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Ye W, Wang J, Huang J, He X, Ma Z, Li X, Huang X, Li F, Huang S, Pan J, Jin J, Ling Q, Wang Y, Yu Y, Sun J, Jin J. ACSL5, a prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia, modulates the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by palmitoylation modification. Front Med 2023; 17:685-698. [PMID: 37131085 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 5 (ACSL5), is a member of the acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) family that activates long chain fatty acids by catalyzing the synthesis of fatty acyl-CoAs. The dysregulation of ACSL5 has been reported in some cancers, such as glioma and colon cancers. However, little is known about the role of ACSL5 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that the expression of ACSL5 was higher in bone marrow cells from AML patients compared with that from healthy donors. ACSL5 level could serve as an independent prognostic predictor of the overall survival of AML patients. In AML cells, the ACSL5 knockdown inhibited cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the knockdown of ACSL5 suppressed the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by suppressing the palmitoylation modification of Wnt3a. Additionally, triacsin c, a pan-ACS family inhibitor, inhibited cell growth and robustly induced cell apoptosis when combined with ABT-199, the FDA approved BCL-2 inhibitor for AML therapy. Our results indicate that ACSL5 is a potential prognosis marker for AML and a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of molecularly stratified AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiao He
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Fenglin Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jingrui Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qing Ling
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yungui Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yongping Yu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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2
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Suga K, Suto A, Tanaka S, Sugawara Y, Kageyama T, Ishikawa J, Sanayama Y, Ikeda K, Furuta S, Kagami SI, Iwata A, Hirose K, Suzuki K, Ohara O, Nakajima H. TAp63, a methotrexate target in CD4+ T cells, suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:164778. [PMID: 37212280 PMCID: PMC10322677 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a standard, first-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, its precise mechanisms of action other than antifolate activity are largely unknown. We performed DNA microarray analyses of CD4+ T cells in patients with RA before and after MTX treatment and found that TP63 was the most significantly downregulated gene after MTX treatment. TAp63, an isoform of TP63, was highly expressed in human IL-17-producing Th (Th17) cells and was suppressed by MTX in vitro. Murine TAp63 was expressed at high levels in Th cells and at lower levels in thymus-derived Treg cells. Importantly, TAp63 knockdown in murine Th17 cells ameliorated the adoptive transfer arthritis model. RNA-Seq analyses of human Th17 cells overexpressing TAp63 and those with TAp63 knockdown identified FOXP3 as a possible TAp63 target gene. TAp63 knockdown in CD4+ T cells cultured under Th17 conditions with low-dose IL-6 increased Foxp3 expression, suggesting that TAp63 balances Th17 cells and Treg cells. Mechanistically, TAp63 knockdown in murine induced Treg (iTreg) cells promoted hypomethylation of conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) of the Foxp3 gene and enhanced the suppressive function of iTreg cells. Reporter analyses revealed that TAp63 suppressed the activation of the Foxp3 CNS2 enhancer. Collectively, TAp63 suppresses Foxp3 expression and exacerbates autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suga
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Yutaka Sugawara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Junichi Ishikawa
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Yoshie Sanayama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Shunsuke Furuta
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kagami
- Research Center for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Koichi Hirose
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
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Hsu SH, Chuang KT, Wang LT. Role of wnt ligand secretion mediator signaling in cancer development. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/ejcrp.ejcrp-d-22-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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Kantaputra P, Tripuwabhrut K, Jatooratthawichot P, Adisornkanj P, Hatsadaloi A, Porntrakoolsaree N, Kaewgaya M, Olsen B, Tongsima S, Ngamphiw C, Ketudat Cairns JR. Mutations in the WLS are associated with dental anomalies, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis. Eur J Orthod 2022; 45:317-323. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Background
Canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling are important for odontogenesis. WNT ligand secretion mediator (WLS; MIM611514) is required to transport lipid-modified WNT proteins from the Golgi to the cell membrane, where canonical and non-canonical WNT proteins are released into the extracellular milieu. Biallelic pathogenic variants in WLS are implicated in autosomal recessive Zaki syndrome (ZKS; MIM 619648), the only genetic condition known to be caused by pathogenic variants in WLS.
Objective
To investigate molecular etiology of dental anomalies in 250 patients with or without oral exostoses.
Patients and methods
Clinical and radiographic examination, and whole exome sequencing, were performed in the case of 250 patients with dental anomalies with or without oral exostoses.
Results
Four extremely rare heterozygous missense variants (p.Ile20Thr, p.Met46Leu, p.Ser453Ile and p.Leu516Phe) in WLS were identified in 11 patients with dental anomalies. In five of these patients, a torus palatinus or a torus mandibularis was observed.
Conclusion
We report for the first time the heterozygous WLS variants in patients with dental anomalies. Root maldevelopments in patients with WLS variants supports the role of canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling in root development. We also show that variants in WLS were implicated in torus palatinus and torus mandibularis. In addition, this is the first time that heterozygous carriers of WLS variants were found to manifest phenotypes. WLS variants were likely to have adverse effects on the concentration of WNT ligands delivered to the cell membrane, resulting in aberrant canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling, and subsequent phenotypes.
Limitations of the study
Patient’s positioning during the acquisition of panoramic radiography might have affected the appearance of the tooth structures. If we had all family members of each patient to study co-segregation between genotype and phenotype, it would have strengthened the association of WLS variants and the phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Kanich Tripuwabhrut
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Peeranat Jatooratthawichot
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima , Thailand
| | - Ploy Adisornkanj
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
- Dental Department, Sawang Daen Din Crown Prince Hospital , Sakon Nakhon , Thailand
| | | | | | - Massupa Kaewgaya
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology , Nakhon Ratchasima , Thailand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute , Bangkok , Thailand
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Dietrich B, Haider S, Meinhardt G, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. WNT and NOTCH signaling in human trophoblast development and differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:292. [PMID: 35562545 PMCID: PMC9106601 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Correct development of the human placenta and its differentiated epithelial cells, syncytial trophoblasts (STBs) and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), is crucial for a successful pregnancy outcome. STBs develop by cell fusion of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) in placental floating villi, whereas migratory EVTs originate from specialized villi anchoring to the maternal decidua. Defects in trophoblast differentiation have been associated with severe pregnancy disorders such as early-onset preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. However, the evolutionary pathways underlying normal and adverse placentation are poorly understood. Herein, we discuss Wingless (WNT) and NOTCH signaling, two pathways that play pivotal roles in human placenta and trophoblast development. Whereas WNT is necessary for expansion of trophoblast progenitors and stem cells, NOTCH1 is required for proliferation and survival of EVT precursors. Differentiation of the latter is orchestrated by a switch in NOTCH receptor expression as well as by changes in WNT ligands and their downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dietrich
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Placental Development Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 5Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Placental Development Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 5Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Meinhardt
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Placental Development Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 5Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Maternal-Fetal Immunology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 5Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Placental Development Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 5Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Wnt-β-Catenin Signaling in Human Dendritic Cells Mediates Regulatory T-Cell Responses to Fungi via the PD-L1 Pathway. mBio 2021; 12:e0282421. [PMID: 34781737 PMCID: PMC8593687 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02824-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated following interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and a pathogen determine the polarization of effector T-cell and regulatory T-cell (Treg) responses to the infection. Several recent studies, mostly in the context of bacterial infections, have shown that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a major role in imparting tolerogenic features in DCs and in promotion of Treg responses. However, the significance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway’s involvement in regulating the immune response to the fungal species is not known. Using Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous airborne opportunistic fungal species, we show here that fungi activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human DCs and are critical for mediating the immunosuppressive Treg responses. Pharmacological inhibition of this pathway in DCs led to inhibition of maturation-associated molecules and interleukin 10 (IL-10) secretion without affecting the majority of the inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, blockade of Wnt signaling in DCs suppressed DC-mediated Treg responses in CD4+ T cells and downregulated both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10 responses in CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, induction of β-catenin pathway by A. fumigatus required C-type lectin receptors and promoted Treg polarization via the induction of programmed death-ligand 1 on DCs. Further investigation on the identity of fungal molecular patterns has revealed that the cell wall polysaccharides β-(1, 3)-glucan and α-(1, 3)-glucan, but not chitin, possess the capacity to activate the β-catenin pathway. Our data suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a potential therapeutic target to selectively suppress the Treg response and to sustain the protective Th1 response in the context of invasive aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus.
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Hang K, Ying L, Bai J, Wang Y, Kuang Z, Xue D, Pan Z. Knockdown of SERPINB2 enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:525. [PMID: 34620242 PMCID: PMC8499504 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, bone fractures are the most common musculoskeletal trauma, and approximately 8–10% of cases that fall into the categories of delayed or non-union healing. To date, there are no efficient pharmacological agents to accelerate the healing of bone fractures. Thus, it is necessary to find new strategies that accelerate bone healing and reduce the incidence of non-union or delayed fracture healing. Previous studies have revealed that the plasminogen activation system has been demonstrated to play an important role in bone metabolism. However,
the function of SERPINB2 in the osteogenesis of hBMSCs remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of SERPINB2 on osteogenic differentiation. Methods We investigated the osteogenesis effects of hBMSCs by both exogenous SerpinB2 protein and SERPINB2 gene silencing in vitro. Cell proliferation assay was used to assess the effect of exogenous SerpinB2 or SERPINB2 silencing on proliferation of hBMSCs. qPCR and Western blotting analysis detected the expression of target genes and proteins respectively. ALP staining was used to evaluated ALP activity and Alizarin Red staining (ARS) was used to evaluate mineral deposition. In vivo, a murie tibial fracture model was established, histological evaluation and radiographic analysis was used to confirm the therapeutic effects of SERPINB2 silencing in fracture healing. Statistical significance between two groups was determined by Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA or Bonferroni’s post-hoc test according to the distribution of the tested population. Results The addition of exogenous SerpinB2 protein inhibted osteoblast differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro, while SERPINB2 gene silencing significant promote osteoblast differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro. And silenced SERPINB2 gene also increased mineral deposits. Moreover, β-catenin levels were up-regulated by SERPINB2 gene depletion. And the enhancement of osteogenic differentiation induced by SERPINB2 silencing was almost inhibited by specific Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor. In a murine tibial fracture model, local injection of SERPINB2 siRNA improved bone fracture healing. Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that SERPINB2 silencing promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and silenced SERPINB2 in vivo effectively promotes fracture healing, suggesting that SERPINB2 may be a novel target for bone fracture healing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02581-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jinwu Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhihui Kuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Deting Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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8
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Pascual-Vargas P, Salinas PC. A Role for Frizzled and Their Post-Translational Modifications in the Mammalian Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:692888. [PMID: 34414184 PMCID: PMC8369345 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.692888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is a key signalling cascade that regulates the formation and function of neuronal circuits. The main receptors for Wnts are Frizzled (Fzd) that mediate diverse functions such as neurogenesis, axon guidance, dendritogenesis, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity. These processes are crucial for the assembly of functional neuronal circuits required for diverse functions ranging from sensory and motor tasks to cognitive performance. Indeed, aberrant Wnt-Fzd signalling has been associated with synaptic defects during development and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New studies suggest that the localisation and stability of Fzd receptors play a crucial role in determining Wnt function. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Fzd are emerging as an important mechanism that regulates these Wnt receptors. However, only phosphorylation and glycosylation have been described to modulate Fzd function in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we discuss the function of Fzd in neuronal circuit connectivity and how PTMs contribute to their function. We also discuss other PTMs, not yet described in the CNS, and how they might modulate the function of Fzd in neuronal connectivity. PTMs could modulate Fzd function by affecting Fzd localisation and stability at the plasma membrane resulting in local effects of Wnt signalling, a feature particularly important in polarised cells such as neurons. Our review highlights the importance of further studies into the role of PTMs on Fzd receptors in the context of neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia C. Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Dhasmana D, Veerapathiran S, Azbazdar Y, Nelanuthala AVS, Teh C, Ozhan G, Wohland T. Wnt3 Is Lipidated at Conserved Cysteine and Serine Residues in Zebrafish Neural Tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671218. [PMID: 34124053 PMCID: PMC8189181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are a family of hydrophobic cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that regulate a gamut of physiological processes involved in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt ligands are post-translationally lipidated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a step essential for its membrane targeting, association with lipid domains, secretion and interaction with receptors. However, at which residue(s) Wnts are lipidated remains an open question. Initially it was proposed that Wnts are lipid-modified at their conserved cysteine and serine residues (C77 and S209 in mWnt3a), and mutations in either residue impedes its secretion and activity. Conversely, some studies suggested that serine is the only lipidated residue in Wnts, and substitution of serine with alanine leads to retention of Wnts in the ER. In this work, we investigate whether in zebrafish neural tissues Wnt3 is lipidated at one or both conserved residues. To this end, we substitute the homologous cysteine and serine residues of zebrafish Wnt3 with alanine (C80A and S212A) and investigate their influence on Wnt3 membrane organization, secretion, interaction and signaling activity. Collectively, our results indicate that Wnt3 is lipid modified at its C80 and S212 residues. Further, we find that lipid addition at either C80 or S212 is sufficient for its secretion and membrane organization, while the lipid modification at S212 is indispensable for receptor interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dhasmana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cathleen Teh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Stypulkowski E, Feng Q, Joseph I, Farrell V, Flores J, Yu S, Sakamori R, Sun J, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Dobrowolski R, Bonder EM, Chen MH, Gao N. Rab8 attenuates Wnt signaling and is required for mesenchymal differentiation into adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100488. [PMID: 33662399 PMCID: PMC8042397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocyte requires coordination of external stimuli and depends upon the functionality of the primary cilium. The Rab8 small GTPases are regulators of intracellular transport of membrane-bound structural and signaling cargo. However, the physiological contribution of the intrinsic trafficking network controlled by Rab8 to mesenchymal tissue differentiation has not been fully defined in vivo and in primary tissue cultures. Here, we show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Rab8 have severely impaired adipocyte differentiation in vivo and ex vivo. Immunofluorescent localization and biochemical analyses of Rab8a-deficient, Rab8b-deficient, and Rab8a and Rab8b double-deficient MEFs revealed that Rab8 controls the Lrp6 vesicular compartment, clearance of basal signalosome, traffic of frizzled two receptor, and thereby a proper attenuation of Wnt signaling in differentiating MEFs. Upon induction of adipogenesis program, Rab8a- and Rab8b-deficient MEFs exhibited severely defective lipid-droplet formation and abnormal cilia morphology, despite overall intact cilia growth and ciliary cargo transport. Our results suggest that intracellular Rab8 traffic regulates induction of adipogenesis via proper positioning of Wnt receptors for signaling control in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stypulkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victoria Farrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Miao-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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11
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Zheng D, Jiang C, Yan N, Miao Y, Wang K, Gao G, Jiao Y, Zhang X, He M, Yang Z. Wntless (Wls): A Prognostic Index for Progression and Patient Survival of Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12649-12659. [PMID: 33335405 PMCID: PMC7737487 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s265324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wntless (Wls) is an essential protein that is necessary for the secretion of Wnt proteins. While numerous researches have demonstrated that aberrations in Wnt/β-catenin expression lead to tumorigenesis and progression in many cancer types, the effects of Wls in breast cancer (BC) are less studied. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of Wls in BC cell lines were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot; the protein expression of patient samples was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The associations between Wls expression and clinicopathological factors as well as survival time, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis was used to reveal the correlation between Wls genes and associated genes or pathways. Results Wls was overexpressed in BC cell lines and tissues. The expression level of Wls was significantly correlated with tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, molecular classification, and follow-up status. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Wls protein expression was negatively correlated with ER and PR, which was confirmed by bioinformatics analysis in mRNA level. However, there were positive relationships with MBNG (modified Black's nuclear grade), tumor size, Ki-67, molecular classification, follow-up, and vital status. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that Wls was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS in BC patients. Moreover, Wls was a significant prognostic indicator of OS and DFS in a hormone receptor-positive (HR+) subgroup. GSEA showed that estrogen and androgen response, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways, were up-regulated in the Wls high-expression group. Conclusion Overexpression of Wls is a significant marker of worse prognosis in BC and might play a crucial role in the HR+ subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Miao
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Keren Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
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12
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Leibold J, Ruscetti M, Cao Z, Ho YJ, Baslan T, Zou M, Abida W, Feucht J, Han T, Barriga FM, Tsanov KM, Zamechek L, Kulick A, Amor C, Tian S, Rybczyk K, Salgado NR, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Watson PA, de Stanchina E, Wilkinson JE, Dow LE, Abate-Shen C, Sawyers CL, Lowe SW. Somatic Tissue Engineering in Mouse Models Reveals an Actionable Role for WNT Pathway Alterations in Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:1038-1057. [PMID: 32376773 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study genetic factors influencing the progression and therapeutic responses of advanced prostate cancer, we developed a fast and flexible system that introduces genetic alterations relevant to human disease directly into the prostate glands of mice using tissue electroporation. These electroporation-based genetically engineered mouse models (EPO-GEMM) recapitulate features of traditional germline models and, by modeling genetic factors linked to late-stage human disease, can produce tumors that are metastatic and castration-resistant. A subset of tumors with Trp53 alterations acquired spontaneous WNT pathway alterations, which are also associated with metastatic prostate cancer in humans. Using the EPO-GEMM approach and an orthogonal organoid-based model, we show that WNT pathway activation drives metastatic disease that is sensitive to pharmacologic WNT pathway inhibition. Thus, by leveraging EPO-GEMMs, we reveal a functional role for WNT signaling in driving prostate cancer metastasis and validate the WNT pathway as therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Our understanding of the factors driving metastatic prostate cancer is limited by the paucity of models of late-stage disease. Here, we develop EPO-GEMMs of prostate cancer and use them to identify and validate the WNT pathway as an actionable driver of aggressive metastatic disease.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Leibold
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marcus Ruscetti
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhen Cao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Timour Baslan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Min Zou
- Departments of Pharmacology, Urology, Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wassim Abida
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Teng Han
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Francisco M Barriga
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kaloyan M Tsanov
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Leah Zamechek
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Amanda Kulick
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Corina Amor
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sha Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Katarzyna Rybczyk
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nelson R Salgado
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Philip A Watson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Urology, Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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13
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Javid H, Mohammadi F, Zahiri E, Hashemy SI. The emerging role of substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor signaling pathways in growth and development of tumor cells. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:415-421. [PMID: 31372898 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins (TKs) include an evolutionarily conserved group of small bio-active peptides which possess a common carboxyl-terminal sequence, Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. TKs also have been shown to have implications in different steps of carcinogenesis, such as angiogenesis, mitogenesis, metastasis, and other growth-related events. The biological actions of substance P (SP), as the most important member of the TK family, are mainly mediated through a G protein-coupled receptor named neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). More recently, it has become clear that SP/NK1R system is involved in the initiation and activation of signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, SP may contribute to triggering a variety of effector mechanisms including protein synthesis and a number of transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes involved in these processes. The overwhelming insights into the blockage of NK1R using specific antagonists could suggest a therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on evidence supporting an association between the signaling pathways of the SP/NK1R system and cancer cell proliferation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Zahiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Monroe TO, Hill MC, Morikawa Y, Leach JP, Heallen T, Cao S, Krijger PHL, de Laat W, Wehrens XHT, Rodney GG, Martin JF. YAP Partially Reprograms Chromatin Accessibility to Directly Induce Adult Cardiogenesis In Vivo. Dev Cell 2019; 48:765-779.e7. [PMID: 30773489 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Specialized adult somatic cells, such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), are highly differentiated with poor renewal capacity, an integral reason underlying organ failure in disease and aging. Among the least renewable cells in the human body, CMs renew approximately 1% annually. Consistent with poor CM turnover, heart failure is the leading cause of death. Here, we show that an active version of the Hippo pathway effector YAP, termed YAP5SA, partially reprograms adult mouse CMs to a more fetal and proliferative state. One week after induction, 19% of CMs that enter S-phase do so twice, CM number increases by 40%, and YAP5SA lineage CMs couple to pre-existing CMs. Genomic studies showed that YAP5SA increases chromatin accessibility and expression of fetal genes, partially reprogramming long-lived somatic cells in vivo to a primitive, fetal-like, and proliferative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner O Monroe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuka Morikawa
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John P Leach
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Todd Heallen
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuyi Cao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter H L Krijger
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Laat
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Shen C, Li L, Zhao K, Bai L, Wang A, Shu X, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Zhang K, Hui T, Chen W, Zhang B, Hsu W, Xiong WC, Mei L. Motoneuron Wnts regulate neuromuscular junction development. eLife 2018; 7:e34625. [PMID: 30113308 PMCID: PMC6128691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscles to control motor behavior. Unlike extensively investigated postsynaptic differentiation, less is known about mechanisms of presynaptic assembly. Genetic evidence of Wnt in mammalian NMJ development was missing due to the existence of multiple Wnts and their receptors. We show when Wnt secretion is abolished from motoneurons by mutating the Wnt ligand secretion mediator (Wls) gene, mutant mice showed muscle weakness and neurotransmission impairment. NMJs were unstable with reduced synaptic junctional folds and fragmented AChR clusters. Nerve terminals were swollen; synaptic vesicles were fewer and mislocated. The presynaptic deficits occurred earlier than postsynaptic deficits. Intriguingly, these phenotypes were not observed when deleting Wls in muscles or Schwann cells. We identified Wnt7A and Wnt7B as major Wnts for nerve terminal development in rescue experiments. These observations demonstrate a necessary role of motoneuron Wnts in NMJ development, in particular presynaptic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Lei Li
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioUnited States
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugusta, GeorgiaUnited States
| | - Lei Bai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Ailian Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoqiu Shu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Yatao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Kejing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Tiankun Hui
- Institute of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchang, JiangxiChina
| | - Wenbing Chen
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioUnited States
- Institute of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchang, JiangxiChina
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic MedicineInstitute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, HubeiChina
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James Wilmot Cancer CenterUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, New YorkUnited States
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioUnited States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCleveland, OhioUnited States
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OhioUnited States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical CenterCleveland, OhioUnited States
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16
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Tarr JT, Lambi AG, Bradley JP, Barbe MF, Popoff SN. Development of Normal and Cleft Palate: A Central Role for Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)/CCN2. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030018. [PMID: 30029495 PMCID: PMC6162467 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the palate is the result of an organized series of events that require exquisite spatial and temporal regulation at the cellular level. There are a myriad of growth factors, receptors and signaling pathways that have been shown to play an important role in growth, elevation and/or fusion of the palatal shelves. Altered expression or activation of a number of these factors, receptors and signaling pathways have been shown to cause cleft palate in humans or mice with varying degrees of penetrance. This review will focus on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) or CCN2, which was recently shown to play an essential role in formation of the secondary palate. Specifically, the absence of CCN2 in KO mice results in defective cellular processes that contribute to failure of palatal shelf growth, elevation and/or fusion. CCN2 is unique in that it has been shown to interact with a number of other factors important for palate development, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt proteins and transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), thereby influencing their ability to bind to their receptors and mediate intracellular signaling. The role that these factors play in palate development and their specific interactions with CCN2 will also be reviewed. Future studies to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action for CCN2 and its interactions with other regulatory proteins during palatogenesis are expected to provide novel information with the potential for development of new pharmacologic or genetic treatment strategies for clinical intervention of cleft palate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Tarr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Alex G Lambi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - James P Bradley
- Northwell Health Surgical Service Line, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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17
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Crosstalk between hepatic tumor cells and macrophages via Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes M2-like macrophage polarization and reinforces tumor malignant behaviors. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:793. [PMID: 30022048 PMCID: PMC6052107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of tumor microenvironment (TME) and play pivotal roles in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Wnt signaling is evolutionarily conserved and participates in liver tumorigenesis. Several studies have shown that macrophage-derived Wnt ligands can activate Wnt signaling in tumor cells. However, whether Wnt ligands secreted by tumor cells can trigger Wnt signaling in macrophages is still elusive. In this study, we first verified that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was activated during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and in M2-polarized macrophages. Knockdown of β-catenin in M2 macrophages exhibited stronger antitumor characteristics when cocultured with Hepa1-6 HCC cells in a series of experiments. Activation of Wnt signaling promoted M2 macrophage polarization through c-Myc. Moreover, co-culturing naïve macrophages with Hepa1-6 HCC cells in which Wnt ligands secretion was blocked by knockdown of Wntless inhibited M2 polarization in vitro. Consistently, the growth of HCC tumor orthotopically inoculated with Wntless-silenced Hepa1-6 cells was impeded, and the phenotype of M2-like TAMs was abrogated due to attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in TAMs, leading to subverted immunosuppressive TME. Finally, we confirmed the correlation between M2 macrophage polarization and nuclear β-catenin accumulation in CD68+ macrophages in human HCC biopsies. Taken together, our study indicates that tumor cells-derived Wnt ligands stimulate M2-like polarization of TAMs via canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which results in tumor growth, migration, metastasis, and immunosuppression in HCC. To block Wnts secretion from tumor cells and/or Wnt/β-catenin signal activation in TAMs may be potential strategy for HCC therapy in future.
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18
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Wang W, Xu L, Liu P, Jairam K, Yin Y, Chen K, Sprengers D, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q, Smits R. Blocking Wnt Secretion Reduces Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Mostly Independent of β-Catenin Signaling. Neoplasia 2016; 18:711-723. [PMID: 27851986 PMCID: PMC5110474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in the onset and development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), with about half of them acquiring mutations in either CTNNB1 or AXIN1. However, it remains unclear whether these mutations impose sufficient β-catenin signaling or require upstream Wnt ligand activation for sustaining optimal growth, as previously suggested for colorectal cancers. Using a panel of nine HCC cell lines, we show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin impairs growth of all these lines. Blocking Wnt secretion, by either treatment with the IWP12 porcupine inhibitor or knockdown of WLS, reduces growth of most of the lines. Unexpectedly, interfering with Wnt secretion does not clearly affect the level of β-catenin signaling in the majority of lines, suggesting that other mechanisms underlie the growth-suppressive effect. However, IWP12 treatment did not induce autophagy or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may have resulted from the accumulation of Wnt ligands within the ER. Similar results were observed for colorectal cancer cell lines used for comparison in various assays. These results suggest that most colorectal and liver cancers with mutations in components of the β-catenin degradation complex do not strongly rely on extracellular Wnt ligand exposure to support optimal growth. In addition, our results also suggest that blocking Wnt secretion may aid in tumor suppression through alternative routes currently unappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pengyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kiran Jairam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Miyoshi H. Wnt-expressing cells in the intestines: guides for tissue remodeling. J Biochem 2016; 161:19-25. [PMID: 28013225 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crypt is a minimal functional unit in the intestinal epithelium. This unique structure is maintained by surrounding mesenchymal cells that focally interact with associated epithelial cells. Canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands enable specific microenvironments localized to each end of the crypt major axis. While canonical Wnt-expressing cells are localized near the crypt bottom where intestinal stem cells reside, non-canonical Wnt-expressing cells are positioned beneath the luminal surface of epithelial cells. During wound healing, propagation and appropriate relocation of each cell population are thought to ensure subsequent crypt regeneration. In this review, I integrate information from recent studies on Wnt-expressing cells and intestinal fibroblast lineages and discuss their roles in homeostasis and wound healing. More information on the lineages of Wnt-expressing cells will help clarify the mechanisms of epithelial tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Wnt Signaling in Cell Motility and Invasion: Drawing Parallels between Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8090080. [PMID: 27589803 PMCID: PMC5040982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signal transduction cascades in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis is well recognized. The aberrant activation of these pathways in the adult leads to abnormal cellular behaviors, and tumor progression is frequently a consequence. Here we discuss recent findings and analogies between Wnt signaling in developmental processes and tumor progression, with a particular focus on cell motility and matrix invasion and highlight the roles of the ARF (ADP-Ribosylation Factor) and Rho-family small GTP-binding proteins. Wnt-regulated signal transduction from cell surface receptors, signaling endosomes and/or extracellular vesicles has the potential to profoundly influence cell movement, matrix degradation and paracrine signaling in both development and disease.
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21
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Koushyar S, Grant GH, Uysal-Onganer P. The interaction of Wnt-11 and signalling cascades in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13049-13057. [PMID: 27514543 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koushyar
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Guy H Grant
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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22
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling in melanoma: Preclinical rationale and novel therapeutic insights. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 49:1-12. [PMID: 27395773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
WNT signaling regulates embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in the adult stage. Evolutionarily, activation of the WNT pathway is triggered by a large family of cytokines and activates a broad spectrum of downstream targets through two independent branches mediated by β-catenin (defined as canonical pathway) or PLC and small GTPase (defined as non-canonical pathway), respectively. Recent studies revealed the crucial role of WNT in the maintenance of cell metabolism and stemness as well as its deregulation in tumourigenesis and malignant transformation through oncogenic reprogramming, which contributes to cancer cell proliferation and differentiation, survival, stress response and resistance. In addition, multiple functional mutations discovered in human tumours have been reported to cause malignancy, indicating this pathway as a novel therapeutic target in oncology. Notably, emerging data highlights its involvement in the crosstalk between immune and cancer cells. However, contradictory effects have been also observed in different pre-clinical models when strategic(???) inhibitors are tested. In this review, we address the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of WNT signaling in cancer, with a particular focus on current melanoma therapy, which has witnessed dramatic improvement in the last five years.
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23
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Langton PF, Kakugawa S, Vincent JP. Making, Exporting, and Modulating Wnts. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:756-765. [PMID: 27325141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins activate a conserved signalling pathway that controls development and tissue homeostasis in all metazoans. The intensity of Wnt signalling must be tightly controlled to avoid diseases caused by excess or ectopic signalling. Over the years, many proteins dedicated to Wnt function have been identified, including Porcupine, which appends a palmitoleate moiety that is essential for signalling activity. This lipid inevitably affects subcellular trafficking and solubility, as well as providing a target for post-translational modulation. We review here the life history of Wnts, starting with progression through the secretory pathway, continuing with release and spread in the extracellular space, and finishing with the various proteins that dampen or inactivate Wnts in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Langton
- The Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Satoshi Kakugawa
- Hakuhodo Medical Inc., 6-1-20 Akasaka Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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24
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Abstract
The sense of taste, or gustation, is mediated by taste buds, which are housed in specialized taste papillae found in a stereotyped pattern on the surface of the tongue. Each bud, regardless of its location, is a collection of ∼100 cells that belong to at least five different functional classes, which transduce sweet, bitter, salt, sour and umami (the taste of glutamate) signals. Taste receptor cells harbor functional similarities to neurons but, like epithelial cells, are rapidly and continuously renewed throughout adult life. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how the pattern of taste buds is established in embryos and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing taste cell turnover. I also highlight how these findings aid our understanding of how and why many cancer therapies result in taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado, School Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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25
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Vergés M. Retromer in Polarized Protein Transport. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:129-79. [PMID: 26944621 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionary conserved protein complex required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of receptors for lysosomal hydrolases. It is constituted by a heterotrimer encoded by the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) gene products Vps26, Vps35, and Vps29, which selects cargo, and a dimer of phosphoinositide-binding sorting nexins, which deforms the membrane. Recent progress in the mechanism of retromer assembly and functioning has strengthened the link between sorting at the endosome and cytoskeleton dynamics. Retromer is implicated in endosomal sorting of many cargos and plays an essential role in plant and animal development. Although it is best known for endosome sorting to the trans-Golgi network, it also intervenes in recycling to the plasma membrane. In polarized cells, such as epithelial cells and neurons, retromer may also be utilized for transcytosis and long-range transport. Considerable evidence implicates retromer in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. That includes sorting of the apical polarity module Crumbs; regulation of retromer function by the basolateral polarity module Scribble; and retromer-dependent recycling of various cargoes to a certain surface domain, thus controlling polarized location and cell homeostasis. Importantly, altered retromer function has been linked to neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. This review will underline how alterations in retromer localization and function may affect polarized protein transport and polarity establishment, thereby causing developmental defects and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Vergés
- Cardiovascular Genetics Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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26
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling in kidney injury and repair: a double-edged sword. J Transl Med 2016; 96:156-67. [PMID: 26692289 PMCID: PMC4731262 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade is an evolutionarily conserved, highly complex pathway that is known to be involved in kidney injury and repair after a wide variety of insults. Although the kidney displays an impressive ability to repair and recover after injury, these repair mechanisms can be overwhelmed, leading to maladaptive responses and eventual development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Emerging evidence demonstrates that Wnt/β-catenin signaling possesses dual roles in promoting repair/regeneration or facilitating progression to CKD after acute kidney injury (AKI), depending on the magnitude and duration of its activation. In this review, we summarize the expression, intracellular modification, and secretion of Wnt family proteins and their regulation in a variety of kidney diseases. We also explore our current understanding of the potential mechanisms by which transient Wnt/β-catenin activation positively regulates adaptive responses of the kidney after AKI, and discuss how sustained activation of this signaling triggers maladaptive responses and causes destructive outcomes. A better understanding of these mechanisms may offer important opportunities for designing targeted therapy to promote adaptive kidney repair/recovery and prevent progression to CKD in patients.
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27
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Reuter S, Beckert H, Taube C. Take the Wnt out of the inflammatory sails: modulatory effects of Wnt in airway diseases. J Transl Med 2016; 96:177-85. [PMID: 26595171 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic diseases that are associated with inflammation and structural changes in the airways and lungs. Recent findings have implicated Wnt pathways in critically regulating inflammatory responses, especially in asthma. Furthermore, canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways are involved in structural changes such as airway remodeling, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway smooth muscle (ASM) proliferation. In COPD, Wnt pathways are not only associated with structural changes in the airways but also involved in the development of emphysema. The present review summarizes the role and function of the canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathway with regard to airway inflammation and structural changes in asthma and COPD. Further identification of the role and function of different Wnt molecules and pathways could help to develop novel therapeutic options for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- III Medical Clinic, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Tacelosky DM, Alexander DN, Morse M, Hajnal A, Berg A, Levenson R, Grigson PS. Low expression of D2R and Wntless correlates with high motivation for heroin. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:744-55. [PMID: 26501177 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug overdose now exceeds car accidents as the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Of those drug overdoses, a large percentage of the deaths are due to heroin and/or pharmaceutical overdose, specifically misuse of prescription opioid analgesics. It is imperative, then, that we understand the mechanisms that lead to opioid abuse and addiction. The rewarding actions of opioids are mediated largely by the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), and signaling by this receptor is modulated by various interacting proteins. The neurotransmitter dopamine also contributes to opioid reward, and opioid addiction has been linked to reduced expression of dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in the brain. That said, it is not known if alterations in the expression of these proteins relate to drug exposure and/or to the "addiction-like" behavior exhibited for the drug. Here, we held total drug self-administration constant across acquisition and showed that reduced expression of the D2R and the MOR interacting protein, Wntless, in the medial prefrontal cortex was associated with greater addiction-like behavior for heroin in general and with a greater willingness to work for the drug in particular. In contrast, reduced expression of the D2R in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus was correlated with greater seeking during signaled nonavailability of the drug. Taken together, these data link reduced expression of both the D2R and Wntless to the explicit motivation for the drug rather than to differences in total drug intake per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Tacelosky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Danielle N Alexander
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Megan Morse
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Arthur Berg
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Robert Levenson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
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29
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Ho SY, Keller TH. The use of porcupine inhibitors to target Wnt-driven cancers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5472-6. [PMID: 26522946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, academic groups and pharmaceutical companies have uncovered several components and targets for intervention in the Wnt pathway. One approach is to block Wnt signalling through the use of orally bioavailable small molecules that prevent Wnt ligand secretion. In recent years, the membrane bound O-acyl transferase (MBOAT) porcupine (PORCN) has emerged as a molecular target of interest in the search for clinical options to treat Wnt-driven cancers. This review shall provide an overview of the reported small molecule inhibitors for PORCN and discuss the progress made in identifying human disease models that are responsive to PORCN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yei Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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30
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Lu D, Li Y, Liu QR, Wu Q, Zhang H, Xie P, Wang Q. Wls promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells via Wnt signaling. Med Oncol 2015; 32:140. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Zhang X, Cheong SM, Amado NG, Reis AH, MacDonald BT, Zebisch M, Jones EY, Abreu JG, He X. Notum is required for neural and head induction via Wnt deacylation, oxidation, and inactivation. Dev Cell 2015; 32:719-30. [PMID: 25771893 PMCID: PMC4375027 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secreted Wnt morphogens are essential for embryogenesis and homeostasis and require a lipid/palmitoleoylate modification for receptor binding and activity. Notum is a secreted Wnt antagonist that belongs to the α/β hydrolase superfamily, but its mechanism of action and roles in vertebrate embryogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we report that Notum hydrolyzes the Wnt palmitoleoylate adduct extracellularly, resulting in inactivated Wnt proteins that form oxidized oligomers incapable of receptor binding. Thus, Notum is a Wnt deacylase, and palmitoleoylation is obligatory for the Wnt structure that maintains its active monomeric conformation. Notum is expressed in naive ectoderm and neural plate in Xenopus and is required for neural and head induction. These findings suggest that Notum is a prerequisite for the "default" neural fate and that distinct mechanisms of Wnt inactivation by the Tiki protease in the Organizer and the Notum deacylase in presumptive neuroectoderm orchestrate vertebrate brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seong-Moon Cheong
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalia G Amado
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice H Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bryan T MacDonald
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Xi He
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Snowball J, Ambalavanan M, Cornett B, Lang R, Whitsett J, Sinner D. Mesenchymal Wnt signaling promotes formation of sternum and thoracic body wall. Dev Biol 2015; 401:264-75. [PMID: 25727890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Midline defects account for approximately 5% of congenital abnormalities observed at birth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the ventral body wall are not well understood. Recent studies linked mutations in Porcupine-an O-acetyl transferase mediating Wnt ligand acylation-with defects in the thoracic body wall. We hypothesized that anomalous Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of defective closure of the thoracic body wall. We generated a mouse model wherein Wntless (Wls), which encodes a cargo receptor mediating secretion of Wnt ligands, was conditionally deleted from the developing mesenchyme using Dermo1Cre mice. Wls(f/f);Dermo1(Cre/+) embryos died during mid-gestation. At E13.5, skeletal defects were observed in the forelimbs, jaw, and rib cage. At E14.5, midline defects in the thoracic body wall began to emerge: the sternum failed to fuse and the heart protruded through the body wall at the midline (ectopia cordis). To determine the molecular mechanism underlying the phenotype observed in Wls(f/f);Dermo1(Cre/+) embryos, we tested whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling was operative in developing the embryonic ventral body wall using Axin2(LacZ) and BatGal reporter mice. While Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity was observed at the midline of the ventral body wall before sternal fusion, this pattern of activity was altered and scattered throughout the body wall after mesenchymal deletion of Wls. Mesenchymal cell migration was disrupted in Wls(f/f);Dermo1(Cre/+) thoracic body wall partially due to anomalous β-catenin independent Wnt signaling as determined by in vitro assays. Deletion of Lrp5 and Lrp6 receptors, which mediate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the mesenchyme, partially recapitulated the phenotype observed in the chest midline of Wls(f/f);Dermo1(Cre/+) embryos supporting a role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in the normal formation of the ventral body wall mesenchyme. We conclude that Wls-mediated secretion of Wnt ligands from the developing ventral body wall mesenchyme plays a critical role in fusion of the sternum and closure of the secondary body wall. Thus, impaired Wls activity in the ventral body wall mesenchyme is a mechanism underlying ectopia cordis and unfused sternum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Snowball
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 4522, USA
| | - Manoj Ambalavanan
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 4522, USA
| | - Bridget Cornett
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 4522, USA
| | - Richard Lang
- The Visual Systems Group Division of Developmental Biology and Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children׳s Medical Center Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 4522, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Debora Sinner
- The Perinatal Institute Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH 4522, USA; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Chiou SS, Wang LT, Huang SB, Chai CY, Wang SN, Liao YM, Lin PC, Liu KY, Hsu SH. Wntless (GPR177) expression correlates with poor prognosis in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia via Wnt signaling. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2357-2364. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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34
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Mellado M, Cuartero Y, Brugada R, Verges M. Subcellular localisation of retromer in post-endocytic pathways of polarised Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Biol Cell 2014; 106:377-93. [PMID: 25081925 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Retromer is required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), allowing delivery of hydrolases into lysosomes. It is constituted by a conserved heterotrimer formed by vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) gene products Vps26, Vps35 and Vps29, which is in charge of cargo selection, and a dimer of phosphoinositide-binding sorting nexins (SNXs), which has a structural role. Retromer has been implicated in sorting of additional cargo. Thus, retromer also promotes polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) transcytosis by the pIgA receptor (pIgR) in polarised cells, and considerable evidence implicates retromer in controlling epithelial cell polarity. However, the precise localisation of retromer along the endocytic pathway of polarised cells has not been studied in detail. RESULTS Our biochemical analysis using rat liver endosome fractions suggests a distinct distribution pattern. Although subunits of the cargo-selective complex were enriched in early endosomes (EEs), levels of SNX2 were greater in sorting endosomes. We then immunolocalised the retromer subunits in polarised Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells by confocal microscopy. An estimated 25% of total Vps26 and SNX2 localised to EEs, with negligible portions in recycling endosomes as well as in late endosomes and lysosomes. Although Vps26 was in structures of more heterogeneous size and shape than SNX2, these markedly overlapped. In consequence, the two retromer subcomplexes mostly colocalised. When we analysed retromer overlap with its cargo, we found that structures retromer and pIgA(+) are independent of those structures retromer and CI-MPR(+) . Remarkably, retromer localised preferentially at the transcytotic pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase affected the co-distribution of retromer with pIgA and the CI-MPR, delaying pIgA progress to the apical surface. CONCLUSIONS In polarised MDCK cells, we found retromer associated with certain specialised EE-derived pathways. Our data imply that retromer is largely engaged in pIgA transcytosis in pIgR-expressing MDCK cells, as opposed to endosome-to-Golgi retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maravillas Mellado
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Valencia, 46012, Spain
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35
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The role of Bro1- domain-containing protein Myopic in endosomal trafficking of Wnt/Wingless. Dev Biol 2014; 392:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Abstract
The counterbalancing action of the endocytosis and secretory pathways maintains a dynamic equilibrium that regulates the composition of the plasma membrane, allowing it to maintain homeostasis and to change rapidly in response to alterations in the extracellular environment and/or intracellular metabolism. These pathways are intimately integrated with intercellular signaling systems and play critical roles in all cells. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed diverse roles of membrane trafficking in physiology and development and have also provided molecular insight into the fundamental mechanisms that direct cargo sorting, vesicle budding, and membrane fisson and fusion. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding membrane trafficking mechanisms derived from work in C. elegans, focusing mainly on work done in non-neuronal cell-types, especially the germline, early embryo, coelomocytes, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan. ;
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37
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Lu L, Hong W. From endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:30-9. [PMID: 24769370 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde trafficking from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is one of the major endocytic pathways to divert proteins and lipids away from lysosomal degradation. Retrograde transported cargos enter the TGN via two itineraries from either the early endosome/recycling endosome or the late endosome and involve various machinery components such as retromer, sorting nexins, clathrin, small GTPases, tethering factors and SNAREs. Recently, the pathway has been recognized for its role in signal transduction, physiology and pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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38
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WNT signaling in neoplasia. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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39
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Establishment of a CpG island microarray for analyses of genome-wide DNA methylation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:579-89. [PMID: 24146078 PMCID: PMC3890572 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing productivity and growth rates of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells requires insight into the regulation of cellular processes. In this regard, the elucidation of the epigenetic process of DNA methylation, known to influence transcription by a differential occurrence in CpG islands in promoter regions, is increasingly gaining importance. However, DNA methylation has not yet been investigated on a genomic scale in CHO cells and suitable tools have not existed until now. Based on the genomic and transcriptomic CHO data currently available, we developed a customized oligonucleotide microarray covering 19598 CpG islands (89 % of total bioinformatically identified CpG islands) in the CHO genome. We applied our CHO-specific CpG island microarray to investigate the effect of butyrate treatment on differential DNA methylation in CHO cultures in a time-dependent approach. Supplementation of butyrate is known to enhance cell specific productivities in CHO cells and leads to alterations of epigenetic silencing events. Gene ontology clusters regarding, e.g., chromatin modification or DNA repair, were significantly overrepresented 24 h after butyrate addition. Functional classifications furthermore indicated that several major signaling systems such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were affected by butyrate treatment. Our novel CHO-specific CpG island microarray will provide valuable information in future studies of cellular processes associated with productivity and product characteristics.
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40
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MOR is not enough: identification of novel mu-opioid receptor interacting proteins using traditional and modified membrane yeast two-hybrid screens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67608. [PMID: 23840749 PMCID: PMC3695902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is the G-protein coupled receptor primarily responsible for mediating the analgesic and rewarding properties of opioid agonist drugs such as morphine, fentanyl, and heroin. We have utilized a combination of traditional and modified membrane yeast two-hybrid screening methods to identify a cohort of novel MOR interacting proteins (MORIPs). The interaction between the MOR and a subset of MORIPs was validated in pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, and co-localization studies using HEK293 cells stably expressing the MOR as well as rodent brain. Additionally, a subset of MORIPs was found capable of interaction with the delta and kappa opioid receptors, suggesting that they may represent general opioid receptor interacting proteins (ORIPS). Expression of several MORIPs was altered in specific mouse brain regions after chronic treatment with morphine, suggesting that these proteins may play a role in response to opioid agonist drugs. Based on the known function of these newly identified MORIPs, the interactions forming the MOR signalplex are hypothesized to be important for MOR signaling and intracellular trafficking. Understanding the molecular complexity of MOR/MORIP interactions provides a conceptual framework for defining the cellular mechanisms of MOR signaling in brain and may be critical for determining the physiological basis of opioid tolerance and addiction.
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41
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Skalka N, Caspi M, Caspi E, Loh YP, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Carboxypeptidase E: a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Oncogene 2013; 32:2836-47. [PMID: 22824791 PMCID: PMC3676431 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt signal transduction pathway is involved in many diseases including cancer and is especially implicated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. The key effector protein of the canonical Wnt pathway is β-catenin, which functions with T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor to activate expression of Wnt target genes. In this study, we used a new functional screen based on cell survival in the presence of cDNAs encoding proteins that activate the Wnt pathway thus identifying novel Wnt signaling components. Here we identify carboxypeptidase E (|CPE) and its splice variant, ΔN-CPE, as novel regulators of the Wnt pathway. We show that whereas ΔN-CPE activates the Wnt signal, the full-length CPE (F-CPE) protein is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. F-CPE forms a complex with the Wnt3a ligand and the Frizzled receptor. Moreover, F-CPE disrupts disheveled-induced signalosomes that are important for transducing the Wnt signal and reduces β-catenin protein levels and activity. Taken together, our data indicate that F-CPE and ΔN-CPE regulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway negatively and positively, respectively, and demonstrate that this screening approach can be a rapid means for isolation of novel Wnt signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Skalka
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Caspi
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Caspi
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - YP Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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42
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Kim GH, Park EC, Lee H, Na HJ, Choi SC, Han JK. β-Arrestin 1 mediates non-canonical Wnt pathway to regulate convergent extension movements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:182-7. [PMID: 23665017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are multifaceted proteins that play critical roles in termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by inducing its desensitization and internalization as well as in facilitation of many intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we examine using Xenopus embryos whether β-arrestin 1 might act as a mediator of β-catenin-independent Wnt (non-canonical) signaling. Xenopus β-arrestin 1 (xβarr1) is expressed in the tissues undergoing extensive cell rearrangements in early development. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses of xβarr1 revealed that it regulates convergent extension (CE) movements of mesodermal tissue with no effect on cell fate specification. In addition, rescue experiments showed that xβarr1 controls CE movements downstream of Wnt11/Fz7 signal and via activation of RhoA and JNK. In line with this, xβarr1 associated with key Wnt components including Ryk, Fz, and Dishevelled. Furthermore, we found that xβarr1 could recover CE movements inhibited by xβarr2 knockdown or its endocytosis defective mutant. Overall, these results suggest that β-arrestin 1 and 2 share interchangeable endocytic activity to regulate CE movements downstream of the non-canonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Hwa Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Wnt proteins are morphogens encoded by 19 mammalian genes that play essential roles in embryonic development, stem cell renewal, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent publication of the first crystal structure of a Wnt protein represents a key step in the study of Wnt signaling. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss the basic aspects of Wnt signaling, provide historical background for why the proteins have been so challenging to study from a biochemical perspective, describe the lipid modifications that occur to Wnt proteins, and then discuss the implications of the recently reported crystal structure. SUMMARY The recent determination of the Wnt8-Fz8 structure has created new opportunities to better understand the mechanisms by which Wnt proteins activate downstream signaling pathways and has further clarified why lipid modification of Wnt is required for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Ke
- Laboratory of Structural Studies, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Maupin KA, Droscha CJ, Williams BO. A Comprehensive Overview of Skeletal Phenotypes Associated with Alterations in Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Humans and Mice. Bone Res 2013; 1:27-71. [PMID: 26273492 DOI: 10.4248/br201301004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in differentiation and development and alterations in this signaling pathway are causally associated with numerous human diseases. While several laboratories were examining roles for Wnt signaling in skeletal development during the 1990s, interest in the pathway rose exponentially when three key papers were published in 2001-2002. One report found that loss of the Wnt co-receptor, Low-density lipoprotein related protein-5 (LRP5), was the underlying genetic cause of the syndrome Osteoporosis pseudoglioma (OPPG). OPPG is characterized by early-onset osteoporosis causing increased susceptibility to debilitating fractures. Shortly thereafter, two groups reported that individuals carrying a specific point mutation in LRP5 (G171V) develop high-bone mass. Subsequent to this, the causative mechanisms for these observations heightened the need to understand the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling controlled bone development and homeostasis and encouraged significant investment from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to develop methods to activate Wnt signaling to increase bone mass to treat osteoporosis and other bone disease. In this review, we will briefly summarize the cellular mechanisms underlying Wnt signaling and discuss the observations related to OPPG and the high-bone mass disorders that heightened the appreciation of the role of Wnt signaling in normal bone development and homeostasis. We will then present a comprehensive overview of the core components of the pathway with an emphasis on the phenotypes associated with mice carrying genetically engineered mutations in these genes and clinical observations that further link alterations in the pathway to changes in human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Maupin
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Casey J Droscha
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program for Skeletal Pathobiology and Center for Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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45
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Deng H, Gao K, Jankovic J. The VPS35 gene and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:569-75. [PMID: 23536430 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by loss of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons, leading to a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms. In addition to environmental factors, genetic predisposition and specific gene mutations have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recently, the identification of the vacuolar protein sorting 35 homolog gene (VPS35), linked to autosomal dominant late-onset PD, has provided new clues to the pathogenesis of PD. Here we discuss the VPS35 gene, its protein function, and various pathways involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling and in the role of DMT1 mediating the uptake of iron and iron translocation from endosomes to the cytoplasm. Further understanding of these mechanisms will undoubtedly provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PD and may lead to prevention and better treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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46
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Wnt secretion and gradient formation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5130-45. [PMID: 23455472 PMCID: PMC3634490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentration gradients formed by the lipid-modified morphogens of the Wnt family are known for their pivotal roles during embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Wnt morphogens are also implicated in a variety of human diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, the signaling cascades triggered by Wnts have received considerable attention during recent decades. However, how Wnts are secreted and how concentration gradients are formed remains poorly understood. The use of model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster has provided important advances in this area. For instance, we have previously shown that the lipid raft-associated reggie/flotillin proteins influence Wnt secretion and spreading in Drosophila. Our work supports the notion that producing cells secrete Wnt molecules in at least two pools: a poorly diffusible one and a reggie/flotillin-dependent highly diffusible pool which allows morphogen spreading over long distances away from its source of production. Here we revise the current views of Wnt secretion and spreading, and propose two models for the role of the reggie/flotillin proteins in these processes: (i) reggies/flotillins regulate the basolateral endocytosis of the poorly diffusible, membrane-bound Wnt pool, which is then sorted and secreted to apical compartments for long-range diffusion, and (ii) lipid rafts organized by reggies/flotillins serve as “dating points” where extracellular Wnt transiently interacts with lipoprotein receptors to allow its capture and further spreading via lipoprotein particles. We further discuss these processes in the context of human breast cancer. A better understanding of these phenomena may be relevant for identification of novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies.
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Maruyama EO, Yu HMI, Jiang M, Fu J, Hsu W. Gpr177 deficiency impairs mammary development and prohibits Wnt-induced tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56644. [PMID: 23457599 PMCID: PMC3574013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of the Wnt pathway, essential for various developmental processes, is tightly linked to human breast cancers. By hijacking this evolutionary conserved signaling pathway, cancer cells acquire sustaining proliferation ability, leading to modification of physiologic properties necessary for tumor initiation and progression. An enormous wealth of knowledge on the importance of Wnt signaling in breast development and cancer has been obtained, but the cell types responsible for production of this proliferative signal operating within normal and malignant tissues remains poorly understood. Here we report that Wnt production mediated by Gpr177 is essential for mammary morphogenesis. The loss of Gpr177 interferes with mammary stem cells, leading to deficiencies in cell proliferation and differentiation. Genetic analysis further demonstrates an indispensable role of Gpr177 in Wnt-induced tumorigenesis. The Gpr177-deficiency mice are resistant to malignant transformation. This study not only demonstrates the necessity of Wnt in mammary organogenesis but also provides a proof-of-principle for targeting of Gpr177 as a potential new treatment for human diseases with aberrant Wnt stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ohfuchi Maruyama
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - H-M. Ivy Yu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Raiborg C, Schink KO, Stenmark H. Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and its catalytic product PtdIns3P in regulation of endocytic membrane traffic. FEBS J 2013; 280:2730-42. [PMID: 23289851 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis and subsequent membrane traffic through endosomes are cellular processes that are integral to eukaryotic evolution, and numerous human diseases are associated with their dysfunction. Consequently, it is important to untangle the molecular machineries that regulate membrane dynamics and protein flow in the endocytic pathway. Central in this context is class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, an evolutionarily conserved enzyme complex that phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol into phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate recruits specific effector proteins, most of which contain FYVE or PX domains, to promote endocytosis, endosome fusion, endosome motility and endosome maturation, as well as cargo sorting to lysosomes, the biosynthetic pathway or the plasma membrane. Here we review the functions of key phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effectors in regulation of endocytic membrane dynamics and protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Norway
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49
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Regard JB, Zhong Z, Williams BO, Yang Y. Wnt signaling in bone development and disease: making stronger bone with Wnts. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/12/a007997. [PMID: 23209148 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton as an organ is widely distributed throughout the entire vertebrate body. Wnt signaling has emerged to play major roles in almost all aspects of skeletal development and homeostasis. Because abnormal Wnt signaling causes various human skeletal diseases, Wnt signaling has become a focal point of intensive studies in skeletal development and disease. As a result, promising effective therapeutic agents for bone diseases are being developed by targeting the Wnt signaling pathway. Understanding the functional mechanisms of Wnt signaling in skeletal biology and diseases highlights how basic and clinical studies can stimulate each other to push a quick and productive advancement of the entire field. Here we review the current understanding of Wnt signaling in critical aspects of skeletal biology such as bone development, remodeling, mechanotransduction, and fracture healing. We took special efforts to place fundamentally important discoveries in the context of human skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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50
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Komiya Y, Habas R. Wnt signal transduction pathways. Organogenesis 2012; 4:68-75. [PMID: 19279717 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates crucial aspects of cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development. The Wnts are secreted glycoproteins and comprise a large family of nineteen proteins in humans hinting to a daunting complexity of signaling regulation, function and biological output. To date major signaling branches downstream of the Fz receptor have been identified including a canonical or Wnt/beta-catenin dependent pathway and the non-canonical or beta-catenin-independent pathway which can be further divided into the Planar Cell Polarity and the Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways, and these branches are being actively dissected at the molecular and biochemical levels. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of these Wnt signaling pathways and the role of these pathways in regulating key events during embryonic patterning and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Komiya
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
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