells significantly. A primary structure-activity relationship (SAR) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Yang JA, Park K, Jung H, Kim H, Hong SW, Yoon SK, Hahn SK. Target specific hyaluronic acid–interferon alpha conjugate for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8722-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu Y, An D, Sun R, Jin L, Wang Q. Inhibition of translation initiation factors might be the potential therapeutic targets for HCV patients with hepatic iron overload. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:142-3. [PMID: 22047986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Standard therapy, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin, remains the only available option for treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, iron overload, a common finding among HCV patients, have a poor response to treatment with current therapy. These data suggest that both host and viral factors are involved in the determination of the outcome of the therapy. Currently, novel antiviral compounds focus on the development of indirect antiviral drugs. The process of the viral translation is considered as the potential therapeutic targets. Coincidentally, study has found that hepatic iron load enhances the levels of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), which is essential for HCV translation. Reversely, iron chelation could reduce eIF3 p170 translation. Our hypothesis is that iron overload may specifically enhance cellular eIFs. As a result, the cellular mechanisms, in patients with iron overload, are utilized for translating viral mRNA into protein. Thus, treatment strategies that target eIFs should be an exceptionally good candidate therapeutic method for HCV patients with hepatic iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Liu
- Center of Hygiene Assessment, Institute of Disease Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
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46
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Liu R, Huang Z, Murray MG, Guo X, Liu G. Quinoxalin-2(1H)-One Derivatives As Inhibitors Against Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5747-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200394x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Zhuhui Huang
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Michael G. Murray
- Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Liu Q, Zhou H, Liu L, Chen X, Zhu R, Cao Z. Multi-target QSAR modelling in the analysis and design of HIV-HCV co-inhibitors: an in-silico study. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:294. [PMID: 21774796 PMCID: PMC3167801 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV and HCV infections have become the leading global public-health threats. Even more remarkable, HIV-HCV co-infection is rapidly emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, due to the common rapid mutation characteristics of the two viruses as well as their similar complex influence to immunology system. Although considerable progresses have been made on the study of the infection of HIV and HCV respectively, few researches have been conducted on the investigation of the molecular mechanism of their co-infection and designing of the multi-target co-inhibitors for the two viruses simultaneously. Results In our study, a multi-target Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) study of the inhibitors for HIV-HCV co-infection were addressed with an in-silico machine learning technique, i.e. multi-task learning, to help to guide the co-inhibitor design. Firstly, an integrated dataset with 3 HIV inhibitor subsets targeted on protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase respectively, together with another 6 subsets of 2 HCV inhibitors targeted on NS3 serine protease and NS5B polymerase respectively were compiled. Secondly, an efficient multi-target QSAR modelling of HIV-HCV co-inhibitors was performed by applying an accelerated gradient method based multi-task learning on the whole 9 datasets. Furthermore, by solving the L-1-infinity regularized optimization, the Drug-like index features for compound description were ranked according to their joint importance in multi-target QSAR modelling of HIV and HCV. Finally, a drug structure-activity simulation for investigating the relationships between compound structures and binding affinities was presented based on our multiple target analysis, which is then providing several novel clues for the design of multi-target HIV-HCV co-inhibitors with increasing likelihood of successful therapies on HIV, HCV and HIV-HCV co-infection. Conclusions The framework presented in our study provided an efficient way to identify and design inhibitors that simultaneously and selectively bind to multiple targets from multiple viruses with high affinity, and will definitely shed new lights on the future work of inhibitor synthesis for multi-target HIV, HCV, and HIV-HCV co-infection treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Tongji University, 200092, China
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Recent advances in drug discovery of benzothiadiazine and related analogs as HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4690-703. [PMID: 21798747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health burden, with an estimated 170 million chronically infected individuals worldwide, and a leading cause of liver transplantation. Patients are at increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and even liver failure. In the past two decades, several approaches have been adopted to inhibit non-structural viral proteins. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) of HCV is one of the attractive validated targets for development of new drugs to block HCV infection. In this review, we report the recent progress made towards identifying and developing benzothiadiazines as HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. The substituted benzothiadiazine class was identified by HTS in 2002 as an NS5B inhibitor. Further optimization and modification of the core has improved the potency and pharmacokinetic properties of substituted benzothiadiazines. Research on palm site-binding benzothiadiazine analogs and related derivatives and analogs is discussed in this article.
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Gadthula S, Rawal RK, Sharon A, Wu D, Korba B, Chu CK. Synthesis and antiviral activity of cyclopropyl-spirocarbocyclic adenosine, (4 R ,5 S ,6 R ,7 R )-4-(6-amino-9 H -purin-9-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[2.4]heptane-5,6-diol against hepatitis C virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3982-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jackson RW, LaPorte MG, Herbertz T, Draper TL, Gaboury JA, Rippin SR, Patel R, Chunduru SK, Benetatos CA, Young DC, Burns CJ, Condon SM. The discovery and structure–activity relationships of pyrano[3,4-b]indole-based inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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